elemental atmospheric pollution assessment via moss-based

United States Department of Agriculture

DE

PAR TMENT OF AGRICULTU

RE

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, OregonDemetrios Gatziolis, Sarah Jovan, Geoffrey Donovan, Michael Amacher, and Vicente Monleon

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Research Station

General Technical Report PNW-GTR-938

June 2016

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AuthorsDemetrios Gatziolis and Geoffrey Donovan are research foresters, and Sarah Jovan is a research ecologist, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 620 SW Main Street, Suite 400, Portland, OR 97205. Michael Amacher (retired) was a research soil scientist, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, UT 84321; Vicente Monleon is a research math statistician, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331.

Cover: Moss (Orthotrichum lyellii), by Sarah Jovan.

AbstractGatziolis, Demetrios; Jovan, Sarah; Donovan, Geoffrey; Amacher, Michael;

Monleon, Vicente. 2016. Elemental atmospheric pollution assessment via moss-based measurements in Portland, Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-938. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 55 p.

Mosses accumulate pollutants from the atmosphere and can serve as an inexpensive screening tool for mapping air quality and guiding the placement of monitoring instruments. We measured 22 elements using 346 moss samples collected across Portland, Oregon, in December 2013. Our objectives were to develop citywide maps showing concentrations of each element in moss and identify potential air pollution “hotspots.” We used simple dot maps, histograms, and summary statistics to describe the distribution of each element. Fifteen metals had highly right-skewed distributions, indicating high metal concentrations (relative to concentrations mea-sured in our dataset) in moss at one or more locations. These metals included high-priority toxics such as cadmium, nickel, lead, and arsenic. Past research shows that element concentrations in moss reflect atmospheric concentrations, although the strength of these relationships varies by element and is unknown for the elements we sampled. Therefore, atmospheric concentrations would need to be measured by an air quality monitor in order to determine whether hotspots suggested by the moss indicator are problematic or pose a health risk. We provide the raw data for all elements we measured to enable scientists, regulators, and citizens to further investigate the importance and possible sources of moss-identified hotspots.

Keywords: Bioindicators, moss, heavy metals, air quality, mapping, sampling.

Contents 1 Introduction 2 Methods 4 Laboratory Analysis 6 Correlations Between Metal Distributions 7 Mapping 9 Results and Discussion 9 Element Associations 11 High Concentrations and “Hotspots” 36 Limitations and Guidelines 38 Conclusions 38 English Equivalents 39 Literature Cited 42 Appendix

1

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

IntroductionMany studies have used mosses and lichens to study atmospheric heavy-metal pol-lution (e.g., Berg and Steinnes 1997a, Gerdol et al. 2014, Nickel et al. 2014, Owcza-rek et al. 2001, Rühling and Tyler 1968). Mosses and lichens are commonly used as bioindicators of air quality because they readily accumulate pollutants over time. Unlike plants, they lack roots and absorb nutrients from the atmosphere. Mosses and lichens also lack the impermeable waxy coating of plant leaves so they absorb water over their entire surface like a sponge. Their high cation exchange capacity, a term that quantifies their ability to hold exchangeable, positively charged ions, helps cells capture dissolved nutrients during rain events (Bates 1994) and passively trap pollutants including heavy metals. Particulate pollutants also become trapped on the outer surfaces of the mosses and lichens (Aboal et al. 2011).

Traditional air quality monitoring relies on specialized instruments. However owing to high purchasing costs and the expense of operation and data analysis, only a small number of instruments is usually available. For instance, Portland, Oregon, has one permanent air toxics monitor, and it costs $40,000 annually to measure met-als.1 One instrument is not sufficient to resolve the varying nature of pollutant con-centrations on spatial scales smaller than the size of a metropolitan area, such as at the neighborhood level or smaller. Measuring pollutant levels in bioindicators is less costly than using instruments (each moss sample costs about $150 for labor and lab analysis), thereby making it possible to collect the large number of samples needed to detect and quantify pollutants that disperse short distances from their source.

In this study, we analyzed 346 moss samples collected within a short timeframe (Dec. 2-23, 2013) across Portland, Oregon, enabling a spatially detailed, yet eco-nomical, preliminary assessment of atmospheric pollution. One study has been published using these data, linking cadmium (Cd) concentrations in moss to stained glass manufacturers (Donovan et al. 2016). The purpose of this report is to present the raw data for all 22 elements we measured in moss, making it possible for others to model pollutant distributions and investigate possible emissions sources. Data are published here as dot maps showing the spatial distribution of the sample. All data are provided in tabular format (see app., table 6) and may be downloaded from the Web (http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/research/moss/).

Please note that the moss sample data for each element serve only as an index, meaning that high concentrations in moss are suggestive (but not conclusive) of high concentrations in the atmosphere. Although past research suggests moss

1 Anthony Barnack. Personal communication. Ambient Air Monitoring Coordinator, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 811 SW 6th Avenue, Portland, OR 97204-1390.

Mosses and lichens are commonly used as bioindicators of air quality because they readily accumulate pollutants over time.

One air toxics monitoring instrument is not sufficient to resolve the varying nature of pollutant concentrations on spatial scales smaller than the size of a metropolitan area, such as at the neighborhood level or smaller. Measuring pollutant levels in bioindicators is less costly than using instruments (each moss sample costs about $150 for labor and lab analysis).

2

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

concentrations reflect atmospheric concentrations for many elements, the strength of these relationships is unknown and varies by element (Aboal et al. 2010). The time period represented by metals in moss is also unknown. Thus, for a particular element, a moss sample with a relatively high value or a “hotspot” shown on a map should not be interpreted by itself as a health hazard. Conversely, samples with low values do not necessarily indicate “healthy” neighborhoods. To infer about risks to human or environmental health, more research is needed to deter-mine the exact relationship between moss concentrations and air concentrations as measured by the air quality instruments. The association between high levels of Cd and two stained-glass manufacturers described in Donovan et al. (2016) was supported by further research, including an exhaustive investigation of other pos-sible sources of Cd in the area, additional moss sampling and, most importantly, air quality monitoring instruments placed on site. Limitations and guidelines for interpreting the moss data presented in this report are discussed further on p. 36.

MethodsWe placed a 1-km2 grid across Portland, Oregon, including a 1-km buffer beyond the city limits. Major industrial and forested areas were excluded. We selected a residential address randomly within each grid cell and collected moss from the nearest hardwood tree or shrub (n = 278 “base points”). To capture variability in metal concentrations across short distances, we randomly selected 72 base points where we collected an additional sample nearby. At 12 of those 72 sites, the second sample was from the same tree. For the remaining 60, moss was sampled within 10 to 100 m of the randomly selected base points (6 at each 10-m increment). We could not find the moss at four sites, making for a total of 346 moss samples. As the potential for weather conditions to affect metal concentrations in the moss was unknown, we collected all samples within a short period (Dec. 2-23, 2013) in six traverses across the city. Most samples were taken from street trees, but occasion-ally we collected from trees in parks, wayside areas, or on private property with the permission of the landowner.

All samples were georeferenced using a recreational grade global positioning system (GPS) device and registered in geographic (latitude/longitude) projection. The detailed definition of the projection is shown in the appendix (app., fig. 6). Spatial overlays of the sample locations with precisely registered high-resolution airborne imagery indicated that the precision of the GPS recordings was about 6.5 m. Sample points were subsequently projected to a Cartesian system (Lambert Confor-mal Conic), which maintains a constant linear unit omnidirectionally. The detailed definition of the projection is shown in the appendix (app., fig. 7).

Research has found that metal concentrations in moss are correlated with atmospheric metal concentrations, but the strength of these relationships is uncertain and varies by element.

A moss sample with a relatively high value for a particular element or a “hotspot” shown on a map should not be interpreted by itself as a health hazard. Conversely, samples with low values do not necessarily indicate “healthy” neighborhoods.

3


The species sampled was Orthotrichum lyellii Hook. & Taylor (fig. 1), a widespread moss that grows on hardwood trees in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California (Lawton 1971). This species is the most common epiphytic moss on street trees in Portland, often forming large patches on trunks and branches. Wearing powder-free nitrile gloves, we collected about 5 g (dry weight) of moss from multiple patches on each sampled tree. All moss was col-lected from at least 1 m off the ground to avoid road spray and pet-related con-taminants. Samples were stored at 4 °C in metallized polyester Kapak2 bags sealed with duct tape.

Samples were prepared for elemental analysis in a lab using petri dishes, forceps, and scissors sterilized with 70 percent ethanol. Wearing clean powder-free nitrile gloves, we separated the upper two-thirds of moss stems, discarding the base of the moss (fig. 2). Bark, necrotic tissue, insects, and debris were care-fully removed from the sample using forceps. Moss samples weighing at least 1.5 g (dry weight) were sent to the Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Logan, Utah, for elemental analysis.

Figure 1—Orthotrichum lyellii Hook. & Taylor.

2 The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.

4


Laboratory AnalysisSamples were dried for 24 hours at 40 °C and ground to a fine powder. The HNO3 + H2O2 digestion method was used to prepare the dried and ground samples for analysis. Briefly, 4 mL of concentrated reagent-grade HNO3 were added to 0.5-g subsamples in 50-mL graduated plastic digestion tubes. After being covered with plastic watch glasses, the tubes were allowed to sit overnight in a fume hood to ensure initial HNO3-imposed oxidation of the samples at ambient temperature. The samples were digested at 95 °C for 90 minutes in a graphite block digestor. The samples were allowed to cool, and 4 mL of reagent-grade 30 percent H2O2 was added to each tube, followed by a 30-minute digestion at 95 °C. After cooling, a second 4-mL aliquot of H2O2 was added to each sample, followed by a 45-minute digestion at 95 °C. If the sample was not clear or pale yellow, a third H2O2 diges-tion was done for 45 minutes. After cooling, deionized water was added to each tube to the 25-mL mark. The samples were filtered through 0.45-um membrane filters to remove undigested particulates, primarily silicate minerals not dissolved in HNO3 + H2O2, and stored in 22-mL plastic scintillation vials until analysis.

Digests were analyzed for 22 elements (phosphorus–P, potassium–K, mag-nesium–Mg, calcium–Ca, sulfur–S, molybdenum-Mo, manganese–Mn, iron–Fe,

Figure 2—Example illustrating location of moss stem cutoff. About the top two-thirds of the stem is analyzed for metal concentrations. Tissue that is dark brown or covered in debris is avoided.

5


nickel–Ni, copper–Cu, zinc–Zn, boron–B, sodium–Na, strontium–Sr, barium–Ba, aluminum–Al, silicon–Si, chromium–Cr, cobalt–Co, cadmium–Cd, lead–Pb, and arsenic–As) using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometry. Table 1 shows element full names and abbreviations. Quality control/quality assur-ance measures consisted of independent check standards to monitor ICP calibra-tion performance, reagent and method blanks, repeat analysis of a bulk sample of Orthotrichum collected in the Portland area in 2013 (table 2), and assessment of overall method accuracy by analyzing the International Atomic Energy Agency value (IAEA-336) epiphytic lichen species, Evernia prunastri L. Ach. reference standard collected in Portugal (International Atomic Energy Agency 1999) (table 3).

Reported concentrations are in mg/kg except for Ca, Mg, K, P, and S, which are in percentage (%) of sample dry weight.

Table 1—Names, symbols, units, and class membership of elements analyzed in the study

Element Symbol (unit) ClassPhosphorus P (%) Plant-essential

macronutrientsPotassium K (%)Magnesium Mg (%) Plant-essential secondary

nutrientsCalcium Ca (%)Sulfur S (%)Molybdenum Mo (mg/kg) Plant-essential

micronutrientsManganese Mn (mg/kg)Iron Fe (mg/kg)Nickel Ni (mg/kg)Copper Cu (mg/kg)Zinc Zn (mg/kg)Boron B (mg/kg)Sodium Na mg/kg) Soil mineral elementsa

Strontium Sr (mg/kg)Barium Ba (mg/kg)Aluminum Al (mg/kg)Silicon Si (mg/kg)Chromium Cr (mg/kg) Environmentally important

trace elementsbCobalt Co (mg/kg)Cadmium Cd (mg/kg)Lead Pb (mg/kg)Arsenic As (mg/kg)a Na and Si are plant beneficial for some taxa, but not essential.b Generally toxic to plant life, animal life (except Cr(III) at low levels) or both.

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Correlations Between Metal DistributionsWe computed sample descriptive statistics, including the mean, median, minimum, and maximum concentrations of all the elements. We assessed associations between elements by computing their correlations. Many of the elements measured belong to the same functional group or class (table 1). For example, P and K are essential macronutrients for plants. We would thus expect them to exhibit some level of cor-relation. Note that even in environments virtually free from anthropogenic effects, the distribution of a given element can vary substantially because elements may be released at different levels by natural sources. We also calculated the Fisher-Pearson skewness coefficient for each element (Shepard 1968) to identify elements with exceptionally high (i.e., high relative to the rest of the concentration data for that element) (table 4) concentrations. Elements with exceptionally high values have higher skewness coefficients than elements without.

Table 2—Quality control data for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for element analysis of Orthotrichum lyellii repeat analysis sample (n = 12)a

Element (unit) Measured rangeMeasured mean

± std errDetection limit

(mg/kg)b ClassP (%) 0.198 - 0.215 0.206 ± 0.002 0.283 Plant-essential

macronutrientsK (%) 0.401 - 0.466 0.442 ± 0.007 0.255Mg (%) 0.189 - 0.206 0.199 ± 0.002 0.002 Plant-essential secondary

nutrientsCa (%) 0.487 - 0.523 0.500 ± 0.003 0.001S (%) 0.111 - 0.126 0.119 ± 0.001 0.111Mo (mg/kg) 0.380 - 0.520 0.470 ± 0.010 0.056 Plant-essential

micronutrientsMn (mg/kg) 108 - 116 111 ± 1 0.011Fe (mg/kg) 698 - 817 767 ± 11 0.040Ni (mg/kg) 1.0 - 1.2 1.1 ± 0.0 0.115Cu (mg/kg) 7.9 - 9.0 8.4 ± 0.1 0.118Zn (mg/kg) 35.9 - 41.8 37.3 ± 0.5 0.030B (mg/kg) 15.2 - 16.4 15.7 ± 0.1 Not availableNa (mg/kg) 200 - 229 215 ± 3 0.090 Soil mineral elementsSr (mg/kg) 27.6 - 29.7 28.6 ± 0.2 0.002Ba (mg/kg) 33.3 - 37.3 34.7 ± 0.3 0.009Al (mg/kg) 320 - 371 345 ± 5 0.076Si (mg/kg) 322 - 498 400 ± 17 Not availableCr (mg/kg) 1.38 - 1.76 1.58 ± 0.03 0.043 Environmentally

important trace elementsCo (mg/kg) 0.37 - 0.43 0.40 ± 0.01 0.058Cd (mg/kg) 0.09 - 0.12 0.104 ± 0.002 0.0095Pb (mg/kg) 1.90 - 2.90 2.3 ± 0.1 0.225As (mg/kg) 0.07 - 0.32 0.161 ± 0.029 0.237Note: gray shading used to demarcate element classes shown in table 1.a The Orthotricum sample was used to track analysis repeatability and is not a certified reference standard.b As dictated by established standards, detection limits for plant-essential macro and secondary nutrients are reported in mg/kg and their concentrations in percentage of dry weight.

Note that even in environments virtually free from anthropogenic effects, the distribution of a given element can vary substantially because elements may be released at different levels by natural sources.

7


MappingDot maps, one per element, were generated, and sampling locations were color coded by concentrations measured in the moss. A green-yellow-brown color ramp was used to indicate low–to–high relative concentrations. Histograms of element concentrations were color coded using the same scheme. Where sampling locations were in close proximity, the one reporting the highest concentration was shown in the foreground. The maps include freeways and major road arterials for reference purposes. A color-blind-friendly version of the maps is available at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr938_maps.pdf

For elements with highly skewed distributions exhibiting a few extremely high concentrations, the color scheme was restricted to an upper, element-specific, threshold. These thresholds were imposed arbitrarily by examining the form of the

Table 3—Quality control data for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for element analysis of the IAEA-336 Evernia prunastri reference sample (n = 9)

Element (unit) IAEA value (95% CI)Measured

rangeMeasured

mean ± std errDetection

limit (mg/kga) ClassP (%) 0.061 (0.049-0.073) 0.047-0.053 0.051 ± 0.001 0.283 Plant-essential

macronutrientsK (%) 0.184 (0.164-0.204) 0.121-0.165 0.145 ± 0.004 0.255Mg (%) 0.058 0.047-0.053 0.051 ± 0.001 0.002 Plant-essential

secondary nutrients

Ca (%) 0.282 0.210-0.238 0.222 ± 0.003 0.001S (%) None listed 0.058-0.085 0.063 ± 0.003 0.111Mo (mg/kg) None listed 0.00-0.12 0.03 ± 0.02 0.056 Plant-essential

micronutrientsMn (mg/kg) 63 (46-70) 51-57 54 ± 1 0.011Fe (mg/kg) 430 (380-480) 229-314 277 ± 8 0.040Ni (mg/kg) 1.65 0.6-0.8 0.7 ± 0.0 0.115Cu (mg/kg) 3.6 (3.1-4.1) 2.0-2.5 2.3 ± 0.1 0.118Zn (mg/kg) 30.4 (27.0-33.8) 26.9-29.7 28.1 ± 0.4 0.030B (mg/kg) None listed 1.2-2.0 1.5 ± 0.1 Not availableNa (mg/kg) 320 (280-360) 236-276 261 ± 4 0.090 Soil mineral

elementsSr (mg/kg) 9.3 (8.2-10.4) 6.1-7.0 6.5 ± 0.1 0.002Ba (mg/kg) 6.4 (5.3-7.5) 1.8-4.8 3.2 ± 0.4 0.009Al (mg/kg) 680 (570-790) 206-240 217 ± 4 0.076Si (mg/kg) None listed 197-370 280 ± 23 Not availableCr (mg/kg) 1.06 (0.89-1.23) 0.39-0.52 0.46 ± 0.02 0.043 Environmentally

important trace elements

Co (mg/kg) 0.29 (0.24-0.34) 0.19-0.26 0.22 ± 0.01 0.058Cd (mg/kg) 0.117 (0.100-0.134) 0.07-0.10 0.084 ± 0.004 0.0095Pb (mg/kg) 4.9 (4.3-5.5) 4.0-4.8 4.4 ± 0.1 0.225As (mg/kg) 0.63 (0.55-0.71) 0.18-0.60 0.42 ± 0.05 0.237Note: The P, Mg, Ca, Ni, Al, Cr, Cd, and Pb concentration values supplied with the IAEA-336 sample are not recommended reference values and are for informational purposes only (Mg, Ca, and Ni are listed as uncertain). IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency. CI = confidence interval. Gray shading used to demarcate element classes shown in table 1.a As dictated by established standards, detection limits for plant-essential macro and secondary nutrients are reported in mg/kg and their concentrations in percentage of dry weight.

Dot maps, one per element, were generated, and sampling locations were color coded by concentrations measured in the moss.

8


histograms for Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al, and As. High outlying values are shown in black on the histogram and as black squares on the map instead of filled circles. The element concentration is reported next to each square on the map. This alternative color scheme was devised to ensure that the variability in sample values remains evident even in the presence of a few high values. Subsequently, we created a ranked list of locations based on the number of elements measured at that site with concentrations in the top eight highest values. Sample locations with high concentrations for several elements is one way to prioritize hotspots for further air quality investigations.

To protect the privacy of individual landowners, the coordinates of samples located on private property were shifted manually to the closest trees in public areas using as reference orthorectified, high-resolution aerial imagery taken at the

Table 4—Element descriptive statistics

Element Minimum Maximum Mean MedianFisher-Pearson

Skewness coefficientSamples with value

below detection limitsP 0.0958 0.4333 0.2133 0.2074 0.5739 0K 0.2537 1.2120 0.5219 0.5146 1.1343 0Mg 0.0775 0.3130 0.1646 0.1592 0.5536 0Ca 0.2598 0.8659 0.5189 0.5042 0.4161 0S 0.0712 0.2406 0.1261 0.1234 0.8035 0Mo BDa 3.7700 0.8008 0.6675 2.6471 2Mn 18.1650 449.8050 87.6504 63.5525 2.0260 0Fe 447.1600 4802.8300 1115.2190 996.4600 2.5414 0Ni 0.6750 43.4500 2.8338 2.2000 8.8199 0Cu 5.3550 357.2500 19.0601 12.8925 8.2733 0Zn 24.0750 250.0600 71.9426 60.3025 1.6644 0B 2.7600 101.2050 19.3121 15.7025 1.6918 0Na BD 382.5900 138.7499 138.9000 0.5663 1Sr 12.8300 113.7550 35.7719 33.7275 1.7317 0Ba 16.1450 175.0100 51.1529 46.4400 1.6553 0Al 220.3050 1713.4400 527.4580 487.1700 1.8221 0Si 23.8950 1324.8900 459.6801 445.1550 0.8157 0Cr 1.0150 10.0400 2.3852 2.0500 2.5543 0Co 0.2700 2.5200 0.6577 0.5975 2.4552 0Cd BD 4.3800 0.3083 0.2300 6.7973 1Pb 1.0300 128.9500 7.0914 4.9950 9.2178 0As BD 0.9450 0.3757 0.3500 1.7642 177Note: Measurement units per element are given in table 1. Gray shading used to demarcate element classes shown in table 1.a BD indicates concentration below detection limits.

9


same time the moss data were collected. Of the 346 sample points, 121 were shifted. The mean planar shifting distance was 5.00 m, more than two orders of magnitude smaller than mean minimum distance between sample locations. It is unlikely that such a small shift will affect any spatial analysis conducted by users of the moss data. Appendix table 6 and dot maps show the shifted coordinates.

Results and DiscussionFor each element, sample descriptive statistics and number of samples with concen-tration values below the detection limit are shown in table 4. Correlations between element concentrations measured in moss are shown in table 5. Correlations higher than 0.50 are shaded in gray; shading becomes progressively darker as the strength of the correlation increases.

Element AssociationsIdentification of pollution emissions sources can be aided by examining associa-tions between elements. Strong positive correlations between elements suggest they are often co-emitted or share a common origin. Here we provide the table of cor-relations (table 5) and a basic summary mainly for reference. Further analysis using multivariate techniques, such as Principal Components Analysis, is recommended to help resolve the relative contribution of different types of emissions sources (e.g., natural vs. vehicular vs. industrial) to element concentrations measured in moss (e.g., Berg and Steinnes 1997b, Schaug et al. 1990). The correlation between P and K is substantial (0.62), suggesting P and K are often high in the same locations. This is unsurprising considering that both elements are naturally abundant plant macronutrients that are also widely used in plant and grass fertilizers. Otherwise, highly correlated elements spanned multiple classes. Sulfur, a plant-essential secondary nutrient, and a product of combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, exhibits correlations higher than 0.50 with seven elements (Mo, Fe, Zn, B, Al, Cr, and Co), none of which belong to its class (table 1). This closely correlated group of elements and S are commonly, but not exclusively, emitted by various industrial processes. For instance, Al and Fe levels in moss are often associated with wind-blown soil particulates (Steinnes 1995), and Mo and Zn may occur from vehicular sources (e.g., exhaust, tire and brake wear) (Zechmeister et al. 2005). Sulfur may also be released by natural sources, the most likely in Portland being biomass burning and decomposition of organic matter (Bates and Lamb 1992). Seven other elements commonly emitted from industrial sources were not associated strongly with any (As, Cu, Mn, and Pb) or at most two other elements (Cd, Ni, Sr) (table 5).

Identification of pollution emissions sources can be aided by examining associations between elements. Strong positive correlations between elements suggest they are often co-emitted or share a common origin.

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Tabl

e 5—

Cor

rela

tions

bet

wee

n m

etal

con

cent

ratio

ns o

bser

ved

in th

e sa

mpl

e

P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

sP

•0.

620.

450.

200.

460.

180.

060.

170.

08-0

.05

0.17

0.38

0.16

0.12

0.28

0.13

0.14

0.23

0.17

0.19

0.05

-0.0

2K

•0.

410.

060.

290.

080.

120.

050.

05-0

.06

0.04

0.38

0.48

-0.0

60.

090.

020.

050.

120.

060.

130.

04-0

.03

Mg

•0.

150.

310.

200.

060.

170.

09-0

.03

0.10

0.46

0.22

0.14

0.23

0.12

0.20

0.23

0.19

0.16

-0.0

50.

06C

a•

0.50

0.23

-0.2

80.

260.

100.

200.

170.

70-0

.150.

630.

520.

290.

260.

320.

210.

360.

260.

33S

•0.

590.

090.

660.

220.

170.

530.

510.

250.

290.

450.

560.

390.

690.

540.

400.

370.

29M

o•

0.12

0.72

0.56

0.14

0.51

0.24

0.19

0.15

0.35

0.59

0.25

0.83

0.71

0.23

0.27

0.31

Mn

•0.

11-0

.01

-0.0

70.

14-0

.160.

22-0

.20

0.09

0.06

0.10

0.09

0.09

-0.0

9-0

.02

-0.0

1Fe

•0.

280.

190.

610.

210.

230.

250.

380.

920.

440.

870.

890.

240.

340.

31N

i•

0.02

0.16

0.10

0.08

0.03

0.13

0.32

0.14

0.45

0.59

0.08

0.12

0.28

Cu

•0.

190.

10-0

.01

0.14

0.13

0.14

0.06

0.21

0.12

0.11

0.17

0.19

Zn

•0.

220.

110.

130.

230.

520.

220.

590.

540.

370.

330.

21B

•0.

100.

380.

390.

200.

270.

280.

200.

580.

200.

28N

a•

-0.14

0.02

0.21

0.24

0.24

0.21

0.06

0.05

0.12

Sr•

0.57

0.31

0.16

0.19

0.23

0.14

0.15

0.18

Ba

•0.

410.

350.

370.

360.

220.

190.

23A

l•

0.53

0.72

0.88

0.20

0.28

0.37

Si•

0.35

0.42

0.19

0.18

0.17

Cr

•0.

790.

290.

410.

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180.

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kgro

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11


High Concentrations and “Hotspots”Dot maps of element concentrations in moss and corresponding histograms are shown in figure 3. As might be expected, the dot maps show unique spatial distribu-tions for the seven elements that lacked strong associations with other elements. Most exhibit one or a few hotspots (figs. 3i, 3j, 3t, and 3u) whereas possible As and Sr hotspots were numerous and widespread (figs. 3n and 3v).

Skewness coefficients (table 4) varied by element. All highly skewed histograms (fig. 3) showed a tail towards the right, indicating the presence of one or more exceptionally high concentrations in our dataset. In studies of small-scale industrial emissions, elements with highly right-skewed distributions typically indicate the presence of pollution point sources (Fernandez et al. 2007, Varela et al. 2014). The most skewed elements included all elements in the plant-essential micronutrients and environmentally important trace elements classes (Zn, B, As, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, Mo, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb). All of these elements may be emitted from certain industrial activities and can be hazardous if present in high concentrations in the atmosphere. Also substantially skewed were the distributions of Sr, Al, and Ba, soil mineral ele-ments that may also be emitted by industry. The elements Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb had the highest coefficients owing to a few very high concentrations measured in the moss samples. Three of the four (Cd, Ni, and Pb) are heavy metals on the Environmental Protection Agency’s list of urban toxics posing the greatest health risk in urban areas.3

On the other hand, elements belonging to the plant-essential macro- and sec-ondary nutrients, plus the soil minerals Na and Si, were relatively free of exception-ally high concentrations. These elements are all abundant in nature and, with the exception of S and Si, are less commonly released from industrial sources. Because elements with right-skewed distributions often indicate pollution point sources, it would thus be expected that elements primarily derived from natural sources would have more normally distributed data.

Ranking locations with high concentrations of multiple elements of concern is one approach to prioritizing hotspots for further investigation. Figure 4 shows where moss concentrations were in the top eight highest for the six most toxic metals in our dataset (Ni, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, and As). Figure 5 shows locations in the top 8 for the 10 most skewed elements, which includes all 6 of the most toxic metals (Mo, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, and As). Despite its highly skewed distribu-tion, manganese (Mn) was excluded as prior research suggests levels measured in moss are controlled by factors other than atmospheric concentrations (Boquete et al. 2011). Increasing the number of elements used in calculating the top 8 concentration from 6 to 10 does not alter the overall hotspot pattern although a few other sample locations with more than one value in the top-8 values emerge.

3 Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Urban air toxic pollutants. https://www.epa.gov/urban-air-toxics/urban-air-toxic-pollutants. (April 2016).

The elements Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb had the highest skewness coefficients owing to a few very high concentrations measured in the moss samples. Three of the four (Cd, Ni, and Pb) are heavy metals on the Environmental Protection Agency’s list of urban toxics posing the greatest health risk in urban areas.

Ranking locations with high concentrations of multiple elements of concern is one approach to prioritizing hotspots for further investigation.

https://www.epa.gov/urban-air-toxics/urban-air-toxic-pollutants.%20(April%202016

https://www.epa.gov/urban-air-toxics/urban-air-toxic-pollutants.%20(April%202016

12


Figure 3a—Dot map of phosphorus concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

Phosphorus (P)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.4 .5

010

2030

4050

60

Percent of sample dry weight

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship between moss concentrations and air concentrations.

13


Potassium (K)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1. .3

010

2030

4050

60



Figure 3b—Dot map of potassium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

14


Magnesium (Mg)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

010

2030

4050



Figure 3c—Dot map of magnesium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

15


Calcium (Ca)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

010

2030

4050



Figure 3d—Dot map of calcium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

16


Sulfur (S)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.2

010

2030

4050

60



Figure 3e—Dot map of sulfur concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

17


Molybdenum (Mo)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

020

4060

8010

012

0More research is needed to determine the exact relationship between moss concentrations and air concentrations.

Figure 3f—Dot map of molybdenum concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

18


Manganese (Mn)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

020

4060

8010


Figure 3g—Dot map of manganese concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

19


Iron (Fe)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

3614

3883

4803

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

010

2030

4050


Figure 3h—Dot map of iron concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

20


Nickel (Ni)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

43.5

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

020

4060

8010

012

014


Figure 3i—Dot map of nickel concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

21


Copper (Cu)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

125

250

342

357

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

020

4060

8010

012


Figure 3j—Dot map of copper concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

22


Zinc (Zn)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

020

40


Figure 3k—Dot map of zinc concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

23


Boron (B)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

020

4060


Figure 3l—Dot map of boron concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

24


Sodium (Na)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

020

4060


Figure 3m—Dot map of sodium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

25


Strontium (Sr)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

010

2030

4050

6070


Figure 3n—Dot map of strontium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

26


Barium (Ba)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

020

4060

8010


Figure 3o—Dot map of barium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

27


Aluminum (Al)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

020

4060

8010


Figure 3p—Dot map of aluminum concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

28


Silicon (Si)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

010

240

3050


Figure 3q—Dot map of silicon concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

29


Chromium (Cr)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

8.06

8.8

10.04

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1

020

4060

8010

012


Figure 3r—Dot map of chromium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

30


Cobalt (Co)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

2.02

2.15

2.52

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

010

2030

4050


Figure 3s—Dot map of cobalt concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

31


Cadmium (Cd)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

4.38

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3. .5

020

4060

8010

012

0

Figure 3t—Dot map of cadmium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

32


Lead (Pb)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

129

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

020

4060

8010


Figure 3u—Dot map of lead concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme.

33


Arsenic (As)N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Num

ber o

f mos

s sa

mpl

es

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

050

100

150

200


Figure 3v—Dot map of arsenic concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for details on the coloring scheme. Mode of histogram is below the detection limit (0.237 mg/kg) for arsenic.

34


N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, As

Element list(selected locations)

1: Ni, Cr, Co, As 2: Pb, Cr, Co 3: Cr, Co, As 4: Cd, Cr, Co 5: Pb, Cr, Co 6: Ni, Co 7: Cd, As

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Figure 4—Sample locations with elevated concentrations for several of the six most toxic metals in our dataset (Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, and As). Filled points show the locations where the concentration of one or more of those elements was among the top 8. Numbers in filled circles link locations to the element list in the lower left corner. Blue circles indicate that the concentration of just one element was among the top 8 concentrations.

35


Figure 5—Sample locations with elevated concentrations for several of the 10 most toxic metals in our dataset (Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al, and As). Filled points show the locations where the concentration of one or more of those elements was among the top 8. Numbers in filled circles link locations to the element list in the lower left corner. Blue circles indicate that the concentration of just one element was among the top 8 concentrations.

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al, As

Element list(selected locations)

1: Cu, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al, As 2: Pb, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al 3: Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al 4: Pb, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al 5: Ni, Mo, Cr, Co, As 6: Fe, Co, Al 7: Mo, Cr, Fe 8: Fe, Co, Al 9: Pb, Cu 10: Ni, Co 11: Cd, As 12: Cu, Al

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

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36


Limitations and GuidelinesAt this stage in the research, the moss data should be regarded as a screening tool to identify possible problem areas for followup with actual air quality measurements. Even with a casual look at the element concentration dot maps in figure 3, the reader can identify many samples positioned very close to each other but with highly contrasting concentration values. This observation is both encouraging and concerning. It is encouraging because it suggests that the dispersion distance of most elements is relatively short and an isolated pollu-tion point source will affect only those in its immediate vicinity, ultimately a very small percentage of an urban area’s population. It is concerning because a pollution point source can remain undetected for a long time if relying exclu-sively on sparse air monitoring networks. To reduce the probability of missing a hotspot, the mean distance between neighboring samples will need to be shorter than the one used in this study, and the spatial allocation of the sample free of sizeable gaps. Ensuring the latter can be logistically challenging, while the former would be costly.

A key unknown is how accurately metal concentrations in the moss we used, Orthotrichum lyellii, reflect levels in the air. Donovan et al. (2016) found a very high correlation between moss Cd and atmospheric Cd measured by the Depart-ment of Environmental Quality (DEQ) (0.991 or 99.1 percent), but this relation-ship was based on only four data points and is thus not considered statistically significant. Otherwise, no calibration work (comparing moss-to-instrument values) has been done yet with Orthotrichum as this is the first time it has been used as a bioindicator.

It is likely that the strength of relationships between moss and atmospheric con-centrations will vary by element. This is because elements differ in how strongly they bind to moss cells, how long they are retained in the moss, and how susceptible they are to displacement by other co-occurring elements (Gonzalez and Pokrovsky 2014, Rühling and Tyler 1970). Additionally, moss cells regulate the uptake of elements with physiological roles, such as some of the plant essential nutrients (table 1) (Bates 1992), potentially weakening relationships with atmospheric concentra-tions. Also, emissions from natural sources of elements (e.g., soils, leachates from overstory vegetation, marine aerosols) can contribute to levels measured in moss. Therefore, it is likely that some Orthotrichum-based maps will portray air quality more accurately than others.

37


Most past research calibrating moss-based concentrations with air quality data focused on comparing ground-dwelling moss species against bulk deposi-tion measurements (Aboal et al. 2010). This may not accurately represent the epiphytic species we used and the DEQ’s high-volume particulate monitors used by Donovan et al. (2016) to calibrate our Cd data. Calibrating Orthotrichum is a top research priority. It is only possible to convert moss concentrations to health thresholds and regulatory standards if relationships are sufficiently strong. Otherwise, validation of moss hotspots using monitoring instruments is required to make inferences about health risks and absolute concentrations in the atmosphere.

The time period represented by metals in Orthotrichum is unknown, but it likely ranges between several months to a few years. This means moss concen-trations may indicate emissions sources that no longer exist and that repeat sam-pling over short time intervals may not accurately portray declining emissions after pollution abatement measures are taken. We analyzed elemental concentra-tions in only the upper two-thirds of moss stems and estimate that our samples could represent, at maximum, 3 years of exposure. In the reciprocal transplant study of Boquete et al. (2013), it took over 1.5 years for transplants from polluted environments to reach background concentrations of metals. Conversely, it took 240 days for transplants from “clean” sites to reflect metal concentrations at a polluted site. As it is well known that different species have different accumula-tion and retention capacities (Castello 2007, Gonzalez and Pokrovsky 2014, Halleraker et al. 1998), determining what timeframe Orthotrichum represents is another research priority.

Environmental conditions, such as precipitation intensity, pH, and temperature, may affect element concentrations in moss tissues although results seem to vary across studies (Čeburnis and Valiulis 1999, Gjengedal and Steinnes 1990). Effects on Orthotrichum concentrations are another unknown that could potentially affect both timeframe and strength of relationships to atmospheric concentrations. Annual and daily temperature, humidity, and precipitation were not significant predictors of Cd in moss (Donovan et al. 2016). However, we intentionally sampled within a short timeframe (2.5 weeks) to minimize variability in weather conditions so results are not definitive.

38


ConclusionsMosses are a useful screening tool for atmospheric pollutants. They can be used to inexpensively and quickly identify areas for the placement of pollution monitoring instruments. Moss and lichen bioindicators have provided valuable low-cost infor-mation on pollution levels in hundreds of other studies from dozens of countries across the world (e.g., Ares et al. 2012, Fuga et al. 2008, Garty Ha2001, Nguyen Viet et al. 2010, Zvěřina et al. 2014).

While monitoring instruments are expensive and require one or more months to yield results for a single location, they provide real-time, accurate measurements of pollutant concentrations in the air without the uncertainties of working with living organisms like moss bioindicators. The complementary use of both techniques has the potential to revolutionize how we monitor air quality in urban areas, helping to more efficiently and effectively inform about pollution levels and sources, an excel-lent example being current monitoring activities taking place in Portland, Oregon.

Moss monitoring research based on our Cd data helped identify two major, unregulated sources of Cd in Portland. Placement of an air monitor near one hotspot measured Cd and As levels that greatly exceeded health benchmarks (Donovan et al. 2016). These findings led to the installation of new pollution controls at both facilities, reexamination of regulatory exemptions for the stained-glass industry, and the creation of “Cleaner Air Oregon.”4 This new state program will provide more resources for air monitoring and mandates the development of risk-based standards for air toxics. Hotspots identified in this study may likewise assist in uncovering additional unknown or unregulated pollution sources; the provision of our raw data (app., table 6) will enable others to carry forward such investigations.

English EquivalentsWhen you know: Multiply by: To get:Meters (m) 3.27 FeetSquare kilometers (km2) 0.386 Square milesMilliliters (mL) 0.061 Cubic inchesGrams (g) 0.0352 OuncesDegrees Celsius (°C) 1.8 °C (+ 32) Degrees Fahrenheit

4 Cleaner Air Oregon. http://cleanerairoregon.org/. (May 2016).

http://cleanerairoregon.org/

39


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42


App

endi

x Ta

ble

6—M

oss-

deri

ved

elem

ent c

once

ntra

tion

data

(con

tinue

d)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

145

.547

82-1

22.6

0665

0.18

60.

542

0.10

50.

826

0.12

10.

130

61.5

671.

01.

9110

.23

50.9

132

.03

112.

858

.042

.237

1.745

1.3

1.77

0.39

50.

430

14.2

3BD

b

245

.570

09-1

22.6

4356

0.17

20.

568

0.16

20.

465

0.12

40.

700

37.7

943.

21.

9325

.79

61.6

313

.7418

3.2

29.5

31.0

433.

651

5.7

2.11

0.52

50.

320

7.59

0.27

0

345

.547

87-1

22.5

3965

0.20

90.

479

0.19

80.

481

0.13

40.

580

53.0

1313

.52.

9313

.68

72.8

112

.65

170.

348

.562

.667

3.4

657.

03.

140.

870

0.24

04.

24BD

445

.453

84-1

22.5

1577

0.25

80.

565

0.18

00.

551

0.07

90.

410

31.6

627.

21.

3712

.04

35.0

020

.91

152.

525

.840

.238

3.3

478.

61.

380.

440

0.12

51.7

8BD

545

.466

31-1

22.5

8462

0.16

30.

410

0.11

50.

455

0.09

60.

935

36.0

971.

63.

7411

.99

37.2

06.

6811

1.729

.448

.355

3.0

415.

41.7

90.

730

0.10

54.

820.

295

645

.514

93-1

22.6

8193

0.33

90.

677

0.18

50.

620

0.17

91.1

6517

5.0

1144

.53.

0423

.12

83.11

32.75

153.

034

.142

.344

3.4

432.

23.

750.

565

0.38

56.

18BD

745

.535

01-1

22.7

9052

0.22

50.

573

0.22

10.

525

0.12

00.

420

59.6

974.

71.

427.

5742

.44

22.5

714

2.0

34.8

34.5

381.

844

5.2

2.24

0.50

00.

165

2.36

BD

845

.555

57-1

22.6

8132

0.21

40.

432

0.13

50.

579

0.14

30.

635

102.

313

85.5

3.15

18.8

894

.61

15.75

98.8

37.7

60.3

553.

946

0.4

3.39

0.77

50.

360

12.5

20.

250

945

.510

80-1

22.6

0269

0.24

60.

512

0.13

30.

349

0.13

30.

655

101.

810

38.6

3.71

14.6

644

.50

4.78

171.

915

.136

.855

0.0

434.

32.

080.

570

0.24

510

.70

BD

1045

.466

16-1

22.7

1173

0.15

50.

398

0.13

50.

402

0.09

00.

615

380.

310

86.1

1.38

7.52

51.75

6.99

119.1

21.7

51.1

488.

159

5.7

1.68

0.64

50.

160

3.58

BD

1145

.570

14-1

22.6

8977

0.13

20.

442

0.17

40.

739

0.15

31.1

6556

.211

21.7

2.94

48.1

994

.73

31.9

514

8.6

34.3

35.2

485.

148

1.13.

410.

565

0.33

015

.65

0.39

0

1245

.523

79-1

22.5

5503

0.19

40.

455

0.15

30.

784

0.11

90.

175

30.8

857.

02.

0611

.48

35.4

539

.79

117.

358

.985

.543

3.4

432.

71.7

40.

535

0.19

03.

200.

315

1345

.453

38-1

22.7

3467

0.18

00.

349

0.09

90.

457

0.09

40.

485

99.8

814.

11.

266.

9543

.71

4.93

81.7

27.3

52.5

411.1

499.

31.

490.

450

0.24

05.

06BD

1445

.549

30-1

22.6

5667

0.15

80.

365

0.09

20.

393

0.11

00.

365

51.1

1030

.52.

2618

.58

89.6

63.

4798

.024

.835

.346

8.5

454.

22.

370.

635

0.27

513

.29

BD

1545

.522

54-1

22.5

8347

0.28

40.

502

0.15

90.

706

0.17

80.

625

84.7

1618

.58.

9323

.26

79.5

128

.00

148.

749

.645

.082

7.4

782.

03.

431.

010

0.22

512

.47

0.38

5

1645

.555

61-1

22.6

6570

0.31

70.

630

0.19

80.

672

0.16

90.

295

56.5

1069

.52.

2719

.98

101.

9155

.43

111.

043

.762

.250

5.9

570.

02.

590.

595

0.74

526

.19

0.38

0

1745

.560

18-1

22.6

0090

0.34

60.

606

0.19

50.

580

0.15

91.

435

64.7

2741

.23.

4030

.98

165.

6326

.7513

5.5

48.9

65.7

1042

.851

8.2

3.81

1.27

00.

250

17.5

00.

520

1845

.479

62-1

22.6

9420

0.23

80.

562

0.15

50.

651

0.15

30.

960

53.5

1167

.11.

3914

.66

68.7

065

.44

155.

443

.279

.147

5.5

509.

22.

250.

630

0.25

04.

67BD

1945

.427

59-1

22.74

598

0.20

00.

355

0.08

30.

442

0.12

10.

670

40.8

1079

.11.

488.

1572

.25

3.73

104.

130

.333

.144

9.2

257.

32.

000.

515

0.08

03.

64BD

2045

.444

16-1

22.7

2103

0.15

40.

382

0.13

90.

398

0.09

80.

725

130.

674

7.6

1.24

7.11

50.0

05.

7618

3.4

28.2

54.0

421.1

356.

71.

480.

520

0.21

53.

560.

265

2145

.508

59-1

22.5

7343

0.22

20.

633

0.09

50.

417

0.07

30.

455

76.3

689.

61.

915.

8930

.54

7.56

92.8

19.1

20.2

366.

236

8.3

1.30

0.37

00.

075

2.78

BD

2245

.556

19-1

22.6

8085

0.23

60.

515

0.12

00.

431

0.16

81.

070

83.2

1738

.52.

9426

.95

231.

565.

3611

6.6

37.9

71.9

617.

452

0.5

3.56

0.89

50.

385

12.2

2BD

2345

.508

00-1

22.5

7326

0.21

60.

616

0.18

20.

492

0.11

10.

485

102.

563

2.1

1.52

8.47

27.3

728

.06

180.

937

.759

.034

4.2

455.

81.

410.

325

0.10

04.

07BD

2445

.547

32-1

22.6

2629

0.23

50.

603

0.15

00.

574

0.14

00.

205

156.

612

82.0

2.31

18.5

166

.1621

.52

136.

133

.444

.860

6.4

683.

52.

400.

770

0.37

014

.29

BD

2545

.528

16-1

22.6

2103

0.21

40.

706

0.22

30.

475

0.14

60.

210

26.9

869.

02.

2125

.54

43.14

30.3

920

0.3

33.6

48.6

445.

356

1.5

1.98

0.52

00.

340

9.99

BD

2645

.523

51-1

22.6

3601

0.16

50.

435

0.18

50.

421

0.14

10.

320

34.8

894.

52.

2216

.69

65.5

622

.98

167.

635

.738

.941

8.6

452.

61.

940.

595

0.62

510

.05

0.24

0

2745

.523

81-1

22.5

5393

0.16

90.

440

0.13

20.

552

0.10

50.

170

33.1

672.

52.

1810

.15

41.4

113

.66

162.

537

.256

.436

4.5

469.

31.

560.

505

0.15

53.

26BD

2845

.517

11-1

22.6

3833

0.20

90.

524

0.11

50.

445

0.13

50.

135

91.2

753.

52.

0812

.04

44.9

617

.68

155.

017

.426

.636

1.6

545.

01.

840.

435

0.79

59.

92BD

43


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

2945

.462

02-1

22.4

8968

0.16

40.

363

0.16

40.

418

0.09

20.

410

42.5

1003

.71.7

66.

2541

.24

8.06

131.

128

.146

.861

5.8

482.

71.

950.

710

0.08

04.

190.

300

3045

.573

65-1

22.5

9888

0.21

20.

521

0.20

10.

629

0.11

90.

630

27.1

798.

23.

2119

.1467

.48

50.1

211

8.2

26.4

38.8

380.

947

6.6

1.81

0.50

51.

830

4.97

0.32

0

3145

.506

34-1

22.5

2350

0.21

10.

486

0.18

90.

418

0.11

90.

665

31.8

731.1

1.67

7.38

32.6

611

.33

164.

831

.121

.441

7.9

490.

41.

360.

460

0.09

52.

69BD

3245

.538

35-1

22.6

5159

0.31

31.1

320.

136

0.48

50.

124

0.09

517

3.9

737.

52.

7325

.1151

.1136

.35

185.

221

.337

.245

0.2

658.

01.

940.

480

0.19

011

.26

BD

3345

.479

15-1

22.6

9419

0.16

40.

357

0.12

00.

540

0.10

10.

835

60.4

934.

11.

2910

.99

184.

1511

.83

129.7

31.6

38.1

410.

242

1.0

2.03

0.54

00.

165

5.86

BD

3445

.584

56-1

22.7

1014

0.19

70.

465

0.13

20.

374

0.11

91.

350

90.9

871.7

2.56

11.9

155

.73

6.29

165.

022

.032

.833

4.2

372.

42.

830.

420

0.21

03.

650.

260

3545

.602

31-1

22.6

7037

0.21

50.

534

0.26

20.

743

0.19

31.

980

75.5

2249

.74.

0585

.05

162.

0855

.12

166.

134

.644

.178

7.3

634.

25.

651.1

101.

090

14.0

70.

630

3645

.511

34-1

22.5

4302

0.13

60.

338

0.11

30.

355

0.08

80.

630

43.0

812.

62.

299.

6650

.90

4.34

130.

928

.036

.344

9.5

330.

81.

450.

550

0.13

54.

140.

265

3745

.584

99-1

22.7

1017

0.26

70.

572

0.19

00.

701

0.15

01.

660

235.

512

92.7

3.16

14.9

665

.28

30.4

411

7.8

47.1

154.

354

8.8

442.

64.

110.

580

0.25

05.

560.

395

3845

.501

24-1

22.6

2694

0.15

30.

448

0.10

40.

380

0.09

00.

590

75.0

1176

.12.

8912

.26

53.9

08.

2715

9.9

21.6

35.9

630.

052

5.7

1.83

0.78

50.

265

10.8

30.

335

3945

.485

77-1

22.74

040

0.18

60.

526

0.12

40.

428

0.09

50.

495

119.

367

2.7

1.30

7.96

51.18

8.55

139.

628

.137

.630

9.0

358.

31.

550.

405

0.21

03.

23BD

4045

.494

53-1

22.7

1698

0.17

80.

437

0.12

60.

652

0.10

40.

430

33.6

610.

60.

8235

7.25

43.9

316

.38

108.

248

.656

.132

0.4

394.

71.

370.

305

0.14

54.

950.

255

4145

.541

84-1

22.6

6452

0.19

20.

472

0.17

30.

762

0.15

00.

600

38.3

1153

.02.

2518

.1779

.26

43.3

611

7.9

50.1

50.7

538.

454

0.5

2.74

0.73

50.

660

12.0

1BD

4245

.517

48-1

22.7

2871

0.18

00.

383

0.13

60.

404

0.09

30.

080

60.4

663.

51.

486.

4144

.91

4.57

132.

929

.731

.824

8.7

291.

61.7

00.

340

0.16

53.

57BD

4345

.571

01-1

22.6

5191

0.15

10.

501

0.14

70.

441

0.12

00.

760

73.4

992.

21.

8522

.25

56.2

311

.25

142.

630

.736

.442

9.0

371.

42.

180.

530

0.22

510

.84

0.30

0

4445

.501

27-1

22.6

2727

0.19

70.

535

0.12

50.

524

0.09

50.

515

84.0

1114

.12.

7710

.62

46.8

026

.35

147.

527

.331

.360

1.0

482.

11.7

80.

710

0.30

07.

870.

440

4545

.466

67-1

22.5

8467

0.27

00.

579

0.18

00.

596

0.10

10.

755

28.4

784.

12.

569.7

528

.97

32.5

612

3.9

31.9

38.8

441.

845

0.2

1.70

0.57

50.

115

3.04

0.26

0

4645

.454

05-1

22.5

1686

0.22

10.

675

0.16

00.

379

0.09

20.

510

292.

875

9.2

1.79

8.91

47.2

89.

3838

2.6

17.9

27.9

446.

055

2.7

1.68

0.53

50.

135

2.27

BD

4745

.471

29-1

22.5

7483

0.24

80.

547

0.19

30.

538

0.12

30.

635

33.4

896.

63.

148.

8257

.65

26.6

022

4.3

35.9

41.0

496.

054

7.71.7

40.

670

0.13

58.

39BD

4845

.541

22-1

22.6

6386

0.23

30.

618

0.15

20.

396

0.14

30.

255

202.

390

1.5

3.48

13.6

713

9.91

18.4

220

5.4

23.6

43.3

424.

341

6.1

2.21

0.65

00.

550

10.6

2BD

4945

.537

46-1

22.5

6834

0.40

10.

653

0.22

00.

779

0.18

90.

480

60.8

1222

.02.

6220

.62

68.4

126

.1010

9.6

54.0

175.

057

2.9

495.

02.

690.

745

1.07

55.

060.

295

5045

.527

63-1

22.6

2106

0.31

20.

590

0.18

80.

826

0.16

40.

365

76.3

1010

.52.

1514

.25

67.7

645

.97

123.

244

.564

.551

6.9

626.

01.

990.

540

0.33

513

.76

BD

5145

.541

96-1

22.4

9547

0.23

70.

601

0.16

40.

673

0.12

81.1

2033

.013

12.2

2.14

16.9

183

.63

33.5

415

2.5

54.6

64.2

637.

347

8.2

3.02

0.74

50.

300

3.69

0.42

0

5245

.525

38-1

22.4

9338

0.22

30.

431

0.13

10.

491

0.09

60.

550

35.8

880.

21.7

123

.83

115.

588.

7395

.334

.030

.947

7.743

3.5

1.91

0.51

50.

100

7.27

BD

5345

.433

09-1

22.6

5384

0.18

60.

469

0.14

40.

380

0.09

30.

605

38.2

511.1

1.57

9.32

41.0

89.

6412

4.4

21.2

33.9

258.

936

9.11.

160.

365

0.18

02.

92BD

5445

.512

09-1

22.5

1412

0.18

10.

424

0.11

00.

490

0.13

70.

490

40.7

847.

61.

457.

9530

.00

9.42

101.

837

.638

.947

1.9

319.

01.

440.

460

0.07

56.

110.

290

5545

.547

32-1

22.6

2629

0.26

50.

468

0.19

80.

586

0.16

70.

510

90.0

1411

.54.

8816

.1172

.76

20.5

512

7.5

27.8

57.7

719.

471

4.5

3.12

0.88

50.

210

14.4

00.

335

5645

.455

69-1

22.6

0137

0.17

50.

496

0.20

90.

395

0.08

30.

775

94.2

516.

26.

477.

4844

.43

7.01

127.

225

.428

.631

1.6

391.

81.

810.

820

0.16

52.

58BD

5745

.496

25-1

22.4

8980

0.22

30.

357

0.12

00.

444

0.09

20.

460

72.0

1047

.11.

278.

7947

.20

10.4

411

6.8

31.4

40.0

647.

540

2.0

1.46

0.56

50.

080

4.85

BD

44


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

5845

.541

96-1

22.4

9547

0.26

80.

569

0.20

00.

637

0.15

51.

545

52.9

2241

.23.

3223

.88

116.

4327

.13

161.

157

.782

.710

78.8

644.

74.

661.

210

0.45

06.

510.

450

5945

.454

95-1

22.74

360

0.16

70.

497

0.14

00.

278

0.12

30.

645

145.

415

57.6

1.85

14.9

319

4.15

4.76

176.

422

.546

.466

5.5

623.

21.

950.

800

0.34

08.

65BD

6045

.517

89-1

22.6

3825

0.17

20.

431

0.21

60.

780

0.11

8BD

84.2

518.

01.

5678

.85

161.1

660

.23

61.8

45.7

37.1

287.

038

8.7

1.26

0.28

50.

555

4.82

0.27

5

6145

.570

19-1

22.6

5226

0.18

00.

489

0.13

00.

723

0.13

30.

870

53.7

1289

.72.

2127

.57

60.2

329

.07

152.

146

.981

.267

0.3

560.

22.

670.

640

0.30

58.

220.

320

6245

.547

75-1

22.6

0657

0.28

00.

604

0.19

70.

411

0.13

3BD

33.3

792.

01.

9411

.96

77.4

67.

5512

7.6

25.4

22.4

423.

647

5.2

1.63

0.50

00.

350

6.30

BD

6345

.531

33-1

22.6

1123

0.37

70.

646

0.18

90.

866

0.18

00.

175

34.5

883.

01.

6319

.84

49.8

165

.23

133.

440

.679

.252

4.9

627.

51.

820.

535

0.70

57.

26BD

6445

.505

35-1

22.5

5064

0.19

70.

439

0.22

00.

667

0.11

20.

450

181.

975

3.1

1.75

7.32

45.3

545

.71

79.7

35.5

81.9

449.

259

8.7

1.70

0.72

50.

145

3.56

0.44

5

6545

.473

64-1

22.5

4831

0.14

70.

352

0.18

40.

613

0.12

60.

850

35.9

1313

.12.

5252

.25

69.6

032

.95

113.

564

.174

.669

1.0

299.

92.

210.

755

0.16

55.

88BD

6645

.539

31-1

22.6

6169

0.31

00.

929

0.15

30.

589

0.14

51.1

4064

.016

75.5

2.87

26.8

311

8.71

44.0

120

0.9

43.0

74.8

694.

475

0.5

3.86

0.88

50.

570

17.0

5BD

6745

.508

51-1

22.6

5086

0.18

10.

570

0.09

70.

349

0.08

70.

655

57.7

729.

62.

2710

.25

64.0

512

.98

190.

420

.132

.735

7.2

358.

01.

930.

520

0.79

513

.22

BD

6845

.477

47-1

22.5

1351

0.13

90.

323

0.14

00.

461

0.11

00.

680

77.4

1225

.11.7

820

.26

112.

309.

8914

6.3

113.

858

.568

8.5

423.

71.7

90.

785

0.14

55.

23BD

6945

.522

59-1

22.5

6967

0.30

60.

700

0.21

10.

499

0.13

80.

400

52.4

1101

.02.

7511

.61

73.8

622

.97

198.

440

.956

.754

7.9

743.

02.

150.

660

0.22

56.

01BD

7045

.464

38-1

22.5

1847

0.27

50.

575

0.17

10.

465

0.10

70.

445

120.

947

2.9

1.61

5.93

46.3

27.

9497

.961

.566

.026

0.9

317.

91.

220.

550

0.21

51.

22BD

7145

.541

70-1

22.7

9429

0.19

60.

434

0.17

30.

642

0.09

20.

345

51.2

447.

20.

685.

7882

.35

23.6

511

1.6

45.8

60.2

220.

326

3.8

1.07

0.50

01.1

301.1

1BD

7245

.522

17-1

22.5

0902

0.18

90.

388

0.10

60.

399

0.10

50.

770

77.8

1048

.31.7

015

.04

70.6

06.

7834

.028

.843

.453

9.9

341.

31.

670.

585

0.14

04.

57BD

7345

.499

89-1

22.74

090

0.28

60.

478

0.20

10.

544

0.18

61.

675

256.

816

57.7

2.23

22.4

911

8.71

18.8

314

3.5

51.4

86.9

666.

250

5.0

3.10

0.86

50.

285

7.66

0.27

0

7445

.516

53-1

22.4

9275

0.13

10.

346

0.08

70.

798

0.13

50.

395

21.0

833.

61.

559.1

831

.06

22.4

710

2.1

61.8

49.6

538.

042

4.3

1.51

0.48

50.

185

2.85

0.47

5

7545

.528

84-1

22.7

8434

0.23

50.

505

0.14

00.

339

0.10

10.

405

104.

277

3.6

1.05

6.36

48.2

06.

4414

9.722

.532

.539

2.8

408.

41.

570.

410

0.14

02.

91BD

7645

.426

11-1

22.7

0844

0.21

00.

356

0.15

20.

395

0.09

60.

710

35.2

727.

61.

638.

1444

.90

6.64

89.0

39.0

57.1

376.

747

2.6

1.52

0.38

50.

140

3.25

BD

7745

.531

95-1

22.7

8238

0.17

90.

347

0.14

40.

563

0.09

20.

575

53.5

656.

11.

097.

4140

.64

19.4

663

.752

.445

.424

9.0

125.

21.

490.

435

0.10

01.

80BD

7845

.517

45-1

22.4

7676

0.17

10.

456

0.14

80.

430

0.11

60.

970

103.

717

33.1

2.19

14.2

212

1.00

5.30

151.

831

.454

.673

1.0

385.

32.

570.

960

0.19

55.

000.

395

7945

.556

84-1

22.7

7936

0.17

90.

474

0.14

40.

284

0.12

60.

735

109.

210

51.8

1.80

8.06

54.6

03.

0315

9.4

21.7

39.7

410.

340

7.72.

060.

555

0.14

05.

23BD

8045

.435

12-1

22.7

3654

0.23

20.

402

0.17

00.

529

0.08

90.

415

54.5

689.

50.

986.

7036

.71

9.71

81.3

40.9

46.8

345.

532

6.8

1.33

0.39

00.

075

2.12

BD

8145

.514

17-1

22.74

843

0.18

90.

416

0.15

80.

360

0.11

30.

680

162.

910

62.1

1.86

9.75

47.10

6.68

112.

923

.734

.242

6.1

463.

62.

720.

480

0.32

04.

57BD

8245

.440

06-1

22.6

9839

0.20

30.

541

0.16

30.

381

0.13

60.

770

76.1

1200

.32.

4210

.00

62.6

09.

8821

6.2

31.1

40.3

516.

436

9.6

2.51

0.67

50.

150

4.63

BD

8345

.485

72-1

22.74

066

0.18

40.

531

0.11

10.

434

0.09

60.

425

197.

879

5.6

1.20

7.22

48.0

07.7

312

5.0

23.1

29.7

315.

514

0.1

1.58

0.45

50.

145

3.68

BD

8445

.510

24-1

22.4

9779

0.11

10.

300

0.09

90.

717

0.11

30.

480

27.0

1056

.31.

939.

6441

.37

17.5

836

.446

.267

.074

3.9

504.

31.

850.

605

0.18

53.

460.

435

8545

.481

83-1

22.4

7439

0.23

40.

553

0.15

10.

535

0.11

90.

480

382.

986

9.8

1.76

8.50

31.3

47.1

386

.125

.841

.348

0.0

331.

31.7

80.

575

0.08

52.

21BD

8645

.493

97-1

22.6

1742

0.29

80.

664

0.21

20.

752

0.14

40.

655

38.3

732.

72.

5125

.39

86.5

638

.80

69.3

40.0

73.8

447.

960

3.0

1.62

0.54

00.

685

5.08

BD

45


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

8745

.470

44-1

22.6

0066

0.22

80.

572

0.18

80.

587

0.11

91.

415

43.6

1113

.67.

0915

.1062

.15

27.0

915

7.8

38.7

86.1

651.

038

1.0

2.26

0.83

00.

400

6.40

0.71

5

8845

.559

03-1

22.6

8497

0.16

70.

342

0.11

40.

709

0.15

10.

500

37.0

1098

.53.

7415

.38

129.

4120

.60

82.7

46.0

90.8

465.

644

4.5

2.88

0.58

50.

260

15.2

20.

285

8945

.426

39-1

22.6

7166

0.18

90.

414

0.16

30.

446

0.08

80.

495

55.6

958.

11.

926.

7135

.1410

.20

90.4

32.0

38.2

427.1

343.

21.

600.

545

0.09

54.

17BD

9045

.450

90-1

22.7

0862

0.28

50.

441

0.20

80.

571

0.12

80.

550

52.9

855.

01.

6112

.27

55.8

231

.30

114.

837

.249

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0.6

652.

51.

840.

510

0.17

53.

300.

385

9145

.490

54-1

22.5

6085

0.19

30.

405

0.14

30.

317

0.13

60.

870

86.1

1685

.25.

1917

.1677

.31

5.73

163.

020

.146

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1.760

1.5

3.19

1.14

50.

195

7.44

0.27

5

9245

.511

44-1

22.5

4308

0.14

20.

358

0.12

30.

372

0.09

80.

710

43.8

1034

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5012

.03

58.2

04.

0443

.930

.840

.055

8.4

348.

11.7

30.

675

0.16

05.

16BD

9345

.531

01-1

22.7

8244

0.24

00.

506

0.15

60.

391

0.11

20.

840

84.6

702.

11.

299.

8371

.107.

4519

8.3

34.8

45.1

295.

926

6.6

1.58

0.38

50.

125

2.71

BD

9445

.466

51-1

22.6

5024

0.17

50.

515

0.15

80.

540

0.10

90.

565

30.9

762.

01.

919.7

241

.78

24.3

714

4.5

32.5

37.7

391.

333

4.0

1.52

0.45

50.

240

5.48

BD

9545

.513

03-1

22.6

8735

0.22

80.

458

0.13

90.

569

0.17

81.

300

254.

815

16.7

3.21

20.7

614

8.21

9.18

84.1

45.6

75.6

657.7

452.

93.

350.

705

0.23

511

.76

0.25

0

9645

.481

73-1

22.4

7323

0.25

50.

657

0.22

80.

572

0.09

50.

340

38.1

533.

30.

999.

4926

.1039

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132.

549

.471

.831

4.4

266.

21.

210.

390

0.11

51.

03BD

9745

.502

57-1

22.4

8744

0.20

40.

651

0.19

30.

382

0.08

80.

455

67.2

1133

.71.

506.

7130

.31

19.9

014

8.5

27.0

55.1

684.

261

6.0

1.72

0.63

00.

100

2.98

BD

9845

.570

14-1

22.6

8977

0.13

20.

443

0.18

20.

685

0.16

21.

350

73.1

1564

.73.

7359

.1011

9.28

28.7

216

4.3

32.9

37.7

688.

359

5.2

4.86

0.81

00.

400

19.9

30.

460

9945

.461

48-1

22.7

3864

0.19

80.

588

0.15

50.

443

0.09

50.

445

244.

070

8.0

1.12

10.8

960

.22

8.15

152.

125

.942

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8.1

443.

21.

240.

470

0.24

03.

17BD

100

45.4

6417

-122

.518

320.

235

0.59

20.

211

0.50

90.

102

0.42

562

.353

0.0

1.45

5.56

29.10

28.5

312

8.2

51.2

90.9

312.

936

5.9

1.26

0.36

50.

080

1.17

BD

101

45.4

5049

-122

.662

060.

180

0.34

30.

206

0.54

20.

128

0.70

570

.918

41.7

2.65

19.5

410

4.98

16.2

312

6.9

31.5

59.9

682.

242

3.7

2.81

1.04

50.

240

4.64

0.31

0

102

45.5

7088

-122

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570.

215

0.60

50.

163

0.42

20.

124

0.62

031

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9.71.7

619

.21

59.8

314

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199.1

23.6

31.1

368.

544

5.1

1.82

0.44

00.

330

5.91

0.29

0

103

45.5

4786

-122

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540.

265

0.49

20.

159

0.43

80.

131

0.15

059

.711

00.0

1.95

10.2

861

.96

6.29

157.7

24.4

40.7

546.

439

2.6

2.23

0.67

50.

125

3.25

BD

104

45.4

7822

-122

.582

790.

211

0.51

40.

225

0.50

50.

088

0.65

024

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8.0

2.75

24.4

533

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31.6

111

6.3

35.9

53.7

403.

141

1.8

1.64

0.60

50.

120

4.27

0.32

0

105

45.5

3053

-122

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390.

284

0.46

90.

191

0.75

10.

224

3.44

014

2.2

3883

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3452

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250.

0638

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166.

070

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97.4

714.

58.

802.

015

0.67

035

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0.45

5

106

45.5

8448

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780.

174

0.54

80.

175

0.41

90.

144

1.160

156.

914

77.7

3.00

23.3

285

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11.0

621

8.3

27.6

42.1

530.

854

5.2

4.61

0.72

50.

185

7.33

0.26

0

107

45.5

2073

-122

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230.

168

0.25

40.

124

0.51

70.

128

0.64

559

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97.0

2.83

341.7

010

7.96

5.08

116.

337

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7.9

475.

23.

760.

745

0.29

527

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0.35

5

108

45.5

8446

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880.

204

0.49

10.

135

0.82

50.

150

0.92

554

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60.7

2.82

20.9

784

.38

33.7

110

7.2

64.8

82.9

617.

854

0.7

4.49

0.70

50.

270

128.

95BD

109

45.4

9158

-122

.494

440.

225

0.51

00.

186

0.31

60.

078

0.45

580

.112

93.1

1.33

6.23

33.4

03.

2814

7.127

.329

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7.5

443.

21.

890.

735

BD1.

91BD

110

45.5

0086

-122

.508

510.

108

0.27

60.

077

0.70

40.

101

0.35

522

.685

4.1

1.27

7.64

48.10

13.7

986

.556

.548

.563

3.0

342.

41.

450.

490

0.13

02.

770.

595

111

45.5

3910

-122

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410.

217

0.52

50.

191

0.38

40.

098

0.73

021

6.0

795.

82.

817.

5317

5.75

9.06

112.

719

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.236

4.5

295.

92.

340.

420

0.11

53.

47BD

112

45.5

1667

-122

.518

430.

166

0.38

00.

172

0.40

70.

100

0.55

580

.192

6.3

1.77

9.54

49.0

08.

8432

.628

.148

.749

3.1

257.

51.

560.

625

0.14

03.

85BD

113

45.4

7862

-122

.555

560.

248

0.64

10.

208

0.52

30.

102

0.93

534

.111

30.0

3.53

9.45

39.3

728

.87

146.

025

.235

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2.1

418.

52.

090.

780

0.16

53.

79BD

114

45.5

2609

-122

.556

190.

153

0.33

80.

122

0.35

00.

107

1.150

57.8

1332

.32.

5917

.31

148.

856.

6748

.234

.150

.965

0.9

525.

82.

200.

810

0.18

07.

22BD

115

45.5

1611

-122

.737

590.

187

0.42

80.

108

0.35

80.

088

0.47

565

.247

0.3

0.70

5.70

39.6

23.

5634

.723

.943

.723

3.6

331.

51.

060.

270

0.25

52.

33BD

46


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

116

45.4

9994

-122

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530.

265

0.67

10.

164

0.50

20.

128

0.66

542

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2.2

2.49

22.6

992

.31

36.8

116

8.8

36.0

38.8

430.

947

2.5

2.09

0.52

00.

925

14.2

20.

295

117

45.4

4103

-122

.702

950.

178

0.50

20.

151

0.35

30.

136

0.56

529

4.4

849.

82.

277.7

545

.20

3.77

156.

916

.131

.743

9.0

359.

51.

570.

525

0.18

52.

69BD

118

45.4

4673

-122

.7504

30.

189

0.41

00.

153

0.35

40.

093

0.46

522

6.4

702.

31.

066.

2243

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4.21

96.8

22.1

27.6

327.

634

7.0

1.30

0.44

50.

100

2.39

0.32

0

119

45.4

5544

-122

.684

000.

302

0.52

70.

173

0.56

70.

140

0.90

557

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59.0

1.92

12.6

088

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26.3

115

9.8

41.1

48.6

518.

158

8.5

2.49

0.60

00.

250

4.83

BD

120

45.5

7914

-122

.694

730.

184

0.58

20.

202

0.39

40.

125

1.05

044

.210

32.8

2.37

16.3

953

.20

12.4

022

8.9

19.9

30.0

412.

830

8.8

3.43

0.52

00.

160

5.13

BD

121

45.4

5872

-122

.629

170.

151

0.39

60.

178

0.54

10.

111

0.82

539

.178

2.8

5.63

8.63

34.74

29.4

013

6.2

46.3

58.8

383.

341

8.1

2.12

0.62

00.

245

3.45

0.24

0

122

45.4

2651

-122

.680

990.

192

0.39

70.

125

0.50

20.

098

0.40

529

.960

5.6

1.71

5.36

31.7

09.7

784

.330

.817

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9.728

2.4

1.36

0.41

50.

100

1.66

BD

123

45.4

6142

-122

.738

890.

245

0.50

20.

156

0.42

20.

101

0.34

012

1.8

505.

50.

937.

4038

.38

8.06

102.

525

.432

.825

0.2

361.

31.7

20.

300

0.21

52.

050.

365

124

45.4

2662

-122

.671

860.

170

0.45

40.

125

0.30

90.

071

0.47

070

.510

48.1

1.72

5.70

42.0

26.

1218

4.5

20.4

44.7

401.

436

2.2

1.69

0.70

00.

135

3.13

BD

125

45.4

6837

-122

.656

950.

316

0.60

70.

176

0.42

00.

153

0.99

030

6.6

1444

.04.

3716

.46

159.

2223

.90

144.

426

.253

.272

7.6

576.

02.

890.

995

0.41

09.

68BD

126

45.5

1363

-122

.630

530.

261

0.52

90.

149

0.59

60.

129

0.55

057

.757

5.8

1.94

12.0

813

1.05

33.9

650

.640

.160

.129

6.4

195.

31.

360.

435

0.50

537

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BD

127

45.5

4965

-122

.582

530.

180

0.57

00.

128

0.55

40.

131

0.55

569

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9.8

1.98

10.0

542

.60

14.0

817

1.733

.948

.741

4.0

346.

11.

580.

455

0.19

54.

29BD

128

45.4

5421

-122

.506

910.

248

0.61

40.

211

0.39

80.

106

0.33

518

4.8

541.

81.

825.

9729

.1714

.7522

4.6

42.0

76.9

311.1

285.

11.1

50.

495

0.06

01.

93BD

129

45.5

1355

-122

.630

980.

204

0.46

40.

126

0.46

60.

100

0.60

046

.365

5.7

2.21

12.0

640

.70

14.7

364

.231

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.934

5.9

401.

91.

590.

420

0.28

012

.65

0.28

0

130

45.5

4356

-122

.595

420.

141

0.47

40.

114

0.50

60.

104

0.51

552

.271

5.3

1.76

21.4

651

.107.

5110

2.7

28.6

39.9

395.

631

6.6

1.34

0.40

00.

305

8.89

BD

131

45.4

9736

-122

.484

500.

247

0.50

10.

180

0.53

60.

146

0.87

076

.618

33.7

2.63

13.3

091

.46

14.6

915

0.0

51.1

82.1

951.7

535.

02.

910.

975

0.27

07.

820.

285

132

45.4

7773

-122

.623

130.

180

0.42

60.

097

0.73

80.

125

0.87

028

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47.5

7.57

11.7

240

.38

18.0

766

.136

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.152

6.6

324.

72.

320.

705

0.26

05.

950.

360

133

45.5

3765

-122

.554

010.

310

0.55

90.

190

0.60

70.

134

0.67

032

.884

8.3

2.27

14.9

445

.00

39.2

642

.641

.761

.941

6.9

299.

01.

690.

545

0.41

03.

86BD

134

45.4

9941

-122

.658

850.

196

0.47

70.

189

0.69

10.

164

1.165

59.8

1461

.73.

5019

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107.

8645

.72

158.

748

.566

.664

8.2

544.

03.

020.

745

0.55

58.

110.

430

135

45.4

6518

-122

.723

290.

307

0.63

50.

210

0.59

20.

132

1.180

54.9

1610

.01.

9819

.55

96.4

720

.05

134.

045

.282

.464

8.1

660.

03.

060.

885

0.22

04.

89BD

136

45.4

6541

-122

.681

340.

223

0.74

60.

153

0.59

10.

127

0.83

022

6.1

975.

02.

1312

.02

65.3

219

.96

183.

543

.810

4.3

496.

661

9.0

2.33

0.55

50.

370

3.57

0.29

5

137

45.5

4397

-122

.772

820.

222

0.58

70.

196

0.34

00.

099

0.50

516

6.4

651.

31.

876.

4741

.70

3.74

119.

637

.537

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7.0

271.

21.

660.

525

0.07

03.

25BD

138

45.6

0333

-122

.832

380.

160

0.39

30.

114

0.32

40.

095

0.35

012

4.4

851.

31.

536.

1130

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4.66

102.

726

.732

.933

2.0

250.

81.

600.

475

0.11

53.

850.

265

139

45.5

2418

-122

.7592

80.

227

0.47

30.

157

0.66

50.

100

0.53

560

.664

6.8

1.14

7.37

52.0

522

.33

BD61

.457

.727

4.6

275.

91.7

70.

405

0.33

52.

37BD

140

45.4

7721

-122

.600

860.

258

0.63

60.

212

0.50

10.

095

0.99

523

.765

7.5

7.96

16.2

729

.1718

.58

127.7

32.4

48.1

379.

439

6.2

1.83

0.61

50.

120

3.93

0.29

0

141

45.4

6653

-122

.653

170.

208

0.51

50.

146

0.39

60.

114

0.94

555

.813

50.5

2.96

17.7

390

.12

11.5

322

5.9

26.8

44.0

674.

672

0.0

2.73

0.76

00.

255

10.0

10.

270

142

45.5

4961

-122

.582

700.

180

0.70

90.

145

0.63

30.

129

0.59

010

8.0

704.

81.

4910

.1651

.7523

.03

113.

036

.960

.035

9.724

6.7

1.29

0.42

50.

305

3.10

BD

143

45.4

8972

-122

.572

110.

189

0.55

80.

189

0.58

50.

129

0.92

537

.913

62.7

3.04

17.1

359

.61

25.9

817

4.5

38.9

58.8

702.

240

6.5

2.38

0.80

00.

200

4.67

0.54

0

144

45.4

5925

-122

.648

990.

308

0.66

30.

188

0.57

30.

149

0.70

585

.310

11.3

2.63

15.0

660

.90

22.4

717

6.3

42.4

39.6

503.

447

7.72.

080.

610

0.32

56.

660.

450

47


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

145

45.5

2542

-122

.544

920.

239

0.49

10.

115

0.38

40.

096

0.65

033

.986

3.8

2.08

8.93

63.3

54.

6351

.825

.927

.845

3.3

480.

41.

580.

550

0.15

55.

62BD

146

45.5

4629

-122

.670

790.

141

0.31

90.

133

0.38

10.

138

1.44

098

.718

40.8

3.14

19.2

387

.25

18.6

711

4.0

22.9

36.4

697.

443

2.8

3.21

0.84

00.

560

13.0

0BD

147

45.4

8214

-122

.7500

60.

132

0.35

90.

088

0.46

60.

086

0.42

527

.071

9.8

1.37

6.84

40.9

96.

1796

.331

.537

.331

5.9

238.

01.

510.

410

0.10

02.

39BD

148

45.5

5714

-122

.565

020.

302

0.61

70.

153

0.51

80.

171

0.92

091

.811

72.8

2.04

15.16

65.4

010

.80

153.

026

.162

.758

1.9

544.

62.

080.

640

0.17

54.

730.

740

149

45.5

2809

-122

.7497

40.

154

0.44

30.

170

0.29

60.

109

0.71

070

.885

6.7

1.62

16.6

968

.53

5.51

6.6

20.2

55.5

422.

156

4.2

2.15

0.50

00.

210

4.99

BD

150

45.4

7357

-122

.7505

60.

135

0.57

60.

271

0.44

90.

096

0.48

549

.954

0.3

0.77

6.46

25.2

429

.81

159.

326

.821

.325

3.3

330.

41.

020.

295

0.09

51.

16BD

151

45.4

3513

-122

.7413

30.

191

0.38

60.

124

0.39

00.

116

0.80

575

.510

80.6

1.42

10.2

469

.25

4.58

111.

335

.946

.546

6.6

379.

92.

050.

560

0.10

54.

23BD

152

45.5

0232

-122

.581

880.

324

0.64

00.

216

0.53

20.

141

0.68

084

.198

2.7

4.08

10.8

249

.06

39.3

410

6.8

36.1

50.6

489.1

365.

81.

950.

615

0.18

03.

490.

340

153

45.5

5831

-122

.618

450.

269

0.86

90.

201

0.32

60.

138

0.56

014

3.7

752.

31.

9611

.72

93.6

025

.68

258.

620

.639

.636

0.0

251.7

1.58

0.52

00.

280

6.07

0.24

0

154

45.5

6746

-122

.603

680.

269

0.91

20.

233

0.66

80.

211

2.37

012

9.9

4802

.88.

1088

.50

203.

0534

.26

230.

166

.298

.417

13.4

499.1

10.0

42.

520

1.07

523

.30

0.73

0

155

45.4

7369

-122

.674

640.

116

0.34

90.

094

0.57

60.

117

0.99

038

.311

90.0

2.29

12.18

68.2

711

.86

92.2

29.0

33.9

513.

142

3.7

2.67

0.63

50.

265

5.87

0.47

0

156

45.4

9560

-122

.501

340.

244

0.63

50.

176

0.42

20.

139

0.93

513

9.127

73.7

3.70

15.4

999

.61

22.4

221

2.3

36.6

70.5

1419

.245

2.1

4.69

1.34

50.

230

8.18

0.28

0

157

45.5

4055

-122

.519

900.

255

0.79

80.

150

0.37

00.

125

0.67

518

2.1

942.

82.

328.

6189

.40

11.8

519

3.5

21.9

34.9

490.

736

3.1

1.65

0.66

50.

150

6.20

BD

158

45.4

6553

-122

.682

100.

169

0.44

20.

158

0.35

40.

139

1.140

159.

814

70.0

2.83

16.75

91.3

78.

3217

0.9

23.8

62.4

664.

664

7.5

3.08

0.80

50.

230

6.58

BD

159

45.4

7240

-122

.627

190.

194

0.47

80.

140

0.40

80.

076

0.60

527

.651

6.0

5.24

10.1

340

.45

5.37

108.

121

.816

.128

0.9

370.

61.

640.

455

0.22

03.

07BD

160

45.4

6626

-122

.7480

60.

196

0.46

40.

149

0.43

30.

107

0.76

557

.913

83.0

1.51

10.2

569

.32

5.17

121.1

33.0

38.2

494.

233

6.7

2.05

0.77

00.

130

3.68

BD

161

45.4

9599

-122

.7443

50.

234

0.74

00.

195

0.31

20.

116

0.43

585

.960

9.6

0.99

5.88

46.3

013

.58

153.

424

.422

.324

6.5

214.

91.

400.

330

0.08

52.

32BD

162

45.5

8397

-122

.7414

80.

260

0.68

90.

182

0.55

80.

146

0.87

058

.613

57.8

2.46

16.6

467

.15

17.4

717

8.8

24.4

34.0

527.

943

9.3

4.42

0.66

00.

265

10.3

1BD

163

45.4

7476

-122

.525

410.

171

0.48

70.

153

0.66

80.

136

0.41

526

.198

3.0

2.16

40.0

915

7.42

16.17

160.

452

.948

.285

0.1

23.9

1.95

0.52

50.

140

3.74

0.49

0

164

45.4

9579

-122

.7442

70.

138

0.42

60.

158

0.36

70.

096

0.44

522

0.9

729.

61.

417.

9760

.25

6.25

136.

927

.824

.430

8.2

311.

91.

550.

445

0.11

53.

02BD

165

45.4

7883

-122

.709

460.

226

0.51

30.

177

0.38

60.

117

0.51

036

.063

4.7

1.21

14.3

843

.71

10.9

613

3.9

23.3

36.4

303.

619

7.5

1.28

0.34

00.

155

2.65

BD

166

45.4

4025

-122

.702

690.

166

0.48

90.

304

0.34

70.

103

0.45

538

1.5

535.

32.

086.

0634

.44

11.8

410

2.5

28.3

43.8

248.

728

1.6

1.15

0.30

50.

095

1.70

BD

167

45.4

3338

-122

.639

990.

195

0.57

40.

154

0.55

40.

137

0.76

069

.621

10.3

3.33

11.7

286

.95

17.5

415

3.7

39.0

47.1

888.

963

1.12.

501.1

200.

305

6.14

BD

168

45.5

0064

-122

.611

300.

189

0.65

60.

142

0.59

50.

146

0.93

512

2.2

1401

.74.

0214

.95

71.5

124

.80

169.1

29.7

41.8

674.

772

6.5

2.56

0.74

50.

190

8.38

0.41

0

169

45.5

3769

-122

.554

250.

296

0.71

70.

210

0.52

60.

148

0.74

035

.611

37.3

2.80

16.4

147

.25

29.5

919

5.4

36.8

64.6

577.

936

8.3

2.48

0.67

50.

345

4.22

BD

170

45.5

2412

-122

.599

060.

193

0.49

70.

197

0.52

50.

101

0.58

023

.165

9.8

1.83

14.7

340

.67

18.3

548

.236

.832

.636

0.3

385.

11.

420.

405

0.27

05.

62BD

171

45.4

9306

-122

.672

200.

265

0.67

30.

246

0.69

80.

176

1.26

586

.623

82.7

3.12

22.8

386

.46

65.4

715

7.5

32.7

43.8

1019

.292

0.5

4.16

1.31

00.

290

5.41

0.40

5

172

45.4

9290

-122

.732

930.

224

0.63

20.

139

0.39

80.

106

0.46

020

2.8

926.

71.

658.

2149

.71

6.33

184.

134

.462

.548

7.8

622.

52.

150.

495

0.17

03.

67BD

173

45.4

9339

-122

.548

210.

172

0.52

40.

137

0.56

20.

120

0.65

581

.413

92.2

3.11

10.7

854

.56

17.7

014

8.2

40.2

69.9

699.

250

1.5

2.59

0.83

00.

215

6.47

0.40

5

48


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

174

45.4

8123

-122

.718

610.

114

0.33

30.

093

0.54

00.

093

0.39

528

.378

6.5

1.41

6.18

41.2

610

.93

75.0

34.5

37.8

406.

334

9.3

1.76

0.43

50.

120

3.80

BD

175

45.5

0905

-122

.517

360.

224

0.92

40.

181

0.31

10.

104

0.34

014

0.3

756.

81.

448.

5385

.90

19.4

821

6.9

25.8

43.9

432.

733

5.2

1.24

0.50

50.

175

4.05

BD

176

45.5

6034

-122

.639

460.

182

0.64

10.

175

0.51

90.

118

0.57

527

.566

1.3

1.33

13.5

379

.60

18.8

816

6.1

27.5

30.4

327.

831

6.8

1.39

0.43

50.

280

6.44

BD

177

45.4

9884

-122

.658

470.

200

0.49

50.

153

0.53

00.

150

1.30

588

.216

38.7

3.49

15.8

412

4.36

16.5

413

4.0

37.6

56.2

690.

240

9.2

3.21

0.92

00.

435

9.35

0.36

5

178

45.5

4955

-122

.654

200.

240

0.56

30.

150

0.72

60.

158

0.87

041

.112

49.3

2.03

25.9

475

.00

24.3

810

3.0

48.2

65.3

617.

919

8.8

2.50

0.67

00.

580

12.7

1BD

179

45.5

4955

-122

.655

500.

223

0.74

40.

190

0.50

80.

138

0.64

038

.591

6.8

1.67

24.75

58.75

28.7

615

7.2

27.9

37.4

442.

730

5.7

1.75

0.58

50.

370

8.06

BD

180

45.5

4661

-122

.670

060.

144

0.49

10.

128

0.40

40.

134

1.33

088

.914

34.8

2.50

15.18

73.4

523

.7511

6.0

26.6

42.6

569.

455

1.8

2.35

0.68

50.

650

12.2

1BD

181

45.5

5684

-122

.779

360.

155

0.45

00.

139

0.29

90.

119

0.67

510

6.3

1023

.31.

668.

1956

.60

3.93

147.

921

.738

.742

8.6

409.7

1.85

0.59

00.

170

4.88

BD

182

45.5

2099

-122

.529

390.

168

0.46

20.

141

0.62

60.

152

0.63

548

.410

69.3

2.40

14.4

052

.7523

.7560

.943

.247

.667

8.9

534.

82.

070.

640

0.18

06.

16BD

183

45.5

1567

-122

.767

340.

234

0.60

80.

231

0.43

50.

078

0.40

021

.961

5.6

0.83

16.75

24.0

820

.84

139.

331

.328

.728

6.8

310.

91.

230.

340

0.07

01.

38BD

184

45.5

9534

-122

.823

300.

257

0.55

80.

155

0.34

90.

119

0.42

013

5.9

910.

31.7

38.

7136

.09

3.11

156.

029

.039

.851

1.4

504.

11.

500.

565

0.10

52.

44BD

185

45.5

7382

-122

.676

310.

313

0.67

00.

162

0.63

00.

190

1.32

091

.116

93.8

3.26

57.10

139.

9020

.07

157.

832

.753

.467

6.4

344.

34.

900.

775

0.39

514

.94

0.40

0

186

45.4

5042

-122

.672

200.

182

0.43

90.

152

0.43

30.

112

0.65

512

1.3

836.

01.

9010

.41

65.17

8.88

108.

025

.044

.439

7.8

458.

32.

060.

485

0.33

04.

88BD

187

45.4

5076

-122

.717

900.

176

0.59

70.

225

0.41

70.

105

0.55

025

.773

2.0

1.32

15.7

730

.01

18.3

816

1.8

34.6

29.8

365.

750

4.5

1.64

0.44

50.

110

2.11

BD

188

45.5

9650

-122

.764

470.

222

0.55

00.

217

0.46

90.

158

1.23

097

.419

08.8

3.28

29.9

313

8.55

11.2

319

1.5

22.4

30.5

601.

952

5.1

6.21

0.84

50.

420

13.7

80.

240

189

45.4

7902

-122

.633

690.

173

0.42

70.

184

0.45

00.

119

0.76

510

2.0

878.

73.

8111

.50

52.5

625

.49

90.1

21.0

41.6

433.

338

1.9

1.99

0.58

00.

335

4.17

BD

190

45.5

9518

-122

.822

540.

201

0.55

10.

143

0.34

50.

104

0.45

520

8.1

666.

81.

417.

3126

.114.

2215

3.7

35.7

37.2

331.

538

4.5

1.34

0.39

00.

075

2.42

BD

191

45.4

8082

-122

.559

650.

167

0.44

00.

112

0.54

00.

113

0.69

532

.511

54.2

3.83

12.6

663

.1610

.85

107.7

37.5

48.2

615.

766

9.0

2.45

0.86

50.

210

4.97

0.32

0

192

45.4

8571

-122

.576

930.

171

0.52

30.

125

0.64

80.

126

0.76

065

.611

73.7

3.73

11.8

254

.1124

.7513

8.0

45.5

70.6

568.

241

0.6

2.43

0.73

00.

195

6.77

BD

193

45.4

9038

-122

.532

570.

282

0.60

30.

217

0.47

50.

099

0.53

558

.010

00.2

2.18

8.79

184.

5621

.70

130.

534

.646

.155

5.2

624.

51.

820.

635

0.22

54.

910.

265

194

45.5

3446

-122

.714

700.

283

0.54

60.

208

0.55

10.

133

0.98

575

.711

86.8

2.85

16.3

211

3.45

25.8

465

.532

.972

.047

4.3

506.

33.

380.

645

0.37

012

.87

BD

195

45.4

9498

-122

.515

190.

161

0.36

30.

232

0.47

50.

095

0.48

052

.912

53.2

2.02

10.8

845

.81

14.8

410

8.0

45.7

64.0

826.

783

9.5

1.86

0.72

01.1

104.

460.

370

196

45.4

4293

-122

.667

650.

177

0.41

50.

128

0.40

90.

102

0.75

079

.710

87.0

2.23

10.3

463

.82

3.82

96.0

21.3

26.3

494.

547

9.3

2.25

0.68

00.

195

4.55

BD

197

45.5

5805

-122

.581

050.

249

0.59

00.

154

0.50

90.

120

0.64

510

7.8

874.

31.

9813

.1156

.00

19.3

314

7.736

.556

.139

1.8

321.

81.

640.

510

0.33

04.

80BD

198

45.5

0624

-122

.554

550.

255

0.55

40.

167

0.52

70.

128

0.61

054

.312

31.7

3.51

10.5

458

.66

13.8

912

5.2

31.7

44.5

640.

246

0.3

2.49

0.88

50.

315

3.82

BD

199

45.4

8894

-122

.582

150.

160

0.56

00.

198

0.38

20.

114

0.81

513

2.2

1300

.24.

7816

.76

78.0

112

.49

175.

825

.041

.571

8.7

481.

42.

540.

875

0.22

06.

650.

480

200

45.5

5537

-122

.634

730.

280

0.63

50.

186

0.62

40.

169

1.06

540

.514

56.8

2.26

28.4

913

3.30

28.6

514

7.4

34.3

62.8

637.

430

5.6

2.99

0.76

50.

615

10.9

40.

430

201

45.4

5931

-122

.651

570.

234

0.49

70.

150

0.62

80.

109

0.73

030

.386

2.0

2.11

10.6

272

.12

22.2

511

4.5

39.6

48.8

476.

655

6.0

2.03

0.49

00.

395

15.17

BD

202

45.4

8274

-122

.574

100.

244

0.50

20.

182

0.42

90.

111

0.71

552

.312

82.2

3.47

10.9

054

.01

14.8

814

4.1

26.1

47.7

697.

259

9.5

2.42

0.87

00.

180

6.78

BD

49


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

203

45.4

4538

-122

.709

710.

203

0.44

40.

135

0.40

90.

110

0.61

515

2.6

1096

.51.7

411

.32

75.3

24.

4775

.930

.263

.647

2.9

367.

02.

020.

615

0.12

54.

57BD

204

45.5

0937

-122

.677

400.

296

0.55

80.

184

0.51

50.

147

1.69

514

3.8

1739

.23.

2723

.69

129.

8616

.53

104.

132

.958

.566

2.7

458.

64.

070.

850

0.35

57.

410.

245

205

45.4

7245

-122

.703

550.

237

0.63

70.

313

0.65

00.

150

0.64

560

.017

75.5

2.01

10.0

446

.77

46.0

386

.553

.657

.262

5.1

539.

02.

930.

995

0.23

03.

490.

305

206

45.5

4310

-122

.595

410.

201

0.60

40.

185

0.32

70.

138

0.65

537

.787

4.8

2.02

11.2

947

.25

8.68

153.

220

.325

.346

9.734

3.8

1.67

0.51

50.

210

11.5

7BD

207

45.5

3578

-122

.631

350.

198

0.51

50.

128

0.41

90.

115

0.93

599

.110

62.8

2.14

15.7

079

.15

9.31

64.3

28.1

43.6

476.

926

9.8

2.10

0.56

00.

290

7.07

0.27

0

208

45.4

5516

-122

.560

260.

260

0.54

10.

226

0.60

20.

107

0.63

537

.069

6.3

2.95

11.5

932

.1832

.65

132.

861

.586

.531

5.2

267.

81.

430.

605

0.11

51.7

1BD

209

45.4

9736

-122

.484

500.

208

0.47

60.

167

0.47

90.

123

0.64

069

.213

76.7

2.02

10.6

080

.31

12.0

413

7.6

44.9

72.7

735.

242

5.6

2.36

0.80

50.

260

6.51

0.35

0

210

45.5

5718

-122

.606

890.

136

0.44

90.

129

0.49

70.

134

0.81

011

7.4

934.

32.

4213

.21

46.8

513

.41

149.

524

.446

.642

1.3

407.

41.7

90.

525

0.22

58.

230.

265

211

45.5

6016

-122

.640

850.

210

0.44

30.

132

0.36

30.

137

0.75

544

.210

30.3

1.98

20.5

715

3.90

5.77

143.

321

.635

.644

3.1

231.

82.

040.

565

0.32

010

.83

BD

212

45.5

2059

-122

.699

170.

184

0.47

90.

132

0.58

90.

119

1.135

51.8

1078

.82.

0914

.68

144.

1511

.66

64.8

34.0

60.2

475.

045

7.9

2.89

0.55

50.

200

7.92

BD

213

45.4

9545

-122

.500

620.

265

0.59

80.

184

0.49

10.

138

0.81

012

4.1

2108

.72.

8512

.95

74.6

122

.90

248.

045

.261

.511

47.7

925.

03.

681.

040

0.18

06.

070.

250

214

45.5

0672

-122

.559

750.

313

0.64

20.

173

0.42

50.

129

0.76

572

.110

27.8

2.42

12.11

49.75

15.7

611

5.2

34.7

57.5

570.

439

1.5

1.79

0.64

50.

175

4.66

BD

215

45.4

7032

-122

.649

990.

151

0.37

80.

108

0.44

70.

104

0.78

541

.610

95.5

2.68

13.17

49.8

77.

6812

5.8

37.9

35.0

501.

636

4.1

2.28

0.70

50.

340

6.11

0.24

0

216

45.4

9011

-122

.532

690.

292

0.68

80.

247

0.48

20.

095

0.44

543

.473

9.72.

018.

6833

.08

13.8

710

8.5

31.4

40.0

445.

055

2.5

1.56

0.52

50.

105

2.63

BD

217

45.5

9994

-122

.7412

60.

239

0.57

60.

241

0.55

80.

149

2.13

014

7.9

1780

.33.

5412

.1480

.60

32.3

316

5.6

26.8

39.7

519.1

521.

57.

480.

695

0.21

07.

04BD

218

45.4

5653

-122

.569

930.

279

0.70

80.

291

0.45

20.

145

1.24

039

.988

0.8

5.16

17.9

471

.00

13.7

614

8.9

28.3

35.7

375.

532

8.2

2.15

0.95

00.

150

3.11

BD

219

45.4

3562

-122

.7513

40.

189

0.39

90.

212

0.39

90.

117

1.100

250.

813

19.8

1.88

13.0

511

4.65

12.7

813

7.9

22.7

43.8

503.

651

7.0

2.52

0.69

50.

130

3.71

BD

220

45.5

5375

-122

.688

170.

241

0.60

30.

190

0.59

00.

134

1.185

99.3

1284

.32.

7014

.41

62.3

523

.90

153.

136

.472

.454

7.151

0.5

3.12

0.66

00.

345

10.11

0.32

0

221

45.4

8013

-122

.590

110.

243

0.57

00.

104

0.46

30.

131

0.47

024

.560

9.2

4.00

7.72

34.9

06.

7310

8.5

28.7

21.5

310.

619

7.9

1.58

0.51

50.

145

3.66

BD

222

45.4

4671

-122

.7447

70.

223

0.74

50.

154

0.46

00.

100

0.55

522

2.2

682.

21.

307.1

442

.71

13.6

519

7.9

30.9

47.1

313.

219

9.2

1.53

0.40

00.

185

1.92

0.56

5

223

45.4

9050

-122

.628

770.

270

0.54

90.

153

0.36

30.

110

0.95

044

.078

1.73.

3511

.64

51.2

37.

2712

3.1

25.6

31.2

369.

921

5.8

1.68

0.47

50.

195

5.17

0.35

5

224

45.5

9107

-122

.7475

70.

210

0.59

60.

136

0.57

60.

140

0.97

097

.613

48.3

2.65

12.8

374

.80

18.0

616

8.9

28.0

58.1

511.

639

1.5

4.01

0.61

50.

325

8.36

0.24

5

225

45.5

2137

-122

.698

400.

433

0.62

30.

240

0.73

90.

241

2.25

510

2.8

2571

.54.

0843

.90

148.

3633

.51

154.

459

.390

.494

1.9

530.

46.

331.

245

0.97

014

.41

0.40

0

226

45.4

8665

-122

.694

240.

098

0.38

00.

109

0.59

80.

114

0.86

553

.395

2.7

1.89

249.

5044

.98

12.6

711

0.1

41.6

49.7

486.

014

4.6

2.15

0.48

00.

275

5.25

0.62

5

227

45.4

4710

-122

.7447

60.

163

0.44

70.

120

0.40

80.

096

0.65

016

6.3

727.7

1.20

5.73

41.0

25.

4614

1.724

.941

.732

2.0

199.

81.

520.

420

0.12

02.

150.

290

228

45.4

4681

-122

.693

290.

207

0.51

10.

145

0.30

10.

090

0.54

514

9.2

618.

71.

646.

3435

.41

6.24

104.

522

.225

.829

6.8

137.

41.

470.

365

0.10

52.

50BD

229

45.5

4810

-122

.548

040.

227

0.58

60.

226

0.65

50.

164

1.04

054

.215

01.8

2.02

17.10

88.4

541

.87

135.

957

.084

.065

0.1

529.

52.

620.

730

0.27

04.

460.

285

230

45.5

6447

-122

.648

400.

288

0.67

70.

225

0.58

50.

131

0.72

053

.887

6.3

1.33

15.0

135

.66

38.6

610

2.9

92.2

45.8

567.

648

7.2

1.84

0.38

00.

190

5.48

0.36

0

231

45.5

8055

-122

.729

100.

204

0.58

80.

209

0.75

60.

129

1.26

053

.690

5.3

2.41

17.8

355

.7534

.80

91.4

63.2

110.

035

3.4

294.

22.

840.

430

0.42

010

.01

BD

50


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

232

45.5

5243

-122

.595

470.

202

0.48

30.

124

0.64

00.

132

0.57

531

.797

6.3

1.83

15.6

644

.56

20.5

912

3.4

40.2

40.2

432.

629

5.4

1.78

0.55

50.

820

4.83

BD

233

45.5

5995

-122

.668

250.

160

0.47

80.

168

0.66

50.

160

1.26

546

.416

52.3

2.88

37.9

594

.05

29.0

014

3.7

42.0

51.2

652.

640

9.73.

840.

845

0.51

510

.84

0.35

0

234

45.4

8458

-122

.608

570.

181

0.57

50.

112

0.48

90.

105

1.07

015

6.7

1051

.27.

8113

.40

56.6

810

.85

134.

028

.954

.247

0.5

247.1

2.81

0.76

50.

130

6.68

0.28

5

235

45.4

5280

-122

.618

800.

181

0.37

20.

134

0.57

20.

097

1.23

526

.780

8.3

8.96

8.91

39.1

214

.51

77.0

35.2

30.7

368.

036

5.1

2.08

0.69

50.

130

2.87

BD

236

45.5

0500

-122

.732

080.

207

0.49

10.

185

0.48

20.

115

0.42

059

.392

1.5

2.20

10.5

863

.167.

0311

2.2

18.1

34.0

458.

162

0.9

1.99

0.56

50.

165

4.27

BD

237

45.4

4176

-122

.737

670.

183

0.43

90.

144

0.40

70.

109

0.77

514

7.9

836.

71.

368.

7858

.58

8.23

140.

939

.958

.437

5.4

246.

41.

650.

445

0.13

53.

44BD

238

45.5

3647

-122

.627

510.

231

0.60

10.

195

0.48

00.

133

0.74

539

.812

30.0

1.93

15.9

965

.41

22.7

013

6.2

32.4

42.0

562.

959

1.4

2.48

0.66

00.

390

10.16

BD

239

45.5

0890

-122

.619

250.

340

0.68

40.

229

0.60

60.

159

0.53

517

9.4

915.

02.

6313

.33

53.3

644

.96

143.

341

.179

.252

5.4

669.

92.

080.

590

0.22

010

.65

BD

240

45.4

8285

-122

.487

770.

115

0.28

30.

084

0.70

00.

099

0.46

039

.916

73.1

1.74

9.35

51.3

59.

2412

5.6

69.9

54.4

1041

.069

7.2

2.11

0.90

50.

155

5.10

BD

241

45.4

8326

-122

.692

620.

199

0.51

90.

160

0.67

80.

144

0.73

068

.113

88.2

2.35

12.6

559

.98

30.14

152.

849

.652

.554

5.2

385.

22.

800.

735

0.23

04.

220.

290

242

45.5

0440

-122

.707

280.

184

0.51

50.

171

0.44

60.

143

0.74

550

.110

46.0

1.94

13.9

772

.51

9.12

200.

126

.744

.448

3.6

584.

42.

780.

575

0.19

54.

50BD

243

45.4

5372

-122

.544

640.

164

0.37

50.

145

0.31

80.

088

0.43

054

.550

8.3

2.72

72.9

073

.65

3.54

90.1

29.3

30.0

269.

325

2.2

1.52

0.48

00.

080

5.91

BD

244

45.5

3565

-122

.766

080.

246

0.44

90.

221

0.76

60.

129

0.51

573

.858

9.5

1.39

8.74

81.2

129

.57

130.

299

.880

.530

0.2

495.

41.

620.

535

0.25

01.

69BD

245

45.4

8117

-122

.673

740.

143

0.45

70.

132

0.64

60.

146

1.66

515

1.2

1810

.72.

7021

.06

109.

5821

.95

151.7

37.4

58.8

698.

241

6.6

3.64

0.92

00.

245

6.46

0.38

0

246

45.4

9099

-122

.590

600.

202

0.45

40.

113

0.62

20.

140

0.68

026

.795

6.7

5.09

18.0

678

.88

15.0

113

3.8

47.9

65.0

532.

723

9.12.

110.

695

0.30

06.

080.

465

247

45.5

3711

-122

.692

460.

283

0.62

90.

217

0.76

00.

159

2.84

010

1.120

93.0

5.58

26.0

698

.61

46.4

318

7.8

43.1

82.6

741.

947

2.2

5.89

0.98

00.

835

8.16

0.33

0

248

45.4

5190

-122

.583

160.

128

0.40

00.

115

0.61

10.

100

0.66

515

1.3

1130

.35.

518.

6652

.15

12.3

391

.649

.582

.956

1.6

469.

62.

471.

005

0.19

57.

03BD

249

45.4

5068

-122

.717

180.

282

0.51

20.

228

0.45

90.

173

0.82

017

4.5

1557

.22.

6612

.7573

.08

18.9

416

4.3

42.4

62.3

859.

250

1.3

3.05

0.94

00.

325

4.06

0.32

5

250

45.4

9494

-122

.478

930.

279

0.64

30.

210

0.70

60.

097

0.51

043

.691

8.3

1.29

9.30

30.4

422

.97

162.

649

.011

9.3

543.

149

9.5

1.55

0.51

50.

200

1.76

0.51

0

251

45.4

8127

-122

.523

970.

216

0.46

80.

168

0.46

40.

102

0.56

031

.088

5.7

1.99

8.79

45.1

39.

2511

6.3

81.0

49.9

496.

333

8.0

1.64

0.60

50.

190

3.10

0.37

0

252

45.5

4061

-122

.565

550.

184

0.51

90.

145

0.52

50.

125

0.60

539

.085

2.0

2.25

9.29

60.3

610

.03

104.

555

.823

.443

8.5

516.

91.

660.

600

0.26

03.

46BD

253

45.4

7443

-122

.707

370.

156

0.41

10.

147

0.37

90.

096

0.57

570

.215

85.2

1.80

8.06

47.6

87.

0714

8.3

26.0

29.9

656.

236

0.4

2.43

0.97

50.

190

3.73

BD

254

45.5

3584

-122

.780

240.

232

0.56

10.

130

0.30

90.

084

0.50

021

6.0

629.

60.

928.

8958

.94

2.76

218.

912

.827

.229

3.5

549.

31.

200.

440

0.16

01.

980.

330

255

45.5

1610

-122

.602

210.

249

0.65

50.

192

0.72

30.

192

0.82

056

.514

49.0

3.95

23.4

463

.86

45.9

221

1.9

46.6

68.8

710.

974

8.9

3.18

0.82

00.

920

8.49

0.37

5

256

45.4

7538

-122

.733

180.

234

0.54

20.

137

0.40

00.

098

0.48

084

.568

5.2

1.29

8.27

48.2

36.

9712

0.8

24.7

38.9

332.

617

9.4

1.51

0.43

00.

300

3.12

BD

257

45.5

0562

-122

.7486

80.

286

0.46

20.

166

0.43

20.

156

0.81

044

9.8

1258

.83.

1112

.97

115.

2018

.51

139.

828

.242

.756

5.1

454.

92.

750.

880

0.25

06.

570.

665

258

45.5

4665

-122

.571

040.

199

0.55

70.

126

0.66

60.

135

0.61

029

.483

8.3

2.13

64.75

73.1

525

.36

128.

553

.547

.239

6.3

366.

61.

890.

485

0.24

56.

620.

430

259

45.5

3662

-122

.628

430.

280

0.58

90.

195

0.56

40.

144

0.76

081

.111

71.5

2.57

18.9

588

.86

34.5

615

3.1

38.0

47.4

556.

959

6.4

2.87

0.70

51.

200

11.9

30.

455

260

45.5

0535

-122

.528

770.

268

0.51

20.

170

0.47

50.

106

0.39

030

.370

4.5

1.79

11.4

448

.1113

.30

149.7

30.4

40.5

445.

459

3.4

1.50

0.51

50.

220

2.60

0.53

5

51


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

261

45.5

4043

-122

.499

210.

225

0.57

70.

168

0.37

30.

121

0.65

544

.595

8.3

1.85

10.5

761

.50

8.08

208.

928

.134

.845

1.2

315.

01.

830.

580

0.16

03.

480.

260

262

45.4

2379

-122

.698

230.

206

0.58

10.

255

0.50

90.

121

1.150

47.1

1387

.02.

0925

.53

100.

2615

.66

170.

632

.967

.157

1.9

654.

42.

720.

785

0.16

53.

02BD

263

45.6

0517

-122

.659

030.

287

0.61

80.

206

0.38

60.

191

1.43

539

.011

11.8

2.43

28.1

561

.45

15.9

615

3.8

18.3

21.6

410.

342

9.3

2.25

0.54

00.

420

5.77

BD

264

45.4

3382

-122

.735

240.

228

0.49

70.

147

0.44

10.

101

0.55

019

1.0

676.

81.

566.

8952

.00

7.11

105.

728

.741

.329

8.7

258.

31.

410.

430

0.19

02.

20BD

265

45.5

9477

-122

.651

710.

270

0.59

40.

287

0.85

10.

181

1.45

067

.817

74.3

3.59

59.1

515

1.35

83.5

710

7.9

40.1

41.1

679.1

568.

53.

671.

045

1.31

59.

490.

460

266

45.5

2682

-122

.518

660.

211

0.49

10.

274

0.75

30.

147

0.55

043

.110

66.8

2.20

16.2

073

.90

17.1

214

3.7

39.8

39.6

567.

661

9.5

2.34

0.63

51.

085

4.02

0.27

5

267

45.5

1716

-122

.646

270.

155

0.62

90.

216

0.45

30.

143

0.75

088

.310

83.5

3.17

15.9

913

0.16

64.9

127

8.3

32.6

57.4

542.

960

3.4

2.54

0.72

50.

900

18.5

10.

350

268

45.4

2505

-122

.725

010.

233

0.51

70.

214

0.51

90.

107

0.57

535

.272

5.8

1.39

14.2

636

.71

20.11

140.

447

.936

.632

1.4

286.

91.

400.

380

0.12

51.

830.

280

269

45.5

8378

-122

.739

710.

224

0.57

20.

199

0.64

30.

160

1.39

066

.415

90.8

2.96

16.9

668

.15

26.3

315

0.7

37.6

103.

762

3.6

594.

04.

610.

705

0.25

57.

920.

465

270

45.4

6504

-122

.626

160.

318

0.82

30.

167

0.62

60.

159

1.06

594

.715

30.7

6.74

16.0

570

.03

53.3

813

5.3

31.0

61.6

775.

242

3.4

3.32

1.00

00.

780

7.15

0.28

5

271

45.4

8326

-122

.692

620.

175

0.58

30.

175

0.67

30.

136

0.67

560

.511

79.2

1.99

10.3

554

.33

31.8

319

8.1

48.9

44.9

474.

334

2.2

2.13

0.64

00.

195

3.27

BD

272

45.4

7962

-122

.590

750.

140

0.44

80.

191

0.49

30.

125

1.140

61.0

1512

.77.

2815

.29

104.

9315

.1813

8.9

40.3

55.2

775.

735

1.3

3.30

1.06

00.

260

12.2

80.

475

273

45.4

7973

-122

.528

520.

227

0.43

40.

120

0.41

60.

099

0.47

558

.777

6.7

2.35

6.69

43.7

34.

5810

6.8

30.6

46.7

467.1

303.

01.

860.

565

0.29

54.

170.

400

274

45.4

5275

-122

.604

900.

307

0.61

30.

165

0.59

00.

138

1.145

40.7

750.

311

.83

8.06

39.1

926

.54

153.

131

.541

.338

4.3

396.

12.

600.

860

0.33

02.

72BD

275

45.4

6562

-122

.7495

80.

182

0.37

40.

152

0.46

40.

114

1.175

120.

125

28.8

2.84

16.2

514

1.40

5.37

100.

035

.763

.611

61.1

672.

53.

621.

540

0.23

513

.03

0.27

0

276

45.5

1722

-122

.647

070.

293

0.68

90.

151

0.71

10.

167

0.85

551

.310

33.0

2.01

37.4

816

4.46

56.0

117

4.0

51.9

86.4

481.

964

7.4

2.41

0.57

50.

670

9.35

0.37

5

277

45.4

8037

-122

.469

490.

157

0.44

60.

162

0.32

70.

096

0.57

055

.410

51.8

1.75

10.7

163

.05

3.10

162.

619

.223

.452

4.6

431.

61.

810.

635

0.11

52.

800.

510

278

45.4

8019

-122

.470

500.

303

0.69

70.

250

0.59

40.

136

0.82

537

.910

88.3

1.49

15.3

570

.30

29.7

715

2.0

43.4

73.1

616.

148

3.7

1.56

0.64

00.

190

2.32

0.38

0

279

45.5

4647

-122

.571

010.

347

0.69

40.

177

0.54

40.

152

0.68

063

.289

0.3

2.39

13.2

357

.00

31.5

214

9.9

30.9

46.0

408.

336

5.6

1.86

0.48

00.

550

3.58

0.34

5

280

45.5

5514

-122

.634

960.

197

0.56

60.

194

0.53

00.

144

0.75

014

5.7

904.

81.

9217

.77

55.3

527

.73

143.

522

.243

.744

0.0

687.

01.

860.

465

0.27

510

.28

BD

281

45.5

0918

-122

.589

020.

319

0.61

80.

166

0.74

50.

141

0.56

040

.798

6.0

2.99

13.3

360

.66

38.7

711

1.0

40.6

52.7

548.

467

2.9

2.18

0.61

00.

225

3.89

0.27

0

282

45.5

2237

-122

.679

120.

240

0.47

80.

168

0.57

90.

170

1.790

93.2

1589

.53.

9726

.61

131.

5118

.84

173.

535

.763

.360

2.4

649.

44.

380.

885

0.45

017

.30

BD

283

45.4

7907

-122

.620

670.

156

0.36

20.

134

0.47

20.

124

1.55

053

.920

12.7

13.8

118

.1710

5.68

5.18

138.

530

.041

.990

1.2

325.

34.

401.

350

0.26

020

.00

0.29

5

284

45.4

6626

-122

.7480

60.

221

0.47

30.

153

0.45

00.

118

0.86

055

.914

83.5

1.66

11.3

872

.62

5.65

124.

735

.139

.154

3.1

511.

02.

480.

815

0.15

03.

84BD

285

45.5

0117

-122

.644

710.

220

0.51

70.

147

0.76

00.

158

0.97

539

.511

16.5

2.97

31.3

117

9.36

101.

2113

4.0

47.8

77.5

573.

457

1.9

3.09

0.81

04.

380

8.97

0.94

5

286

45.5

2084

-122

.710

610.

254

0.51

20.

192

0.51

60.

123

0.68

052

.510

25.0

1.94

14.1

593

.61

14.74

177.

027

.563

.846

3.2

616.

42.

860.

585

0.30

511

.72

BD

287

45.5

3499

-122

.672

680.

268

0.58

80.

180

0.69

80.

197

2.88

510

9.9

2819

.55.

1826

.58

159.

8644

.1723

4.7

40.4

70.7

1096

.966

9.9

6.21

1.54

01.1

5012

.90

0.48

0

288

45.4

9927

-122

.723

480.

252

0.52

60.

167

0.47

40.

147

0.63

017

5.2

1188

.72.

0410

.49

84.8

36.

6713

3.3

41.0

45.8

480.

220

3.9

2.50

0.56

00.

610

4.98

0.36

5

289

45.4

6725

-122

.630

490.

203

0.56

30.

155

0.57

80.

100

0.73

526

.081

9.73.

828.

7729

.43

12.0

992

.032

.030

.946

2.3

356.

41.7

50.

535

0.18

04.

16BD

52


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

290

45.5

1413

-122

.515

940.

132

0.28

80.

108

0.70

80.

131

0.33

034

.013

62.0

2.27

12.4

840

.1116

.50

117.

440

.445

.774

1.2

876.

72.

130.

750

0.13

04.

050.

810

291

45.5

8185

-122

.709

190.

230

0.59

40.

142

0.40

60.

141

1.64

011

4.3

1388

.33.

7614

.87

65.5

010

.48

177.

021

.447

.951

5.1

393.

04.

280.

640

0.25

55.

770.

275

292

45.4

3225

-122

.722

100.

240

0.42

00.

152

0.36

40.

147

0.76

025

2.1

1069

.82.

0110

.61

67.6

57.

9210

3.8

32.9

53.4

486.

640

2.0

2.15

0.62

00.

210

4.07

BD

293

45.4

9096

-122

.590

180.

220

0.64

50.

199

0.46

10.

115

0.76

012

2.2

609.

24.

498.

9841

.58

15.2

318

0.8

28.7

35.4

330.

322

8.6

1.50

0.51

50.

150

3.99

0.37

5

294

45.5

5170

-122

.552

470.

190

0.55

50.

153

0.58

90.

121

0.58

029

.294

5.3

1.51

10.9

937

.1128

.97

144.

648

.069

.543

1.0

388.

61.7

10.

540

0.23

53.

80BD

295

45.4

5253

-122

.7445

90.

166

0.37

10.

171

0.40

20.

114

0.49

598

.179

9.3

1.27

6.47

52.75

12.5

189

.230

.643

.435

2.7

375.

21.7

20.

415

0.33

02.

840.

330

296

45.4

2253

-122

.732

920.

223

0.41

60.

198

0.50

30.

121

0.74

010

9.189

7.8

1.35

11.9

981

.35

12.7

211

0.4

31.9

47.8

376.

634

5.5

1.71

0.46

50.

125

2.40

0.41

0

297

45.4

8117

-122

.674

630.

203

0.54

00.

137

0.62

10.

110

0.86

074

.586

4.2

1.86

39.2

511

4.23

20.8

910

4.3

36.4

40.8

351.

116

6.6

2.10

0.49

50.

330

4.52

0.27

0

298

45.5

0142

-122

.581

720.

187

0.48

20.

100

0.74

70.

102

0.40

030

.812

19.0

3.00

124.

9049

.91

15.5

510

2.1

48.6

59.3

681.

480

3.4

2.41

0.79

50.

210

4.28

0.27

5

299

45.4

9530

-122

.671

950.

288

0.63

50.

205

0.74

60.

171

1.735

74.7

2054

.53.

7323

.53

131.

8131

.70

152.

646

.556

.381

9.4

521.

44.

531.1

050.

430

7.19

BD

300

45.5

3427

-122

.596

690.

229

0.50

20.

188

0.46

50.

139

0.72

545

.311

70.0

3.02

16.0

366

.1613

.28

206.

138

.140

.957

9.4

589.

92.

740.

655

0.25

56.

77BD

301

45.4

2985

-122

.644

290.

101

0.33

10.

085

0.68

90.

105

0.59

024

.586

8.8

2.39

14.5

736

.92

15.3

211

0.5

37.8

32.7

446.

741

2.5

1.71

0.44

50.

250

3.34

0.42

0

302

45.5

4741

-122

.642

090.

255

1.21

20.

145

0.45

00.

133

0.52

510

1.8

656.

81.

5518

.12

57.9

026

.34

186.

823

.818

.729

2.2

301.

21.

580.

360

0.29

06.

04BD

303

45.4

6416

-122

.691

780.

172

0.34

10.

126

0.38

80.

119

0.75

065

.311

88.2

2.26

16.6

812

9.87

4.38

128.

835

.547

.359

2.9

559.

92.

530.

635

0.26

09.

61BD

304

45.5

6452

-122

.649

220.

192

0.53

20.

168

0.54

00.

121

0.63

564

.560

2.3

1.29

12.6

535

.12

24.5

712

4.0

34.2

48.3

320.

039

0.9

1.33

0.29

00.

165

7.45

0.24

5

305

45.5

2666

-122

.649

970.

165

0.38

30.

124

0.52

00.

151

1.23

014

0.5

1615

.54.

2324

.38

87.7

114

.28

154.

349

.953

.871

1.4

727.

43.

420.

845

0.45

510

.91

0.41

5

306

45.5

7057

-122

.665

710.

171

0.74

90.

133

0.64

20.

158

0.86

086

.996

7.3

2.02

25.5

758

.60

31.9

622

8.3

31.3

52.6

414.

244

6.8

2.59

0.47

50.

365

26.4

50.

380

307

45.5

3392

-122

.533

250.

096

0.32

50.

213

0.58

50.

120

0.71

511

5.6

916.

21.

8010

.83

42.5

324

.35

134.

435

.171

.744

6.3

411.

51.

620.

480

0.21

54.

470.

295

308

45.5

7057

-122

.665

710.

172

0.55

40.

105

0.68

60.

128

0.72

056

.662

4.8

1.56

15.8

749

.90

23.1

315

3.5

33.1

51.4

278.

633

8.6

1.66

0.31

50.

240

32.75

0.26

5

309

45.5

0124

-122

.479

510.

191

0.47

60.

141

0.38

10.

086

0.38

093

.666

7.71.

065.

7632

.72

10.0

621

7.4

18.1

28.0

382.

839

7.5

1.23

0.43

50.

125

2.66

0.30

0

310

45.5

4995

-122

.527

360.

273

0.60

20.

129

0.50

10.

123

0.79

530

.910

94.8

2.28

18.8

844

.42

11.4

715

2.6

37.0

29.4

525.

148

0.2

2.11

0.62

00.

180

4.80

BD

311

45.5

5243

-122

.595

480.

177

0.47

30.

119

0.58

90.

123

0.58

028

.589

0.7

1.60

11.4

942

.02

17.4

111

9.2

38.2

45.9

492.

756

2.9

1.86

0.53

00.

565

4.53

0.28

5

312

45.5

3392

-122

.533

250.

099

0.34

40.

208

0.64

60.

122

0.54

588

.882

3.5

1.60

10.3

242

.57

28.6

214

1.139

.172

.443

8.6

664.

91.7

90.

415

0.25

03.

300.

500

313

45.4

7192

-122

.606

020.

224

0.52

40.

137

0.48

80.

137

2.01

032

.286

6.2

19.3

311

.06

50.0

713

.47

139.7

40.4

70.5

520.

457

4.4

3.49

1.115

0.26

54.

900.

515

314

45.5

3703

-122

.692

050.

324

0.60

80.

204

0.72

80.

170

3.10

510

7.119

08.7

5.11

28.2

610

9.22

55.3

016

7.742

.698

.573

2.4

552.

45.

840.

895

0.60

07.

810.

345

315

45.4

6789

-122

.609

080.

237

0.62

30.

238

0.56

70.

148

3.77

012

5.6

1535

.743

.45

18.4

768

.57

36.7

618

2.7

39.1

79.5

882.

468

0.4

6.68

2.15

00.

275

6.98

0.82

5

316

45.4

7247

-122

.702

440.

221

0.56

40.

198

0.46

00.

124

0.62

054

.515

12.2

2.63

15.8

946

.13

18.5

413

3.1

41.7

57.4

594.

229

9.6

4.10

0.81

50.

175

4.05

0.37

5

317

45.4

8983

-122

.612

040.

129

0.43

30.

152

0.35

60.

106

0.67

015

5.4

933.

24.

2523

.68

175.

679.

2615

5.9

17.2

28.0

512.

944

9.0

2.10

0.68

50.

320

6.00

0.41

5

318

45.5

3615

-122

.531

570.

209

0.42

60.

151

0.52

10.

142

0.62

512

1.8

987.

32.

7010

.49

47.2

011

.07

120.

833

.654

.346

9.2

477.

91.

920.

605

0.23

55.

040.

485

53


Tabl

e 6—

Mos

s-de

rive

d el

emen

t con

cent

ratio

n da

ta (c

ontin

ued)

Lat

itude

a (d

egre

es)

Lon

gitu

dea

(deg

rees

)P

KM

gC

aS

Mo

Mn

FeN

iC

uZ

nB

Na

SrB

aA

lSi

Cr

Co

Cd

PbA

s

- - P

erce

nt o

f dry

mos

s wei

ght -

-- -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

mg

/ kg

of d

ry m

oss -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

- - -

-

319

45.5

5498

-122

.577

640.

251

0.59

20.

200

0.73

40.

146

0.73

056

.496

4.7

2.15

15.9

671

.77

37.3

714

2.3

59.3

121.1

539.

460

4.4

1.92

0.56

00.

605

5.33

BD

320

45.4

8927

-122

.611

910.

207

0.53

40.

179

0.50

60.

123

0.76

532

.282

9.74.

8812

.84

42.1

515

.1713

4.4

27.8

33.7

403.

321

4.7

1.91

0.53

00.

225

4.77

0.37

5

321

45.4

4739

-122

.641

100.

212

0.39

20.

123

0.41

80.

136

1.30

584

.113

01.2

6.79

14.4

810

3.87

8.61

92.0

27.9

50.2

594.

951

3.4

3.55

0.88

00.

445

7.44

BD

322

45.4

7818

-122

.620

700.

160

0.43

50.

136

0.45

10.

113

1.25

050

.214

81.7

11.7

114

.84

67.6

37.

3711

4.5

25.4

37.0

733.

231

4.4

3.20

1.130

0.26

59.

850.

340

323

45.5

5817

-122

.624

540.

216

0.56

70.

153

0.48

50.

147

0.73

038

.711

22.7

2.32

37.9

371

.22

16.8

818

3.6

24.8

39.4

540.

941

8.1

2.51

0.62

00.

315

6.38

0.36

0

324

45.4

8758

-122

.485

100.

221

0.63

10.

173

0.43

20.

120

0.55

018

9.0

1149

.71.

6910

.90

64.7

77.

9118

8.3

33.4

47.3

681.

974

7.9

1.67

0.69

00.

165

22.8

20.

290

325

45.5

1420

-122

.682

350.

190

0.48

20.

198

0.66

10.

229

3.39

512

2.9

3614

.07.

4345

.49

154.

1124

.59

185.

843

.578

.211

68.9

685.

98.

071.

410

0.43

034

.750.

320

326

45.5

2265

-122

.539

010.

234

0.64

90.

173

0.66

90.

195

1.720

226.

917

76.2

2.61

30.0

011

5.52

26.7

217

8.6

53.3

89.6

888.

981

1.9

2.73

0.95

50.

215

7.09

0.37

0

327

45.5

1588

-122

.619

270.

230

0.53

30.

159

0.53

40.

131

0.65

092

.510

12.2

3.17

15.0

466

.77

17.9

317

0.8

35.4

54.0

542.

962

4.9

2.22

0.58

00.

450

10.2

60.

290

328

45.5

1793

-122

.613

370.

216

0.47

80.

175

0.54

30.

137

0.56

535

.993

3.0

2.55

16.2

557

.36

15.8

414

7.3

33.5

44.0

480.

757

2.4

2.09

0.53

00.

345

11.2

0BD

329

45.4

9944

-122

.601

850.

186

0.59

00.

123

0.48

00.

111

0.63

517

0.0

992.

74.

6012

.32

54.5

711

.1617

1.4

28.6

63.7

524.

949

5.3

2.11

0.67

00.

250

7.16

0.28

0

330

45.4

4731

-122

.641

370.

191

0.41

20.

124

0.47

30.

168

1.86

012

9.0

1876

.26.

9617

.36

230.

0711

.1813

6.4

35.1

57.4

885.

460

2.4

4.24

1.130

0.26

512

.73

0.30

0

331

45.4

6143

-122

.523

370.

209

0.40

60.

147

0.34

30.

107

0.53

554

.770

2.7

2.04

9.60

46.5

75.

2416

9.3

35.7

53.0

396.

143

3.0

1.66

0.52

50.

120

2.09

BD

332

45.5

0440

-122

.707

280.

181

0.42

90.

151

0.39

50.

129

0.73

544

.387

0.2

1.52

11.7

263

.47

9.22

168.

723

.341

.738

8.7

451.

01.

900.

465

0.19

53.

94BD

333

45.5

5797

-122

.624

570.

200

0.56

60.

146

0.46

30.

138

0.66

034

.389

2.1

1.78

37.6

552

.69

17.8

315

5.5

26.6

38.9

470.

664

6.2

1.92

0.54

00.

290

5.19

BD

334

45.4

6461

-122

.549

970.

166

0.78

00.

198

0.26

00.

116

0.62

023

5.0

703.

22.

668.

6679

.32

11.1

927

0.6

18.1

34.0

421.

846

8.3

1.39

0.65

00.

180

3.27

0.38

0

335

45.5

2075

-122

.766

050.

184

0.43

80.

128

0.37

60.

098

0.39

016

1.8

561.

91.

226.

5952

.72

10.0

614

6.2

25.5

37.7

308.

651

3.1

1.39

0.44

00.

130

1.84

0.41

0

336

45.5

2694

-122

.517

280.

196

0.52

40.

291

0.51

70.

132

0.46

019

0.7

992.

42.

678.

8535

.1025

.73

136.

841

.183

.159

3.1

1041

.91.7

80.

600

0.49

02.

69BD

337

45.4

7372

-122

.524

520.

155

0.43

10.

127

0.32

40.

076

0.44

538

.871

2.2

1.91

9.11

37.4

93.

4614

1.9

25.9

37.5

452.

956

5.9

1.59

0.55

00.

130

3.00

0.45

5

338

45.5

2257

-122

.539

300.

219

0.50

10.

141

0.51

20.

181

2.10

030

5.9

2513

.43.

4384

.29

121.

8313

.25

227.

448

.612

5.5

1141

.913

24.9

3.35

1.24

00.

210

10.16

BD

339

45.5

1498

-122

.515

930.

165

0.43

60.

106

0.84

50.

131

0.38

518

.270

0.7

1.39

9.07

28.5

438

.1499

.845

.445

.749

7.3

508.

41.

350.

440

0.15

53.

120.

400

340

45.4

6950

-122

.506

860.

128

0.52

80.

172

0.35

00.

084

0.61

019

1.5

786.

21.

618.

4441

.56

7.01

178.

627

.934

.848

2.7

558.

41.

350.

540

0.16

52.

380.

470

341

45.5

4629

-122

.670

790.

200

0.42

00.

163

0.49

00.

182

1.82

512

6.5

2323

.24.

6225

.41

97.4

718

.20

146.

728

.649

.687

3.4

713.

94.

591.

035

0.81

018

.160.

270

342

45.5

3567

-122

.609

850.

191

0.44

80.

180

0.69

00.

141

0.63

067

.910

23.4

1.84

15.16

49.8

026

.06

99.5

41.9

87.3

628.

088

2.5

2.98

0.59

00.

330

9.50

0.77

0

343

45.5

9437

-122

.651

320.

192

0.51

90.

197

0.71

60.

127

0.92

545

.810

26.8

2.18

33.0

411

3.90

44.2

210

8.2

31.8

28.8

415.

939

6.0

2.17

0.64

01.1

255.

460.

535

344

45.5

4168

-122

.512

850.

109

0.27

90.

091

0.68

90.

119

0.65

030

.094

5.5

1.56

10.2

744

.1718

.98

112.

344

.361

.758

3.8

814.

21.7

60.

540

0.15

02.

50BD

345

45.5

0882

-122

.569

020.

128

0.33

00.

140

0.73

70.

135

1.120

48.9

2146

.24.

8621

.24

90.4

215

.43

118.

961

.382

.110

26.9

662.

93.

371.1

750.

290

9.07

0.39

034

645

.472

40-1

22.6

2679

0.23

90.

555

0.16

10.

520

0.11

81.1

2042

.314

11.2

9.13

13.3

721

2.28

10.8

110

1.3

29.7

29.3

711.7

402.

83.

460.

940

0.31

56.

630.

240

a Lat

itude

and

long

itude

of s

hift

ed lo

catio

ns. S

ee th

e “M

appi

ng”

sect

ion

in “

Met

hods

” fo

r det

ails

.b B

D in

dica

tes c

once

ntra

tion

belo

w d

etec

tion

limits

.

54


GEOGCS[“WGS 84”, DATUM[“WGS_1984”, SPHEROID[“WGS 84”,6378137,298.257223563, AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”7030”]], AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”6326”]], PRIMEM[“Greenwich”,0, AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”8901”]], UNIT[“degree”,0.01745329251994328, AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”9122”]], AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”4326”]]

Figure 6—Global positioning system recorded sample coordinate system definition.

PROJCS[“NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Oregon_North_FIPS_3601_Feet_Intl”, GEOGCS[“GCS_North_American_1983_HARN”, DATUM[“D_North_American_1983_HARN”, SPHEROID[“GRS_1980”,6378137.0,298.257222101]], PRIMEM[“Greenwich”,0.0], UNIT[“Degree”,0.0174532925199433]], PROJECTION[“Lambert_Conformal_Conic”], PARAMETER[“False_Easting”,8202099.737532808], PARAMETER[“False_Northing”,0.0], PARAMETER[“Central_Meridian”,-120.5], PARAMETER[“Standard_Parallel_1”,44.33333333333333], PARAMETER[“Standard_Parallel_2”,46.0], PARAMETER[“Latitude_Of_Origin”,43.66666666666666], UNIT[“Foot”,0.3048]]

Figure 7—Definition of sample coordinate system used in mapping.

55


Figure 8—Skewness coefficients for a set of sample distributions: A and B are symmetric, C skewed to the left, and D skewed strongly to the right.

Pacific Northwest Research Station

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