Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics

ISSN: 0889-3144

Volume 16, Number 10, 2005

Jon Stanger, Nick Tucker and Mark Staiger

Electrospinning

Report 190

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Item 1Macromolecules33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANESPil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae HanAkron,University

The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

GOODRICH B.F.USA

Accession no.771897

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Previous Titles Still AvailableVolume 1Report 1 Conductive Polymers, W.J. Feast

Report 2 Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers, D.F. Williams

Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.

Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.

Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Report 10 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding, P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson

Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers, R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

Volume 2Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics,

A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology.

Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, G. Woods, Consultant.

Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton.

Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for Plastics in Agriculture.

Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.

Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.

Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

Volume 3Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom

Technology Associates.

Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.

Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA.

Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Petrochemicals Inc.

Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd.

Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health and Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 4Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,

University of Surrey.

Report 38 Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd

Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 40 Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton

Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG.

Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics, J. Green, FMC Corp.

Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic.

Report 48 Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson

Volume 5Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T.

van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge, University of Manchester.

Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building Research Establishment.

Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway.

Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications, J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.

Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.

Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 6Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,

Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.

Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center.

Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast.

Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Ltd.

Volume 7Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,

P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd.

Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, R.C.P. Cubbon.

Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center.

Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson.

Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada.

Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.

Volume 8Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université

Pierre et Marie Curie.

Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson.

Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Chemical Company.

Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.

Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, University of Surrey.

Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Technologies Inc.

Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

Volume 9Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory

and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Technology Ltd.

Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, B.G. Crowther.

Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.

Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 10Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,

J.A. Lindsay.

Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin.

Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg.

Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie Consulting.

Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Shipley Ronal.

Volume 11

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Canada.

Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, University of Exeter.

Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.

Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd, University of Nottingham.

Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.

Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Lucent Technologies.

Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, D.C. Wright.

Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.

Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection

Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.

Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.

Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.

Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.

Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.

Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Khon Kaen University.

Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.

Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon, Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University.

Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, Huntsman Polyurethanes.

Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Loughborough University.

Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

Volume 13Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and

J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and V. Goodship, The University of Warwick.

Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown.

Report 148 Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.

Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham, Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.

Report 151 Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research & Development.

Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers, A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of Kassel.

Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross, University of Durham.

Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell, BRE.

Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.

Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron Consultancy Network.

Volume 14Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics,

Ian N. Christensen.

Report 158 Geosynthetics, David I. Cook.

Report 159 Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.

Report 160 Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex, Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion Polymers Institute.

Report 161 Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and T. Pacary, Certech.

Report 162 Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 163 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.

Report 164 Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David R. Mulligan, NPL.

Report 165 Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles, Roy W. Buckley.

Report 166 Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers, K.E. Kear

Report 167 Polyolefin Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.

Report 168 Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants Associates Inc.

Volume 15Report 169 Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn,

FLD Enterprises Inc.

Report 170 Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture, Roger P. Brown.

Report 171 PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.

Report 172 Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship, Warwick Manufacturing Group.

Report 173 Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA, Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm Laboratories Ltd.

Report 174 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.

Report 175 Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA).

Report 176 Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids, V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur.

Report 177 Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives & Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K. Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney.

Report 178 Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers, P.R. Wood.

Report 179 Polymers in Asphalt, H.L. Robinson, Tarmac Ltd, UK.

Report 180 Biocides in Plastics, D. Nichols, Thor Overseas Limited.

Volume 16Report 181 New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH,

D.J. Knight, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd.

Report 182 Food Contact Rubbers 2 - Products, Migration and Regulation, M.J. Forrest.

Report 183 Adhesion to Fluoropolymers, D.M. Brewis and R.H. Dahm, IPTME, Loughborough University.

Report 184 Fluoroplastics, J.G. Drobny.

Report 185 Epoxy Composites: Impact Resistance and Flame Retardancy, Debdatta Ratna.

Report 186 Coatings and Inks for Food Contact Materials, Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra.

Report 187 Nucleating Agents, Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer Consultants.

Report 188 Silicone Products for Food Contact Applications, Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra.

Report 189 Degradation and Stabilisation of Polymers, Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer Consultants

ISBN: 978-1-84735-091-6

Electrospinning

Jon Stanger, Nick Tucker and Mark Staiger

Electrospinning

1

Contents

1. Electrospinning Development ....................................................................................................................3

1.1 Early Electrospinning (1600-1995)..................................................................................................3

1.2 Recent History (1995-present) .........................................................................................................5

2. Background Theory ....................................................................................................................................6

2.1 Polymer Solutions ............................................................................................................................6

2.1.1 Intermolecular and Solute/Solvent Interactions in Polymers ..............................................6

2.1.2 Viscoelasticity .....................................................................................................................6

2.1.3 Surface Tension...................................................................................................................7

2.1.4 Conductivity ........................................................................................................................8

2.2 External Forces ................................................................................................................................8

2.2.1 Electrodynamic Force .........................................................................................................8

2.2.2 Surface Charge ....................................................................................................................9

2.2.3 Fluid Pressure ......................................................................................................................9

3. Electrospinning Processes and Apparatus ...............................................................................................10

3.1 Simple Process Description ...........................................................................................................10

3.1.1 Axis Conventions ..............................................................................................................10

3.1.2 Basic Physics of Electrospinning ......................................................................................10

3.2 Process Models ..............................................................................................................................11

3.2.1 Jet Initiation.......................................................................................................................11

3.2.2 Jet Thinning.......................................................................................................................12

3.2.3 Fluid Instabilities ..............................................................................................................13

3.2.4 Bending Instability ............................................................................................................14

3.2.5 Polymer Chain Alignment ................................................................................................15

3.3 Process Parameters.........................................................................................................................15

3.3.1 Solution Parameters ..........................................................................................................16

3.3.2 Processing Variables .........................................................................................................16

3.3.3 Environmental Conditions ................................................................................................17

3.4 Core Apparatus ..............................................................................................................................17

3.5 Modifications and Additions to Core Apparatus ...........................................................................19

3.5.1 Polymer Supply Modifications .........................................................................................19

3.5.2 Electrostatic Field Modifications ......................................................................................19

3.5.3 Collector Modifications.....................................................................................................19

Electrospinning

2

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of Smithers Rapra Technology or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Smithers Rapra Technology arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

Author contact details: Jon Stanger The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research arkore@arkore.net

Nick Tucker The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research tuckern@crop.cri.nz

Mark Staiger Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand mark.staiger@canterbury.ac.nz

4. Applications .............................................................................................................................................20

4.1 Nanoscale Materials .......................................................................................................................20

4.2 High Tensile Strength Fibres .........................................................................................................21

4.3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio .......................................................................................................21

4.4 Medical Applications .....................................................................................................................22

4.5 Materials Applications ...................................................................................................................22

4.6 Industrial Applications ...................................................................................................................23

4.7 Electronics and Energy Applications .............................................................................................24

5. Materials ...................................................................................................................................................25

References ........................................................................................................................................................28

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .................................................................................................35

Subject Index .................................................................................................................................................187

Company Index ..............................................................................................................................................201

Electrospinning

3

1 ELECTROSPINNING DEVELOPMENT

1.1 Early Electrospinning (1600-1995)

In the late 1500s William Gilbert set out to describe the behaviour of magnetic and electrostatic phenomena. His work [a.1] is an early example of what would become the modern scientific method. He received funding from Queen Elizabeth I, whereupon he moved to London, caught bubonic plague, and passed away. He had, however, already distinguished between the magnetic forces arising from a lodestone (natural magnet) and the electrostatic forces arising from rubbed amber. One of his more obscure observations was that when a suitably charged piece of amber was brought near a droplet of water it would form a cone shape and small droplets would be ejected from the tip of the cone - the first recorded observation of electrospraying.

The first description of a process recognisable as electrospinning was in 1902 when J. F. Cooley filed a United States patent entitled ‘Apparatus for electrically dispersing fibres’ [a.2]. In his patent (US 692631) he describes a method of using high voltage power supplies to generate yarn. Even at this early stage it was recognised that to form fibres rather than droplets the (i) fluid must be sufficiently viscous, (ii) solvent volatile enough to evaporate to allow regeneration of the solid polymer, and (iii) electric field strength within a certain range.

The next significant academic development was achieved by John Zeleny, who published work on the behaviour of fluid droplets at the end of metal capillaries in 1914 [a.3]. His work began the efforts to mathematically model the behaviour of fluids under electrostatic forces. Between 1964 and 1969, Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor produced the theoretical underpinning of electrospinning [a.4-a.6]. Taylor’s work on electrostatics was performed during his retirement after a broad career including modelling of turbulent mixing of air at the Arctic, significant contributions to the fields of fluid mechanics and solid mechanics via work on the Manhattan Project and development of supersonic aircraft. Taylor’s work contributed to electrospinning by mathematically modelling the shape of the cone formed by the fluid droplet under the effect of an electric field; this characteristic droplet shape is now known as the Taylor cone. He further worked with J.R. Melcher to develop the ‘leaky dielectric model’ for conducting fluids [a.7].

In parallel to the academic work of Zeleny and Taylor came a sequence of patents (Table 1), starting with the design by Cooley who separated the charging device from the spinning head [a.2]. In the same year, Morton patented a simpler low-throughput machine [a.8]. Melt spinning and air-blast assist were proposed by Norton [a.9] then a sequence of constant pressure feed high-throughput machines by Anton Formhals was filed between 1934 and 1944 [a.10-a.16] to produce continuous fine fibres for use on standard textile machinery. Gladding also proposed the use of the process to produce staple (discontinuous fibres) [a.17].

Table 1 Patents issued for electrospinning between 1902 and 1992.Patent Number Date Holder Title

US 692631 February, 1902 J.F. Cooley Apparatus for electrically dispersing fluids [a.2]

US 705691 July, 1902 W.J. Morton Method of dispersing fluids [a.8]

US 745276 November, 1903 J.F. Cooley Electrical method of dispersing fluids

US 1975504 October, 1934 A. Formhals Process and apparatus for preparing artificial threads [a.10]

US 2048651 July, 1936 C.L. Norton Method of and apparatus for producing fibrous or filamentary material [a.9]

US 2109333 February, 1938 A. Formhals Artificial fibre construction [a.11]

US 2158415 May, 1939 A. Formhals Method of producing artificial fibres [a.13]

US 2160962 June, 1939 A. Formhals Method and apparatus for spinning [a.12]

US 2168027 August, 1939 E.K. Gladding Apparatus for the production of filaments, threads, and the like [a.17]

US 2187306 January, 1940 A. Formhals Artificial thread and method of producing same [a.14]

US 2185417 January, 1940 C.L. Norton Method and apparatus for forming fibrous material

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US 2323025 June, 1943 A. Formhals Production of artificial fibres from fiber forming liquids [a.15]

US 2338570 January, 1944 H.R. Childs Process of electrostatic spinning

US 2349950 May, 1944 A. Formhals Method and apparatus for spinning [a.16]

US 2636216 April, 1953 W.C. Huebner Method and means of producing threads or filaments electrically

US 2908545 October 1959 J.D. Teja Spinning nonfused glass fibres from an aqueous dispersion

US 3280229 October, 1966 H.L. Simons Process and apparatus for producing patterned non-woven fabrics

US 3475198 October, 1969 E.W. Drum Method and apparatus for applying a binder material to a prearranged web of unbound, non-woven fibres by electrostatic attraction

US 3490115 January, 1970 J.E. Owens and S.P. Scheinberg

Apparatus for collecting charged fibrous material in sheet form

US 3670486 June, 1972 G.L. Murray, Jr. Electrostatic spinning head funnel

US 3689608 September, 1972 H.J. Hollberg and J.E. Owens

Process for forming a non-woven web

US 3901012 August, 1975 V. Safar Method of and device for processing fibrous material

US 3994258 November, 1976 W. Simm Apparatus for the production of filters by electrostatic fiber spinning

US 4044404 August, 1977 G.E. Martin, I.D. Cockshott and F.J.T. Fildes

Fibrillar lining for prosthetic device

US 4127706 November, 1978 G.E. Martin, I.D. Cockshott and K.T. McAloon

Porous fluoropolymeric fibrous sheet and method of manufacture

US 4230650 October, 1980 C. Guignard Process for the manufacture of a plurality of filaments

US 4323525 April, 1982 A. Bornat Electrostatic spinning of tubular products

US 4345414 August, 1982 A. Bornat and R.M. Clarke

Shaping process

US 4468922 September, 1984 P.E. McCrady and R.B. Reif

Apparatus for spinning textile fibres

US 4486365 December, 1984 B. Kliemann and M. Stoll

Process and apparatus for the preparation of electret filaments, textile fibres and similar articles

US 4552707 November, 1985 T.V. How Synthetic vascular grafts, and methods of manufacturing such grafts

US 4618524 October, 1986 D. Groitzsch and E. Fahrbach

Microporous multilayer non-woven material for medical applications

US 4689186 August, 1987 A. Bornat Production of electrostatically spun products

US 4878908 November, 1989 G.E. Martin and I.D. Cockshott and F.J.T. Fildes

Fibrillar product

US 4965110 October, 1990 J.P. Berry Electrostatically produced structures and methods of manufacturing

US 5024789 June, 1991 J.P. Berry Method and apparatus for manufacturing electrostatically spun structure

US 5088807 February, 1992 C.M. Waters, T.J. Noales, I. Pavey and C. Hitomi

Liquid crystal devices

Electrospinning

5

1.2 Recent History (1995-present)

Electrospinning was re-discovered in 1995 in the form of a potential source of nano-structured material by Doshi and Reneker who, whilst investigating electrospraying, observed that fibres could easily be formed with diameters on the nanometre scale [a.18]. Huang and co-workers noted that between 1995 and 2000 fewer than 10 journal papers were published annually, but from 2000 onwards the number of papers per year grew, reaching over 50 by 2002 and reflecting the growing interest in electrospinning by, at least, the academic community [a.19].

Since 1995 there have been further theoretical developments of the driving mechanisms of the electrospinning process. Reznik and co-workers describe extensive work on the shape of the Taylor cone and the subsequent ejection of a fluid jet [a.20]. The work by Hohman and co-workers investigates the relative growth rates of the numerous proposed instabilities in an electrically forced jet once in flight [a.21]. Also important has been the work by Yarin and co-workers that endeavours to describe the most

important instability to the electrospinning process, the bending (whipping) instability [a.22].

Using the keyword ‘electrospinning’ for a search in a scientific database (Compendex and Inspec) returns about 3,200 papers (Search performed 25/11/08, range 1884-2008). The term ‘electrospinning’ was first coined in 1995 by Doshi and Reneker. Figure 1 demonstrates the recent strong growth in this area by plotting the number of scientific papers on the subject published per year. The figure also shows which countries are most active in electrospinning research. Use of the same keyword for a search of a patent database returns about 1,460 documents at the time of writing (2006 being the last year for which complete figures are available). Performing the same search limited to the years 2004-2008 returns about 1,000 documents. These numbers show how the commercial environment surrounding the electrospinning process is currently something of a patent ‘storm’. Given that there are only a small handful of companies that produce electrospinning apparatus or electrospun products, there is a need for focused electrospinning research on specific applications.

Number of papers published with the keyword 'Electrospinning' in a given year

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2 BACKGROUND THEORY

2.1 Polymer Solutions

2.1.1 Intermolecular and Solute/Solvent Interactions in Polymers

A polymer molecule can be thought of as having a structure analogous to a coiled ball of string. This conformation (the 3D structure of a molecule) is due to the tetrahedral nature of the carbon atoms that form the backbone of most polymers. A collection of these balls where the coils are entangled represents the amorphous (random molecular orientation) state of a polymer as opposed to the crystalline state in which the molecules are more ordered. In a solvent a polymer will open up its coil or separate from the crystal surface, allowing solvent molecules to surround the chain. The extent to which this occurs depends on the solvent-polymer interaction. If there is poor interaction the polymer will not dissolve and is simply dispersed. If the interaction is strong then the coil will be very open due to a significant number of solvent molecules surrounding the chain. If the solvent-polymer interaction is equal to that of the intramolecular interaction (interaction between different parts of the same molecule) then the resulting solution is known as an ideal solution. A polymer melt can also be thought of as an ideal solution since the ‘solvent’

is simply other polymer molecules of the same type. For a polymer solution to electrospin there must be a sufficient degree of intramolecular interaction to cope with the tensile forces associated with the process of fibre drawing.

2.1.2 Viscoelasticity

In order to talk about a bulk material property such as viscoelasticity, one first needs to define the quantities of normal stress, shear stress and strain. Stress in one dimension is the force exerted (F) divided by the area (A) (see Equation 1). Normal stress (often shortened to simply ‘stress’) is force applied perpendicular to the face of the material, whereas a shear stress involves a force parallel to the face of the material. Strain is the change in length per unit length (see Equation 2 where l is the change in length and l is the total length). Viscoelasticity describes the behaviour of a material that is both viscous and elastic under stress, so it has properties of both the solid and the liquid phase. A viscous material will undergo viscous flow to relieve the application of shear stress as described by Newton’s law (see Equation 3). This behaviour can be modelled with a dashpot which is a loosely fitting piston in a cylinder containing a fluid of viscosity (see Figure 2). A perfectly elastic material obeys Hooke’s law (see Equation 4 where E is the elastic modulus) and hence behaves like a perfect spring. As such this behaviour could be modelled by a

Country of origin for papers containing the keyword 'Electrospinning'

Figure 1 Breakdown of journal papers with the keyword ‘Electrospinning’ broken down by publication year and country of origin (Numbers obtained 25/11/2008)

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7

perfect spring which acts as an energy storage element, gaining energy with extension and releasing it when the material returns to its original shape.

Figure 2 Diagram of a dashpot with a fluid of viscosity .

The combination of a viscous and an elastic behaviour, as shown by polymers and polymer solutions, becomes more complicated. The stress strain behaviour shows elements that obey Hooke’s law, but unlike an elastic response the viscous response acts to dissipate energy as heat, resulting in hysteresis and creep. Hysteresis is due to the viscous response causing the loss of energy, meaning that the material cannot return to its original shape. Creep is the tendency of a material to slowly deform under continuous stress below the yield strength in order to relieve the applied stress.

One of the first models of viscoelastic behaviour was the Maxwell model. The Maxwell model assumes that the contribution to the stain from the elastic and viscous behaviour is additive (i.e., = elast + visco). As such, mathematically it represents a spring element in series with a dashpot element. Another early model was the Voigt-Kelvin model. This model proposes that the applied stress is now shared between the elastic and viscous response, mathematically represented by a spring element in parallel with a dashpot element (see Equation 5, where = S / S). Typically in modern modelling situations the Standard Linear Model is used, which consists of a spring element in series with the Voigt-Kelvin model and a further dashpot in series. This better represents the important features in the typical behaviour of a polymer. For a fuller treatment of viscoelasticity see Cowie [a.23].

Equation 1

Equation 2

Equation 3

Equation 4

Equation 5

2.1.3 Surface Tension

A molecule in a solution is surrounded on all sides by other molecules that will normally interact with it. When the solution exists in an equilibrium state the pull from each of the surrounding molecules is matched by the pull from another molecule on the opposite side. However, consider that the molecule is on the surface of a boundary between two fluids. On this surface there will be an imbalance in the forces because the force between the molecules of the two fluids will be different from the force when the molecule is surrounded by its native fluid. This results in a force that pulls the liquid in such a way as to minimise the surface area to volume ratio. In the case of the air-liquid interface, air has little interaction with the liquid so the force is near its maximum. The physical meaning of surface tension is summarised in the approximate definition shown in Equation 8 (Approximate definition is taken from Wolfram Research’s website 'World of Physics' accessed on 16 March 2008 at http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/SurfaceTension.html)

A fluid under the forces of surface tension will adopt a spherical shape, as this is the minimum surface area for a given volume. Figure 3 shows the forces experienced by fluid molecules. As there is a force acting on the outer surface it is possible to calculate the amount of work required to change the shape of the fluid. Equation 6 gives the energy (work) that must be either expended or will be generated when the surface changes its area (where is the surface tension, E is the work energy and A is the change in area). It is also possible to calculate the pressure due to the force from surface tension from Equation 7 (where P is the internal droplet pressure and r is the radius of the droplet). In a free droplet this pressure is the same from all sides but for the hemispherical droplet used in electrospinning this pressure would need to be matched by the fluid pressure that supplies the droplet. It can be said that for any fluid that has reached its equilibrium state there will need to be some other force acting in order for the fluid to adopt any shape other than that of the least surface area.

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Figure 3 Diagram of the forces experienced by molecules in a liquid.

Equation 6

Equation 7

Equation 8

2.1.4 Conductivity

The conductivity of a solution is determined by the potential for bulk motion of ions in the solution. When a potential difference is applied across a volume of solution, a current will flow that is proportional to the type of ions in solution and their respective concentrations. Conductivity due to a particular ion type in aqueous solutions can be seen in tables of molar conductivity ( ). For very dilute solutions the contribution to the conductivity of a solution can be calculated from the Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation (Equation 9), where is the molar conductivity, 0 is the molar conductivity at infinite dilution, c is the ion concentration and A and B are typically taken to be 60.20 and 0.229, respectively, (see [a.24] for a full exposition). At higher concentrations a strong electrolyte typically has a constant molar conductivity

whereas a weak electrolyte will commonly vary over all concentrations. The conductivity of a given cell is related to the molar conductivity by Equation 10, where is conductivity with units of mS/cm, c is ion concentration with units of mol/l and hence the molar conductivity, has units of Scm2/mol.

Equation 9

Equation 10

2.2 External Forces

2.2.1 Electrodynamic Force

A single electron (having a negative charge) travelling in a vacuum in the presence of an electric field will experience a force given by Equation 11 (where F is the force exerted, q is the charge and E is the electric field). As it is a force, this is a vector equation and hence the electron will travel in the direction of the electric field. A proton (having a positive charge) would experience a similar force but in the opposite direction of the electron; all charge produces its own electric field. Like lines of magnetic flux (lines perpendicular to the equipotential

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9

Figure 4 Electric fl ux lines from a source and a sink.

surfaces), lines of electric fl ux cannot cross. A negative charge acts as a sink for fi eld lines and a positive charge acts as a source. All fi eld lines must either travel from a source to a sink or to the edge of infi nity, which can be either a source or sink. For further discussion of electric forces refer to a physics textbook [a.25].

Equation 11

2.2.2 Surface Charge

If two charges of the same sign are next to each other there will be a force repelling them from one another. As like charges will both act as either a source or a sink for lines of electric fl ux (see Figure 4), this force is the result of the fi eld warping to a higher energy state because the lines of electric fl ux cannot cross. The force of this repulsion is given by Coulomb’s law (Equation 12 where F is the force, q1 and q2 are charge, d is the distance between the charges and 0 is the permittivity of free space). Therefore, if a number of equally spaced charges of the same sign were deposited on the surface of a balloon then the surface would be stretched until the elastic force of the rubber was balanced with the repulsion force from the charge.

The case of the droplet present at the moment the electric fi eld is applied to initiate electrospinning is similar to the balloon example given previously. In this situation, surface tension is acting like the elastic force of the rubber, trying to contract the total volume to the minimum possible. As shown in Section 2.1.3 of this Chapter, the force from surface tension can be seen as a pressure pointing inwards whereas the force from the self-repulsion of the charge built up on the surface will be a pressure pointing outwards. This pressure is given by a similar relationship (Equation 13 where V is the applied

voltage and r is the droplet radius) to Equation 7 from Section 2.1.3 [a.26]. Both equations can be combined to give Equation 14, a relationship for the total pressure inside the droplet. It should be noted that this does not include the attraction due to the electric fi eld present, but only the force due to surface charge repulsion, and becomes invalid once the droplet changes shape, because it is based on a spherical capacitor approximation.

Equation 12

Equation 13

Equation 14

2.2.3 Fluid Pressure

Pressure can be generated in a fl uid in a number of ways. Hydrostatic pressure resulting from the weight of fl uid above a chosen point is given by Equation 15. This is also known as the head pressure. Pressure can also be supplied by pressurising the supply tank for the fl uid typically with an inert gas. In this case as a liquid is typically incompressible, the pressure from the gas will be directly translated to the other boundaries of the fl uid. Another common procedure in electrospinning is the use of a syringe pump to provide a controlled volume fl ow rate. Here, as long as the fl uid pressure does not exceed the power of the syringe pump, the pressure will be related to the other forces and geometry in the system.

Equation 15

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3 ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSES AND APPARATUS

3.1 Simple Process Description

3.1.1 Axis Conventions

In order to discuss the electrospinning process in a concise and transparent way it is important to note the common axis conventions used in models. Typically a cylindrical co-ordinate system is used [a.27]. This system describes a point in 3-D space given a distance along a Z axis followed by an angle to rotate around the Z axis then a distance to travel perpendicular to the direction of the Z axis (Figure 5). The direction of the Z axis is chosen to be such that the maximum level of symmetry is obtained around that axis. If the axis is chosen such that it passes through the centre of the first electrode, then through the centre of the polymer droplet and lastly through the centre of the second electrode, it often obtains the maximum symmetry possible. This axis can then be referred to as the primary axis.

Figure 5 Cylindrical axis convention.

3.1.2 Basic Physics of Electrospinning

Electrospinning can be viewed as a special case of electrospraying. The latter is a method of atomising fluids that finds applications in mass spectrometry, industrial applications (e.g., coating of automotive parts with complex shapes) and consumer products (e.g., deposition of ink by inkjet printers).

As with electrospraying, the feedstock for electrospinning is connected to a high voltage power supply to raise the electrostatic potential of the fluid. Polymer solutions or melts with a minimum degree of molecular interaction can be used as the feedstock. Increasing the electrostatic potential increases the surface charge of the liquid. Normally the shape of a volume of fluid is dictated by its surface tension. However, when the fluid is charged the surface charge acts in the opposite manner to surface tension, resulting in the fluid changing shape, forming the structure known as the Taylor cone [a.4].

If the surface of a conductor forms a sharp point, the electric stresses will concentrate on that point. In a Taylor cone, there is a sharp point at the tip of the cone, so this concentration of electric stresses leads to the ejection of a fluid jet due to the increased electrical attraction at the tip. This fluid jet carries a charge, so it will be drawn in the direction of the local electrostatic field. After a certain amount of flight time this jet will become vulnerable to a number of instabilities. Careful control of these instabilities ensures successful fibre formation. For example, the axisymmetric Plateau-Rayleigh* instability, which causes atomisation in the electrospraying process, must be avoided to ensure fibre formation. Included in the electrospinning process is the off-axis bending instability that is largely responsible for the narrow fibre diameter obtained during electrospinning [a.28].

The off-axis bending instability occurs due to small perturbations in the straight line trajectory of the fibre, which generate a force perpendicular to the primary axis due to the self-repulsion of the charged jet when perfect symmetry is lost (see Figure 6). This force is very small and is initially countered by the viscoelastic nature of the polymer solution. The viscous component will resist the motion generated by this force and the elastic component will work to restore the perturbed fibre to its original position. However, at some point the perturbation forces become larger than the resistance, at which point the bending instability begins to grow, causing additional stretching of the jet. This will continue throughout the rest of the jet’s flight assuming the localised electrostatic repulsion stays larger than the mechanical resistance of the jet/fibre to stretching [a.22].

The high surface area of these narrow fluid jets allows rapid solvent loss, leading to the conversion of the fluid jet into a solid fibre within the short flight time. It has

* Plateau-Rayleigh instability is the result of surface tension reinforcing small perturbations in a fluid column’s surface eventually leading to the breaking up of the fluid column and the formation of droplets. For a full mathematical treatment see Lecture 7.5 of the MIT course 1.63J/2.21J Advanced Fluid Dynamics of the Environment accessed on the 12 March 2008 from http://web.mit.edu/1.63/www/lecnote.html

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Figure 6 Physical diagram of perturbations causing the bending instability (modified from [a.29]). Here A, B and C represent three discrete equally charged sections of the jet where B has been

perturbed from the symmetrical axis.

* Centimetre-Gram-Second as opposed to MKS or Meter-Kilogram-Second

been observed that polymer molecules within these fibres can have a high degree of orientation (409). This has been explained both by the alignment of polymer molecules due to the electrostatic field and by the high draw ratio of the fibre while in flight.

3.2 Process Models

In the past decade, significant process model developments have been made since the work of Zeleny [a.3] and Taylor [a.4]. Many of the proposed models have had some validation against experimental data and have been used to help explain experimental observations. This suggests that a good understanding in the models, though unable to fully predict results, can significantly reduce research and development time for new fibre applications. Thompson and co-workers claim in reference to Yarin and co-workers that the proposed model is ‘the only existing model of electrospinning, accounting for the large nonlinear perturbations, viscoelasticity, evaporation and solidification’ [a.22, a.30]. This would make it the most complete model proposed at this time. The following sections expand the discussion outlined in Section 3.1.2.

3.2.1 Jet Initiation

Jet initiation is one of the direct consequences of exposing a fluid drop in contact with a conductor to a strong electric field. As a result, much of the work on jet initiation has been done in tandem with theoretical treatments of electrospraying. Many authors [a.3, a.4, a.31] have focused on the concept of a critical voltage:

the voltage at which discharge of mass begins (either of a smooth fluid jet or an aerosol stream).

Taylor [a.4-a.6] undertook a theoretical examination of jets being initiated from a polymeric fluid on the end of metal capillaries. Taylor described cone formation with a semi-vertical angle of 49.3° (see Figure 7), apparently true for any conducting fluid. The validity of this cone geometry has been questioned by Yarin and co-workers [a.32] and Reznik and co-workers [a.20], who find it to be 33°. Taylor found a relationship between his initial conditions and the formation of his cone (Equation 16). Here H is the distance between electrodes, L is the length of the capillary tube (syringe needle), R is the radius of the tube and is the fluid’s surface tension (all expressed in CGS*

Figure 7 Taylor cone formed by a 98% glycerine and 2% of 10% NaCl solution with an exposure time

of 1 ms [a.6].

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Figure 8 Critical electric Bond number versus static contact angle [a.20].

units as per the original paper). Although Taylor’s model of electrospinning might only hold true for specific cases [a.20], his simple equation negates the need for extensive modelling and it can still be used to predict the critical voltage required to begin jet initiation.

Later work by Reznik and co-workers on the evolution of droplets on an infinite plane over time showed that the static contact angle formed by the fluid droplets was critical in predicting jet initiation. Reznik and co-workers introduce the concept of the electric Bond number (see Equation 17 where E is the applied field, is the surface tension and a0 is the equivalent-volume

drop radius or characteristic length) allowing the description of the relative importance of electric and capillary stresses [a.20]. For a range of contact angles, the critical values for the electric Bond number were calculated (Figure 8) and hence, the critical voltage needed to form the Taylor cone can be calculated for a given polymer solution.

Evolution of the droplet shape can be either subcritical or supercritical. If the electric Bond number is low then a subcritical evolution occurs. Here the droplet adopts a partial cone shape, but the hydrodynamic forces still dominate and the droplet will not evolve into a jet. If the electric Bond number is above the critical level then a supercritical evolution towards the typical Taylor cone will occur because the mechanical stresses from the electric field dominate the droplet evolution. Concentration of electric stress at the tip of the cone [a.32] will cause the continued formation of a typical electrospinning jet.

Equation 16

Equation 17

3.2.2 Jet Thinning

Once the jet has left the Taylor cone it will begin to thin due to the forces acting on it and the requirements of conservation of mass, until it hits the collector electrode. The thinning of the jet has two different stages. The initial stage is a period of thinning as a straight jet and the later stage is a period of thinning due to the bending instability (see Section 3.2.4).

The initial thinning behaviour of the jet can be described simply with the Bernoulli principle [a.33]. In electrospinning, losses due to viscous flow must be incorporated into the Bernoulli formula and electrodynamic forces will replace gravity as the driving force. This treatment, such as that by Spivak and co-workers, results in one-dimensional axisymmetric differential equation (Equation 18, where R~ and z~ are dimensionless lengths, NW is the Weber number, NE is the Euler number and NR is the Reynolds number) that usually can be solved directly [a.34].

As the jet continues to thin, its surface area increases and hence the potential for solvent loss increases. At some point all the solvent is lost and the jet is no longer fluid, becoming a material with a modulus of elasticity rather than a viscosity, and at this point the mode of thinning

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changes. Solidifi cation results in a much higher portion of the stretching force being taken up by an elastic mode of stretching, hence a signifi cant reduction in the rate of thinning [a.19].

3.2.3 Fluid Instabilities

Fluid instabilities can be detrimental to theelectrospinning process because they are the cause of jet break up (i.e., electrospraying) preventing fibre formation. However, the bending instability, according to Reneker and co-workers [a.28] is vital to the electrospinning process, so the control of fl uid jet instability is what differentiates electrospinning from electrospraying. This control can be accomplished via solution properties, e.g., increasing the polymer component, leading to an increase in inter-molecular interaction. Work by Hohman and co-workers [a.21] has shown that there are typically three types of instability that may occur in the charged electrospun jet. The fi rst is the classical axisymmetric Plateau-Rayleigh instability

[a.35], the second is a similar axisymmetric instability caused by having a conductive jet, and the third is the bending or ‘whipping’ instability (section 3.2.4).

The Plateau-Rayleigh instability is an axisymmetric phenomenon dependent on surface tension, and is commonly observed when water from a tap breaks up from a stream into droplets (see Figure 9). It occurs because surface tension draws the fl uid jet into a shape with a minimum surface area for a given volume. The surface area of a column (as of a falling stream of water) is signifi cantly reduced if the column is broken up into a series of spheres. When an oscillating perturbation term is introduced into the governing equations, the solution matches the observation that some of the wavelengths will grow rapidly and eventually result in the jet breaking up into droplets. Work by Shin and co-workers and Hohman and co-workers showed that this instability only occurs at low external electrostatic fi elds where the electric fi eld stresses are small compared to the capillary stresses [a.21] (677).

Equation 18

Figure 9 Plateau-Rayleigh instability where A is the stable region, B is where perturbations begin to become visible and C is when the perturbations have become larger than the radius causing droplets to form.

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The second axisymmetric instability replaces the Plateau-Rayleigh instability at higher electric field strengths. This instability only occurs because the jet has a finite conductivity and carries an initial surface charge. In this case electrical stresses as a result of perturbation waves on the surface of the jet cause shifting of the surface charge in order to maintain a constant electric field flux in the jet column. The result of this is that the perturbation is reinforced and the jet will eventually break up into droplets. Hohman and co-workers found through mathematical modelling that this instability would preferentially develop rather than the desired bending instability, unless ‘reasonable estimates for the surface charge density’ were included in the model (for example: = 9.8 x 10-8 C/m2) [a.21].

There are other instabilities, such as the dripping mode proposed by Reznik and co-workers. This only occurs if the surface-liquid interfacial energy for the solution and the tip is high enough to generate a contact angle of above ~0.8 radians; then excessive mass is ejected from the tip of the Taylor cone to sustain a jet (Figure 11). Reznik and co-workers propose this as an explanation for the large droplets sometimes ejected from the Taylor cone [a.20].

3.2.4 Bending Instability

Initially it was proposed by Doshi and Reneker that the primary mechanism for production of nanofibres was

Figure 10 Axisymmetric instability for a perfectly conducting fluid column where e is the electrostatic contribution to the perturbation of the flow and u is the velocity contribution to the perturbation of

the flow due to an introduced radial perturbation [a.21].

Figure 11 Formation of a droplet being ejected from the tip of a Taylor cone if the contact angle is above ~0.8 radians.

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the surface charge reaching a critical value, causing the single jet to split into multiple jets, known as ‘splaying’ [a.18]. However, subsequent work with high speed photography using an exposure time of 18 ns [a.36] has shown that this ‘splaying’ observation is simply an optical illusion caused by the high speed of the fibre. The true instability is a fast-moving ‘whipping’ jet that forms multiple expanding loops which eventually deposit on the collector electrode. The bending instability is idealised as a series of neatly expanding loops (see Figure 12).

This bending instability allows the jet to undergo far more stretching during its flight time than would be allowed by a simple linear jet. By taking a localised approximation of the electrostatic force between two points on a curved three-dimensional fibre, Yarin and co-workers showed that it is possible to derive an equation for the force driving the bending instability (see Equation 19 where S is the surface charge, L is the characteristic length, as is the jet radius, k is the jet curvature and is the co-ordinate system along the central axis of the bent jet) [a.22]. The equation is sufficiently similar to the form of the equation for the force that drives the aerodynamic bending instability also described by Yarin [a.37], that substitution into this previous work could be done. Yarin and co-workers also showed that the path of individual jet elements is such that the loops formed by the bending instability grow in radius by thinning and stretching [a.22]. Experimental observations are matched by incorporation of jet solidification, which limits the rapid expansion of the loops. As such, the bending instability is currently a primary concern for research into the production of desired electrospun fibre properties.

Equation 19

3.2.5 Polymer Chain Alignment

By calculating draw ratios, Wang and co-workers demonstrated that the fibre undergoes large amounts of stress parallel to the fibre axis during electrospinning (409). Additionally, a higher degree of crystallinity was observed as a result of the high draw ratios encountered. It was proposed that the high draw ratios in electrospinning act like the drawing of a fibre in traditional fibre processing, where the fibre is stretched to align the polymer chains, increasing the crystallinity, and hence, tensile strength of the processed fibres.

Zhao and co-workers [a.38] demonstrated that if given sufficient flight time, electrospun fibre produced under a higher potential difference, and hence a stronger electric field, would result in improved crystallinity. It is possible that the improved crystallinity is due to additional stretching of the jet under the action of the stronger electric field. However, it could be possible that the electric field encourages the alignment of the polymer molecules (c.f. electrophoresis) and hence a stronger field would result in more molecules being aligned.

3.3 Process Parameters

In electrospinning, numerous parameters have been identified as affecting the final properties of the electrospun fibre (548); these factors will be explored further here. Mit-Uppatham and co-workers break

Figure 12 Typical representation of the bending instability.

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these parameters down into three broad categories: (i) properties of the solution used as the feedstock (solution parameters), (ii) parameters associated with the design, geometry and operation of the electrospinning apparatus (processing parameters), and (iii) atmospheric and other local processing conditions (environmental parameters) (Table 2) (548).

3.3.1 Solution Parameters

The solution properties such as volatility, dielectric constant, solution conductivity and surface tension may be affected by additives (e.g., a surfactant will reduce surface tension). Jarusuwannapoom and co-workers provide an excellent study of the effects of using different solvents with a wide range of properties (543). When a solvent with a very low volatility is used, wet fibres are collected (i.e., appearance of a film with pores rather than a fibre mat). However, if the solvent is too volatile the Taylor cone will solidify, halting the production of fibre. The same study also found that the dipole moment of the solvent and the solution conductivity must both be of a sufficient level to enable electrospinning to occur.

A recent theoretical study [a.30] has shown that surface tension has almost no effect on the final properties of the electrospun fibre. This finding is consistent with the work of Hohman and co-workers and Yarin and co-workers who both find that once the bending instability sets in, the electric stresses are far larger than the capillary stresses [a.21, a.22]. However, Fong and co-workers show that modification of surface tension (by surfactant or solvent mixes) can assist in the formation of smooth fibres (682). Introduction of additives to the solution, often ionic salts, enable the modification of either the solution conductivity (542) or surface tension (615). For solutions with very low conductivity, adding ionic salts to increase the solution conductivity has been shown to enable jet formation to occur, but further addition beyond this is currently being debated.

In addition to the work done by Jarusuwannapoom and co-workers, work by Eda and co-workers (283) and Koski and co-workers [a.39] shows the importance of polymer concentration in the solution. This is due to the requirement for a sufficient level of intermolecular interaction that will help to damp the fluid instabilities and prevent jet break-up. When the concentration is too low, a deposition pattern occurs similar to that expected for electrospraying. As the concentration is raised, a bead-on-a-string morphology (680) is observed, with the beads slowly becoming more spindle-like and merging into the fibre as concentration increases. At a suitable concentration a smooth fibre is obtained. Directly linked to the polymer concentration is the solution viscosity noted by Megelski and co-workers and Deitzel and co-workers as important in both the jet initiation and the final fibre properties (679) (656). As the solution viscosity increases it has been observed that the fibre diameter increases (659).

3.3.2 Processing Variables

The operation of a typical electrospinning apparatus will involve the modification of the applied electrostatic potential, the working distance and the feed rate. Variation of the applied electrostatic potential and the working distance will also cause variation of the electric field strength. Typically, researchers will look at either the electrostatic potential (571) or the electric field strength (681). It has been found that increasing the electrostatic potential will result in thinner fibres (656).

The working distance, together with the electrostatic potential will determine the strength of the electric field. However, to complicate things, the working distance also changes the total flight time available to the fibre. As such, in some cases increasing the working distance results in thinner fibres [a.28] due to more time for the bending instability to develop and hence more time for the jet to be stretched.

Table 2 Electrospinning process parameters [based on (548)].Solution Parameters

Process Parameters

Environmental Conditions

Concentration Electrostatic Potential Temperature

Viscosity Electric Field Strength Humidity

Surface Tension Electrostatic Field Shape Local Atmosphere Flow

Conductivity Working Distance Atmospheric Composition

Dielectric Constant Feed Rate Pressure

Solvent Volatility Orifice Diameter

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In other cases, increasing the working distance results in thicker fibres due to a reduction of the electric field (664). However, at too long or short a distance, jet initiation becomes difficult due to the electric field being too strong or weak.

Typically the electric field strength required to initiate electrospinning is a value between 0.5 and 1.5 kV/cm. If the localised electric field value exceeds the dialectic strength for the atmosphere then a corona will be generated, the effects of which are currently unknown. There are comparatively few experiments done examining the feed rate (664) [a.40], probably due to feed rate being used as a control parameter for stabilisation of the Taylor cone. However, in the study by Yuan and co-workers a low feed rate was shown to form very thin and dry fibres (559). Work by Rutledge and co-workers demonstrated that with increased feed rates the fibres became much thicker and fibres with the characteristic beads-on-a-string morphology were formed [a.40].

The electrode geometry and addition of secondary electrodes can be used to control deposition patterns or the extent of the bending instability. Work such as Teo and Ramakrishna shows that the modification of the electric field allows control over the fibre flight and hence the modification of the final fibre alignment [a.41]. In addition, the design consideration of the orifice diameter for the spinning head has been examined by some authors [a.30] (605). It was found that larger orifices resulted in thicker fibres (605). When the orifice size was very large it was difficult to obtain a stable Taylor cone, whereas very small orifices become impractical as the Taylor cone will dry out or the polymer will be too viscous to flow through [a.38].

3.3.3 Environmental Conditions

Environmental parameters can be divided into those that are due to the local spinning conditions or the properties of the atmosphere in which the spinning takes place. The study by Kim and co-workers found that increasing the local temperature resulted in the solvent evaporating faster and provided a simple solution to solvents with a low rate of evaporation (509). For excessively volatile solvents the Taylor cone will dry out. It is possible to introduce a local flow of gas saturated with the solvent around the cone to prevent evaporation at the cone [a.42]. Introduction of a dry gas has also been used to control the evaporation rate of the solvent in the jet (681). Controlling the atmosphere into which the fibre is spun is the subject of a patent by Andrady and co-workers [a.43].

Electrospinning with an atmosphere composed of a high breakdown strength gas would enable much higher field strengths to be reached. Baumgarten found that using sulfur(VI)fluoride (SF6), a gas with a high dielectric strength and density, resulted in an increase in the fibre diameter [a.44]. It was asserted by Ramakrishna and co-workers that ‘generally, reduction in the pressure surrounding the electrospinning jet does not improve the electrospinning process’ [a.29]. However, due to the lower vapour pressure in a vacuum, solvent loss would be faster and could solve the problem of low evaporation rate solvents. Humidity has been shown by Casper and co-workers and Megelski and co-workers to allow control over the formation of micropores on the surface of the individual fibre (656) (597).

3.4 Core Apparatus

In its simplest form, an electrospinning apparatus need not be anything more than a high voltage power supply, a drop of polymer solution and an earthed electrode (Figure 13). The often quoted 1934 patent by Formhals shows an apparatus not far removed from the basic elements required (Figure 14). A typical electrospinning apparatus used in research, such as those produced by Electrospinz, Blenheim, New Zealand (Figure 15), consists of a constant pressure polymer solution supply, a high voltage electrode, a spinning head (Spinning head describes either a metal capillary or some other nozzle or orifice through which the polymer solution or melt is delivered) and a collector electrode.

The polymer is supplied to the capillary tip, forming a hemispherical droplet that is the precursor of the Taylor cone. The method of supply can be either constant volume flow rate or constant pressure. Constant pressure is typically provided by either a gravity fed constant head system or an air pressure system. The more common constant volume flow rate is typically supplied by a syringe pump (622).

The high voltage electrode is used to conduct the charge to the polymer solution. It is constructed typically from a hypodermic syringe needle (681) and is also the spinning head. Another common method of charging the solution is by use of a bare wire inserted into the polymer solution [a.18].

Collector electrodes come in many shapes and sizes but are commonly some form of flat metallic sheet (557) and Norton [a.9]. This electrode is typically connected to ground, hence carrying the opposite charge to the high voltage electrode. They are often mounted in such a way to allow their position relative to the spinning head to be changed.

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Figure 13 Simple elements required for electrospinning.

Figure 14 Diagram of the apparatus proposed by Formhals [a.11]

Figure 15 Electrospinz ES1 apparatus.

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3.5 Modifications and Additions to Core Apparatus

3.5.1 Polymer Supply Modifications

Typical motivation for the modification of the polymer supply is to increase the quantity of electrospun fibre produced. One of the earliest modifications to the polymer supply mechanism is to have a supply to multiple spinning heads [a.45]. Following a similar line of thinking an unusual method was developed by Yarin and Zussman involving floating a layer of polymer solution on top of a layer of mineral oil containing magnetic particles whereby the application of a magnetic field resulted in the formation of multiple spikes in the fluid that jets can be evolved from (593).

A recently commercialised method is to use a roller partially immersed in a bath of polymer solution. This process extends the concept of a rotating cog spinning device first proposed by Formhals [a.10] and the use of an air-blast proposed by Norton [a.9]. The roller acts as the polymer-charging electrode and the polymer supply is maintained on its upper surface as a thin curved film. Volume flow rate is increased by blowing an air stream across the roller in a fashion reminiscent of glass fibre spinning [a.46]. This patented process can produce numerous jets from the top of the roller, allowing continuous sheets of an electrospun mat to be produced [a.47].

The addition of a (inert) gas flow around the capillary delivering the polymer is also used to influence the motion of the jet (183). A gas atmosphere saturated with solvent will prevent a volatile polymer-solvent mixture from drying out at the end of the capillary before electrospinning can occur: the recovery of solvent by enclosing the spinning environment was proposed by Gladding, but the benefit of this is more in isolating the worker from the solvent system because the quantities recovered are likely to be small [a.17].

Hollow or composite nanofibres can be produced by using a nested capillary such as demonstrated by Li and Xia [a.48]. Here the centre capillary is supplied with mineral oil and the outer capillary is supplied with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). After spinning the mineral oil is removed via pyrolysis, leaving a hollow fibre.

3.5.2 Electrostatic Field Modifications

Three approaches are taken to modification of the electrostatic field. One is to modify the field at the capillary origin of the polymer fibre. Another is to

perform modifications to the collector, which will be discussed further in Section 3.5.3. Beyond modifications to the existing electric field, the introduction of other external electric fields has also been proposed.

One approach to electric field modification at the capillary is to surround the capillary with a polyvinylchloride (PVC) tube. Yang and co-workers propose that this will create a more uniform and concentrated electric field leading to better control of the fibre deposition [a.49]. Work by Kim demonstrated the use of an auxiliary electrode placed around the capillary that was charged from the same power supply as the polymer solution in the capillary (422). It was found that this auxiliary electrode stabilised the initial straight portion of the jet.

Use of an auxiliary electrode is normally the only way to introduce a new external electric field. The work by Dabirian and co-workers used a negatively charged bar to direct the electrospun jet towards a rotating collector [a.50]. In the work by Gu and co-workers, an auxiliary electrode was used to create twisted nano-fibre yarns [a.51]. The introduction of two parallel bars in the path of the electrospun fibre allowed Chuangchote and Supaphol to collect a mat of both aligned fibres from the parallel bars and a random orientated mat deposited on the collector behind the bars [a.52]. Liu and Dzenis model this parallel bar set up, and demonstrate that the level of alignment is higher that that achieved with a rotating drum collector, but the build-up of charge on the deposited material leads to a decrease in deposition rate and in the quality of alignment with time [a.53].

3.5.3 Collector Modifications

A typical motivation for the modification of the collector from a flat metal sheet is to provoke some degree of alignment in the deposited fibres. This is demonstrated by the widely reported use of a rotating mandrel and parallel bars to form aligned mats. Another collector modification is the use of a cylinder-like collector, proposed by Jirsak and co-workers as a consequence of the polymer supply geometry [a.47]. One interesting modification of the collector by Simonet and co-workers involved the refrigeration of the collector, allowing the formation of ice crystals as the electrospun fibre is deposited (165). These ice crystals form a removable void template to create a high loft porous 3D polymer mesh.

A good example of the use of a rotating mandrel is shown in the work by Sundaray and co-workers who used a high speed rotating mandrel to produce aligned fibres [a.54]. Sundaray and co-workers also took this a

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step further by use of an insulating mandrel with a sharp moving pin as the counter electrode to reduce the size of the deposition area concentrating the aligned fibres [a.54]. Teo and Ramakrishna used a similar concept by taking a rotating knife edged disk as their collector [a.41]. They were able to collect a mat of aligned hollow fibres.

Formhals (see Figure 14) described a toothed belt where each tooth acted as a collector electrode [a.10]. It was proposed that this arrangement would result in the production of a continuous tow of aligned fibre that could later be processed by standard textile means. A good example of the use of parallel bars to allow the alignment of electrospun fibre is shown in the work by Li and co-workers (598). Here the parallel bars that are used are gold electrodes mounted on a quartz substrate. Under fast switching of each electrode to ground, the fibres will jump between the two bars, creating an aligned mat. This was then extended to multiple axes on the two-dimensional substrate to create layers of aligned fibres in different directions. Other examples of such a technique are shown in works by Li and co-workers (598) and Ajayan and co-workers [a.55].

4 APPLICATIONS

Interest in electrospinning for real world applications is due to three aspects of the process. First, the size of the fibre is in the nanoscale or has a nanoscale surface texture, leading to different modes of interaction with other materials compared with macroscale materials [a.56]. Second, due to the high draw ratio it is expected that the fibres produced will have a highly orientated molecular structure with a low number of defects, and will hence approach theoretical maximum strength. Third, the fibres produced have an inherently high surface area to volume ratio. Combinations of these three aspects give rise to applications in filtration, cellular matrices, catalyst substrates, ultra-strong composites, bioreactors, functional textiles, drug encapsulation, wound dressings and stent manufacture.

4.1 Nanoscale Materials

It has been demonstrated widely in the field of nanotechnology that when a material is formed with a nanoscale structure such as nanoparticles or nanofibres, then the interaction behaviour of such materials can drastically change [a.56]. In biological systems the micro- and nano- structure of materials becomes a very

significant factor as cell behaviour is dependent on the local material structure. This has recently become more important as the field of tissue engineering has developed creating demand for nanostructured materials for tissue scaffolding. Similarly, due to interactions on the molecular scale becoming dominant, nanostructured composite materials are pushing the boundaries of materials science. It has also been demonstrated that the use of nanofibres for filtration is vastly superior to traditional filtration materials in performance and operation.

It has been shown in some cell culture studies that a nanostructured material can affect cell seeding, attachment, and propagation. Moroni and co-workers used unaligned fibres of polyethylene oxide terephthalate - polybutylene terephthalate co-polymer and a cell culture of human mesenchymal stem cells [a.56]. They demonstrate that a 10 μm fibre diameter produces the best results for cell seeding and attachments. It was also demonstrated that cell propagation was highest when the fibre surface has a nanoporous structure. With a nanoporous structure the cells were observed to penetrate more deeply into the tissue scaffold within 14 days than smooth fibres; the use of smooth fibres tended to result in cell aggregation. Bhattarai and co-workers used unaligned fibres of a chitosan/polyethylene oxide blend and a cell culture of human osteoblasts and chondrocytes to show that cell attachment and propagation was significantly better with electrospun fibre than with a cast film of the same material [a.57]. It was also found that cells on the electrospun fibre retained their expected morphology and would propagate along the fibre direction. Li and co-workers used unaligned fibres of a polyaniline/gelatine blend and a cell culture of cardiac rat myoblast cells [a.58]. They found that although after two days cell propagation was lower than the control, it was significantly higher after six days. This was attributed to fibrous substrates being rougher and hence giving more room for cell propagation. It was also found that when large fibres were used in the scaffold, cells would propagate along the fibres whereas when smaller fibres were used the cells produced morphology similar to smooth muscle. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, showing that cells preferentially grew on smaller fibre substrates.

The application of nanofibres in composites can be summed up in the statement by Moroni and co-workers [a.56]; “… that using building blocks with dimensions in the nano-size range makes it possible to design and create new materials with unprecedented flexibility and improvements in their physical properties.” The reason for this can again be summed up: “Special properties of nanocomposite materials often arise from interaction of its phases at the interfaces.” This becomes so important

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in nanomaterials because the high surface area available for the interfaces means a higher fraction of the material has the properties of the interfacial region rather than the properties of the bulk material. As the properties of the interfacial region are usually significantly different from those of the bulk material, the inclusion of nanomaterials in a composite allows greater control of the final material properties.

In a review of electrospun fibre composites, Chronakis and co-workers cite two examples of electrospun fibre being used to improve mechanical performance. The inclusion of electrospun aromatic heterocyclic polybenzimidazole fibres into a rubber matrix resulted in a 10-fold increase in the Young’s modulus and a doubling of the tear strength. The inclusion of electrospun Nylon-6 fibres into a dental restorative compound with a fibre loading of 5 wt% resulted in an increase in the flexural strength, the elastic modulus and the work of fracture, the most significant change being the work of fracture, increasing by 42%. In further discussion of the potential for electrospun fibre, Chronakis and co-workers point out that due to electrospun fibres being continuous (hence having a high aspect ratio l/d) these fibres have the potential for homogonous dispersion in a matrix [a.59]. Due to this homogonous dispersion, other property enhancements that are not mechanical can be considered, such as electrical and thermal properties. This would allow the combination of the flexibility and non-corrosiveness of polymers to be applied to previously impractical areas, making electrospun fibres a valuable new tool in designing new materials.

4.2 High Tensile Strength Fibres

It was shown by Feng and co-workers that during electrospinning the fibre typically undergoes a large amount of stretching [a.60]. It is expected that due to the action of the force stretching the fibres and because the fibre diameter is close to the molecular scale, the polymer molecules will be highly aligned with little room for defects in the structure – as a general proposition, the thinner the fibre, the nearer it will approach its theoretical maximum strength (628). Wang and co-workers found that electrospun silk fibroin fibres undergo a draw ratio ( = v1/v2) of above 1 x 105 (409). This draw ratio is an order of magnitude above that typically achieved by a silkworm and was the proposed explanation for a high degree of crystallinity observed by wide angle x-ray diffraction. Although some of the fibres' crystalline structure resembled the natural structure of spider or silkworm silk, the high draw ratio alone was not sufficient to reproduce the natural structure of these silks.

In the review paper by Chronakis and co-workers there is an example cited of mechanical testing of a single strand of polycaprolactone using a nanotensile tester [a.59]. This showed that for thicker fibres the mechanical properties were the expected low strength, low modulus and high ductility of bulk polycaprolactone. However, thinner fibres showed a higher strength but lower ductility, consistent with a high draw ratio causing a higher degree of crystallinity in the fibre. Work by Ko and co-workers (628) used an atomic force microscope tip to measure the elastic modulus of electrospun fibre [a.62]. They found that their polyacrylonitrile fibres behaved as if giving an elastic modulus of 66 GPa. However, with the incorporation of single walled carbon nanotubes into the fibre there was a non-linear response to the applied force and the increase in elastic modulus (110 GPa for 3 wt% nanotubes) was significantly higher than that predicted by the theory of mixing. It was proposed that this was due either to the interaction between the carbon nanotubes and the polymer increasing stiffness, or to underestimation of the nanotube modulus or volume fraction. Transmission electron microscope images demonstrated that the carbon nanotubes were well aligned along the fibre axis.

4.3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The formula for the volume of a given cylinder is V = r2l whereas the surface area of a given cylinder assuming the end caps are excluded is A = 2 rl. For electrospun fibres we can assume that an average fibre diameter can be measured for a given sample and that this fibre can be effectively represented by a cylinder. Using these assumptions then the surface area to volume ratio can be simplified to 2/r. As this simple relationship is proportional to the inverse of the average fibre radius then to maximse the ratio the smallest fibre diameter needs to be used. The smallest electrospun fibres (3 nm claimed by Viswanathamurthi and co-workers [a.63]) are approaching the scale of the molecules that make up the fibres. This effectively means that electrospinning is a method suitable for producing fibres close to the limit of surface area to volume ratio.

Any process that is dependent on surface area, such as active filtration, catalysts, fibre-matrix interactions, bioreactor cores and chemical sensors will benefit from the incorporation of nanofibres into the process. It has been shown by Viswanathamurthi and co-workers [a.63] and Li and Xia [a.87] that electrospinning can be used to produce fibres where the polymer acts as a carrier and a metallic precursor material [a.48, a.64].

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4.4 Medical Applications

Products aimed at the medical market are often high added-value products with small production volumes and hence the medical industry has been a big focus for the development of electrospinning applications. This circumvents, for now, the difficulties with current technology in producing large volumes of fibre. These applications fall into two main groups, patient consumables such as wound dressings and drug delivery, and procedure consumables such as tissue scaffolds.

A simple example of electrospun fibre being used for wound dressings is shown in the patent by Siniaguine, which describes a multi-layered wound dressing [a.64]. This wound dressing incorporates an outer microfibre layer that is hydrophobic, to repel external moisture, a middle layer that is partially water-soluble to retain fluids and keep the wound moist, and an inner insoluble hydrophobic fibre layer that has large pores to encourage fluid to be removed from the wound. A patent by Larsen and co-workers demonstrates a modification to standard wound dressings where the increased surface area to volume ratio is used to expose blood to a coagulating enzyme, creating a haemostatic dressing [a.65].

Thanks to the ability of electrospun fibre to act as a carrier for non-polymeric molecules, another important application has been to use the fibre as a drug carrier. Both biodegradable and permanent fibres have been proposed. The patent by Kaplan and Lorenz describes fibres formed by silk-fibroin that have been post-processed to control the crystallinity and hence control the rate of drug release [a.66]. This patent proposes an article with either a single layer or a multi-layer to allow different therapeutic agents or concentrations to be released over time. A similar approach was proposed by Verreck and co-workers in his paper, where model drugs such as the antifungal itraconazole were incorporated into insoluble fibres and a controlled release was observed for the water-insoluble drugs observed [a.67]. As an alternative to the diffusion-controlled drug-release mechanism, Zeng and co-workers propose a biodegradable polymer to encapsulate the drug [a.68]. In that paper, fibres are formed from polylactic acid (PLA) with a model drug encapsulated in the fibre. Once exposed to biological conditions the fibres break down and release a continuous amount of the encapsulated drug with out any burst release.

A large amount of electrospinning research has been focused on the production of tissue scaffolds. Electrospinning is beneficial here because the fibres produced are of a similar scale to the extracellular matrix of natural tissue. Because of the potential for

biopolymers to be electrospun, it may be possible to produce complete tissue. The patent by Gingras describes a general method for making tissue scaffolds using layers of fibre electrospun from ‘biocompatible’ polymers [a.69]. In its simplest embodiment it describes two films where the first film has numerous opening for cell seeding and the second film, below the first, has a number of larger cell openings connected to the openings in the first films for cell propagation. The patent by Guilak and Moutos extends the basic concept, describing a tissue scaffold that has multiple layers woven into a 3D structure to aid in the restoration of tissue that is implanted in the body [a.70]. More complex electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds have also been proposed such as vascular implants or scaffolds, including those described in the patents by Shastri and Sy [a.72] and Neuenschwander [a.71]. Neuenschwander’s patent also describes methods for constructing an artificial heart valve using electrospun fibre. The applications already covered by existing patents are wide-ranging, with patents such as that by Lu and co-workers that describes a tissue scaffold for the fixation of musculoskeletal soft tissue to bone [a.73], and the patent by Bertram and co-workers which describes methods of using electrospun fibre to repair, reconstruct, replace or augment organs in a patient, primarily focused on the bladder [a.74]. Rather than the production of natural organs, the patent by Shalev describes an interesting technique of creating so called ‘artificial organs’ [a.75]. This is embodied as a bioreactor that is separated from the natural circulatory system by a membrane allowing the continuous production of compounds that are subsequently passed into the circulatory system.

4.5 Materials Applications

The original intended use of the electrospinning process was for the production of textile fibres. This is embodied in the patents by Formhals where a high voltage electric field is used to draw fibres from a cellulose acetate solution [a.10]. There is also work being done to use electrospun fibre as a carrier for chemically active species to create functional textiles (328). On a similar note, the paper by Ko and co-workers (628) describes a method of producing twisted yarns of nanofibres using a flow of compressed air that can then be used in more traditional textile processing apparatus [a.62].

One major potential application for electrospun fibre is in the manufacture of nanocomposites. As discussed in Section 4.1 the incorporation of nanoscale material into a composite matrix produces different results from the incorporation of macro scale material.

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The significant advantage of using electrospun fibre is that the nanoscale material is continuous in nature, meaning it has a very high aspect ratio. Continuous fibres also offer the potential for increased safety due to lower potential toxicity of the nanoscale element, thanks to the continuous fibre being large enough as a whole to interact on a macro level. At this time no study on the relative toxic effects has been done. The review of nanocomposites from electrospun fibre by Chronakis outlines the potential benefits of the ability to produce fibrous material with a wide range of diameters and surface textures, allowing development of ideal fibre matrix interactions leading to the maximising of the potential properties of the composite [a.59]. It is also pointed out that the irregular void structure in fabrics and the ‘hairiness’ of yarns are expected to take advantage of the mechanical interlocking mechanism of load transfer between matrix and fibre, which would significantly enhance the performance of a composite article.

Chronakis cites two specific examples of electrospun fibre composites, one using aromatic heterocyclic polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofibres and the other using Nylon-4,6 but both reinforcing an epoxy matrix. In the more detailed case of the PBI nanofibres, a 15 wt% fibre loading resulted in a reinforcing effect higher than that of PBI fibroids (whisker length particles). The PBI nanofibres were also used to reinforce a rubber matrix resulting in a 10-fold increase in the Young’s modulus and a doubling of the tear strength. However, Chronakis also notes that the control and reproducibility of orientation and the design and manufacture of processing apparatus still stands as a significant challenge in this field [a.59].

The electrospun fibre itself can be treated as a composite material. The paper by Li and Xia demonstrates the method of using a co-axial electrospinning head that allows the production of a core-sheath co-axial fibre [a.48]. In this example both the core and sheath is made from solid fibre. In the paper by Xu and co-workers electrospinning is done from an emulsion that results in a similar core-sheath co-axial structure where the core is a fluid and the sheath is solidified polymer [a.68]. Further to this there is also work done by Ko and co-workers (629) that uses the incorporation of carbon nanotubes dispersed in the polymer solution to reinforce the electrospun fibres to enhance their performance [a.62].

Naebe and co-workers seek to overcome the inherent disadvantage of carbon nanotubes of short length by incorporating single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) into electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) nanofibres.

Briefly, the intrinsic high strength of the SWNT is not used to high best advantage in a composite if the mode of failure of the composite is through fibre pullout rather than fibre breakage – a short fibre is more likely to fail in the former mode. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of the fibres showed an increased the crystallinity of the PVOH phase associated with the presence of the carbon nanotubes, increasing the tensile strength of mats made from the material [a.77].

Belcher and Lee have produced long rod-shaped M13 viruses in electrospun PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) fibres: the ultimate aim of this work is to produce materials with controlled electrical, mechanical or magnetic properties. The viruses are still biologically viable after the spinning process [a.78].

4.6 Industrial Applications

The first successful commercial use of electrospun fibre was claimed by Donaldson Inc., for filtration elements (http://www.donaldson.com/en/filtermedia/nanofibres/ accessed on 19th July 2008). Donaldson Co. Inc., have been developing electrospun nanofibre filtration elements Ultra-Web® filters for dust collection, Spider-Web® filters for gas turbine air filtration, and Donaldson Endurance™ air filters for heavy-duty engines since the 1970s and are probably the highest volume producers of nanofibre-based filtration media. In performance fabrics, Korean nanofibre manufacturer, Finetex Technology Global Limited made a distribution agreement with US-based Polartec, LLC in March 2008 to supply 17 million m2 of nanofibres over the next 7 years to Polartec Ltd (http://www.finetextech.com accessed on 19th July 2008).

Studies have shown that a low fibre diameter allows a filter element with similar operational characteristics but with much higher filtration performance. Beyond this there is also the potential for the incorporation of biologically or chemically active elements either on the surface of the fibre, or intrinsic to the structure of the fibre allowing for active filtration to occur. Active filtration implies that the entrapment method is based on chemical attraction rather than simple physical entanglement. The advantages of this method are a lower resistance to flow across the filter element, and the possibility of selectivity so that particular elements can be removed during filtration.

Using a high specific surface area as a site for chemical reactions shows clear potential as a delivery technology

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for catalysts. Due to the high surface area to volume ratio there would be minimal waste of catalysts that operate by surface reaction kinetics rather than playing an active role in the chemical reaction. It has been shown by Viswanathamurthi and co-workers, and Ding and co-workers that it is possible to include metal salts in the electrospinning solution and perform a thermal post-treatment that removes the polymer carrier and leaves a metal oxide [a.80] (640). For more complex metal catalysts the work by He and Gong (640) shows that multiple metal salts can be incorporated, with the final fibre having a mixed composition [a.81].

Another important industrial application being explored is the use of electrospun fibre as a substrate for the biological element in a bioreactor. Again due to the large surface area to volume ratio and the general strength of these small fibres it is possible to create a substrate that allows a high density of biologically active material such as cells to be packed into a small space while still permitting the flow of nutrient. The higher the density of the biologically active material, the better the efficiency per volume that the bioreactor should be able to achieve. A further advantage for the electrospinning process is the ability to form a surface texture from small pores (597) that could act as anchoring points for cells in the bioreactor [a.82].

4.7 Electronics and Energy Applications

The use of electrospun fibre in the electronics and energy industry is a growing area, and a number of interesting applications have been pursued. Work by Kim and co-workers has been exploring the use of electrospun fibre as one of the elements in lithium polymer batteries [a.82]. It was found that electrospun polyvinyl di-fluoride fibres were suitable as a highly porous membrane that showed good high temperature (60 oC) performance when used in a lithium polymer battery. The high temperature performance would enable lithium polymer batteries to operate at a higher discharge rate and have a better performance cycle. A patent by Best and co-workers describes a method for using electrospun fibre to manufacture a flexible battery that may become integral to the flexible electronics industry [a.83].

The high surface specific area of electrospun fibres may find application in the production of super capacitors [a.84]. Super capacitors have a much larger capacitance than those traditionally used in modern electronics although at the time of writing they suffer

from lower operating voltages. However, they can store relatively large quantities of energy for short periods of time. As they can be produced with a very high energy density (energy per unit mass of storage medium) they have been proposed as an energy source for electric vehicles. They could also be used as cheap power sources for mobile appliances that are frequently used such as cellphones or portable media players. This would increase the number of times they need to be charged but with low power operation this could only demand daily charging similar to modern devices.

The work by Kim and Yang has explored the possible application of electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibres for super capacitor manufacture (65). It was found that using a steam activation method on the fibre membrane one could produce a suitable electrode for a capacitor with a high surface area due to the formation of pores on the fibre structure. It was observed that the electrode manufactured by this method had a specific capacitance of 120 F/g while sustaining a discharge current of 1000 mA/g. In this case the specific capacitance did vary by 18% over the range from 1 to 1000 mA/g.

Using the method of co-axial electrospinning it would be possible to produce a core-sheath structure that would consist of a conducting core polymer and an insulating sheath. These fibres could then act as insulated nanowires. The same sintering process used in the production of metal oxide fibres can also be used to manufacture conductive gold nanowires when a suitable metal salt is introduced to the polymer solution as described by Pol and co-workers (65) [a.86]. As yet the steps beyond the synthesis of the raw nanowire, allowing the manufacture of more complex nanoscale electronics, are unknown to the authors. However, these nanowires may find application in the manufacture of cheap chemical sensors where the nanowires are used to connect the sensor element to the processing circuit. It could also be possible to use the electrospun fibre as the sensor element as well as the transmission medium. The patent by Han and co-workers describes a method of using electrospun fibre to manufacture numerous chemical sensors for different chemical species to be used in a device described as an ‘electronic nose’ [a.86].

Electrospinning

25

SolventsTypical Processing

ParametersProcessing Parameter

RangeReferences

Synthetic Polymers

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Water, Acetone (658)Chloroform, Ethanol, N,N – Dimethylformamide (DMF) (594)0.5 M Acetic Acid [a.88]

Water/Methanol (90:10) [a.89]

Water/Ethanol (60:40) [a.90]

Concentration: ~10% (656)Molecular Weight: ~400,000 (679)Voltage: 10 kV – 20 kV (594)Distance: ~15 cm (679)Electric Field: 0.5 kV/cm – 1 kV/cm [a.91]

Concentration: 1% [a.92] – 10% (678)Mw: 300,000 [a.93] – 2,000,000 (677)Voltage: 1 kV [a.93] – 30 kV [a.94]

Distance: 5 cm [a.94] – 40 cm (535)Electric Field: 0.2 [a.92] – 3.2 kV/cm (593)

[a.88-a.98], (682), (679), (678), (677), (656), (592), (594), (593), (580), (535)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)

Water [a.99]

Ethanol/Water (1:1) (595)Aqueous Acetic Acid (369)

Concentration: ~ 8% [a.100]

Molecular Weight: ~ 80,000 [a.101]

Voltage: ~ 20 kV {860262}

Distance: ~ 10 cm [a.102]

Electric Field: ~ 1.5 kV/cm (369)

Concentration: 4.1% [a.103] – 18%

Concentration: 2.8e-7 mol/l (663) – 2.9e-6 mol/l (571)

Mw: 10,000 (595) 185,000 [a.99]

Voltage: 5 kV (571) – 100 kV (595)Distance: 3.5 cm [a.104] – 25 cm (580)Electric Field: 0.3 kV/cm – 4 kV/cm (571)

[a.99-a.106], (663), (642), (596), (595), (580), (571), (564), (435), (369)

Polystyrene (PS)

DMF, Toluene (656)Carbon Disulfide (CS2) (275)Chloroform, Tetrahydrofuran (THF),

Methylethylketone (543)Acetic Acid (558)

Concentration: ~20% [a.107]

Molecular Weight: 200,000 – 300,000 (543)Voltage: ~30 kV (275)Distance: ~15 cm (333)Electric Field: ~1 kV/cm [a.108]

Concentration: 2.5% (283) – 35% (597)Concentration: 1.4e-8 mol/l (283) – 1.7e-5 mol/l (597)Mw: 4,000 – 1,880,000 (333)Voltage: 3 kV [a.108] – 30 kV (558)Distance: 3 cm [a.108] – 35 cm (597)Electric Field: 0.14 kV/cm (656) – 3 kV/cm (275)

[a.107, a.108], (680), (656), (597), (543), (558), (526), (333), (283), (275)

5 MATERIALS

Electrospinning

26

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)

DMF

(531)

Concentration: 10% [a.109]

Molecular Weight: ~75,000 [a.110]

Voltage: 10-25 kV [a.109]

Distance: ~16 cm (372)Electric Field: ~1.7 kV/cm (628)

Concentration: 4% (292) – 14% [a.111]

Concentration: 3.8e-4 mol/l – 3.2e-3 mol/l (400)Mw: 55,000 (400) – 210,000 (531)Voltage: 5 kV [a.110] – 40 kV (292)Distance: 10 cm – 30 cm (400)Electric Field: 0.3 kV/cm (372) – 3 kV/cm (400)

[a.109-a.111], (628), (531), (400), (372), (292)

Biopolymers

Polycaprolactone (PCL)

Chloroform/Methanol (3:1) (539)Toluene/Methanol (1:1), Dichloromethane/Methanol (3:1), Acetone (595)

Concentration: ~10% (595)Molecular Weight: ~80,000 [a.112]

Voltage: ~15 kV (539)Distance: ~12 cm [a.59]

Electric Field: ~1 kV/cm [a.60]

Concentration: 5% [a.114] – 12% [a.115]

Concentration: 2.5e-4 [a.114] – 1.3e-3 [a.112]

Mw: 80,000 (595) – 200,000 [a.114]

Voltage: 12 kV (595) – 20 kV [a.114]

Distance: 10 cm [a.114] – 15 cm (539)Electric Field: 1 kV/cm (539) – 2 kV/cm [a.115]

[a.112-a.115], (595), (539)

Polylactic acid (PLA, PLLA, PDLA)

DMF, DMF/Methylene chloride (664)Dichloromethane (526)Dichloroethane,

Chloroform (615)

Concentration: ~10% (615) Molecular Weight: ~109,000 (664)Voltage: ~25 kV (628)Distance: ~15 cm (664)Electric Field: ~2 kV/cm (664)

Concentration: 3% (526) – 40% (664)Concentration: 4.5e-5 (526) – 4.0e-3 (664)Mw: 48,000 (615) – 670,000 (526)Voltage: 20 kV (664) – 41 kV [a.116]

Distance: 15 cm (628) – 20 cm (615)Electric Field: 0.75 kV/cm (615) kV/cm [a.116]

[a.116], (664), (628), (615), (526)

Electrospinning

27

Cellulose Acetate (CAc)

Acetone/Dimethylacetimide (DMAc) (2:1) (596)Acetone/water (5-20% wt water) (608)Acetic Acid

[a.117]

DMF [a.118]

Concentration: ~16% [a.118]

Molecular Weight: 30,000 [a.117]

Voltage: ~16 kV (106)Distance: ~15 cm (596)Electric Field: ~1.3 kV/cm (596)

Concentration: 3% (106) – 21% (608)Concentration: 6.0e-4 (106) – 7.0e-3 (608)Mw: 30,000 (608) – 50,000 (106)Voltage: 8 kV (608) – 25 kV [a.117]

Distance: 6 cm (608) – 45 cm (106)Electric Field: 0.4 kV/cm (106) – 2.5 kV/cm [a.117]

[a.117, a.18], (596), (608), (106),

Gelatin

1,1,1,3,3,3 - Hexafluoro-2-propanol

[a.119]

2,2,2 – Trifluroethanol

[a.120]

Acetic Acid, Formic Acid

[a.121]

Concentration: ~10% [a.112]

Voltage: ~15 kV [a.112]

Distance: ~12 cm [a.120]

Electric Field: ~1 kV/cm [a.119]

Concentration: 5% [a.120] – 29% [a.121]

Voltage: 10 kV [a.119] – 28 kV [a.122]

Distance: 10 cm [a.119] – 15 cm [a.121]

Electric Field: 0.8 kV/cm [a.120] – 1.3 kV/cm [a.120]

[a.112], [a.119-a.122],

Zein

Ethanol/Water (4:1) (481)Acetic Acid, Isopropyl Alcohol/Water (4:1), Ethanol/Water (3:2) (256)DMF [a.123]

Concentration: ~25% (481)Voltage: ~20 kV [a.123]

Distance: ~10 cm (63)Electric Field: ~2 kV/cm (319)

Concentration: 17% (63) – 50% (319)Voltage: 8 kV (481) – 40 kV (256)Distance: 5 cm (256) – 25 cm [a.123]

Electric Field: 0.5 kV/cm [a.123] – 4 kV/cm (256)

[a.123], (481), (319), (256), (63)

Melt Spinning

Polypropylene (PP)

Polymer Temp: ~285 C (339)Molecular Weight: ~200,000 [a.124]

Voltage: ~20 kV [a.124]

Distance: ~4 cm [a.124]

Electric Field: ~ 5 kV/cm [a.124]

Polymer Temp: 200 C (569) – 320 C [a.124]

Mw: 14,000 – 580,000 (569)Voltage: 10 kV (339) – 30 kV (569)Distance: 2 cm (569) – 7 cm (339)Electric Field: 1.4 kV/cm (339) – 15 kV/cm (569)

[a.124], (339), (569)

Electrospinning

28

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a.92. J. Doshi and D.H. Reneker, Electrospinning

Process and Applications of Electrospun

Fibers, Journal of Electrostatics, 1995, 35, 151-160.

a.93. D. Sun, C. Chang, S. Li and L. Lin, Near-

Field Electrospinning, Nano Letters, 2006, 6, 839-842.

a.94. S. Kidoaki, I.K. Kwon and T. Matsuda, Mesoscopic spatial designs of nano- and

microfiber meshes for tissue-engineering

matrix and scaffold based on newly devised

multilayering and mixing electrospinning

techniques, Biomaterials, 2005, 26, 37-46.

a.95. M.M. Hohman, M. Shin, G. Rutledge and M.P. Brenner, Electrospinning and

electrically forced jets, II, Applications,

Physics of Fluids, 2001, 13, 2221-2236.

a.96. Z-M. Huang, Y.Z. Zhang, M. Kotaki and S.

Ramakrishna, A review on polymer nanofibers

by electrospinning and their applications in

nanocomposites, Composites Science and

Technology, 2003, 63, 2223-2253.

a.97. A.F. Sp ivak , Y.A. Dzenis and D.H.

Reneker, A Model of Steady State Jet in

the Electrospinning Process, Mechanics

Research Communications, 2000, 27,

37-42.

a.98. A.L. Yarin, S. Koombhongse and D.H.

Reneker, Taylor cone and jetting from liquid

droplets in electrospinning of nanofibers,

Journal of Applied Physics, 2001, 90,

4836-4845.

a.99. A. Koski, K. Yim and S. Shivkumar, Effect of

molecular weight on fibrous PVA produced

by electrospinning, Materials Letters, 2004,

58, 493-497.

a.100. H. Wang, X. Lu, Y. Zhao and C. Wang,

Preparation and characterization of ZnS:Cu/

PVA composite nanofibers via electrospinning,

Materials Letters, 2006b, 60, 2480-2484.

a.101. H. Guan, C. Shao, B.C.J. Gong and X. Yang,

Preparation and characterization of NiO

nanofibres via an electrospinning technique

Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2003,

6, 1302-1303.

a.102. W.K. Son, J. Ho Youk, T. Seung Lee and

W.H. Park, Effect of pH on electrospinning of

poly(vinyl alcohol), Materials Letters, 2005,

59, 1571-1575.

a.103. C. Shao, H.Y. Kim, J. Gong, B. Ding, D.R.

Lee and S-J. Park, Fiber mats of poly(vinyl

alcohol)/silica composite via electrospinning.

Materials Letters, 2003, 57, 1579-1584.

a.104. V.N. Morozov, T.Y. Morozov and N.R.

Kallenbach, Atomic force microscopy of

structures produced by electrospraying

polymer solutions, International Journal of

Mass Spectrometry, 1998, 178, 143-159.

Electrospinning

33

a.105. H. Guan, C. Shao, B.C.J. Gong and X. Yang, A novel method for making CuO superfine fibres via an electrospinning technique, Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2003, 6, 1409-1411.

a.106. H. Guan, C. Shao, S. Wen, B.C.J. Gong and X. Yang, A novel method for preparing Co3O4 nanofibers by using electrospun PVA/cobalt acetate composite fibers as precursor. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2003, 82, 1002-1006.

a.107. C. Shin, G.G. Chase and D.H. Reneker, Recycled expanded polystyrene nanofibers applied in filter media, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2005, 262, 211-215.

a.108. B. Sundaray, V. Subramanian, T.S. Natarajan, R-Z. Xiang, C-C. Chang and W-S. Fann, Electrospinning of continuous aligned polymer fibers, Applied Physics Letters, 2004, 84, 1222-1224.

a.109. C. Kim and K.S. Yang, Electrochemical properties of carbon nanofiber web as an electrode for supercapacitor prepared by electrospinning, Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 83, 1216-1218.

a.110. C. Kim and K.S. Yang, Electrochemical properties of carbon nanofiber web as an electrode for supercapacitor prepared by electrospinning, Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 83, 1216-1218.

a.111. X-H. Qin, S-Y. Wang, T. Sandra and D. Lukas, Effect of LiCl on the stability length of electrospinning jet by PAN polymer solution, Materials Letters, 2005, 59, 3102-3105.

a.112. Y. Zhang, Z-M. Huang, X. Xu, C.T. Lim and S. Ramakrishna, Preparation of Core-Shell Structured PCL-r-Gelatin Bi-Component Nanofibers by Coaxial Electrospinning, Chemis t ry o f Ma te r i a l s , 2004 , 16 , 3406-3409.

a.113. R.R. Duling, R.B. Dupaix, N. Katsube and J. Lannutti, Mechanical characterization of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL): A potential scaffold for tissue engineering,

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering-

Transactions of the Asme, 2008, 130.

a.114. S.J. Lee, J. Liu, S.H. Oh, S. Soker, A.

Atala and J.J. Yoo, Development of a

composite vascular scaffolding system that

withstands physiological vascular conditions,

Biomaterials, 2008, 29, 2891-2898.

a.115. S.V. Fridrikh, J.H. Yu, M.P. Brenner and G.C.

Rutledge, Controlling the fiber diameter

during electrospinning, Physical Review

Letters, 2003, 90, 144502-1.

a.116. J. Zeng, X. Xu, X. Chen, Q. Liang, X. Bian, L.

Yang and X. Jing, Biodegradable electrospun

fibers for drug delivery, Journal of Controlled

Release, 2003, 92, 227-231.

a.117. S.O. Han, J.H. Youk, K.D. Min, Y.O. Kang

and W.H. Park, Electrospinning of cellulose

acetate nanofibers using a mixed solvent

of acetic acid/water: Effects of solvent

composition on the fiber diameter, Materials

Letters, 2008, 62, 759-762.

a.118. S. Tungprapa, I. Jangchud and P. Supaphol,

Release characteristics of four model drugs

from drug-loaded electrospun cellulose

acetate fiber mats, Polymer, 2007, 48, 5030-

5041.

a.119. M. Li, Y. Guo, Y. Wei, A.G. Macdiarmid and P.I.

Lelkes, Electrospinning polyaniline-contained

gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering

applications, Biomaterials, 2006, 27,

2705-2715.

a.120. Z-M. Huang, Y.Z. Zhang, S. Ramakrishna and

C.T. Lim, Electrospinning and mechanical

characterisation of gelatin nanofibers,

Polymer, 2004, 45, 5361-5368.

a.121. P. Songchotikunpan, J. Tattiyakul and P.

Supaphol, Extraction and electrospinning of

gelatin from fish skin, International Journal

of Biological Macromolecules, 2008, 42,

247-255.

a.122. H.M. Powell and S.T. Boyce, Fiber density

of electrospun gelatin scaffolds regulates

morphogenesis of dermal-epidermal skin

Electrospinning

34

substitutes, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2008, 84A, 1078-1086.

a.123. H.L. Jiang, P.C. Zhao and K.J. Zhu, Fabricat ion and character izat ion of zein-based nanofibrous scaffolds by an electrospinning method, Macromolecular Bioscience, 2007, 7, 517-525.

a.124. P.D. Dalton, D. Grafahrend, K. Klinkhammer, D. Klee and M. Moller, Electrospinning of polymer melts: Phenomenological o b s e r v a t i o n s , P o l y m e r , 2 0 0 7 , 4 8 , 6823-6833.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 35

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1Polimery53, No.7-8, 2008, p.581.PREPARATION OF FIBERS FROM TERPOLY (ESTER-ETHER-ESTER)S BY MELT SPINNING OR ELECTROSPINNING FROM THE SOLUTIONZdebiak P; El Fray M

Terpolymers consisting of PBTP hard segments and soft segments of dilinoleic acid residues and polyethylene glycol with different molec.wts. were prepared and melt spun or electrospun from solution into fibres. The effects of polyethylene glycol molec.wt., alpha-tocopherol (heat stabiliser) and inorganic modifier (hydroxyapatite) on melt flow rate, mechanical properties and fibre-forming properties investigated. 20 refs.

Szczecinska,PolitechnikaEASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.1027749

Item 2Synthetic Metals158, No.14, Aug.2008, p.577.FABRICATION OF POLYHEXYLTHIOPHENE/POLYETHYLENE OXIDE NANOFIBERS USING ELECTROSPINNINGLaforgue A; Robitaille L

Polyhexylthiophene-polyethylene oxide blend nanofibre were produced by electrospinning from chloroform solutions. A morphological study was carried out as a function of the processing parameters as well as the ratio between the two polymers. The influence of nanofibre alignment on electrical conductivity was examined. 55 refs.

Canada,National Research CouncilCANADA

Accession no.1027642

Item 3Polymers for Advanced Technologies19, No.9, Sept.2008, p.1150.PREPARATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE CONTROLLABLE NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGZhang J-F; Yang D-Z; Nie J

Details are given of a method of manufacturing three-dimensional PVAL nanofibre with a modified collector. The size of the three-dimensional structure was controlled by process parameters. Potential applications in bio-mimic processes and micro-motor devices are mentioned. 8 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemical TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.1027601

Item 4Macromolecular Rapid Communications29, No.17, 1st Sept.2008, p.1455.FIELD-DRIVEN SURFACE SEGREGATION OF BIOFUNCTIONAL SPECIES ON ELECTROSPUN PMMA/PEO MICROFIBERSXiao-Yu Sun; Nobles L R; Borner H G; Spontak R J

Electrospinning of polymer/peptide conjugates was used to prepare microfibres with biofunctionalised surfaces. The peptide segment was selectively driven to the surface due to contrasts in polarisability, giving the fibres the biofunctionalisation. In the example shown, a polyethylene oxide bioconjugate was blended and electrospun with polymethyl methacrylate and the resulting fibres were characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy of fluorescent labelled fibres. 37 refs.

North Carolina,State University; Sabic; Max-Planck-Institut Fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1027594

Item 5Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition46, No.18, 15th Sept.2008 p.1903.CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STABLE AND METASTABLE POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)UREA COMPLEXES IN ELECTROSPUN FIBERSYang Liu; Antaya H; Pellerin C

Stable (alpha) and metastable (beta) complex nanofibres of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and urea were prepared by solution electrospinning and were characterised using wide angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Fibres of both types were highly crystalline and the beta complex materials showed a stoichiometric ratio of PEO to urea of 3:2 and chains oriented along the fibre axis. A ribbon-like structure was suggested for the metastable nanofibres, with urea intercalated between PEO layers. 39 refs.

Montreal,UniversityCANADA

Accession no.1027580

Item 6Polymer49, No.19, 2008, p.4226-4229ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FROM A POROUS HOLLOW TUBEVarabhas J S; Chase G G; Reneker D H

References and Abstracts

36 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Single electrospinning jets are known to have low production rates. A 0.1m2 nonwoven mat containing 1g of 100nm fibres may take several days to create from a single jet. Inexpensive methods of higher production rates are needed for laboratory research applications. In this paper we present experimental results of many simultaneous electrospinning jets from the surface of tube having a porous wall. The pores in the wall are small and resist the flow of the polymer. Holes drilled half way into the wall of the tube provide points of reduced flow resistance. A polymer solution of 15wt% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in ethanol is pushed by low air pressure of 1-2kPa through the tube wall at the drilled holes. On the outer surface of the tube polymer drops form at the locations of the drilled holes. The solution is charged from 40 to 60kV to electrospin the polymer. Multiple polymer jets launch from the tube surface and form fibres. A 13cm long tube with 20 holes can produce 0.3-0.5g/h of nanofibre. Production rates can easily be scaled by increasing the tube length and the number of holes. 6 refs.

Akron,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1027551

Item 7Polymer49, No.19, 2008, p.4196.STRESS-INDUCED STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYLIDENE DIFLUORIDE NANOFIBERS COLLECTED USING A MODIFIED ROTATING DISKWu Aik Yee; Anh Chien Nguyen; Pooi See Lee; Kotaki M; Ye Liu; Boon Teoh Tan; Mhaisalkar S; Xuehong Lu

By attaching separate, parallel electrodes onto a rotating disk collector, well aligned electrospun polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), PVDF/carbon nanotube nanocomposite and vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer nanofibres are directly deposited onto flat substrates forming relatively large, uniform and compact fibrous thin films. The attachments alter the electric-field distribution on the rotating disk, which fosters the fanning of the nanofibres, while the electric field between the separate electrodes and the mechanical force exerted by the rotational disk facilitate the alignment. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies show that the specific environment and force fields created on the modified rotating disk cause the electrospun fibres being effectively stretched to form highly oriented beta-form crystallites with slightly reduced inter-chain distance. They also lead to slight increases in crystallinity and crystal size. A mechanism is proposed to account for the structural alteration induced by the modified rotating disk collector. Ferroelectricity of the aligned electrospun PVDF fibrous thin films is also demonstrated. 26 refs.

Nanyang,Technological University; Kyoto,Institute of Technology; Singapore,Institute of Materials Research & Engineering

JAPAN; SINGAPORE

Accession no.1027547

Item 8Polymer49, No.19, 2008, p.4046.EFFECT OF SPINNING TEMPERATURE AND BLEND RATIOS ON ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN/POLY(ACRYLAMIDE) BLENDS FIBERSDesai K; Kit K

We report the formation of non-woven fibres without bead defects by electrospinning blend solutions of chitosan and polyacrylamide (PAAm) with blend ratios varying from 75wt% to 90wt% chitosan using a modified electrospinning unit wherein polymer solutions can be spun at temperatures greater than ambient up to 100 deg.C. Electrospinning at elevated temperature leads to further expansion of the processing window, by producing fibres with fewer defects at higher chitosan weight percentage in the blends. Effects of varying blend ratios, spinning temperatures, and molecular weights on fibre formation were studied and optimum conditions for formation of uniform non-woven fibre mats with potential applications for air and water filtration were obtained. Uniform bead-less fibre mats with fibre diameter as low as 307+/-67nm were formed by spinning 90% chitosan in blend solutions at 70 deg.C. 25 refs.

Tennessee,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1027530

Item 9Macromolecular SymposiaNo.269, 2008, p.111.NOVEL BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED COLLAGEN NANOFIBERS RECONSTITUTED BY ELECTROSPINNING METHODFoltran I; Foresti E; Parma B; Sabatino P; Roveri N

The fabrication of self-assembled collagen nanofibres by electrospinning from an aqueous suspension of telopeptide-free collagen molecules in the absence of organic solvents and blends with natural or synthetic polymers, and their characterisation by FTIR, SEM and DSC, is described. The results are discussed in terms of potential applications as biomimetic reinforcements for new biomedical and surgical biomaterials. 33 refs.

Bologna,Universita; Opocrin SpAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1027356

Item 10Polymer Engineering and Science48, No.9, 2008, p.1848.THE MORPHOLOGY, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, AND FLAMMABILITY OF

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 37

ALIGNED ELECTROSPUN POLYCARBONATE (PC) NANOFIBERSMoon S; Farris R J

The electrospinning of the polycarbonate (PC) solutions was performed for the variable electrospinning parameters such as polymer concentration, solvent composition, applied voltage, flow rate, and take-up velocity in order to evaluate changes of morphology, mechanical properties, and flammability of the aligned PC nanofibres as a function of the electrospinning parameters. It was found that the ratio of THF/DMF solvent in the electrospinning parameters had a major effect on the spinnability and fibre morphology. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the mechanical properties were dependent upon the fibre morphology. The spinnability of the PC solutions with a lower THF ratio in THF/DMF solvent was poor. The aligned electrospun PC fibre with the best morphology was made in the range of polymer concentration of 22%, solvent ratio of 50:50 THF : DMF, applied voltage of 14 kV, flow rate of 0.050 ml/m, and a take-up velocity of 7.3 m/s. The ultimate strength and initial modulus of the 80% drawn 22% PC fibre were 64 + - 2 MPa (commercial 55-75 MPa) and 1.9 + - 0.1 GPa. The heat release capacity (HRC) of the 22 and 25% PC fibre were 275 + - 27 J/g K and 198 + - 1 J/g K. It was found that the flame resistance of the electrospun PC nanofibre was superior to that of the PC raw material (HRC ~360 J/g K). 16 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1027324

Item 11Polymer Engineering and Science48, No.9, 2008, p.1661.ELECTROSPINNING AND ALIGNMENT OF POLYANILINE-BASED NANOWIRES AND NANOTUBESAttout A; Yunus S; Bertrand P

Polyaniline (PANi) nanowires and nanotubes are processed by electrospinning. Nanowires are electrospinned using PANi/PEO and PANi/PMMA polymer blends. The morphology and composition of these nanofibres are determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Nano-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Nano-SIMS). The conductive polymer seems more homogeneously distributed for the PANi/PEO than for the PANi/PMMA blend nanowires, which exhibit a phase separation. On the other hand, pure PANi nanotubes are prepared using PMMA nanowires as a template. The synthesis is followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM and Nano-SIMS. Moreover, a simple method based on electrostatic steering allows us to align these fibres on a substrate. 23 refs.

Louvain,Universite CatholiqueBELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN

EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.1027304

Item 12Polymer International57, No.10, Oct.2008, p.1194.EFFECT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND COULOMBIC INTERACTIONS ON ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBER DISTRIBUTIONJian-Feng Zhang; Dong-Zi Yang; Jun Nie

A method based on the electric potential and coulombic interactions was developed for simulation of the distribution of electrospun fibres. Two different types of electric field were investigated for electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide), and the process was interpreted by means of schematics and physical equations. A simulation analysis based on idealised models is a convenient method for understanding the effect of distortions of the electric field induced by various types of collector. 10 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemical TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.1027251

Item 13Polymer International57, No.10, Oct.2008, p.1188.FABRICATION OF PROTEIN-DOPED PLA COMPOSITE NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERINGYuan J; Shen J; Kang I K

Co-electrospinning of keratin or gelatin with polylactide (PLA) gave nanofibres that were characterised by means of field-emission scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total-reflection Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, and an electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The biodegradation of mats of the electrospun fibres in the presence of trypsin solution was examined. NIH 3T3 cells adhered better and spread more on the PLA/keratin and PLA/gelatin nanofibrous mats than on blank PLA mats. The PLA/keratin and PLA/gelatin nanofibrous mats also improved the viability and proliferation of fibroblasts compared with PLA nanofibrous mats. 27 refs.

Kyungpook,National University; Nanjing,Normal UniversityCHINA; SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.1027250

Item 14Polymer International57, No.10, Oct.2008, p.1110.NOVEL ZEIN-BASED ELECTROSPUN FIBERS WITH THE WATER STABILITY AND STRENGTH NECESSARY FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONSXu W; Karst D; Yang W; Yang Y

References and Abstracts

38 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Attempts were made to improve the tenacity of zein fibres by electrospinning fibres containing various concentrations of zein, citric acid and sodium hypophosphite monohydrate (SHP); the SHP catalyses the crosslinking of the zein by citric acid. The resulting fibres showed as much as a tenfold increase in wet tenacity and a 15-fold increase in dry tenacity compared with normal electrospun zein fibres. The average diameter of the fibres was 451 nm, the smallest reported for a zein-based electrospun fibre. A mat of this fibre retained its fibrous structure when immersed in water, and the fibre retained about 70% of its tenacity after 16 days at 50 deg.C and 90% relative humidity. 20 refs.

Nebraska-Lincoln,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1027240

Item 15International Polymer Processing23, No.4, Sept.2008, p.377.EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON BEADS FORMATION IN ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)Kadomae Y; Amagasa M; Sugimoto M; Taniguchi T; Koyama K

The effects of electric current on formation of beads in electrospinning were investigated by changing the electrical conductivity of a PVAl aqueous solution and spinning conditions, such as applied voltage, distance between a tip of needle and a collector, and relative humidity. From the results of experiments conducted by changing the conductivity of PVAl aqueous solution and spinning conditions, it was found that bead formation was suppressed at a lower electric current. Furthermore, when the electrospinning was performed at a certain constant electric current under various spinning conditions where the applied voltage and tip-collector distance were changed in order to give the same constant electric current, the resultant PVAl fibres had no beads and almost the same distribution of fibre diameters. 30 refs.

Yamagata,University; Japan Vilene Co.Ltd.; Japan Science & Technology AgencyJAPAN

Accession no.1027078

Item 16Polymer International57, No.9, Sept.2008, p.1079.NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS FOR ENHANCING ELECTROSPINABILITY AND FOR THE PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSShu-Qiang Wang; Ji-Huan He; Lan Xu

Electrospinning is widely used to produce nanofibres, but not every polymer can be electrospun into nanofibres. To enhance electrospinnability, attention has been paid to designing new apparatus, e.g. for vibration-electrospinning,

magneto-electrospinning and bubble-electrospinning. The use of a representative non-ionic surfactant, TritonR X-100, to enhance electrospinnability was studied. The surfactant was added to an electrospun polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution, and a dramatic reduction in surface tension was observed. As a result, a moderate voltage was needed to produce fine nanofibres, which are commonly observed during the conventional electrospinning procedure only at elevated voltage. The novel strategy thus produced smaller nanofibres than those obtained without surfactants, and the minimum threshold voltage was much decreased. A simple theoretical prediction method for the average diameter of the nanofibres under different surfactant concentrations was developed. 30 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1027048

Item 17Fibers and Polymers9, No.2, April 2008, p.140.EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITILE(PAN) NANOFIBERSJi-Huan He; Yu-Qin Wan; Jian-Yong Yu

An allometrical scaling relationship between the diameter of electrospun nanofibre and solution concentration was established. The scaling exponent differed greatly between different polymers and the same polymer with different molecules or the same molecules with different properties. The diameter of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibres increased approximately linearly with solution concentration. The experimental data were in agreement with the theoretical predictions. 17 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1026996

Item 18ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.904-905, ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN COPOLYIMIDE NANOFIBERS WITH EXCELLENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIESPING HU; SHIULIANG CHEN; CHUYEN CHEN; GREINER A; YONGHONG LI; HAOQING HOUJIANGXI,NORMAL UNIVERSITY; MARBURG,PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Electrospun copolyimide fibres were prepared from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), p-phenylenediamine (BPA) and 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA)

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 39

at a BPA/ODA ratio of 4/6. The glass transition and decomposition temperatures of the copolyimide were 293 and 501 deg.C respectively. The tensile strength of a copolyimide nanofibre belt with aligned nanofibres was 1.1 plus or minus 0.1 GPa (about twice that of the home polyimide BPDA/PPA) but the elongation at break of the copolymer nanofibre belt was 20.8% (compared with a previously reported value of only 4.9% for high strength polyimide mats). 12 refs.

CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPEAccession no.1026851

Item 19Journal of Macromolecular Science BB47, No.4, July-Aug.2008, p.735.ELECTROSPINNING OF CONTINUOUS, LARGE AREA, LATTICEWORK FIBER ONTO TWO-DIMENSIONAL PIN-ARRAY COLLECTORSChao Pan; Yong-Hao Han; Li Dong; Jing Wang; Zhong-Ze Gu

A simple approach for arraying fibres into a large area two-dimensional lattice on an ordered metal rod collector is described and applied to the fabrication of large area latticework fibre patterns composed of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-based sub-micron fibres having diameters ranging from 910 to 1300 nm. These fibre patterns have potential applications in tissue cell culture. 18 refs.

Dalian,Fisheries University; Jilin,University; Nanjing,Southeast University; Dalian,Nationalities UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1026783

Item 20E-PolymersNo.111, 2008, p.1.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY-L-LACTIDE NANOFIBERS ON LIQUID RESERVOIR COLLECTORSRocker T; Greiner A

The fabrication of poly(L-lactide) nanofibres via electrospinning of solutions of the polymer in dichloromethane, with or without the addition of various proportions of benzyltriethylammonium chloride as conductivity modifier, was investigated using liquid reservoir collectors with distilled water and sodium chloride solutions of different concentrations as collector liquids. The nanofibres were characterised by optical microscopy and SEM, and the effects of the electrical conductivity of the polymer solution and collector liquid and of the filling level of the liquid collector reservoir on fibre diameter, porosity and morphology of the nanofibres are discussed. 11 refs.

Marburg,Philipps UniversitatEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1026437

Item 21E-PolymersNo.98, 2008, p.1.THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF THE ELECTROSPINNING SILK FIBROIN/GELATIN BLEND NANOFIBERSBao W; Zhang Y; Yin G; Wu J

The fabrication of nanofibres of blends of silk fibroin with various proportions of gelatin via electrospinning of their solutions of various concentrations in formic acid, and their characterisation by SEM, DTA, FTIR, and tensile testing, is described. The effects of solution concentration and composition on viscosity and spinnability, and of processing conditions on morphology, fibre diameter, porosity and mechanical properties of the nanofibres were investigated and the results are discussed in terms of potential biomedical applications as scaffolds for tissue engineering. 22 refs.

Suzhou,University; China,Textile Information CentreCHINA

Accession no.1026424

Item 22Polymers for Advanced Technologies19, No.7, July 2008, p.728.EMULSION ELECTROSPINNING: COMPOSITE FIBERS FROM DROP BREAKUP DURING ELECTROSPINNINGAngeles M; Hsin-Ling Cheng; Velankar S S

The feasibility of electrospinning of oil-in-water type emulsions was examined. The emulsions had an aqueous solution of PEO as the continuous phase, and either mineral oil or a PS in toluene solution as the drop phase. The Taylor cones and electrified liquid jets were stable even when the emulsion drops were as large as a few tens of microns in diameter. The resulting electrospun PEO fibres incorporated the dispersed phase of the emulsion in the form of drops (in the case of mineral oil) or in the form of solid particles (in the case of PS). Mineral oil drops appeared to be completely encapsulated in the PEO fibres, whereas the PS particles were either incompletely encapsulated or covered by only a very thin layer of PEO. Calculations showed that, in both cases, the initially large emulsion drops were broken during the electrospinning process. 15 refs.

Pittsburgh,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1026077

Item 23ANTEC 2008. Proceedings of the 66th SPE Annual Technical Conference held Milwaukee, Wi., 4th-8th May 2008.

References and Abstracts

40 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2008, p.513-517, PDF 0009, CD-ROM, 012NOVEL DUAL ELECTRODE MODE ELECTROSPINNING OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERSLi M; He Y; Xin C; Li Z; Li Q; Lu C; Juang Y J

A higher productivity is essential for the commercialization of the electrospinning process. A new electrospinning process, dual electrode mode electrospinning, was introduced in this study. In this work, both positively and negatively charged nozzles existed in the electric field instead of the single electrode in the conventional electrospinning process. By electrospinning polyhydroxybutyrate solution via this technique, the structure of the electrospun fibres and the line speed were investigated and discussed. 8 refs.

China,Civil Aviation University; Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; New Jersey,Institute of Technology; Taiwan,National Cheng Kung University(SPE)CHINA; USA

Accession no.1025701

Item 24ANTEC 2008. Proceedings of the 66th SPE Annual Technical Conference held Milwaukee, Wi., 4th-8th May 2008.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2008, p.926-930, PDF 0981, CD-ROM, 012FABRICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURE ELASTIC MEMBRANES BY ELECTROSPINNING GLASSY POLYMERSMartz TPenn State Erie,Behrend College(SPE)

The goal of this project is to explore elastic properties in electrospun polymeric mats prepared by electrospinning glassy polymers. For this research sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) mats were created under optimal conditions using an electrospinning device. Optimal conditions pertaining to electrospinning include having the smallest fibre diameter as well as minimal beading in the sample. The mats were then subjected to a series of heat and/or vapour treatments. To classify the results, a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to test the electro-spun sPEEK mat samples, heat and/or vapour treated sPEEK mat samples, and sPEEK film samples. This allowed the stress-strain curves of each sample to be compared at all stages of the research. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were then completed to examine the quality of electro-spun mats and fibre characteristics including average fibre diameter. 2 refs.

Penn State Erie, Behrend College(SPE)USA

Accession no.1025632

Item 25Macromolecules41, No.14, July 22, 2008, p.5345.ALIGNED MATS FROM ELECTROSPUN SINGLE FIBERSCarnell L S; Siochi E J; Holloway N M; Stephens R M; Rhim C; Niklason L E; Clark R L

By incorporating an auxiliary counter electrode to create an electric field of controlled geometry and magnitude, highly aligned electrospun micro- and nanoscale fibres and pseudo-woven mats were produced through electrospinning of polyimide (CP2) or biodegradable poly(glycolic acid) (PGA). The highly aligned electrospun fibres of CP2 were of the order of 10 microns in diameter, and the interfibre spacing in the spun mats ranged from 25 to 30 microns. The electrospun aligned fibres of PGA were of the order of 500 nm in diameter with an interfibre spacing in the spun mats of 7-10 microns. High-speed videography showed that the auxiliary electrode eliminated the jet whipping and bending instability commonly associated with the electrospinning process. 30 refs.

Durham,Duke University; Yale,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1025327

Item 26ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.602-803, ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012CONTROLLED RELEASE OF NITRIC OXIDE FROM ELECTROSPUN BIODEGRADABLE BIOCOMPATIBLE FIBERSLiu H A; Osuna H; Miller C Y; Chen J; Balkus K J

Polylactic acid, a water-degradable hydrophobic material, was used to encapsulate a nitric oxide donor. The polylactic acid was fabricated via electrospinning and had a fibrous morphology with pores throughout the structure. A nitric oxide releasing material (a diazeniumdiolate or a zeolite) was encapsulated within the pores of the fibres. The fibres were fabricated into a free-standing paper which was easily manipulated and handled in an attempt to enable site specific targeting for nitric oxide release. It was shown that hydrolysis of the polymeric fibrous, porous material in an aqueous medium exposed the encapsulated nitric oxide releasing material, leading to a more controlled and sustained release. Hydrolysis of polylactic acid generated acidic monomers which regulated the pH, resulting in a more controlled nitric oxide release than in an environment in which the pH was not regulated. Further work will be done to control the thickness of the polymer fibres in order to provide more control for nitric oxide release. 14 refs.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 41

Texas,University at Dallas(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1025020

Item 27Journal of Applied Polymer Science109, No.5, 5th Sept.2008, p.3390.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN, BIODEGRADABLE MEMBRANESRen J; Liu W; Zhu J; Gu S

Microporous biodegradable membranes of polylactide and lactide-glycolide copolymers and blends were fabricated through electrospinning. Structures and morphologies were investigated with SEM, DSC, and X-ray diffraction. Different polymer membranes, incorporated with carmofur, were fabricated, and their drug release profiles were investigated. Potential applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery are mentioned. 18 refs.

Tongji,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1024755

Item 28Journal of Applied Polymer Science109, No.5, 5th Sept.2008, p.3337.PHOTOCROSSLINKED ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN-BASED BIOCOMPATIBLE NANOFIBERSJin Y; Yang D; Zhou Y; Ma G; Nie J

Electrospun fibres of chitosan/PVAL were crosslinked by the incorporation of photocrosslinking agent polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate and hydroxyethoxyphenylmethylpropanone photoinitiator. The photocrosslinking process of nanofibre was studied by FTIR and water resistance was investigated by SEM and water swelling measurements. Cytotoxicity and cell adhesion on electrospin membranes were determined. 18 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemical TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.1024748

Item 29Journal of Applied Polymer Science109, No.5, 5th Sept.2008, p.2935.ROLE OF POLYMER-SALT-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS IN THE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYACRYLONITRILE/IRON ACETYLACETONATEDu J; Zhang X

Iron acetylacetonate was added to a polyacrylonitrile solution and the role of polymer-salt-solvent interactions in the electrospinning of ultra-fine fibres was investigated.

The polymer-salt-solvent interactions were characterised by FTIR, and the solution viscosity, conductivity and surface tension were measured in solutions with different salt concentrations. 29 refs.

North Carolina,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.1024696

Item 30Modern Polymeric Materials for Environmental Applications, Vol. 3. Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar held Krakow, 14-16 May 2008.Krakow, Cracow University of Technology, 2008, p.139-144, ISBN 978 83 923451 6 9, 24cm, 012ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN BIOPOLYMERS AND MULTISTRUCTURED MEMBRANESModesti M; Roso MPadova,UniversitaEdited by: Pielichowski K(Cracow,University of Technology)

Synthesis of silver containing multi-structured nanocomposite membranes incorporating electrospun starch based biopolymers and polylactic acid to form a non-woven membrane, followed by electrospraying with a polysulphone is described. Membranes were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and their antibacterial properties were studied in-vitro against staphylococcus aureus and e-coli. Potential uses include bioactive and biodegradable applications and filters. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1024650

Item 31Express Polymer Letters2, No.8, 2008, p.540.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF NYLON 11Dhanalakshmi M; Jog J P

The fabrication of biocompatible nylon-11 nanofibre mats by electrospinning from formic acid solution, and their characterisation by SEM (fibre diameter), XRD (crystalline structure) and DSC (thermal properties and crystallinity), is described. The results are compared with those of melt-pressed and solution-cast films, and the effects of solution concentration on fibre diameter and morphology are discussed. 34 refs.

Pune,National Chemical LaboratoryINDIA

Accession no.1024487

Item 32Macromolecular Rapid Communications29, No.14, 16th July 2008, p.1231.

References and Abstracts

42 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER NANOCYLINDERS FABRICATED BY TRANSVERSE FRAGMENTATION OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS THROUGH AMINOLYSISKim T G; Park T G

Polylactic acid was electrospun to produce non-crystalline nanofibre that were treated with amino group-containing strong bases to fabricate semicrystalline polylactic acid nanocylinders with tunable aspect ratio. The formation of nanocylinders was attributed to the development of stacked lamellae and of the transversely oriented degradation and fragmentation of the amorphous gaps between lamellae. The aspect ratio was tunable by varying the aminolysis time and controlling nanofibre diameter. 24 refs.

Korea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology KOREA

Accession no.1023905

Item 33ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.539-541, ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012ESTABLISHMENT OF NANOFIBER PREPARATION TECHNIQUE BY ELECTROSPINNINGMiyake H; Higashiyama Y; Yamashita Y

Some nanofibre electrospinning practical difficulties and their solutions are briefly discussed. Issues discussed include: the anti-bacterial effect of titania in poly(ethylene terephthalate); nozzle blockage when electrospinning concentrated chloroform solutions of poly(lactic acid); increasing output by using multiple nozzles, but which increases the difficulty of solvent removal and nozzle cleaning; and the deposition of nonwoven fibre in thicknesses > 10 mm. 5 refs.

Shiga Prefecture,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)JAPAN

Accession no.1023887

Item 34ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.511-512, ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING OF PA6/EPOXY SUPERFINE FIBERSYan Li; Wei Wang; Qianwei Xu; Jiangwei Li

Superfine fibres, with a polyamide-6 (PA6) core and an epoxy resin sheath, were prepared by coaxial electrospinning. PA6 solutions containing 2-10 wt% polymer were prepared using trifluoroethanol solvent, whilst the epoxy resin solution (32 wt% concentration) was prepared using a mixture of butanone and propanediol methyl ether. A core-shell structure was obtained when using PA6 solutions of 8% concentration and above. The formation of PA6 uncoated fibres at lower concentrations was attributed to the low viscosity of the PA6 solutions and the instability of electrospinning. 9 refs.

Shanghai,Tongji,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.1023875

Item 35ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.482-483, ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES GROWN ON CARBONIZED ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS BY PALLADIUM CATALYSISXiaoqing Xiong; Chuiling Lai; Greiner A; Reneker D H; Haoqing Hou

Nanofibres were produced by electrospinning a solution containing polyacrylonitrile and palladium acetate. Carbonisation at 400-1100 deg.C gave carbon nanofibres containing palladium nanoparticles. The palladium particle size increased with increasing temperature. Carbon nanotubes were grown on the nanofibres at 800 deg.C in an atmosphere of a mixture of toluene, ethanol and chlorobenzene, or in pyridine. The nanotube lengths increased with increasing reaction time. Coiled, tubular nanofibres were formed when pyridine was used as the carbon source. 18 refs.

East China,Institute of Technology; Jiangxi,Normal University; Marburg,PhilippsCHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1023860

Item 36Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition46, No.15, 1st Aug.2008, p.1611.DIAMETER CONTROL OF ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE/IRON ACETYLACETONATE ULTRAFINE NANOFIBERSDu J; Shintay S; Zhang X

The fabrication of ultrafine nanofibres of polyacrylonitrile with various proportions of iron acetylacetonate by

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 43

electrospinning under various processing conditions from solutions in dimethyl formamide, characterised by viscosity and surface tension, was investigated and the nanofibres were analysed by FTIR and FE-SEM. The effects of solution properties including viscosity, conductivity and surface tension, and operating conditions, such as voltage, feed rate, and spinneret-collector distance, on the structure and diameter of the nanofibres were studied and the results are discussed. 30 refs.

North Carolina,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.1023786

Item 37Polymer Engineering and Science48, No.7, 2008, p.1296.COCONTINUOUS CELLULOSE ACETATE/POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE NANOFIBER FABRICATED THROUGH ELECTROSPINNINGTang C; Chen P; Liu H

Cocontinuous cellulose acetate (CA)/polyurethane (PU) composite nanofibres were obtained through electrospinning of partially miscible CA and PU in 2:1 N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/acetone mixture solvent. Their structures, mechanical, and thermal properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The structures and morphologies of the nanofibres were affected by component ratio in the binary mixtures. PU component not only facilitated the electrospinning of CA at CA concentration down to 12 wt%, but reinforced the tensile strength of CA/PU nanofibrous mats, while semirigid component CA in the composite nanofibres could greatly improve the rigidity and dimensional stability of CA/PU nanofibrous mats. In a series of nanofibrous mats with varied CA/PU composition ratios, CA/PU 20/80 showed excellent tensile strength and Young's modulus. The residual product after selective removal of any one of the components in CA/PU composite nanofibres by washing with proper solvent maintained the fibre structure but greatly reduced the fibre size, suggesting CA/PU composite fibres showed a cocontinuous nanofibre structure due to phase separation in the spinning solution and in the course of electrospinning. 26 refs.

Fujian,Normal University; Guangzhou,Institute of ChemistryCHINA

Accession no.1023728

Item 38Macromolecules41, No.13, 8th July 2008, p.4746.ELECTROSPUN POLYOXYMETHYLENE: SPINNING CONDITIONS AND ITS CONSEQUENT NANOPOROUS NANOFIBERKongkhlang T; Kotaki M; Kousaka Y; Umemura T;

Nakaya D; Chirachanchai S

Polyoxymethylene (POM) nanofibres were produced by electrospinning from a hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-based solvent. The nanofibres had significantly nanoporous surfaces. The presence of oxyethylene units in the polyoxymethylene copolymer decreased the surface roughness and porosity of the nanofibres, leading to a significant change in the specific surface area. A slight change in the molecular weight of the POM after electrospinning confirmed that the nanofibre with nanoporous POM shows hardly any degradation or decomposition during spinning. 30 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Kyoto,University of Technology; Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co.; Thai PolyacetalJAPAN; THAILAND

Accession no.1023676

Item 39European Polymer Journal44, No.7, 2008, p.1962.STUDY OF CHARGE STORAGE IN THE NANOFIBROUS POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) ELECTRETS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING OR BY CORONA DISCHARGE METHODIgnatova M; Yovcheva T; Viraneva A; Mekishev G; Manolova N; Rashkov I

In this paper, the charge storage performance of electrospun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) mats with high specific surface area was evaluated in comparison to that of PET film electrets. Corona discharge method was used to charge the electrospun PET mats and PET films. The surface potential decay measurements revealed that the corona charged mats had higher initial values for the normalized surface potential compared to the electret films. A tendency for stabilisation of the electret charge to one and the same value for all charged samples (mats and films) after the 50th day was observed. The peaks at 90 deg.C in the thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectra of uncharged and charged in corona discharge electrospun PET mats were observed and attributed to a relaxation of the separated space charges, the dipole disorientation or injected charges within the bulk. It was found that the value of the storage charge in a corona charged electrospun PET mats was higher than that in PET mats prepared by electrospinning. 22 refs.

Bulgaria,Academy of Sciences; Plovdiv,UniversityBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1023521

Item 40Macromolecules41, No.12, 24th June 2008, p.4275.ASSOCIATIVE POLYMER FACILITATED ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBERSTalwar S; Hinestroza J; Pourdeyhimi B; Khan S A

References and Abstracts

44 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Details are given of the preparation of hydrophobically modified associative polymers for use as an electrospinning aid for spinning polymer solutions that lack spinability at low concentrations. The model polymer used in this study was obtained from a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate-ethylene oxide copolymer. Various factors that can possibly influence the bead formation were investigated. 56 refs.

North Carolina,State University; Cornell UniversityUSA

Accession no.1023190

Item 41ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.609, ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012.PDS/NANOHA BIOCOMPOSITE NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING: STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPThomas V; Goli R; Zhang X; Vohra Y K

Fibres were prepared by electrospinning of blends of poly(dioxanone) with gelatine and nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol. The electrospun scaffolds had a very high porosity, surface area and well-interconnected pore structure, with a randomly oriented bead-free structure. The nano-HA-containing composites showed better tensile strengths and modulus than those omitting nano-HA, and the presence of gelatine and nano-HA improved cell affinity. 4 refs.

Alabama,University at Birmingham(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1022809

Item 42Textile Research Journal78, No.6, June 2008, p.532.EFFECTS OF POLARITY ON ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSKilic A; Demir A

The effect of polarity on nanofibre production efficiency was investigated using PVAl/water solutions electrospun in two inversely polarised electrospinning configurations. One was a conventional electrospinning setup where the syringe is charged positively by the power supply and the collector is grounded and the other contains a collector polarised positively by the power supply and the collector syringe is grounded. The inverse setups were compared in terms of electrospinning efficiency and fibre morphologies, as determined by scanning electron microscopy. 13 refs.

Istanbul,Technical UniversityTURKEY

Accession no.1022700

Item 43Polymer Reviews48, No.2, April-June 2008, p.378.ELECTROSPINNING CELLULOSE AND CELLULOSE DERIVATIVESFrey M W

A review is presented on the electrospinning of cellulose and cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose acetate, hydroxypropyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose, from various solvents, including N-methyl-morpholine N-oxide, water, lithium chloride, DMAc and ionic liquids. Various electrospun fibres are illustrated. 42 refs.

Cornell UniversityUSA

Accession no.1022608

Item 44Polymer Reviews48, No.2, April-June 2008, p.353.CO-AXIAL ELECTROSPINNING FOR NANOFIBER STRUCTURES: PREPARATION AND APPLICATIONSMoghe A K; Gupta B S

A brief introduction to conventional electrospinning is presented followed by a description of the basic set-up and process of coaxial electrospinning. The effects of and requirements for different materials and process parameters to achieve uniform core-sheath structures are discussed and the different types of co-axial structures produced (core-sheath bicomponent nanofibres, fibres from non-electrospinnable materials, hollow fibres, fibres containing encapsulated microparticles and periodic structures, are briefly reviewed. 48 refs.

North Carolina,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.1022607

Item 45Polymer Reviews48, No.2, April-June 2008, p.317.A REVIEW: ELECTROSPINNING OF BIOPOLYMER NANOFIBERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONSSchiffman J D; Schauer C L

A comprehensive review is presented on the electrospinning and end-use applications of biopolymers, which include polysaccharides, such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan and dextrose, proteins, such as collagen, gelatin and silk, and deoxyribonucleic acid as well as some biopolymer derivatives and composites. 282 refs.

Drexel,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1022606

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 45

Item 46Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition46, No.12, 15th June 2008, p.1193.STUDY ON THE SHEAR VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR OF KERATIN/PEO BLENDS FOR NANOFIBRE ELECTROSPINNINGVaresano A; Aluigi A; Vineis C; Tonin C

Polyethylene oxide was added to an aqueous sulphonated keratin solution with the aim of enhancing electrospinnability and the rheological properties of the blend solutions investigated. Graessley's theory was employed to provide insight into the rheological properties of the blends in electrospinning and the shear rate dependent viscosity of the blends compared with that of pure polymer solutions. The characteristic time was calculated at the beginning of the non-Newtonian viscosity behaviour and the interaction between the sulphonated keratin and PEO in aqueous solutions investigated by applying additive rules to zero-shear viscosity. 32 refs.

Biella,Istituto per lo Studio delle MacromolecoleEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1022568

Item 47ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.147-148, ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING SELF-STRATIFYING ADDITIVES WITH POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)

The surface migration of hyperbranched terminally perfluorinated poly(ethylene imine) in electrospun blends with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was examined by means of field-emission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The additive showed no significant effect on electrospinning of PMMA with regard to fibre morphology. However, the additives selectively migrated to the surfaces of the fibres during electrospinning to give enhanced fluorine-to-carbon ratios. Electrospun fibres could be selectively surface functionalised during electrospinning by incorporating functional groups in the additives. 13 refs.

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)Accession no.1022257

Item 48Polymer49, No.13-14, 2008, p.3125.MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN INDIVIDUAL ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS MEASURED VIA POLARIZED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Bellan L M; Craighead H G

Using polarised Raman spectroscopy, we have recorded Raman spectra from individual electrospun Nylon-6 nanofibres. Analysis of these single-fibre spectra, compared to those of unoriented and oriented Nylon-6 films, indicates significant molecular orientation. Because electrospinning produces fibres in a jet with a large strain rate, this molecular orientation is expected. We present quantitative measurements of molecular orientation in a single nanofibre and compare these to those of film samples. Such measurements could yield information about the uniformity of the electrospinning process and resulting fibres, and may also allow comparison between spectrally measured orientation functions and single-fibre mechanical properties. 33 refs.

Cornell UniversityUSA

Accession no.1022145

Item 49Materials Letters62, No.20, 2008, p.3555.ELECTROSPUN CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL MEMBRANEEnlong Yang; Xiaohong Qin; Shanyuan Wang

The electrospinning of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was performed with maleic anhydride (MA) as a cross linker to fabricate slightly soluble nanofibre membrane. The solubility, morphology and thermal behaviour of electrospun PVA and PVA/MA membranes were characterized by water durability test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively. Water durability test demonstrated that 8% PVA/MA (20/1, mole/mole) membrane had the least average mass loss and standard deviation. SEM images showed that fibres in PVA/MA membrane had a larger average diameter compared to those in PVA membrane. DSC investigated that crystal structure was formed in PVA/MA membrane. The results show that rapid evaporation of water and high electric field during electrospinning process may promote crosslinking of PVA and MA. 15 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1022066

Item 50Materials Letters62, No.20, 2008, p.3493.QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE DISPERSION DEGREE IN CARBON NANOFIBER/POLYMER AND CARBON NANOTUBE/POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITESLuo Z P; Koo J H

Quantitative measurements of the filler dispersion degree of carbon nanofibre (CNF) and nanotube (CNT) reinforced

References and Abstracts

46 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

polymer nanocomposites have been made by transmission electron microscopy. Samples were prepared by either high-shear mixing or twin-screw extrusion processing. It was found that the filler dispersion degree was largely influenced by the filler size. As the filler dimension became smaller, the dispersion parameter D0.1 largely decreased as quantified, which demonstrated the challenges associated with improving the dispersion of smaller fillers. This work provided a method to quantitatively compare the dispersion degrees of CNF/CNT polymer nanocomposites. 20 refs.

Texas,A & M University; Texas,University at AustinUSA

Accession no.1022065

Item 51Polymer49, No.12, 2008, p.2924.THEORY AND KINEMATIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE MECHANICS OF STABLE ELECTROSPUN POLYMER JETSHelgeson M E; Grammatikos K N; Deitzel J M; Wagner N J

We present a simplified approach to understanding the mechanics of stable electrospinning jets based on electrohydrodynamic theory that explicitly incorporates the extensional rheology of polymeric fluids. Flow regimes of electrospun jets are identified by analogy to uniaxial extension of a fluid jet. These flow regimes predict the limiting kinematics of electrospinning jets and identify dimensionless parameters important to the control and operation of electrospinning processes. In situ kinematic measurements validate model assumptions and scaling predictions, and allow the reduction of entire jet radius and velocity profiles to several key parameters. The model predictions are shown to hold both above and below the entanglement concentration, as well as for solutions with added electrolyte and increased conductivity. The analysis also enables direct measurement of the apparent extensional viscosity of solutions at the high extension rates experienced during electrospinning. Finally, dimensional analysis of the model yields a correlation for electrospun fibre diameter in terms of measurable fluid properties, controlled process parameters, and measured jet variables, demonstrating the influence of mechanics in the straight portion of the jet on ultimate fibre morphology. 51 refs.

Delaware,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1022017

Item 52Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008. Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2008, p.558, CD-ROM, 012POLYANILINE NANOFIBER-BASED GAS

SENSORSZhefei Li; Blum F D; Bertino M F; Chang-soo Kim

Polyaniline was synthesised by in-situ chemical oxidation polymerisation of aniline using ammonium persulphate as the oxidant. Polyaniline nanofibres were prepared by exposing the precursor solution of distilled water, hydrochloric acid and ammonium persulphate to UV light for 30 min. SEM studies showed that fibres were laid down on the substrate as a sort of porous mesh. The high porosity and large surface area of the polyaniline produced indicated that this was potentially useful for gas detector applications. Changes In conductivity were monitored after the materials had been exposed to different gases. Polyaniline nanofibre thin films showed fast response times when exposed to chloroform vapour and the response was reversible. 4 refs.

Missouri,University of Science and Technology; Virginia,Commonwealth University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.1021784

Item 53Macromolecules41, No.11, 10th June 2008, p.3762.HIGH-ELONGATION FIBER MATS BY ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYOXYMETHYLENELu J-W; Zhang Z-P; Ren X-Z; Chen Y-Z; Yu J; Guo Z-X

Details are given of the electrospinning of polyoxymethylene solutions in hexafluoropropanol. Tensile tests were stopped at various elongations to observe the change in fibre morphology during stretching. A very high elongation at break was observed with the polymer fibre mats. Morphologies were examined using SEM. 33 refs.

Tsinghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1021706

Item 54Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008. Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2008, p.894-895, CD-ROM, 012TAILORD HYDROGEN-BONDING AND ELECTROSTATICS IN MELT ELECTROSPINNING FOR BIOMEDICAL DEVICESHunley M T; McKee M G; Karikari A S; Mather B D; Long T E

Melt electrospinning of star shaped poly(D,L-lactides) (PDLLA), synthesised as described elsewhere, and of a well-defined phospholipids (a low molar mass

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 47

amphiphile) were described. Fibres from each material were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and PDLLA and its fibres were further characterised using size exclusion chromatography, parallel plate rheometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Membranes were biodegradable and could be hydrogen bonded, using terminal hydrogen bonding units, to adenine or thymine. This hydrogen bonding in the molten state could be used to control fibre size during melt spinning. 15 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.1021643

Item 55Journal of Applied Polymer Science109, No.2, 15th July 2008 p.951.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FROM CROSSLINKED POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AND ITS FILTRATION EFFICIENCYXiao-Hong Qin; Shan-Yuan Wang

The electrospinning of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) onto a polypropylene mesh sublayer, its characterisation by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, and its use in filtration applications was described and discussed. Different area weights were laid down on the sublayer, and it was shown that filtration efficiency of the sublayer was significantly improved on the addition of the PVAl. 15 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1021450

Item 56Journal of Applied Polymer Science109, No.2, 15th July 2008 p.691.PREPARATION OF ALIGNED POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER BY ELECTROSPINNINGSungCheal Moon; JaeKon Choi; Farris R J

Solutions of 15 to 20 percent polyetherimide were prepared in methyl pyrrolidone, and were examined for their viscosity, electrical conductivity and surface tension. Electrospinning of the solutions was carried out and optimum spinning conditions determined and described. Structurally oriented and unidirectionally aligned nanofibres were obtained and these were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy. 14 refs.

Massachusetts,University; Chosun,UniversitySOUTH KOREA; USA

Accession no.1021417

Item 57Chemistry of Materials20, No.10, 27th May 2008, p.3420.ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUID BASED POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERS WITH SUPERHYDROPHOBICITY AND CONDUCTIVITY PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNINGLu X; Zhou J; Zhao Y; Qiu Y; Li J

The fabrication of polystyrene (PS)-ionic liquid composite nanofibres as films by electrospinning from a solution of PS and various proportions of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in dimethylformamide, and their characterisation by FESEM, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, electrical conductivity and contact angle measurements, is described. The effects of processing conditions on the size, morphology, conductivity and hydrophobicity of the electrospun composites were investigated and the results are discussed in comparison with those for PS nanofibre films. 19 refs.

Tsinghua,University; Dalian,Institute of Chemical PhysicsCHINA

Accession no.1021402

Item 58Iranian Polymer Journal17, No.5, May 2008, p.373.EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COAGULATION BATHS AS COLLECTOR ON MORPHOLOGY OF GAS-JET/ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBRESLin Y; Chi L; Yao Y; Wu D-C

The fabrication of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanofibres by gas-jet/electrospinning of solutions of the polymer in a mixture of phenol and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with collection of the fibres on a clean stainless steel plate or in three different coagulation baths using water, ethanol or a mixture of water and ethanol as coagulants is described. The morphology of the nanofibres was investigated using SEM and the effects of different coagulation baths are discussed in terms of average fibre diameter and the formation of beading on the fibre surface. 20 refs.

Sichuan,University; Tianjin,Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Engineering of Nuclear IndustryCHINA

Accession no.1021361

Item 59Iranian Polymer Journal17, No.5, May 2008, p.333.CYTO-COMPATIBILITY OF POLYETHERSULPHONE NANOFIBRES PREPARED BY GAS-JET/ELECTROSPINNINGWei N; Wang M; Lin Y; Gong P; Yao Y-Y; Li X-Y; Lin Y-H; Wu D-C; Man Y

References and Abstracts

48 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

The fabrication of nanofibre scaffolds of poly(ether sulphone) using a gas-jet/electrospinning technique from solutions of the polymer in dimethylformamide and the characterisation of their structural morphology by SEM, is described. The cytocompatibility of the nanofibre scaffolds was investigated by studies of the adhesion and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and rat osteoblasts and cell-matrix interactions, and the results are discussed in terms of potential biomedical applications. 34 refs.

Sichuan,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1021357

Item 60Polymer Engineering and Science48, No.6, 2008, p.1168.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYAMIDES WITH DIFFERENT CHAIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FILTRATION APPLICATIONHeikkilae P; Taipale A; Lehtimaeki M; Harlin A

Electrospinning of several polyamides, PA6, PA66, PA612, PA614, PA1012, and PA1014, having different chain compositions and lengths of diacid and diamine segments, was demonstrated. Electrospinnability and fibre production rate of these polyamides were evaluated. Electrospun fibres were characterized with regard to their use in air filtration by measuring fibre diameter and filtration efficiency of fibre coating. Longer nonpolar chain segments of higher polyamides could in theory indicate higher dielectricity compared to PA6 and PA66, which would be an advantage in filtration applications. The solubility in polar formic acid and electrospinnability of higher polyamides, on the other hand, were clearly impaired with increased length of chain segments. Hence, PA66 is our best choice, and PA612 and PA6 our second options for commercial filtration applications if fibre electrospinnability, production rate, fibre diameter, and its distribution are concerned. Filtration efficiency of more than 95% of the particles having a diameter of 0.16 micro m and above was achieved with 0.5 g/m2 coating of PA66 nanofibres. Further increase in coating weight mainly increased the pressure drop to an unusable range without a significant further improvement of filtration efficiency. 49 refs.

Tampere,University of Technology; VTT Technical Research Centre of FinlandEUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1021334

Item 61Macromolecular Rapid Communications29, No.10, 19th May 2008, p.826.ENHANCED MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF SELF-BUNDLED ELECTROSPUN FIBER YARNS VIA POST-TREATMENTSXuefen Wang; Kai Zhang; Meifang Zhu; Hsiao B S; Chu B

A new route to high-performance electrospun polymer fibres was developed using a self-bundling electrospinning technique combined with post-treatments such as stretching and annealing under conditions similar to those used for conventional fibres. Self-bundled electrospun PAN fibre yarns were characterised by SEM, mechanical tests, polarised FTIR spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The obtained results revealed that the PAN nanofibre yarns possessed enhanced alignment, a higher degree of crystallinity and higher molecular orientation after treatments, resulting in a significant improvement in mechanical performance, approaching the strength value of the corresponding conventional fibres. 17 refs.

Donghua,University; Stony Brook,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.1021099

Item 62Macromolecular Rapid Communications29, No.10, 19th May 2008, p.815.FABRICATION OF LIGHT-GUIDING CORE/SHEATH FIBERS BY COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNINGGiseop Kwak; Ga Hyoung Lee; Shang-hun Shim; Keun-Byoung Yoon

Light-guiding core/sheath fibres were fabricated from polymers of different refractive indices by coaxial electrospinning. Polymers studied were polycarbonate, PMMA and polyamide-66. The morphology and fibre diameter were analysed using SEM and fluorescence microscopy. It was found that the diameter of the core and the thickness of the sheath could be varied from 100 to 400 nm by changing the concentration of the outer solution. The incorporation of a chromophore into the inner material confirmed the uniformity of the core/sheath structure in long segments of the fibres. The boundary was clearly seen. The core diameter and the thickness of the sheath were constant along the fibre axis in fluorescence images. The ejected beam was circular and light-guided along the fibre axis as in an optical fibre. 25 refs.

Kyungpook,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1021097

Item 63Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics209, No.10, 22nd May 2008, p.1003.ELECTROSPUN ZEIN FIBRES USING GLUTARALDEHYDE AS THE CROSSLINKING REAGENT: EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURESelling G W; Woods K K; Sessa D; Biswas A

Zein was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde in acetic acid and fibres produced therefrom by electrospinning. The zein/glutaraldehyde fibres were heated at temperatures from 80 to 180 degrees c for various times to provide fibres with

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 49

various degrees of insolubility. A model was developed relating the extent of dissolution with the amount of glutaraldehyde used and the temperature/time at which the fibres were exposed. The effect of glutaraldehyde derivatisation on the physical properties of the fibres was examined and the glutaraldehyde-modified fibres analysed by far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and polarised light microscopy. 28 refs.

USDA; US,Agricultural Research ServiceUSA

Accession no.1020849

Item 64Chemistry of Materials20, No.9, 13th May 2008, p.3085.NANOSTRUCTURED PURE ANATASE TITANIA TUBES REPLICATED FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBER TEMPLATES BY ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITIONKim G-M; Lee S-M; Michler G H; Roggendorf H; Goesele U; Knez M

The fabrication of pure anatase titanium dioxide submicrotubes by a template-directed method using electrospun polyvinyl pyrrolidone fibres as the template for coating with titanium dioxide by an atomic layer deposition technique is reported. Deposition is carried out at 70 degrees C using titanium tetraisopropyl oxide and pure water as precursors of titanium dioxide and the crystal structure, microstructure and optical properties of the titanium dioxide deposited layers characterised before and after calcination. 30 refs.

Martin-Luther-Universitat HalleEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1020819

Item 65Chemistry of Materials20, No.9, 13th May 2008, p.3055.FABRICATION OF CONTINUOUS CONDUCTING GOLD WIRES BY ELECTROSPINNINGPol V G; Koren E; Zaban A

An innovative approach for electrospinning of gold polymer wires, which entails dissolving HAuCl4 salt in ethanol followed by the addition of polyacrylic acid, is described. The as-prepared gold polymer wires are assembled on a rotating drum in between the spinneret (+ electrode) and conducting substrate (- electrode) and are transformed to gold wires via sintering. The gold polymer wires and gold wires are characterised by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, DSC, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, TEM and digital camera photography and the conducting nature of single gold nanowires is confirmed by electrical conductivity and cyclic voltammetry measurements. 26 refs.

Bar-Ilan,UniversityISRAEL

Accession no.1020817

Item 66Journal of Applied Polymer Science109, No.1, 15th July 2008, p.406.PREPARATION OF POLYURETHANE NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGZhou H; Hu J; Chen S; Yeung L

PU fibres were prepared by electrospinning. Process parameters including applied voltage, feeding rate, and solution concentration were investigated. The influence of processing parameters on the diameter and morphology of the nanofibres was examined. Characterisation was carried out using SEM and DSC. 31 refs.

Hong Kong,Polytechnic UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1020774

Item 67Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition19, No.5, 2008, p.677.ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN-P(LLA-CL) NANOFIBERS FOR BIOMIMETIC EXTRACELLULAR MATRIXChen F; Li X; Mo X; He C; Wang H; Ikada Y

The fabrication of blend nanofibres of chitosan and various proportions of poly(L-lactic acid-co-epsilon caprolactone) as a biomimetic extracellular matrix by electrospinning from solutions in a mixture of hexafluoroisopropanol and trifluoroacetic acid, and their characterisation by SEM, tensile testing, density, XRD and FTIR, is described. The effects of blend composition on porosity, mechanical properties and fibroblast cell growth on the nanofibres were investigated and the results are discussed in terms of potential tissue engineering and drug delivery system applications. 31 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua University; Nara,Medical UniversityCHINA; JAPAN

Accession no.1020695

Item 68Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition19, No.5, 2008, p.635.HYBRID NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLDS FROM ELECTROSPINNING OF A SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE ELASTOMER AND URINARY BLADDER MATRIXStankus J J; Freytes D O; Badylak S F; Wagner W R

The fabrication of a hybrid electrospun scaffold composed of a biodegradable poly(ester-urethane)urea (PEUU), derived from poly(caprolactone diol) and 1,4-diisocyanatobutane with chain extension by 1,4-diaminobutane, and various proportions of a porcine

References and Abstracts

50 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

extracellular matrix scaffold (urinary bladder matrix), and its characterisation by SEM, DSC, uniaxial tensile testing, in-vitro weight loss in phosphate buffer saline, cytocompatibility and subcutaneous implantation, is described. The effects of PEUU content on mechanical properties, cell adhesion, cell proliferation and weight loss are discussed in terms of soft tissue engineering applications. 33 refs.

Pittsburgh,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1020694

Item 69Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition19, No.5, 2008, p.623.CHARACTERIZATION OF NEURAL STEM CELLS ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) SUBMICRON SCAFFOLDS: EVALUATING THEIR POTENTIAL IN NEURAL TISSUE ENGINEERINGNisbet D R; Yu L M Y; Zahir T; Forsythe J S; Shoichet M S

The fabrication of three-dimensional non-woven poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds by electrospinning and their subsequent chemical modification by treatment with ethylenediamine (ED), was investigated by SEM, contact angle measurements, XPS and fluorescence. The characterisation of rat brain-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) on the polymeric scaffolds was studied and the effects of treatment with ED on proliferation and differentiation of the NSCs are discussed in terms of the physical and chemical properties of the scaffolds. 28 refs.

Monash,University; Toronto,UniversityAUSTRALIA; CANADA

Accession no.1020693

Item 70Materials Letters62, No.19, 2008, p.3370.A NEW ELECTROSPINNING METHOD TO CONTROL THE NUMBER AND A DIAMETER OF UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED POLYMER FIBERSIshii Y; Sakai H; Murata H

A novel electrospinning process of uniaxially aligned submicron fibres was developed. The number of the fibres was precisely controlled by changing biased collector, and the diameter of the fibre was varied by post-deposition stretching process. This method realized the formation of number-controlled aligned poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibres with the systematic control of the diameter ranging from micrometer to submicrometer. Significant improvement of the uniformity of the fibre diameter was also observed by the stretching process. 15 refs.

AISTJAPAN

Accession no.1020482

Item 71Polymer49, No.11, 2008, p.2755.CONTINUOUS POLYMER NANOFIBER YARNS PREPARED BY SELF-BUNDLING ELECTROSPINNING METHODWang X; Zhang K; Zhu M; Yu H; Zhou Z; Chen Y; Hsiao B S

Continuous polymer nanofibre yarns were manufactured by self-bundling electrospinning method. Compared with typical electrospinning setup, the special difference in this method was that a grounded needle tip was used to induce the self-bundling of polymer nanofibres at the beginning of electrospinning process. Four kinds of polymer self-bundling yarns, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA), were prepared successfully by using this self-bundling electrospinning method. Good alignment of polymer nanofibres in self-bundled yarns was confirmed by SEM observation. It was found out that the conductivity of the polymer solution was crucial to achieve stably continuous self-bundled fibre yarns. A possible mechanism for the self-bundling formation of align nanofibre yarn was proposed. 35 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua University; Stony Brook,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.1020454

Item 72Textile Research Journal78, No.3, March 2008, p.254.PREPARATION OF POLYETHYLENE OXIDE/CHITOSAN FIBER MEMBRANES BY ELECTROSPINNING AND THE EVALUATION OF BIOCOMPATIBILITYChing-Wen Lou; Jia-Horng Lin; Ko-Chung Yen; Chao-Tsang Lu; Chia-Yi Lee

Polyethylene oxide/chitosan nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning of solutions of PEO and chitosan in an electric field using various solvents, volume ratios of PEO and chitosan and differing electric fields. The attachment and migration of osteosarcoma cells on the electrospun fibres were investigated and the morphology of the cells cultured on the surface of the nanofibrous membranes studied by scanning electron microscopy.

Taiwan,Central University of Science and Technology; Feng Chia,UniversityTAIWAN

Accession no.1020267

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 51

Item 73Journal of Functional Polymers21, No.1, March 2008, p.20.CHINESENANOFIBROUS MATS OF RIGID POLYSACCHARIDES PREPARED BY COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNINGYi-Jie Liu; Yan Li; Hong-Liang Jiang; Ying-Qian Hu; Kang-Jie Zhu

Nanofibrous membranes of rigid polysaccharides including chitosan, alginate or hyaluronic acid were prepared by coaxial electrospinning of their corresponding aqueous solutions and PEO solution in a DMF/water admixture followed by removal of the outer PEO shell by extraction of the core-shell fibres with chloroform. The fibre structure was characterised by TEM and scanning electron microscopy. The fibres displayed integrated structures after PEO treatment. 17 refs.

China,Ministry of Education; Zhejiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1020198

Item 74Macromolecular Research16, No.3, April 2008, p.212.A STUDY OF ELECTROSPUN PVDF ON PET SHEETChanunpanich N; Byungsoo Lee; Hongsik Byun

Polyvinylidene fluoride (Kynar 761) nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning under various conditions and the effects of processing parameters, such as voltage, travelling distance, flow rate and polymer concentration, on the morphology and diameter distribution of the nanofibres investigated by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Optimum conditions for electrospinning in a DMAc/acetone solution were established and the nanofibres electrospun onto a PETP sheet using a rotating drum as an electrically grounded collector. Both straight and aligned nanofibres were obtained through manipulation of the collector. 33 refs.

King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok; Keimyung,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1020018

Item 75Macromolecular Research16, No.3, April 2008, p.204.PLATINUM-CATALYZED AND ION-SELECTIVE POLYSTYRENE FIBROUS MEMBRANE BY ELECTROSPINNING AND IN-SITU METALLIZATION TECHNIQUESSeung-Hee Hong; Sun-Ae Lee; Jae-Do Nam; Young-Kwan Lee; Tae-Sung Kim; Sungho Won

A platinum-catalysed polyelectrolyte porous membrane was prepared by electrospinning of PS and solid-state compression moulding of the electrospun PS fibres. The PS fibres were sulphonated with chlorosulphonic acid and the surface of the sulphonated PS fibres metallised with platinum in-situ. The compressed PS fibre membrane possessed cation-selective polyelectrolyte characteristics with ionic conductivities of up to 0.32 S/cm, indicating the potential use of the polyelectrolyte system in methanol fuel cell applications. 47 refs.

Sung Kyun Kwan UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1020017

Item 76Macromolecules41, No.9, 13th May, 2008, p.3144.CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN PB/PMP BLEND FIBROUS MEMBRANESLee K H; Givens S R; Snively C M; Chase B; Rabolt J F

Fibrous polyolefin membranes were prepared by electrospinning from multicomponent solvent systems. Fibres spun from a polybutylene/poly(4-methylpent-1-ene) (PB/PMP) blend had a twisted-ribbon structure with irregular twisting points along the length of the fibres. The crystallisation of PB was markedly affected by the addition of PMP to the blend. A mixture of forms I and II was present in pure PB fibrous membranes, and the thermodynamically metastable form II gradually transformed into form I with ageing at room temperature. However, this transformation did not occur in the PB/PMP blends because of stabilisation of PB form II in the blend. Pure PMP fibres and fibres made from the PB/PMP blend both contained PMP in crystal form I, showing that the crystallisation behaviour of PMP was unaffected by blending with PB. 30 refs.

Delaware,University; DupontUSA

Accession no.1019860

Item 77Macromolecular SymposiaNo.264, 2008, p.80.ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN CONDUCTING POLYMER BLEND FIBERS AND THEIR PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIESChuangchote S; Sagawa T; Yoshikawa S

Ultrafine poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene)(MEH-PPV)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone blend fibres with average diameters ranging from 625 nm to 1.46 micrometers were prepared by electrospinning of blend solutions using a mixed solvent of chlorobenzene and methanol. The effects of applied electrical potential, collection distance and MEH-PPV composition on fibre diameter were examined. The UV vis absorption and

References and Abstracts

52 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

fluorescence characteristics of the electrospun fibres with various blend compositions and electrospun fibres with polyvinyl pyrrolidone removed therefrom by Soxhlet extraction were also investigated and compared. 23 refs. (2nd International Conference on Advances in Petrochemicals and Polymers, (ICAPP 2007), Bangkok, Thailand, 25th-28th June)

Kyoto,UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.1019623

Item 78Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.119.APPLICATION OF SIROFIL TECHNOLOGY TO ELECTROSPINNINGJi-Huan He

The use of nano-sirospinning using bubble-electrospinning to produce microcomposite yarns from thousands of nanofibres is proposed. The cyclone mechanism is utilised to create a novel cyclone spinning process. 16 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Donghua,University; China,Ministry of EducationCHINA

Accession no.1019561

Item 79Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.115.PAN/PVP MICRO COMPOSITE FIBERS USING ELECTROSPINNINGDa-Hua Shou; Ji-Huan He

A simple and facile one-step method for the preparation of microcomposite fibres from mixtures of PAN and polyvinyl pyrrolidone by electrospinning is described. The microcomposite fibres are characterised by optical microscopy and considered potential candidates for tissue engineering, wound dressings, drug release and sound absorption. 7 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Donghua,University; China,Ministry of EducationCHINA

Accession no.1019560

Item 80Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.67.THE EFFECTS OF FLOW RATE AND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE NOZZLE AND THE TARGET ON THE OPERATING CONDITIONS OF ELECTROSPINNINGYing Yang; Zhidong Jia; Jianan Liu; Liming Wang; Zhicheng Guan

A systematic investigation was carried out into the effects of flow rate and the distance between the nozzle and target on the operating conditions during the electrospinning of an aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide. The electric field strength at the nozzle was calculated to establish steady operating conditions and high speed images were used to capture the jet path during electrospinning. The results obtained revealed that limited fibre diameter did not occur at the lowest flow rate but was affected by the electric force per unit mass and evaporation. The electric field required to maintain steady spinning at a short distance was markedly influenced by evaporation and was significantly affected by the flow rate at a large distance between the nozzle and target. 30 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Tsinghua,University; shenzhen,Graduate SchoolCHINA

Accession no.1019557

Item 81Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.55.THE PRINCIPLE OF BUBBLE ELECTROSPINNING AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONYong Liu; Ji-Huan He; Lan Xu; Jian-Yong Yu

Nanofibres were produced from an aerated PAN solution by bubble electrospinning and their morphological properties investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The principles of bubble electrospinning were analysed with the aid of a high-speed camera and the transient motion of jets ejected from the bubbles captured. Small bubbles were formed on the surface with small surface tension. 35 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Donghua,University; China,Ministry of EducationCHINA

Accession no.1019556

Item 82Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.43.ELECTROSPUN OIL SORPTIVE FIBER BASED ON EPDMYan-Ping Liu; Mei-Hua Zhou

Ultrafine EPDM fibres were prepared by electrospinning of EPDM in a solution of THF and cyclohexane and crosslinked by microwave radiation. The structure of the fibres before and after crosslinking was characterised by FTIR spectroscopy and the morphology of the fibres investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The swelling behaviour of the fibres in kerosene, toluene and chloroform was evaluated and kinetics of swelling determined. The fibres produced possessed diameters ranging from 400 nm to 1.8 micrometers, formed non-woven mats with abundant capillary channels and exhibited rapid swelling

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 53

behaviour and improved oil absorption ability. 10 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1019555

Item 83Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.33.CHARACTERIZATION OF ODPA-ODA POLYIMIDE NON-WOVEN MEMBRANES PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGHong-Wei Duan; Yan Wang; Yu-Jun Zhang; Lin Geng

Non-woven polyimide membranes were prepared by electrospinning a solution of a polyamic acid obtained from 4,4'-oxydiphthalic anhydride and 4,4'-oxydianiline at room temperature for about 4 h followed by thermal imidisation. The surface morphology and crystallinity of the polyimide precursor and polyimide membranes were characterised by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively, and the mechanical properties of the membranes determined by tensile testing. The diameter of fibres produced by imidisation at 300 degrees C decreased by 500 nm and possessed a shrunken, twisted and ribbon-shaped structure. The membranes were considered suitable for insulation. 10 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Harbin,Northeast Forestry University; Harbin,University of Science & Technology; Harbin,Institute of TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.1019554

Item 84Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.27.DRUG-LOADED PBS MICRO SPHERES WITH CHINESE DRUG BY ELECTROSPINNINGLAN Xu; Zhongfu Ren

Drug-loaded polybutylene succinate microspheres for wound treatment were prepared by electrospinning using, as the drug, Yunnan Baiyo, and characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The diameter and number of the microspheres were controlled by tuning of the voltage during electrospinning. 18 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Donghua,University; Jining,Medical CollegeCHINA

Accession no.1019553

Item 85Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.19.

ALLOMETRIC SCALING LAW BETWEEN AVERAGE POLYMER MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER DIAMETERZhongfu Ren; Baozhi Liu; Zhuyan Shao; Ji-Huan He

The development of a mathematical model for describing polymer solution viscosity is reported. An allometric scaling law between average molec.wt. and solution viscosity is obtained and the scaling relationship between electrospun fibre diameter and average molec.wt. derived using He Chengtian's interpolation. 26 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Jining,Medical College; Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1019552

Item 86Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.5.FABRICATION, MORPHOLOGY, AND STRUCTURE OF ELECTROSPUN PAN-BASED CARBON NANOFIBERSSaiyasombat C; Maensiri S

Carbon nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning a PAN precursor/DMF solution and carbonisation of the resulting nanofibres in either argon or nitrogen at 1000 degrees centigrade. The effects of PAN concentration and applied voltage on the morphology of the nanofibres and nanofibre diameter were investigated and optimal parameters for producing nanofibres with narrow particle size distributions and without bead formation along the fibres established. The effect of carbonisation on the structure and purity of the carbon nanofibres was investigated and temperatures of possible decomposition and crystallisation of the nanofibres determined by TGA-DTA. Nanofibre morphology was characterised by scanning electron microscopy. 29 refs. (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)

Khon Kaen,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.1019551

Item 87Journal of Polymer Engineering28, No.1-2, 2008, p.1.ELECTROSPINNING: A PROMISING TECHNOLOGY FOR DISCONTINUOUS AND CONTINUOUS NANOFIBERSJi-Huan He

A brief discussion is presented on the electrospinning of nanofibres, focusing upon mimicking of the spider-spinning process in electrospinning and theoretical aspects of electrospinning. (2007 International

References and Abstracts

54 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October) 16 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1019550

Item 88Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine19, No.2, Feb.2008, p.827.ENCAPSULATION AND CONTROLLED RELEASE OF LYSOZYME FROM ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE)/POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) NON-WOVEN MEMBRANES BY FORMATION OF LYSOZYME-OLEATE COMPLEXESYan Li; Hongliang Jiang; Kangjie Zhu

Lysozyme was incorporated into electrospun poly-epsilon-caprolactone/polyethylene glycol non-woven membranes using the concept of hydrophobic ion pairing. The solubility of lysozyme in an organic solvent was enhanced through the formation of lysozyme-sodium oleate complexes which were directly loaded into the membranes through the electrospinning process. The electrospun non-woven membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements and DSC and the release behaviour of lysozyme from the membranes examined. The biological activity of lysozyme released from the membranes was also investigated and compared with that of the native one. 23 refs.

Zhejiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1019464

Item 89Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008. Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2008, p.365-366, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMER NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYARYLSILYLENE PRECURSORSChoi J; Ner Y; Sotzing G A

Details are given of the formation of polybithiophene nanofibres via spinning of solution-processable polybithienylsilylene precursors. Electrochemical and chemical solid-state oxidative conversion were performed. Characterisation was carried out using SEM and cyclic voltammetry. 7 refs.

Connecticut,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.1019432

Item 90Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008. Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2008, p.454-455, CD-ROM, 012CROSSLINKABLE POLYELECTROLYTES FOR POROUS, ELECTROSPUN ANTIMICROBIAL SCAFFOLDSHunley M T; Layman J M; Long T E

Photocrosslinkable polydimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with cinnamate groups was synthesised through the alkylation of the tertiary amine. Polydimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with cinnamate was electrospun and crosslinked to generate insoluble fibres. Characterisation was undertaken using SEM and proton NMR. 13 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.1019375

Item 91Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008. Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-10th April 2008.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2008, p.410-411, CD-ROM, 012ANTIMICROBIAL NANOSCALE FIBERS FROM ELECTROSPINNING ZWITTERIONIC COPOLYMERSHuyck R H; Hunley M T; Allen M H; Long T E

Details are given of the synthesis of a series of low-Tg copolymers with zwitterions content through incorporation of either a sulphobetaine methacrylate of sulphobetaine methacrylamide monomer. The effects of zwitterions content and structure on electrospun fibre diameter and morphology were explored. Characterisation was carried out using proton NMR, SEM and steady shear experiments. 9 refs.

Virginia Tech(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.1019355

Item 92Polymer Engineering and Science48, No.5, 2008, p.934.EFFECT OF HOT-PRESS ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) MEMBRANESNa H; Zhao Y; Zhao C; Zhao C; Yuan X

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was electrospun into ultrafine fibrous membranes from its solutions in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide and acetone (9:1, v/v). The

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 55

electrospun membranes were subsequently treated by continuous hot-press at elevated temperatures up to 155 degree C. Changes of morphology, crystallinity, porosity, liquid absorption, and mechanical properties of the membranes after hot-press were investigated. Results of scanning electron microscopy showed that there were no significant changes in fibrous membrane morphology when the hot-press temperature varied from room temperature to 130 degree C, but larger pores were formed because of fibres melting and bonding under higher temperatures. Analyses of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter exhibited that the crystalline form of PVDF could transfer from beta-type to alpha-type during hot-press at temperatures higher than 65 degree C. Tensile tests suggested that the mechanical properties of the electrospun PVDF membranes were remarkably enhanced from 25 to 130 degree C, whereas the porosity and the liquid absorption decreased. The hot-press at 130 degree C was optimal for the electrospun PVDF membranes. The continuous hot-press post-treatment could be a feasible method to produce electrospun membranes, not limited to PVDF, with suitable mechanical properties as well as good porosity and liquid absorption for their applications in high-quality filtrations or battery separators. 21 refs.

Tianjin,University; Beijing,University of Technology & BusinessCHINA

Accession no.1019171

Item 93Polymer Composites29, No.5, 2008, p.579.COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING OF PC(SHELL)/PU(CORE) COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS FOR TEXTILE APPLICATIONHan X; Huang Z; He C; Liu L; Wu Q

To develop a novel functional composite material for textile application, a coaxial electrospinning technique was investigated to electrospin two different polymer solutions into core-shell structured nanofibres in which polyurethane and polycarbonate were used as core and shell materials, respectively. The resultant nanofibres were subsequently characterized by means of scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile mechanical test. Furthermore, water vapour transmission rate and pliability of the resulting nonwoven mats were also measured. The preliminary results indicated that it is feasible to attach composite nanofibres, with possible fictionalization on the shell material, onto a substrate fabric. 20 refs.

Tongji,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1019134

Item 94European Polymer Journal44, No.4, 2008, p.1040.

CORE-SHEATH FUNCTIONAL POLYMER NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY CO-ELECTROSPINNINGYi Xin; Zonghao Huang; Wenwen Li; Zijiang Jiang; Yanbin Tong; Cheng Wang

Core-sheath polymer nanofibres with optoelectronic materials as the sheath and easily spinnable polymer as the core were prepared by co-electrospinning. Three prototypical systems of polystyrene/poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PS/PPV), poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PVA/PPV) and polystyrene/tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminium ( PS/Alq3) were investigated. The fluorescence microscopy images showed that the resulting nanofibres with uniform morphologies exhibited outstanding emission properties. The core-sheath structures of these nanofibres were observed by TEM investigation. The photoluminescence spectra indicated that the fluorescent properties of these functional core-sheath nanofibres could be influenced by the interaction between core and sheath materials. 30 refs.

China,Northeast Normal UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1018814

Item 95ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago,Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.276-277, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF CERAMIC NANOFIBERSElick B M; Youngblood J P

A novel approach for preparing ceramic fibres at a much smaller scale than is currently available by commercial processes was described. Preceramics were co-spun with PS because of its ability to be crosslinked by UV light. In this novel approach, the UV cure step kept the fibres from flowing during the pyrolysis step. The fibres appeared to be continuous and without pores. Field emission SEM and TEM techniques of the fully ceramic fibres showed that the average fibre diameter was about 50 nm. The fibres were crystalline. 5 refs.

Purdue,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1018576

Item 96Journal of Materials Science43, No.5, March 2008, p.1664.YBCO NANOFIBERS SYNTHESIZED BY ELECTROSPINNING A SOLUTION OF POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) AND METAL NITRATES

References and Abstracts

56 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Greenberg Y; Lumelsky Y; Silverstein M S; Zussman E

A versatile approach to the synthesis of YBCO (high temperature superconductor ceramics) nanofibres via electrospinning of a polymer precursor solution was developed. The aqueous polymer precursor solution consisted of polyacrylic acid and a mixture of yttrium nitrate, barium nitrate and copper nitrate. The conductivity of the polymer precursor solution at 27.1 deg C was 14.70 mS/cm, its zero shear viscosity was 52.00 cP, and its pH was 1.88. Typical YBCO nanofibres were 50-100 nm in diameter and around 10 micrometres in length. The nanofibres also contained relatively small amounts of yttrium oxide and copper yttrium oxide. 29 refs.

Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyISRAEL

Accession no.1017876

Item 97Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition19, No.3, 2008, p.373.ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIMYCOTIC ACTIVITY OF A CROSS-LIKED ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE COMPLEX AND A POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)/POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE COMPLEXIgnatova M; Markova N; Manolova N; Rashkov I

The preparation of photocrosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone and PEO/polyvinyl pyrrolidone electrospun nanofibrous mats containing complex-bound iodine is described and the characterisation of the mats and complexes by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray mapping and FTIR spectroscopy is reported. Also reported are the antibacterial and antimycotic activities of the iodine complex-containing mats and scanning electron microscopy observations of the mats inhibiting adhesion of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The mats are considered promising for various biomedical applications, including wound dressings. 37 refs.

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia,Institute of Polymers; Sofia,Institute of MicrobiologyBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1017668

Item 98Polymer Materials Science and Engineering24, No.1, Jan.2008, p.47.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PDMS/SIO2 HYBRID ELECTROSPINNING FIBERSHua-Zhong Yang; Tie-Jun Shi; Lin-Feng Zhai

Polydimethyl siloxane/silica hybrid fibres were prepared by sol-gel technology and electrospinning and their morphologies and thermal properties investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, FTIR

spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The results obtained indicated that a condensation reaction occurred between the hydroxyl groups of the PDMS and TEOS. The hybrid fibres possessed excellent high temperature stability and fibre diameters which increased with increasing PDMS content. 7 refs.

Hefei,University of TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.1017580

Item 99Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics209, No.5, 5th March 2008, p.508.GLYCIDYL-METHACRYLATE-BASED ELECTROSPUN MATS AND CATALYTIC SILVER NANOPARTICLESSemir M M; Ugur G; Gulgun M A; Menceloglu Y Z

The fabrication of poly(acrylonitrile-co-glycidyl methacrylate) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) fibre mats coated with monodisperse silver nanoparticles by a combination of electrospinning and electroless plating via surface hydrazination and redox reaction of the hydrazine groups with silver nitrate is described. The products were characterised by FTIR, TGA, TEM and SEM, and the catalytic activity of the silver nanoparticles was investigated using a model redox reaction between methylene blue and sodium borohydride. 37 refs.

Izmir,Institute of Technology; Sabanci,UniversityTURKEY

Accession no.1017145

Item 100Materials World16, No.4, April 2008, p.26.BOTTOM-UP MATERIALS FROM DOWN UNDERTucker N

Electrospinz of Blenheim, New Zealand, has started to make laboratory scale electrospinning machines for research organisations to make ultrafine and nanoscale fibres. The data used in the machine design comes from a Crown Research Institute, the New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research. Crop and Food Research scientists are testing the potential of electrospun proteins and polysaccharides as industrial raw materials. They are interested in how the materials perform as filters or structural elements. There are a number of national initiatives under way to exploit crop origin industrial materials. Aside from limited production of polylactic acid and the import of significant quantities of Cargill-Dow NatureWorks, the main producer of biopolymer materials in New Zealand is Blenheim-based Potatopak. The company has developed a viable production route for food packaging trays made from potato starch. The starch is sourced from potato processing waste.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 57

New Zealand,Crop and Food Research CentreNEW ZEALAND

Accession no.1017023

Item 101ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago,Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.102, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012CHARACTERIZING ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF POLY(ETHER) IMIDE SOLUTIONS BY RELATION TO THEIR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIESMills K C; Franzek E; Hinestroza J P

Solutions of different amounts of poly(ether) imide in mixed solvents (DMAC with THF and DMF with THF) of different compositions were prepared. Dielectric spectroscopy measurements of tan delta and conductivity were used to map the optimum region of solution parameters for electrospinning uniform nanofibres. Through digital mapping of the predictor variables (conductivity measurements, tan delta and fibre diameter), it was possible to ascertain the spinnable region of solution components. 2 refs.

Cornell University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1016775

Item 102COMPOSITES: ENABLING A NEW ERA IN CIVIL AVIATION. Proceedings of the American Society for Composites:Twenty-second Technical Conference, held University of Washington, Seattle, Wa., 17th-19th Sept.2007.Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2007, Paper 162, CD-ROM, ISBN 978-1-932078-70-1ELECTROSPUN NANO FIBERS WITH WOOL KERATION AND PEOYi Li; Junyan Hu; El-Kamy D; Lin Li; Ko F

Nano wool keratin crystals were mixed with PEO and nanocomposite fibres fabricated therefrom by electrospinning. The effects of keratin and PEO concentrations on fibre diameter were investigated and the chemical structures and morphology of the nanocomposite fibres characterised by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The regenerated wool fibres were considered potential candidates for biomedical and non-biomedical applications. 27 refs.

Hong Kong,Polytechnic University; Drexel,University; British Columbia,University(American Society for Composites)CANADA; CHINA; HONG KONG; USA

Accession no.1016732

Item 103European Polymer Journal44, No.3, 2008, p.615.SYNTHESIS OF POLYMER-STABILIZED MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AND FABRICATION OF NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS THEREOF USING ELECTROSPINNINGMincheva R; Stoilova O; Penchev H; Ruskov T; Spirov I; Manolova N; Rashkov I

Polymer-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles were obtained using two biocompatible polyelectrolytes: N-carboxyethylchitosan (CECh) and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS). The size of the particles (mean diameter 10 or 30nm, respectively) and the stability of the dispersions could be effectively controlled depending on the polyelectrolyte nature. The presence of polyelectrolyte shell was proved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies and confirmed by thermogravimetric analyses. Depending on the polyelectrolyte nature the magnetic nanoparticles existed in different magnetic states - superparamagnetic or intermediate state between superparamagnetic and ferrimagnetic one, as evidenced by the measurements of the magnetisation and Mossbauer analyses. Fabrication of nanocomposite magnetic fibres with mean diameter in the range 100-500nm was achieved using electrospinning of the system CECh/ferrofluid/non-ionogenic polymer. 42 refs.

Sofia,Institute of Polymers; Bulgaria,Institute for Nuclear Research & Nuclear EnergyBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1016084

Item 104European Polymer Journal44, No.3, 2008, p.602.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS OF POLYFERROCENYLSILANES WITH DIFFERENT SUBSTITUENTS AT SILICONWang J J; Dai L X; Gao Q; Wu P F; Wang X B

The strained silicon-bridged [1]ferrocenophane Fe(eta-C5H4)2) SiBuMe was prepared via a facile chloride substitution reaction at the bridging atom of a readily available SiMeCl-bridged [1]ferrocenophane precursor. Thermal ring-opening polymerisation of Fe(eta-C5H4)2 SiBuMe and Fe(eta-C5H4)2 SiMe2 afforded polyferrocenyldimethylsilane (PFDMS) and polyferrocenylbutylmethylsilane (PFBMS), respectively. Polyferrocenylsilane nanofibres were fabricated by electrospinning polymer solutions in 90wt% tetrahydrofuran and 10wt% N,N-dimethylformamide at room temperature. The effect of processing parameters such as concentration of polyferrocenylsilanes solution, applied voltage, and working distance on the diameter and morphology of resulting nanofibres were investigated. Electron diffraction patterns from polymer nanofibres revealed that PFS fibres exhibit different

References and Abstracts

58 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

orientation owing to variance of the side groups at silicon. 30 refs.

Soochow,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1016082

Item 105European Polymer Journal44, No.3, 2008, p.566.NOVEL ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE)-BASED BICOMPONENT NANOFIBERS POSSESSING SURFACE ENRICHED IN TERTIARY AMINO GROUPSPaneva D; Bougard F; Manolova N; Dubois P; Rashkov I

For the first time preparation of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) based nanofibres possessing surface enriched in tertiary amino groups is shown. For that purpose the pair PCL and poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-b-poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PCL-b-PDMAEMA) diblock copolymers was used. PCL-b-PDMAEMA copolymers were synthesised using a combination of ring-opening polymerisation and atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). Nanofibres with mean diameters ranging from 400 to 800nm were obtained. Their morphology was evaluated by scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the morphology of the fibres depended on the weight ratio between the partners and the length of the PDMAEMA-block in the copolymers. The enrichment of the fibre surface in tertiary amino groups was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Increasing the copolymer content and the length of the PDMAEMA-block led to increase of the amount of tertiary amino groups on the fibre surface. The AFM analyses of the mechanical properties of the fibre surface showed that increasing the copolymer content led to decrease of the surface stiffness. The increase of the copolymer content led also to decrease of the melting temperature and the crystallinity degree in respect to PCL from the (co)polymer as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. 30 refs.

Sofia,Institute of Polymers; Mons Hainaut,UniversityBELGIUM; BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.1016079

Item 106Polymer49, No.5, 2008, p.1266.ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE ACETATE FIBERS CONTAINING CHLORHEXIDINE AS A BACTERICIDELiang Chen; Bromberg L; Hatton T A; Rutledge G C

Submicron fibres with bactericidal properties were prepared from electrospinning of blends containing cellulose acetate (CA) as a polymer base, chlorhexidine (CHX) as a bactericidal agent, and organic titanate Tyzor® TE (TTE) as a cross- l inker. A smal l amount of high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was incorporated into the blends to facilitate the electrospinning, and its effect on the extensional properties and spinnability of the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions were evaluated. The CHX-containing fibre meshes were cured by TTE in the presence of water vapour, which created covalent links between the CA and CHX. The immobilisation of CHX on or within the fibres was confirmed by FTIR, Raman and XPS measurements. The resulting fibre meshes exhibited bactericidal properties on contact, due to the CHX immobilised on the fibres, and within a zone of inhibition (ZoI), due to the release of unbound CHX. The relationship of ZoI for the gram-negative Escherichia coli and the gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis to the amount of unbound CHX in the fibres is described by a simple diffusion model. The contact bactericidal capacity against both E. coli and S. epidermidis was assayed after complete removal of unbound CHX from the fibres. A post-spin treatment to attach CHX onto CA-PEO fibres via TTE linkers was also shown to be effective. 48 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.1016031

Item 107Composites Science and Technology68, No.3-4, 2008, p.987.INHOMOGENEOUS TOUGHENING OF CARBON FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITE USING ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES BY IN SITU PHASE SEPARATIONGang Li; Peng Li; Chen Zhang ; Yunhua Yu; Haiyang Liu; Shen Zhang; Xiaolong Jia; Xiaoping Yang; Zhongmin Xue; Ryu S

A novel approach for toughening carbon fibre/epoxy composite using electrospun polysulphone (PSF) nanofibrous membranes was performed. As-received membranes were composed of nanofibres with random orientation, and were directly electrospun onto layers of carbon fibre/epoxy prepregs to toughen the composites. According to the random dispersed nanofibres in the membranes, the inhomogeneous phase separation of polysulphone, which was generated in situ along the nanofibres direction during the curing of epoxy matrix, was proposed. Owing to the aligned PSF spheres, excellent mechanical properties of composites were obtained. Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) increased 158%, 261% and 281% by loading 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt% nanofibrous membranes, which was

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 59

far higher than those of the same content PSF films toughened composites. DMTA tests revealed good compatibility between nanofibrous membranes and epoxy matrix. And the flexural properties increased slightly compared to untoughened composite. 32 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; Beijing,Research & Design Institute; Chungnam,National UniversityCHINA; KOREA

Accession no.1016000

Item 108Journal of Applied Polymer Science108, No.2, 15th April 2008, p.1191.MULTISCALE MECHANICAL PHENOMENA IN ELECTROSPUN CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITESAgic A

Mechanical properties of electrospun BR elastomer reinforced with carbon nanotubes were analysed by a multiscale method. Nanofibres diameter dependence on electric field and solution concentration was estimated from experimental data. Fibre microscale effective properties were determined by homogenisation procedure using modified shear-lag model. Random fibrous network was generated according experimentally determined stochastic quantifiers. The influence of carbon nanotubes reinforcement on elastic modulus of electrospun sheet on macroscopic level was determined by finite element method. 26 refs.

Zagreb,UniversityCROATIA

Accession no.1015663

Item 109Journal of Applied Polymer Science108, No.2, 15th April 2008, p.969.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL NANOFIBER MATES. A REVISITSupaphol P; Chuangchote S

Electrospinning was used to fabricate mats of PVAL nanofibres from PAL solutions in reverse osmosis water. The effects of solution concentration, applied electric potential, sonication, and collection distance on morphological appearance and diameters of the fibre mats were investigated by SEM. The effect of the distance from the centre of the as-spun fibre mat on morphological appearance and diameters of the fibre was also investigated. The mechanical integrity of the PVAL fibre mats was also investigated. The use of sonication to prepare a PVAL solution caused the viscosity of the solution to decrease. 22 refs.

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.1015635

Item 110ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.466, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRAFINE FIBER FROM ELECTROSPINNING OF BPDA-ODA POLY(AMIC ACID) SOLUTIONJieyu Liu; Nantao Hu; Chunhai Chen; Ce Wang

Electrospinning of solutions of a polyamic acid consisting of oxydianiline (ODA) and biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), followed by imidisation resulted in an ultrafine polyimide fibre. Polymaic acid solutions of various concentrations were evaluated, and it was observed that fibre diameter depended on solution concentration. Addition of dichloromethane to the polyamic acid solution resulted in thick fibres when low polyamic acid concentrations were used. Fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. 6 refs.

Jilin,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.1015574

Item 111ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.315-316, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012MICROPHASE SEPARATION OF BLOCK COPOLYMERS UNDER CYLINDRICAL CONFINEMENT: ELECTROSPUN FIBRES WITH INTERNAL STRUCTUREMinglin Ma; Krikorian V; Jian H Yu; Thomas E L; Rutledge G C

Electrospinning of core-shell fibres where the core is a block copolymer such as poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) and the shell is a random polymer of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid is described and discussed. Fibres were annealed to induce long range order, and in this process only the core was affected due to the high glass transition temperature of the shell. Two-fluid coaxial spinning was used to form the fibres. Fibres were characterised using transmission electron microscopy, and glass transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. 12 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1015526

References and Abstracts

60 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 112Macromolecular Bioscience8, No.2, 11th Feb.2008, p.153.ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN-COATED FIBERS OF POLY(L-LACTIDE) AND POLY(L-LACTIDE)/POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL): PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATIONSpasova M; Paneva D; Manolova N; Radenkov P; Rashkov I

The fabrication of novel micro fibrous and nanofibrous non-woven textiles by electrospinning poly(L-lactide)(PLLA) or PLLA/poly(ethylene glycol) solutions followed by coating the resulting mats with chitosan and subsequent crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde, is described. The products were characterised by SEM and fluorescence microscopy, and the haemostatic and antibacterial activity of the materials are discussed in terms of potential wound-healing applications. 34 refs.

Sofia,Institute of Polymers; Sofia,Technological UniversityBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1015469

Item 113Material Matters3, No.1, 2008, p.19.ELECTROSPINNING: AN ENABLING TECHNIQUE FOR NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALSXie J; Xia Y

The technique of electrospinning is reviewed in terms of the fabrication of nanofibres of natural and synthetic polymers, nanocomposites and inorganic fibres via sol-gel processes, and core-sheath, porous fibres and nanotubes, and their characterisation by SEM. Biomedical applications of electrospun nanofibres and non-woven nanofibre mats of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers such as poly(L-lactic acid) or poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone), such as tissue engineering, vascular grafts and bone regeneration, are discussed. 28 refs.

St.Louis,Washington UniversityUSA

Accession no.1015427

Item 114Macromolecular Rapid Communications29, No.6, 19th March 2008, pp.485.LOW-COST, THERMORESPONSIVE WETTABILITY OF SURFACES: POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE)/POLYSTYRENE COMPOSITE FILMS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGNu Wang; Yong Zhao; Lei Jiang

Low-cost thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/polystyrene blend films were prepared by electrospinning

from tetrahydrofuran. The surface structures and wettabilities of the composite films could be tuned simply by controlling the concentrations of the polymers. By choosing the correct proportion of each polymer, the wettability of the surface could be switched between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity by changing the temperature from 20 degC to 50 degC. 25 refs.

Beijing,Chinese Academy of SciencesCHINA

Accession no.1015356

Item 115ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D. C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, 2007, p. 555-556, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF POLY(STYRENE-CO-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE) (SMA) HYDROGEL NANOFIBER BY ELECTROSPINNINGHaiqing Liu; Chunyi Tang; Shuhai Ye

Electrospinning of nanofibres of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (PSMA) by electrospinning from acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF) or their mixtures was examined. Because of the rapid solidification of PSMA when spun from acetone, the resulting fibres had large diameters, whereas ultrafine fibres, with diameters as small as 180 nm, were obtained by electrospinning from DMF/acetone mixtures, because the fibres could be stretched to a greater degree before solidification occurred. The diameter of the fibres decreased with increasing proportions of DMF in the solvent mixture. Hydrolysed PSMA containing 18% maleic acid was insoluble in water, whereas those with a maleic acid content of 32 or 48% was soluble in water. Crosslinking of PSMA fibres with diethylene glycol followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide in ethanol gave water-swellable hydrogel nanofibres. 4 refs.

Fujian,Normal UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1015332

Item 116ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.700-702, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF ALIGNED POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER BY ELECTROSPINNINGSungCheal Moon; HeeSun Kim; JaeKon Choi; Farris R C

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 61

The preparation of polyether imide fibres by electrospinning using both a stationary grounded target and a rotating grounded target is described. The effect of solution concentration and applied voltage on fibre diameter is examined. The influence of applied voltage and take-up speed on the alignment and molecular orientation of the generated fibre is also studied. 14 refs.

Massachusetts,University; Chosun,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)KOREA; USA

Accession no.1015245

Item 117ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.672, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012LIPASE-IMMOBILIZED ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANEJyh-Ping Chen; Sheng-Feng Li; Wen-Teng Wu

Polyacrylonitrile is electrospun into nanofibrous membranes. The electrospun membrane is used for the immobilisation of lipase. The properties of polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes and the activity of immobilised lipase are investigated. 3 refs. Chang Gung,University; Cheng Kung,University

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)TAIWAN

Accession no.1015230

Item 118ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.647, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN PCL/CNF SCAFFOLDS WITH CONTROLLED SURFACE CHEMISTRYDeshpande H; Jose M V; Thomas V; Clem W C; Chowdhary S; Dean D R; Nyairo E

A study of the cytocompatibility of polycaprolactone carbon nanofibre composite scaffold is presented. Mesenchymal stem cells are successfully grown on the scaffold suggesting the attachment of these cells to the scaffold. Carbon nanofibres in the scaffold increase the electrophoretic deposition of nano-hydroxyapatite. 8 refs.

Alabama,University at Birmingham; Alabama, State University

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1015217

Item 119ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.622-623, ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012CONTROLLED RELEASE OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CATIONIC MOLECULES FROM ELECTROSPUN WEAK POLYELECTROLYTE FIBERSChunder A; Sarkar S; Yingbo Yu; Lei Zhai

Ultrathin fibres comprising two oppositely charged weak polyelectrolytes polyacrylic acid and polyallylamine hydrochloride are fabricated using electrospinning. The fibres are capable of controlling methylene blue release through pH change. The fibre release properties are tuned by depositing different coatings onto the fibre surface. Such fibres may be used for drug delivery devices and other controlled release applications. 8 refs.

Central Florida,University(ACS,DIV.OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGNG.)

USA

Accession no.1015207

Item 120Polymer International57, No.4, April 2008, p.632.CONTROLLING NUMBERS AND SIZES OF BEADS IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS

Yong Liu; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu; Hong-Mei Zeng

The effects of solvent, weight concentration and salt additive on the number and morphology of beads in the electrospinning process are systematically studied. Either a suitable weight concentration or a suitable salt additive can completely prevent the occurrence of beads in the electrospinning process; solvents can affect the number of beads and the morphology of electrospun fibres. Beads are mainly caused by lower surface tension. With a higher surface tension, the size and number of beads in electrospun products are smaller and fewer respectively. 33 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1015193

Item 121Polymer49, No.6, 2008, p.1651.VISCOELASTIC ELECTROSPUN JETS: INITIAL STRESSES AND ELONGATIONAL RHEOMETRY

References and Abstracts

62 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Han T; Yarin A L; Reneker D H

A novel method of characterisation of viscoelastic longitudinal stresses in electrospun jets of semi-dilute and concentrated polymer solutions and melts is introduced. The measured longitudinal stresses at the beginning of the thin jet region in the jets of a 6wt% aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide (Mw=400kDa) were of the order of 100 kPa, which is two orders of magnitude larger than in any other free viscoelastic jets issued from nozzles and orifices. This is attributed to elongation-driven stretching of polymeric liquids in the transition zone, between the preceding modified Taylor cone zone and the beginning of the thin jet region, where the stretching rates are of the order of 100-1000s-1. The Rouse relaxation times found were in the range of 3-8ms, and the moduli of elasticity were of the order of 100Pa. A novel explanation of the reasons for the formation of the straight sections in the electrospun jets is proposed. The straight sections are stabilised by the high initial longitudinal stresses in the jet generated due to strong electrically driven stretching in the transition zone. The further electrically driven stretching in the jet (after the transition zone) is relatively weak, and viscoelastic Rouse relaxation prevails. The relaxation distance of the longitudinal stresses along the jet increases with the applied voltage (which generates higher initial stresses in the transition zone) and thus the length of straight section of the jet should increase as the applied voltage increases. The results also point at an opportunity to develop an elongational rheometer for concentrated polymeric systems with stretching rates of the order of 100-1000s-1. The proposed rheometer employs excitation of electrically driven jets by single lateral pulses, and observation of the pulse propagation and widening along the jet. This reveals the level of the longitudinal stresses along the jet and allows evaluation of the viscoelastic Rouse relaxation time, modulus of elasticity and the elongational viscosity in the jet. 21 refs.

Akron,University; Chicago,University of IllinoisUSA

Accession no.1015137

Item 122Polymer Degradation and Stability93, No.3, 2008, p.731.DEGRADATION PATTERNS AND SURFACE WETTABILITY OF ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS MATSCui W; Li X; Zhou S; Weng J

Degradation profiles and surface wettability are critical for optimal application of electrospun fibrous mats as drug carriers, tissue growth scaffolds and wound dressing materials. The effect of surface morphologies and chemical groups on surface wettability, and the resulting matrix degradation profiles were firstly assessed for electrospun poly(d,l-lactide) (PDLLA) and poly(d,l-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PELA) fibres. The air entrapment between the fibre interfaces clarified the

effects of various surface morphologies on the surface wettability. Chemical groups with lower binding energy were enriched on the fibre surface due to the high voltage of the electrospinning process, and a surface erosion pattern was detected in the degradation of electrospun PDLLA fibres, which was quite different from the bulk degradation pattern for other forms of PDLLA. Contributed by the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) segments, the degradation of electrospun PELA fibres with hydrophobic surface followed a pattern different from surface erosion and typical bulk degradation. 29 refs.

Chengdu,Southwestern Jiaotong UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1015117

Item 123Polymer Degradation and Stability93, No.3, 2008, p.618.SELF-ACCELERATED BIODEGRADATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-POLY(L-LACTIDE) MEMBRANES BY LOADING PROTEINASE KLi X; Zhang H; Li H; Tang G; Zhao Y; Yuan X

Proteinase K was successfully loaded inside ultrafine fibres of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lactide) (PELA) by emulsion electrospinning. A core/shell fibre structure was formed and verified by a transmission electron microscope. In vitro biodegradation of electrospun PELA membranes containing proteinase K (PELA-P) was examined in Tris-HCl buffer solution at pH 8.6 and 37 deg.C in comparison with electrospun PELA membranes without proteinase K. During biodegradation, mass loss, water absorption, pH value of the incubated buffer, fibrous morphology and thermal properties were monitored. Results suggested that PELA-P membranes degraded significantly faster than PELA membranes. A significant drop in pH value of the buffer after incubation of PELA-P membranes for 1d was observed, and after 7d, PELA-P membranes lost their fibrous appearance and masses almost completely. In contrast, electrospun PELA membranes did not show any obvious changes. The obtained electrospun PELA-P membranes exhibited self-accelerated biodegradability and could benefit drug controlled release and tissue regeneration. 36 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1015106

Item 124Journal of Materials Chemistry18, No.8, 28th Feb.2008, p.859.SOLVENT-RESISTANT ANTIBACTERIAL MICROFIBERS OF SELF-QUATERNIZED BLOCK COPOLYMERS FROM ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION AND ELECTROSPINNING

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 63

Fu Guo-Dong; Yao Fang; Li Zhigang; Li Xinsong

Diblock copolymers of poly(((2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-co-(glycidyl methacrylate)) (P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)) and P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-poly(pentachlorophenyl acrylate) (PPCPA) were synthesised by consecutive atom transfer radical polymerisation. Microfibres were prepared by electrospinning of P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-poly(pentachlorophenyl acrylate) from a solution in THF and DMF and solvent-resistant fibres obtained by subsequent treatment with 1,6-hexanediamine. Microfibres with high antibacterial activity were produced by combining the hydrophobic interaction of PPCPA and electrostatic interaction of quaternary ammonium salts from the self-quaternisation of P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-poly(pentachlorophenyl acrylate) and the antibacterial effect of the crosslinked microfibres assayed with E coli and Staphylococcus aureus cultures. 33 refs.

Nanjing,Southeast UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1014721

Item 125Polymer Materials Science and Engineering23, No.6, Nov.2007, p.244.PREPARATION OF ULTRA-FINE FILAMENT NON-WOVEN COMPOSITE FABRICS WITH MULTI-SPINNERET ELECTROSPINNINGYong Xu; Xin-Sheng Zhu; Qiang Gao; Si Cheng

The effects of solidification distance and voltage on the electrospinning of solutions of blends of PVAl with soluble starch and chitosan were investigated and the fabrication of ultra-fine fibre non-woven composite fabrics by multi-jet electrospinning attempted. The morphology, structure and mechanical properties of the composite fabrics were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, DSC and tensile testing. The effect of solvent volatilisation on composite mat morphology and properties was examined and the mechanical properties and degree of crystallinity of nanofibre mats immersed in ethanol investigated. 9 refs.

Suzhou,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1014682

Item 126Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.6, 15th March 2008, p.3756.CONJUGATE ELECTROSPINNING OF CONTINUOUS NANOFIBER YARN OF POLY(L-LACTIDE)/NANOTRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE NANOCOMPOSITEXinsong Li; Chen Yao; Fuqian Sun; Tangying Song; Yunhui Li; Yuepu Pu

Conjugate electrospinning with coupled spinnerets was used to prepare continuous nanofibre yards from a composite solution of polylactide and beta-tricalcium phosphate. In essence, two composite solutions were kept at opposite charges and the spinnerets to each were spinning in opposite directions. The two filaments, each with an opposite rotation, were then wound up together. The system was easily expanded and yarns were prepared with three pairs of oppositely charged spinnerets producing a six filament yarn. Nanofibre yarns were characterised using scanning and transmission electron microscopies and tensile testing. Biocompatibility of yarns was also evaluated in vitro, and a potential application could be for use as scaffold materials. 16 refs.

Nanjing,Southeast UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1014526

Item 127Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.6, 15th March 2008 p.3681.STRUCTURE FOR ELECTRO-SPUN SILK FIBROIN NANOFIBERSKawahara Y; Nakayama A; Matsumura N; Yoshioka T; Tsuji M

Structure of silk fibroin nanofibres, prepared by electrospinning in hexafluoropropanol solvent, was characterised by polarised optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction analysis obtained using transmission electron microscopy. Collection of nanofibres was by either parallel electrodes or by a dish type collector filled with ethanol. Differences in fibre structure and crystallinity using the different collectors, and under the influence of water or ethanol were discussed. 13 refs.

Gunma,University; Kyoto,Institute of Technology; Kyoto,UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.1014516

Item 128Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.6, 15th March 2008 p.3535.STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND DYNAMIC WATER ADSORPTION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE6/MONTMORILLONITE NANOFIBERSQi Li; Qufu Wei; Ning Wu; Yibing Cai; Weidong Gao

Solution mixing and electrospinning were used to prepare nanocomposite fibres of polyamide-6 (PA6) and montmorillonite clay. Viscosity and surface tension of the spinning solution were measured and it was observed that the addition of nanoclay reduced both. Fibres were characterised using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, atomic force microscopy and water absorption measurements. Fibres of smaller

References and Abstracts

64 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

diameter but with a rougher surface were produced by the nanocomposite. Water adsorption was increased by nanoclay addition. 10 refs.

Jiangnan,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1014499

Item 129Polymers for Advanced Technologies19, No.2, Feb.2008, p.124.THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN PMMA, PVC, NYLON 6, AND NYLON 6,6Carrizales C; Pelfrey S; Rincon R; Eubanks T M; Kuang A; McClure M J; Bowlin G L; Macossay J

The fabrication of nanofibres of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 by electrospinning, and the characterisation of their morphology by SEM, thermal properties by TGA and DSC, and mechanical properties by tensile testing, is described. The effects of electrospinning on thermal stability, glass transition temperature, crystallinity, water absorption and mechanical properties of the polymers are discussed. 32 refs.

Texas,Pan American University; Virginia,Commonwealth UniversityUSA

Accession no.1014374

Item 130Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition19, No.2, 2008, p.245.CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN CORE/SHELL POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)/POLY(L-LACTIDE-CO-EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) FIBROUS MEMBRANES AND THEIR CYTOCOMPATIBILITY IN VITROLi S; Sun B; Li X; Yuan X

The fabrication of ultrafine fibrous membranes of core-shell poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) by coaxial electrospinning and their characterisation by SEM and TEM (structural morphology), water absorption, tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus, is described. Cell adhesion, cell viability and morphology of the fibrous membranes were investigated by in-vitro studies and the results are discussed in comparison with those for poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) and chitosan membranes prepared by traditional electrospinning processes in terms of potential biomedical applications. 27 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1014351

Item 131Journal of Physics D41, No.2, 21st Jan.2008, Paper 025308, pp.8MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SINGLE HIGH-STRENGTH ELECTROSPUN POLYIMIDE NANOFIBRESChen F; Peng X; Li T; Chen S; Wu X-F; Reneker D H; Hou H

The ultimate tensile strength and axial tensile modulus of single high-strength polyimide nanofibres, fabricated by annealing electrospun nanofibres of the precursor poly(amic acid) derived from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and p-phenylenediamine, were determined using a novel micro-tensile testing method. The tensile failure mechanisms of the polyimide nanofibres such as chain scission, pull-out and chain bundle breakage were investigated by fractographic analysis using TEM, and chain alignment along the nanofibre axis was studied by XRD. 64 refs.

Jiangxi,Normal University; Nebraska-Lincoln,University; Akron,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.1014306

Item 132Journal of Applied Polymer Science108, No.1, 2008, pp.491.ELECTROSPINNING OF DEGRADABLE ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBERS WITH VARIOUS MORPHOLOGY AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH HUMAN FIBROBLASTSBorg E; Frenot A; Walkenstrom P; Gisselfalt K; Gretzer C; Gatenholm P

Artelon, a degradable poly(urethane urea) elastomer, was electrospun into scaffolds for tissue engineering. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the diameter of the electrospun fibres ranged from 100 nm to a few microns, with an average diameter of 750 nm. The molar mass of the polymer had a marked effect on the morphology of the scaffold. Ageing of the polymer solution caused changes in viscosity (as measured by stress sweeps, between 13.5-942 Pa) that also affected the morphology. The electrospun Artelon mats showed elongations to break that exceeding 200%. An in vitro study showed that human fibroblasts not only adhere to the surface, but also migrate, proliferate, and produce components of an extracellular matrix. 32 refs.

Sweden,Institute for Fiber and Polymer Research; Chalmers,University of Technology; Artimplant ABEUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1014247

Item 133Journal of Applied Polymer Science108, No.1, 2008, pp.308.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 65

MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN NYLON-6 NANOFIBERS AS A FUNCTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND PROCESSING PARAMETERSOjha S S; Afshari M; Kotek R; Gorga R E

The effects of the molecular weight (30,000, 50,000, or 63,000 g/mol) and the electrospinning process conditions (solution concentration, voltage, tip-to-collector distance, and flow rate) on the morphological and mechanical properties of nylon-6 nanofibres were examined. Scanning electron microscopy studies of nylon-6 nanofibres showed that the diameter of the electrospun fibre increased with increasing molecular weight and increasing solution concentration. Increasing the molecular weight increased the density of chain entanglements in solution for a constant polymer concentration. The morphology of electrospun fibres also depended on the tip-to-collector distance and the applied voltage concentration of the polymer solution. The tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing molecular weight. 40 refs.

North Carolina,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.1014224

Item 134Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe15, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2007, p.30.PREPARATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE) NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNINGYong Liu; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu

Polybutylene succinate nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning using different weight concentrations of the polymer in chloroform solutions and various needle orifice diameters. The morphology of the electrospun fibres was studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermal properties and crystallisation behaviour of the fibres investigated by DSC and wide angle X-ray diffraction. The hydrolytic degradation of the fibres immersed in sodium hydroxide solution was also studied using scanning electron microscopy. 30 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1013938

Item 135Macromolecular Rapid Communications29, No.3, 1st Feb.2008, p.234.DEVELOPMENT OF PROTON CONDUCTING POLYMER MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS USING SULFONATED CARBON NANOFIBRESBarroso-Bujans F; Verdejo R; Arroyo M; Lopez-Gonzalez M D M; Riande E; Lopez-Manchado M A

Details are given of a new strategy for improving the performance of EPDM polymer electrolyte membrane fuel

cells by the addition of sulphonated carbon nanofibres. Increases in proton conductivity were compared with Nafion. Filled membranes showed improved thermal stability and mechanical properties. 22 refs.

CSICEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1013768

Item 136Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.5, 5th March 2008, p.3023.ALIGNMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF NYLON 6 NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGBazbouz M B; Stylios G K

Details are given of the production of nonwoven electrospun nylon 6 nanofibres with formic acid under different concentrations. The effects of the solution properties, electric field, spinneret-to-collect distance on the fibre uniformity, morphology and average diameter were established. Alignment and stretching of the fibres were derived by the electrostatic interactions between the positive electrode on the spinneret and the grounded disks. The gap between the disks and collection time were varied to study the degree of alignment and the density of the collected nylon 6 fibres. 49 refs.

Heriot-Watt UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1013710

Item 137Materials Letters62, No.3, 2008, p.511.NOVEL CARBON FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITE TOUGHENED BY ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE NANOFIBERSGang Li; Peng Li; Yunhua Yu; Xiaolong Jia; Shen Zhang; Xiaoping Yang; Seungkon Ryu

Novel carbon fibre/epoxy composite toughened by electrospun polysulphone (PSF) nanofibres was prepared to enhance fracture toughness of the composite, and compared the morphology and toughness to those of composite toughened by PSF films prepared by solvent method. Polysulphone nanofibres with the average diameter of 230 nm were directly electrospun onto carbon fibre/epoxy prepregs to toughen the composite. SEM observations of the polysulphone nanofibres toughened composite revealed that polysulphone spheres with uneven sizes presented uniform dispersion through interleaves of the composite, which was different from those of composite toughened by PSF films. Mode I fracture toughness (G"I"C) of the nanofibres toughened composite was 0.869 kJ/m^2 for 5.0 wt.% polysulphone nanofibres content, which was 140% and 280% higher than those of PSF films toughened and untoughened composite

References and Abstracts

66 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

due to the uniform distribution of polysulphone spheres. 18 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; Chungnam,National UniversityCHINA; KOREA

Accession no.1013571

Item 138Polymer International57, No.2, Feb.2008 p.203.TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTROSTATIC SPINNING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYURETHANE TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDSAndrews K D; Hunt J A; Black R A

Investigation of electrostatic spinning, as opposed to electrospinning, for the preparation of microfibres of polyurethane for use in scaffolds was reported. Effects of different spinning parameters such as flow rate, spray distance, grid and mandrel voltages and traverse speed on spun fibre scaffold properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and statistical analysis. It was shown that scaffold structure could be controlled by appropriate selection of conditions. 44 refs.

Liverpool,UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1013543

Item 139Journal of Materials Science43, No.1, Jan.2008, p.212.FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A BOEHMITE NANOPARTICLE IMPREGNATED ELECTROSPUN FIBER MEMBRANE FOR REMOVAL OF METAL IONSHota G; Kumar B R; Ng W J; Ramakrishna S

The fabrication of nanocomposite fibre membranes by electrospinning from solutions of hydrophilic nylon-6 in hexafluoropropanol, or hydrophobic poly(caprolactone) in chloroform/methanol, containing boehmite nanoparticles, and their characterisation by SEM, TEM and XRD, is described. The sorption of heavy metal ions such as cadmium(II) by the nanocomposite membranes from aqueous solution was investigated by AAS and the results are discussed. 19 refs.

Rourkela,National Institute of Technology; Singapore,National UniversityINDIA; SINGAPORE

Accession no.1013507

Item 140Polymer International57, No.3, 2008, pp.385.ELECTROSPINNING FUNCTIONAL NANOSCALE FIBERS: A PERSPECTIVE FOR THE FUTURE

Hunley M T; Long T E

Recent advances in electrospun fibres for functional applications are reviewed with particular attention to the advantages these non-woven fibre scaffolds and proposed technologies for their manufacture. Electrospinning, in which a strong electric potential is applied to a polymer solution or melt to produce nano-scale fibres, has grown from a niche process to a technique that is widely used for fibre production. These nanofibres form non-woven textile mats, oriented fibrous bundles, or even three-dimensional structured scaffolds; all these constructions have large surface areas and high porosities. Among the applications of electrospun membranes are tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, sensing, separations, filtration, catalysis and nanowires. 32 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.1013374

Item 141Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition46, No.5, 1st March 2008, p.460.SOLVENT AND CONCENTRATION EFFECTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBER MATSVeleirinho B; Rei M F; Lopez Da Silva J A

The preparation and characterisation of nanofibrous mats obtained by electrospinning poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) solutions in trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane is described. Special attention is paid to the effect of polymer concentration and solvent properties on the morphology, structure and mechanical and thermal properties of the electrospun nonwovens. Results show that the spinnable concentration of PET solution is above 10 wt%. Mats have nanofibrous morphology with fibres having an average diameter in the range of 200-700 nm and an interconnected pore structure. Higher solution concentrations favour the formation of uniform fibres without beads and with higher diameter. Morphology and fibre assembly change with solvent properties. Mechanical properties and thermal properties are studied for the PET electrospun nanomats and compared with those of the original polymer. Solvent effects on fibre crystallinity are not significant but a complex effect is observed on the mechanical properties of the electrospun mats as a consequence of the different structural organisation of the fibres within the mat network. 32 refs.

Aveiro,UniversidadeEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1013203

Item 142European Polymer Journal44, No.1, 2008, p.1.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 67

NOVEL MECHANISM FOR SPINNING CONTINUOUS TWISTED COMPOSITE NANOFIBER YARNSBazbouz M B; Stylios G K

Highly aligned and twisted composite Nylon 6 nanofibres incorporating multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully electrospun, using a novel mechanism. It has been found that; ultrasound combined with high speed shearing is the simplest and most convenient method to improve the dispersion of MWCNTs into a polymer matrix with a certain loading. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to characterize the morphology of nanofibres, the dispersion of MWCNTs and their alignment inside the fibre body. By manipulating the electrical forces during electrospinning and applying mechanical stretching to the electrospun nanofibres, high polymer chain orientation and better alignment of the MWCNTs particles along the fibre axis was achieved. Twist was applied to the nanofibres for providing the required inter fibre lateral cohesion interaction and friction thus, spinning a continuous twisted composite yarn. SEM images show twisted yarns with diameters ranging between 5 and 10 micrometer. The twist effect of the parallel bundle was investigated by controlling the twist per unit length using a motor speed controller at values of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 rpm. The paper also provides a comprehensive review of various yarn spinning mechanisms of electrospun nanofibres. 72 refs.

Heriot-Watt UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1013107

Item 143Materials Letters62, No.6-7, 2008, p.828.THERMAL RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN SUPERFINE FIBROUS PVA FILMSHuijun Wu; Jintu Fan; Xiaohong Qin; Guoge Zhang

This paper reports on an experimental investigation of the thermal radiative properties of electrospun superfine fibrous PVA films containing or without containing TiO"2 nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the spectral transmission of the superfine fibrous PVA films, from which the Rosseland extinction coefficients and thermal radiative conductivities of the samples were then calculated. The results showed that electrospun fibrous PVA and PVA/TiO"2 films had significantly greater Rosseland extinction coefficients and lower thermal radiative conductivities than the conventional polymer foams (e.g. PE and PU). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images showed that the electrospun PVA fibres had the diameters in range of 150-300 nm. The super fineness of the fibres in the PVA films is believed to be the main reason for the reduction of thermal radiative conductivity. The study

also showed that the addition of TiO"2 nanoparticles can increase the thermal insulating performance of the electrospun fibrous materials. 17 refs.

Hong Kong,Polytechnic University; Shanghai, Donghua UniversityCHINA; HONG KONG

Accession no.1013062

Item 144ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.53-54, CD-ROM, 012INITIAL AND SEQUENTIAL SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ELECTROSPUN NANO/MICROFIBERSXiao-Yu Sun; Qing Peng; Boerner H G; Parsons G N; Spontak R J

The surface modification of electrospun nano/microfibres was described. Using the initial surface modification approach, a novel hybrid diblock copolymer containing PEO as the anchor block and an oligopeptide as the functional block was mixed with the bulk PEO polymer in aqueous solution. During electrospinning, the peptide functional groups of the copolymer migrated on to the fibre surface, leading to surface enrichment of the biofunctional peptide blocks. Sequential surface modification of electrospun PVAL or peptide filaments at the sub-micron and nanoscale level was carried out by atomic layer deposition of aluminium oxide. The substrate was removed by calcination in air at 400 deg.C. This procedure successfully controlled the thickness of the tube wall. 5 refs.

North Carolina,State University; Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1012849

Item 145Macromolecules41, No.1, 8th Jan.2008, p.128.ELECTROSPINNING AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF NAFION AND POLYACRYLIC ACIDChen H; Snyder J D; Elabd Y A

The electrospinning performance and solution properties of Nafion PTFE and its blend with polyacrylic acid were investigated. Attempts to electrospin pure Nafion at various polymer concentrations, solvents, neutralisation, and electrospinning conditions resulted in electrospraying rather than electrospinning. Dynamic light scattering on

References and Abstracts

68 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

pure Nafion solutions in various solvents revealed large aggregates of various sizes due to polymer backbone and ionic interactions. The addition of polyacrylic acid to Nafion modified the ionic strength of the solvent resulting in suppressed aggregate formation, increased viscosity, and subsequently enhanced polymer chain entanglement. Thermal treatment enhanced water stability of the electrospun blend fibres. 31 refs.

Drexel,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1012549

Item 146Materials Letters62, No.4-5, 2008, p.699.AFM-BASED VOLTAGE ASSISTED NANOELECTROSPINNINGYiquan Wu; Johannes M S; Clark R L

This paper describes an atomic force microscope (AFM) based voltage-assisted electrospinning technique. Single nanofibres on substrates are prepared via simultaneous preparation and deposition. In this work, an AFM-based electrospinning process is developed to generate polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymeric single fibres with nanometre scale diameters. The results demonstrate the feasibility of this developed approach for assembling nanofibres at predetermined positions. This work represents a promising advancement in nanomanufacturing of one-dimensional nanostructured materials for micro- and nanoscale devices. 23 refs.

Duke,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1012448

Item 147ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.966-967, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN/PEO NANOFIBERSDesai K; Kit K; Jiajie Li; Zivanovic S; Davidson P M

The formation of uniform sized electrospun fibres in different size ranges of chitosan blends with polyethylene oxide is described. Fibre formation and size is influenced by blend ratio, polymer concentration and solvent. Heating the polymer solution during spinning helps improve spinnability. TGA analysis confirms the presence of both polymer sin the fibres and their blend ratio remains unaltered. High molecular weight chitosan blend fibres show the highest surface activity with higher metal binding capacity. 3 refs.

Tennessee,University at Knoxville

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1012153

Item 148ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.904, CD-ROM, 012COUPLED ELECTROSPINNING OF CONTINUOUS POLY(VINYLIDENEFLUORIDE-CO-HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE) NANOFIBER YARNSTangying Song; Xinsong Li

Coupled electrospinning is used to fabricate poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) continuous nanofibre yarns which may have potential applications for knitting to prepare protective clothing. Solution concentration and distance between the two spinnerets are found to be the main factors influencing the morphology of the yarns. The morphological and mechanical properties are presented. 5 refs.

Nanjing,Southeast University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.1012122

Item 149Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition46, No.3, 1st Feb.2008, p.305.UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED CARBON NANOFIBERS DERIVED FROM ELECTROSPUN PRECURSOR YARNSOkuzaki H; Takahashi T; Hara Y; Hu Yan

Poly(p-xylenetetrahydrothiophenium chloride) was electrospun into centimetre-long yarns vertically on the surface of an electrode and parallel to the electric field and the yarns carbonised at 600 to 1000 degree C to give uniaxially aligned carbon nanofibres with average diameters of 1257 to 184 nm. The effects of concentration, spinning rate and viscosity of the polymer solution and applied voltage on yarn diameter were investigated and changes in the morphology and microstructures of the carbonised yarns examined by Raman spectroscopy. 22 refs.

Yamanashi,UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.1011856

Item 150ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 69

Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.452-453, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN ENZYME-CARRYING POLYURETHANE NANOFIBERS FOR USE IN BIOSENSORSNarayanan R; Songtao Wu; Reneker D H; Ping Wang

A method of electrospinning polyurethane-enzyme solutions to give high loadings of an enzyme (glucose oxidase) on the spun nanofibres was demonstrated. Fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, and it was shown that fibre morphology was very dependent on concentration of spinning solution. Enzyme loading on fibres with respect to spinning time was also investigated, but enzyme activity was found not to be very dependent on enzyme loading. 5 refs.

Minnesota,University; Akron,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1011630

Item 151Advanced Materials19, No.23, 3rd Dec.2007, p.4244.MAGNETICALLY ANISOTROPIC COBALT AND IRON NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNINGGraeser M; Bognitzki M; Massa W; Pietzonka C; Greiner A; Wendorff J H

The fabrication of cobalt and iron nanofibres with ferromagnetic properties via electrospinning from solutions of poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB) as matrix polymer in the presence of cobalt nitrate or iron(III) nitrate, and post-treatment by thermal annealing of the nanocomposite fibres in a hydrogen atmosphere leading to quantitative degradation of PVB, is described. The metal nanofibres were characterised by EDX, TEM, WAXS and SQUID magnetometry, and the results are discussed in terms of anisotropy of magnetisation. 37 refs.

Marburg,Philipps Universitat; Marburg,Zentrum fuer MaterialwissenschaftenEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1011564

Item 152Journal of Polymer Research14, No.6, Dec.2007, p.467.CHARACTERIZATION ON OXIDATIVE STABILIZATION OF POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBRES PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGWang-xi Zhang; Yan-zhi Wang; Chun-feng Sun

Ultrafine PAN fibres, as a precursor of carbon nanofibres, with diameters in the range of 220-760 nm were obtained

by electrospinning of PAN solution using DMF as solvent. Morphology of the nanofibres for varying concentration and applied voltage was investigated by field emission SEM. The thermal properties and structural changes during the oxidative stabilisation process were primarily investigated by DSC, TGA, and FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The nanofibre diameters increased as the applied voltage was increased and they also increased with an increase in the concentration of the polymer solution. It was also concluded that the electrospun fibres displayed a very sharp exothermic peak at 297.34 deg C. A transition temperature observed by FTIR and Raman was approximately 300 deg C, which was closely consistent with the results of DSC and TGA studies. It was also found that oxidative stabilisation in air was accompanied by a change in colour of nanofibre webs. 39 refs.

Zhongyuan,University of Technology; North China,Institute of Science and TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.1011122

Item 153Advanced Materials19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3707.FIBER-ORIENTED LIQUID CRYSTAL POLARIZERS BASED ON ANISOTROPIC ELECTROSPINNINGYingfang Yao; Zhong-Ze Gu; Jizhong Zhang; Chao Pan; Yiyun Zhang; Hongmei Wei

A novel fibre-oriented scattering polariser was prepared by infiltrating liquid crystal into an aligned-fibre film, which was fabricated by using an optimised strategy of anisotropic electrospinning. PMMA was chosen for the fibre fabrication and the liquid crystal was SLC-100. The liquid crystal molecules were efficiently oriented, resulting in a polarising efficiency as high as 0.92. The new-style polariser had a high polarising efficiency, was simple to fabricate and had uniform and controllable optical characteristics. It could be used in flat-panel displays, antiglare sunglasses, photography filters or optical instruments. 27 refs.

Nanjing,Southeast UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1011096

Item 154Advanced Materials19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3702.FABRICATION OF ALIGNED FIBROUS ARRAYS BY MAGNETIC ELECTROSPINNINGDayong Yang; Bo Lu; Yong Zhao; Xingyu Jiang

A facile and effective method was developed for the generation of well-aligned polymeric micro- and nanofibres over large areas. Electrospinning of magnetic nanoparticle-doped polymers under the influence of a magnetic field was shown to produce aligned arrays of fibres over large

References and Abstracts

70 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

areas. The polymer used was PVAl and the magnetic nanoparticles were of Fe"3O"4. These nanofibres could be transferred onto the surfaces of other substrates. They could also be stacked into multilayer grids. The embedded magnetic nanoparticles did not affect the morphology of the fibres. 44 refs.

China,National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology; Peking,University; Beijing,Institute of Chemistry; Beijing,Graduate SchoolCHINA

Accession no.1011095

Item 155Advanced Materials19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3664.PATTERNING OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS USING ELECTROCONDUCTIVE TEMPLATESDaming Zhang; Jiang Chang

Electrospun mats with complex ordered architectures were fabricated by using patterned conductive collectors. The effects of the diameter of the web wires and the protrusions on the formation of the patterns of the fibrous materials were determined and woven structures that were generated by a time-dependent control of the arrangement of the protrusions in the collector were observed. The material used was D,L-poly(lactic acid) dissolved in a mixture of DMF and THF. The technique is expected to be of use in the fabrication of patterned and woven structured fibrous mats for industrial and biomedical applications. 16 refs.

Shanghai,Institute of CeramicsCHINA

Accession no.1011092

Item 156Advanced Materials19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3544.ELECTROSPINNING PH-RESPONSIVE BLOCK COPOLYMER NANOFIBERSLinge Wang; Topham P D; Mykhaylyk O O; Howse J R; Bras W; Jones R A L; Ryan A J

Ultrafine fibres of a pH-responsive triblock copolymer with different diameters, alignment, and microdomain order were prepared via electrospinning in THF/DMF and solvent-vapour annealing in THF. The monodisperse block copolymer was poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(2-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-b-poly(methyl methacrylate). Fibrous samples displayed much quicker response times than the corresponding films owing to the increase in external surface area. The fibrils of annealed, aligned, electrospun fibres showed a dramatic apparent 'one-dimensional' pH-induced size-change during the experiment. The results were of importance in the development of responsive macromolecular actuators. 29 refs.

Sheffield,UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1011085

Item 157Chinese Journal of Polymer Science26, No.1, Jan.2008, p.63.CONTROL OF DIMENSIONAL STABILITY AND DEGRADATION RATE IN ELECTROSPUN COMPOSITE SCAFFOLDS COMPOSED OF POLY(D,L-LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) AND POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE)Yi-Jie Liu; Hong-Liang Jiang; Yan Li; Kang-Jie Zhu

Fibres were prepared by electrospinning blends of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly-epsilon-caprolactone and the effect of blend composition on the morphology, shrinkage and degradation behaviour in a phosphate buffer solution of the fibres investigated using various methods, including scanning electron microscopy, DSC, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. It was found that degradation rate could be modulated by blend composition and that meshes containing 20% poly-epsilon-caprolactone exhibited stable dimensional morphology with degradation. 25 refs.

Zhejiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1010874

Item 158Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology20, No.5, Dec.2007-Jan.2008, p.437.THE STUDY ON ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBERS FROM SODIUM ALGINATE AND THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CO-SOLVENTS ON ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER SOLUTIONSafi S; Ghiaci M; Morshed M; Hosseni A K

The electrospinnability of sodium alginate was investigated using different organic solvents and surfactants. In order to improve polymer solubility in organic solvents, ammonium alginate and alginic acid were used instead of sodium alginate. Electrospinning was achieved by blending sodium alginate with PEO. Interactions between sodium alginate and PEO were examined by FTIR spectroscopy and the morphology and diameter of the fibres investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Measurement of solution properties showed a marked dependence of spinnability and fibre morphology on solution viscosity and alginate to PEO blend ratio. 26 refs.

Isfahan,University of TechnologyIRAN

Accession no.1010791

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 71

Item 159Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.3, 5th Feb.2008, p.1954.ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE FIBERS AND FABRICATION OF POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE BIOCOMPOSITES REINFORCED BY THEMHan S O; Son W K; Youk J H; Park W H

Electrospinning conditions for ultrafine cellulose fibres was studied and polybutylene succinate biocomposites reinforced by the ultrafine cellulose fibres were fabricated. The cellulose fibres were electrospun from cellulose solutions in methyl morpholine oxide. Melt processability, thermal resistance and chemical resistance were examined. 23 refs.

Korea,Institute of Energy Research; Chungnam,National University; Inha,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1010691

Item 160Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.4, 15th Feb.2008 p.2211.ENHANCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTILAYER NANO-COATED ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 FIBERS VIA A LAYER-BY-LAYER SELF-ASSEMBLYJong Hoon Park; Byoung Suhk Kim; Yeon Chun Yoo; Myung Seob Khil; Hak Yong Kim

Electrospun polyamide-6 mats were coated by polystyrenesulphonate and polyallylamine hydrochloride polyelectrolytes using a layer by layer self assembly technique involving multiple dipping. Nanofibre mats were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. Coated polyamide fibres exhibited a more uniform and smooth appearance, and mechanical properties were improved significantly compared to the uncoated electrospun mats. Reasons for the improvements were discussed. 30 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Sogang,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1010576

Item 161Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.4, 15th Feb.2008 p.2142.FABRICATING NOVEL THERMAL CROSSLINKED ULTRAFINE FIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNINGTian-He Dai; Hao Yu; Kai Zhang; Mei-Fang Zhu; Yan-Mo Chen; Adler H-J

Electrospinning of polyester macromers from dichloromethane solution, followed by thermal crosslinking was used to prepare ultrafine fibres. Synthesis of the polyester macromer from a diol polymer, isophorone

diisocyanate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate, with the addition of a copolymer of hydroxylvalerate and hydroxylbutyrate added as a process aid, is described. Fibres had good thermal and solvent stability, and were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, solvent absorption and thermogravimetric analysis. 35 refs.

Donghua,University; Dresden,University of TechnologyCHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1010567

Item 162ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.609-610, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE MEMBRANE FOR EAPAP ACTUATOREun-Hee Lee; Hye-Mi Kim; Kwang-Sok Kim; In-Joo Chin

Preparation of a nanofibre cellulose membrane for application in electroactive paper actuator applications was described and discussed. Effects of fibre alignment and crystallinity were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction and displacement measurements by laser sensors when electroactivated were used to examine the fibres. It was observed that fibre alignment was in the stretching direction, with bending displacement characteristics improved compared to randomly oriented membranes. 14 refs.

Inha,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)KOREA

Accession no.1010538

Item 163ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.522-523, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF THIOLATED POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/WHEAT GLUTEN FIBRESJing Dong; Parnas R; Asandei A D

Electrospinning of composites of thiolated polyvinyl alcohol, wheat gluten and with or without dithiothreitol was achieved and the resulting fibres were characterised

References and Abstracts

72 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

by scanning electron microscopy. Spinning solutions consisted of mixed solutions of the three ingredients, and the effects of different concentrations of wheat gluten and dithiothreitol on spinning and the morphology of the resulting fibres were investigated. Solubility of the wheat gluten was improved by polymer addition but no by dithiothreitol addition. 10 refs.

Connecticut,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1010513

Item 164Polymer Engineering and Science47, No.12, 2007, p.2065.EXPLOITATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD IN CONTROLLING OF NANOFIBER SPINNING PROCESSHeikkilae P; Soederlund L; Uusimaeki J; Kettunen L; Harlin A

Nanofibres can be prepared from a polymer solution utilizing electrospinning, a method exploiting an electrostatic field. In this work the electric field of the electrospinning process was modelled for better understanding and controllability of the fibre deposition in the electrospinning process. The model of the electric field was compared with experimental observations. The model of the electric field explained many phenomena in electrospinning, but did not provide an exclusive control tool for the process. 39 refs.

Tampere,University of TechnologyEUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1010416

Item 165Polymer Engineering and Science47, No.12, 2007, p.2020.ULTRAPOROUS 3D POLYMER MESHES BY LOW-TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPINNING: USE OF ICE CRYSTALS AS A REMOVABLE VOID TEMPLATESimonet M; Schneider O D; Neuenschwander P; Stark W J

While electrospinning provides an excellent preparation method for the manufacturing of polymer fibres with defined diameter, controlling the overall porosity of the resulting fibre assemblies has remained elusive, particularly at higher porosities. In this study, the use of a low-temperature fibre collection device in air with controlled humidity allowed the simultaneous deposition of polymer fibres and ice particles from condensing humidity. The ice particles were intimately embedded within the polymer fibres and served as a pore template thus defining the mesh porosity after drying of the collected fibre assemblies. The amount of water

condensation therefore contributes to the control of the mean interfibre distance and the resulting porosity. This simple and well accessible use of ice crystals as void templates gives access to the preparation of biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds with an up to four times higher porosity if compared to conventional fibre electrospinning. The successful application of low-temperature electrospinning using polyesters or polyurethanes suggests a broad, material independent applicability of the process for the preparation of highly porous polymer structures. 46 refs.

ETH ZurichSWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1010410

Item 166Polymer Materials Science and Engineering23, No.5, Sept.2007, p.167/173THE INFLUENCE OF PASS SOLUTION CHARACTERISTIC ON THE SOLUTION ELECTROSPINNABILITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE NANOFIBERSGang Zhang; Heng-Mei Huang; Xiao-Jun Wang; Xiao-Chuan Zhao; Jie Yang; Guang-Xian Li

Polyarylene sulphide sulphone (PASS) solutions were prepared using a mixed solvent system (phenol/1,1,2,2-tetrachlorothane and the effects of dynamic viscosity, conductivity and surface tension of the solutions on electrospinning, bead formation and average nanofibre diameter investigated. 6 refs.

Sichuan,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1009944

Item 167Polymer Materials Science and Engineering23, No.5, Sept.2007, p.132.EFFECT OF HIGH VALENCE METAL IONS ON THE ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AQUEOUS SOLUTIONDe-Tao Xu; Xin-Sheng Zhu; Yong Xu; Wei-Jian Gao

The electrospinning of various PVAl aqueous solutions was investigated and the electrical conductivity, surface tension and viscosity of the solutions examined as a function of PVAl concentration. The effects of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and calcium chloride on electrospinning were evaluated and the metal content of the samples studied by elemental analysis. 9 refs.

Suzhou,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1009935

Item 168Advanced Functional Materials17, No.17, 23rd Nov.2007, p.3650.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 73

ELECTROSPINNING: A FACILE METHOD TO DISPERSE FLUORESCENT QUANTUM DOTS IN NANOFIBERS WITHOUT FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFERMinjie Li; Junhu Zhang; Hao Zhang; Yifei Liu; Chunlei Wang; Xiang Xu; Yue Tang; Bai Yang

Fluorescent CdTe quantum dots were dispersed into PVAl solid nanofibres by electrospinning of a quantum dot/PVAl blend solution and the resulting materials characterised by fluorescence spectroscopy, TEM, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The quantum dots were well separated in the nanofibres and no Forster resonance energy transfer occurred even when multi-colour quantum dots were incorporated. 22 refs.

Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1009873

Item 169Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.3, 5th Feb.2008, p.1547.MATERIALS SELECTION AND RESIDUAL SOLVENT RETENTION IN BIODEGRADABLE ELECTROSPUN FIBERSNam J; Huang Y; Agarwal S; Lannutti J

Details are given of the development of a method to quantify hexafluoropropanol sterilizing agent retention following electrospinning of gelatin, polycaprolactone, and polycaprolactone-gelatin blends using electro-spray mass spectroscopy. The acetone content of acetone-spun polycaprolactone was also examined. Potential uses in tissue engineering are mentioned. 48 refs.

Ohio,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.1009822

Item 170ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.762-763, CD-ROM, 012SALT-INDUCED ELECTROSPINNING METHOD FOR PRODUCING POROUS NYLON 6 NANOFIBERSAfshari M; Gupta A; Zhang X; Tonelli A; Khan S; Kotek R

Production of nanoscale porous fibres of polyamide-6 (PA6) from a Lewis acid based complex of PA6 and gallium trichloride, by electrospinning, is described. Removal of the gallium trichloride after spinning resulted in uniform porosity. The method proved an economical route for preparation of porous nanofibres and could

be applied to other combinations of polymers and salts. Fibres were illustrated using scanning electron microscopy. 5 refs.

North Carolina,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1009674

Item 171ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.705-706, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYISOBUTYLENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERSTaghizadeh S N; Faust R; Mead J

The effects of process parameters on the properties of nonwoven mats of styrene-isobutylene-styrene triblock-copolymer based electrospun from tetrahydrofuran solution were examined. Fibres made from a 12 wt% solution had reasonable fibre diameters, but because of the presence of significant beading of the fibres, this concentration was not suitable for the preparation of mats of uniform nanofibres. Fibres made from 20 wt% solution electrospun at 8-12 kV and tip-to-target distances of 10-15 cm showed a relatively uniform fibre morphology but rather large fibre diameters. Typically, high solution concentrations produced large pore diameters in the nanofibre mats. 6 refs.

Lowell,Massachusetts University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.1009496

Item 172ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.657-658, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN MEMBRANE FOR LOW-FOULING ULTRA-FILTRATIONPark C-H; Kirn K-S; Chin I-J

A low-fouling ultrafiltration membrane was produced by combining a UV-curable polyurethane and an electrospun poly(acrylonitrile)/poly(ether sulphone) membrane and the polyurethane-coated membrane was characterised by means of scanning electron microscopy and contact-angle measurements. In filtration tests under crossflow conditions, the double-layered membrane showed an oil retention of over 99% and an oil concentration of less

References and Abstracts

74 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

than 10 mg/L in the filtrate. The polyurethane-coated electrospun PAN/PES membrane is suitable for the treatment of oil-contaminated wastewater. 6 refs.

Inha,University; Small Business Training Institute(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.1009472

Item 173ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.655-656, CD-ROM, 012ALIGNMENT OF MWNTS USING ELECTROSPUN MWNT-G-PLLA NANO-FIBERSJang Y-W; Park C-H; Chin I-J

Oxidised multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were treated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and then covalently functionalised with L-lactide by ring-opening polymerisation. The PEG and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were shown to be covalently bonded to the MWNTs. PLLA/MWNT composite nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that well-oriented electrospun fibres and MWNT arrays were obtained. Electrospinning of mixtures of PLLA and MWNT-g-PLLA was shown to be a flexible approach for aligning MWNTs within the PLLA nanofibres. 10 refs.

Inha,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.1009471

Item 174ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.630-631, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF SELF-ASSEMBLED INCLUSION COMPLEXES OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) WITH UREALiu Y; Pellerin C

Micro-sized fibres of inclusion complexes of poly(ethylene oxide) in urea were prepared by electrospinning and characterised by means of IR spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). WAXD showed the presence of a high degree of molecular orientation; this explains the high relative thermal stability of the inclusion complexes. 9 refs.

Montreal,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

CANADA

Accession no.1009457

Item 175Polymer International57, No.1, Jan.2008, p.77.PRODUCTION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC POLYMER FIBERS WITH EMBEDDED PARTICLES USING THE ELECTROSPINNING TECHNIQUEMenini R; Farzaneh M

P o l y m e r m a t s m a d e o f p o l y s t y r e n e a n d poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-(vinylidene fluoride)-co-propylene) (PTVFP) are prepared by electrospinning. They are found to show highly hydrophobic properties with a water contact angle between 130 and 150 deg. A dual fibre-bead microstructure is observed. Superhydrophobicity is reached when PTVFP mats are electrospun from a polymer solution containing dispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles. Using AFM imaging protruding nanosized asperities are observed on fibre and bead surfaces and this structure leads to superhydrophobic properties. Materials prepared from a high-viscosity PTVFP/ethyl acetate solution with PTFE particles, show an improvement in hydrophobicity compared to the materials obtained from a particle-free polymer solution. 34 refs.

Quebec,University; Hydro-QuebecCANADA

Accession no.1009334

Item 176Journal of Functional Polymers19-20, No.3, Sept.2007, p.277.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLLA/BETA-TCP HYBRID MEMBRANE VIA ELECTROSPINNINGYun Zhou; Xiao-Ping Yang; Yun-Hua Yu; Peng Li; Xu-Liang Deng; Guo-Qiang Chen

beta-Tricalcium phosphate/poly(L-lactic acid) hybrid membranes for bone tissue regeneration were prepared by electrospinning and the structural and morphological properties of the beta-tricalcium phosphate particles investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of process parameters on fibre morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy and the mechanical properties of the membranes investigated. 26 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; Peking,University; Tsinghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1008976

Item 177Journal of Adhesion83, No.7-9, July-Sept.2007, p.785.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 75

ROLE OF CHAIN ENTANGLEMENTS IN THE ELECTROSPINNING OF WHEAT PROTEIN-POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) BLENDSWoerdeman D L; Shenoy S; Breger D

An investigation was carried out to ascertain whether the rapid solvent removal evaporation occurring during electrospinning enabled gluten protein and PVAl chains to remain at least partially entangled in the solid state. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to compare the thermal characteristics of electrospun non-woven fibrous sheets comprising 100% commercial wheat gluten, 100% PVAl and a 75/25 wheat gluten/PVAl blend. The elemental compositions of the individual fibres with those of the spherical domains found in the non-woven fibrous sheets were compared using energy dispersive spectroscopy. Both scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed that the inorganic constituents existed as spherical, micrometer-sized domains in the final products. 33 refs.

Drexel,University; Philip Morris USAUSA

Accession no.1008844

Item 178Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers22, No.5, Sept.2007, p.508.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS SURFACE MODIFIED WITH FLUORESCENT PROTEINSChoi J S; Yoo H S

The fabrication of nanofibres of blends of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and various proportions of amine-terminated poly(ethylene glycol-b-epsilon-caprolactone) block copolymer by electrospinning, and their characterisation by FESEM and surface amine groups, is described. The effects of blend composition on the immobilisation and release properties of fluorescent-labelled proteins from the swollen nanofibres were investigated by FESEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy and the results are discussed in terms of biocompatibility and potential tissue engineering applications. 38 refs.

Kangwon,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1008640

Item 179Polymer Journal (Japan)39, No.10, 2007, p.1060.PREPARATION OF POROUS PVDF NANOFIBER FROM PVDF/PVP BLEND BY ELECTROSPRAY DEPOSITIONNasir M; Matsumoto H; Minagawa M; Tanioka A; Danno T; Horibe H

The fabrication of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) nanofibres with porous structures by electrospray deposition from blends of PVDF and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP)

in dimethylacetamide and subsequent selective removal of PVP, and their characterisation by SEM (surface morphology), DSC (crystallinity), FTIR and WAXD (crystalline structure), nitrogen adsorption isotherms and mercury porosimetry (porosity), is described. The effects of PVDF/PVP blend ratio on pore and crystal structure of the nanofibres were investigated and the results are discussed. 21 refs.

Tokyo,Institute of Technology; Kochi,Women's University; Kanazawa,Institute of TechnologyJAPAN

Accession no.1008557

Item 180Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.4, 15th Nov.2007, p.2363.SELECTIVE CHEMICAL ABSORBANCE IN ELECTROSPUN NONWOVENSChunhui Xiang; Frey M W; Taylor A G; Rebovich M E

The absorbance of liquids and dyes with various degrees of hydrophilicity into electrospun fabrics (cellulose and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with comparable fibre diameters and pore spacings between the fibres) and conventional woven cotton and PETP fabrics was studied. The cotton and PETP fabrics had pore spacings between the fibres which were 10-20 times larger than those of the electrospun fabrics. The absorbance of liquids and dyes with various degrees of water/octanol solubility on to hydrophobic (PETP and PLA) and hydrophobic (cellulose and cotton) fabrics was compared. The dyes used were a direct dye (Rit Scarlet 5), a disperse red dye (005 Spectrasperse Rubine 3BA) and a fluorescent dye (D-820 Savannah Yellow). The decreased fibre size and pore size found in electrospun PLA and cellulose nonwoven fabrics led to increased absorbency. Also, the small fibre size and pitted surface morphology of the PLA electrospun fabrics resulted in greater hydrophobicity than that reported for bulk PLA materials. The affinity for both the dye and the bath liquid affected the absorbance of the dyes from aqueous baths. 17 refs.

Cornell UniversityUSA

Accession no.1008184

Item 181Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.4, 15th Nov.2007, p.2177.ELECTROSPUN HYDROXYPROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE PHTHALATE (HPMCP)/ERYTHROMYCIN FIBERS FOR TARGETED RELEASE IN INTESTINEMeng Wang; Linge Wang; Yong Huang

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP)/erythromycin fibre mats with various diameters were prepared by electrospinning. When the drug was added, the morphology of the fibres changed from a columnar

References and Abstracts

76 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

to a tape-like shape. No drug was found aggregated on the surface of the erythromycin-containing mats, which indicated that the drug was embodied or encapsulated inside the fibres. Because HPMCP is pH-sensitive, erythromycin was released from the fibre mats by a slow diffusion process in artificial gastric juice, whereas in artificial intestinal juice with a pH higher than that of the artificial gastric juice, it was released in nearly first-order kinetics because of the first-order kinetics dissolution of the HPMCP fibres in the artificial intestinal juice. The rate of erythromycin release in the artificial intestinal juice was more than 2.5 times faster than that in artificial gastric juice. The rate and the total amount of drug released both in stomach and intestine decreased with increasing average fibre diameter. 30 refs.

Chinese Academy of SciencesCHINA

Accession no.1008163

Item 182Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia17, No.3, July-Sept. 2007, p.206.CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS USING DIFFERENT PAN/DMF CONCENTRATIONSGomes D S; Da Silva A N R; Morimoto N I; Mendes L T F; Furlan R; Ramos I

An electrospinning process for the production of fibres for use in nanosensor applications was extensively investigated using precursor solutions with different concentrations of PAN diluted in a fixed amount of dimethyl formamide. The effects of solution viscosity, applied voltage and distance between the needle tip and collector plate on fibre properties, including fibre diameter, fibre shape, fibre length and morphology, were examined and the behaviour of the electrical current, monitored during the deposition process, correlated with fibre characteristics. 17 refs.

EPUSP; FATEC; Puerto Rico,UniversityBRAZIL

Accession no.1008119

Item 183Journal of Applied Polymer Science107, No.2, 15th Jan.2008 p.909.PREPARATION OF POLY(ETHER SULFONE) NANOFIBERS BY GAS-JET/ELECTROSPINNINGYi Lin; Yongyi Yao; Xiaozhan Yang; Na Wei; Xuqing Li; Ping Gong; Ruixi Li; Dacheng Wu

Synthesis of polyethersulphone nanofibres from dimethylformamide solution by gas jet electrospinning is described and discussed. Parameters such as solution concentration, applied voltage, tip to collector distance, gas flow rate and needle inner diameter were varied and

the effects of these on fibre diameter and properties was determined. Reducing solution concentration resulted in reduced fibre diameter, but mixed bead fibres were easily formed. Optimum spinning conditions were determined and described, and fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. 45 refs.

Sichuan,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1007877

Item 184Macromolecular Rapid Communications28, No.22, 16th Nov.2007, pp. 2159.POLYMORPHISM CONTROL OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) THROUGH ELECTROSPINNINGZheng J; He A; Li J; Han C C

The polymorphism of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) was controlled by electrospinning. Fibrous membranes of PVDF with a fibre diameter in the range from 100 nm to several micrometers were prepared by electrospinning, which permitted a simultaneous adjustment of the crystal phase of the electrospun PVDF fibres. PVDF fibrous membranes containing mainly alpha-, beta- or gamma-phase PVDF could be produced successfully by selecting the electrospinning parameters, such as the solvent, temperature, feeding rate, and tip-to-collector distance. 17 refs.

Beijing,Chinese Academy of SciencesCHINA

Accession no.1007728

Item 185Polymer48, No.22, 2007, p.6617.NEW SOLVENT FOR POLYAMIDES AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYAMIDES 11 AND 12Behler K; Havel M; Gogotsi Y

Polyamides with long hydrocarbon chains, e.g. PA11 and PA12, are generally dissolved in phenolic or fluoric solvents that prevent these polymers from being electrospun and used in many applications because of their high boiling point and/or prohibitive cost. We demonstrate that a mixture of formic acid and dichloromethane can lead to the dissolution of various polyamides enabling their subsequent electrospinning. Nanofibres and nanoribbons of 130 nm and greater in average diameter were obtained and characterised using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. 23 refs.

Drexel,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1007446

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 77

Item 186Polymers in Defence and Aerospace Applications. Proceedings of an international conference held Toulouse, France, 18th-19th September 2007.Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007, Paper 7, pp.10, ISBN 9781847350190, 29 cm, 012CONDUCTING POLYMER NANOFIBERS OBTAINED BY ELECTROSPINNINGRobitaille L; Laforgue A

Non-woven mats of poly(3-hexylthiophene) fibres with diameters down to 500 nm were produced by electrospinning of poly(3-hexylthiophene) solutions containing a small amount of a high molec.wt. PEO. The morphology of the nanofibres was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the electrical conductivity of the nanofibres was determined after iodine vapour doping for at least 48 hours. The structure/properties relationships were assessed as a function of processing parameters and ratio of conducting and spinnable polymers. 36 refs.

Canada,National Research Council(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)CANADA

Accession no.1007156

Item 187Macromolecular Rapid Communications28, No.21, 1st Nov.2007, p.2062.PHOTOCROSSLINKABLE LIQUID CRYSTAL MAIN-CHAIN POLYMERS. THIN FILMS AND ELECTROSPINNINGKrause S; Dersch R; Wendorff J H; Finkelmann H

Details are given of a method of preparing thin films and aligned fibres of main-chain liquid crystalline oxybenzoic acid chloride polymers for use in mechanical actuators. Polymer mechanical properties were investigated and data for temperature-dependent changes in length and nonlinear stress-strain relationships are presented. Electrospinning was used to obtain fibres from solution with in situ UV curing. 21 refs.

Freiburg,Albert-Ludwigs University; Marburg,Philipps UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1007073

Item 188Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.5, 5th Dec.2007, p.3282.EFFECTS OF THE TACTICITIES OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ON THE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL NANOWEBS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGLim H J; Lee S J; Bae H J; Noh S K; Lee Y R; Han S S; Jeon H Y; Park W H; Lyoo W S

The effects of tacticities on the characteristics of PVAL nanowebs prepared by an electrospinning technique were investigated. The influence of changing initial polymer concentration, applied voltage and tip-to-collector distance on the formation of PVAL webs with uniform nanofibres is discussed. Characterisation was undertaken using SEM, proton NMR, DSC and X-ray diffraction. 38 refs.

Yeungnam,University; Daegu,Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology;KOREA

Accession no.1007035

Item 189Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.5, 5th Dec.2007, p.3171.MULTIJET ELECTROSPINNING OF CONDUCTING NANOFIBERS FROM MICROFLUIDIC MANIFOLDSSrivastava Y; Marquez M; Thorsen T

Details are given of a method for the electrospinning of conducting polymeric composite nanofibres using a PDMS-based microfluidic device. Nanofibres of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and its composite with polypyrrole were prepared using one-step and two-step microfluidic electrospinning. The effect of processing variables on the morphology of the nanofibres using this device were also studied. Morphologies were examined using SEM. 42 refs.

MIT; INEST Group; Arizona,State University; NISTUSA

Accession no.1007022

Item 190Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals472, 2007 p.571.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYCARBONATE/TETRAPYRAZINOINDOLOPORPHYRAZINE COMPOSITE FIBERSIl Woong Baek; Jae Yun Jaung; Seong Hun Kim; Heejoon Ahn

Electrospinning was used to prepare composite fibres of a polycarbonate and tetrapyrazinoindoloporphyrazine to determine whether the optical and electronic properties of the filler were retained after processing with a polymer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used in the analysis, and it was confirmed that properties of the filler were very largely retained. Two different solvents were used in electrospinning, chloroform and cyclohexanone, with differences observed in fibre morphology observed in each case. 21 refs.

Hanyang,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1006970

References and Abstracts

78 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 191E-PolymersNo.133, 2007 p.1.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PVA/BORON POLYMER PRODUCED BY AN ELECTROSPINNING TECHNIQUEUslu I; Dastan H; Altas A; Yayli A; Atakol O; Aksu M L

Crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) by boron, using different blend concentrations of PVAl and boric acid, and electrospinning resulted in PVAl/boron blend fibres of different diameters from 0.3 to 4 micron. Fibres were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electrical conductivity and differential scanning calorimetry. Fibre thermal stability increased with boron addition, as did fibre diameter compared to spinning of PVAl under similar conditions. Boron oxide and the formation of boron-oxygen-carbon bonds were identified in the structure of the electrospun fibres. 9 refs.

Selcuk,University; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; Ankara,University; Gazi,UniversityTURKEY

Accession no.1006932

Item 192Macromolecules40, No.21, 16th Oct.2007 p.7689.EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF POROUS STRUCTURE FORMATION IN ELECTROSPUN FIBERSDayal P; Jing Liu; Kumar S; Thein Kyu

Electrospinning of amorphous polymers, such as polymethyl methacrylate from methylene chloride solution, or polystyrene from tetrahydrofuran, can result in fibres with a porous structure. Development of this porous structure was studied using scanning electron microscopy, and by theoretical modelling treating polymers as beads connected by Maxwell elements in a cylindrical coordinate system. The simulation method revealed real time formation of pores along the spinning direction forming as changes take place in solution concentration during electrospinning. Experimental and theoretical results were compared. 37 refs.

Akron,University; Georgia,Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.1006915

Item 193Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.6, 15th Dec.2007, p.3922.ELECTROSPUN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SILK FIBROIN NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLDChang Seok Ki; Jong Wook Kim; Jin Ho Hyun; Ki Hoon Lee; Hattori M; Dong Kyun Rah; Young Hwan Park

Electrospinning of a silk fibroin to prepare a three dimensional scaffold was described, and the structures were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. Scaffolds were evaluated for cell adhesion using mouse fibroblast cells. The scaffold was shown to be similar to a natural extracellular matrix, and would be expected to perform similarly with the porous structure allowing cell growth within the scaffold structure. 24 refs.

Seoul,National University; Yonsei,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1006834

Item 194Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.6, 15th Dec.2007 p.3648.ALIGNMENT OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE WITH AN ELECTRIC FIELDChanunpanich N; Hongsik Byun

Alignment of polystyrene fibres in an electrospun polystyrene mat, and the conditions for achieving this, was investigated and described. A solution concentration of 20 percent polystyrene in a 75/25 solvent mixture of tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide was used for electrospinning, and use of a voltage stabiliser assisted in fibre alignment. Fibres and fibre alignment was examined using scanning electron microscopy. 31 refs.

King Mongkut's Institute Of Technology North Bangkok; Keimyung,UniversityKOREA; THAILAND

Accession no.1006801

Item 195Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers22, No.4, July 2007, p.379.COMPOSITION-GRADED FILMS OF FLUOROAPATITE/PHB FABRICATED VIA ELECTROSPINNING FOR TISSUE ENGINEERINGZhao D M; Wang Y X; Xu R W; Wu G; Zhang L Q; Yu D S; Cui F Z; Chen D F; Tian W

The fabrication of gradient composition films of fluoroapatite and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) via electrospinning from solutions of the components, and their characterisation by SEM (surface morphology), XRD, DSC (thermal properties), tensile testing (mechanical properties) and cell culture (biocompatibility), is described. The results are discussed in terms of potential applications as scaffold materials for tissue engineering. 30 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; Tsing Hua,University; Beijing,Research Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsCHINA

Accession no.1006769

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 79

Item 196Journal of the Textile Institute98, No.3, 2007, p.237.MANIPULATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD OF ELECTROSPINNING SYSTEM TO PRODUCE POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBER YARNDabirian F; Hosseini Y; Hosseini Ravandi S A

The fabricat ion of twisted uniaxial ly al igned polyacrylonitrile nanofibre yarn by electrospinning from a solution of the polymer in dimethylformamide, using a negatively charged bar in the electric field to form an electrostatic multipolar field, is described. The yarns were characterised by SEM (diameter and morphology), XRD (crystallinity) and mechanical properties, and the results are discussed in comparison with those for yarns produced by conventional electrospinning. 14 refs.

Isfahan,University of Technology; Tehran,Sharif University of TechnologyIRAN

Accession no.1006749

Item 197Macromolecules40, No.22, 30th Oct.2007, p.7973.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYACRYLONITRILE SOLUTIONS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURESChi Wang; Huan-Sheng Chien; Chia-Hung Hsu; Yin-Chi Wang; Cheng-Ting Wang; Hsin-An Lu

The effects of needle diameter, solution properties and processing variables on electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres are systematically investigated. Decreasing PAN concentration and/or increasing solution temperature result in a progressive reduction in fibre diameter. The dominant processing variable in determining the fibre diameter is the applied electric field. Results suggest that high temperature electrospinning is an effective approach to significantly reducing fibre diameter through solution property manipulation. High temperature electrospinning is shown to be an effective approach in producing ultrathin PAN fibres with a diameter lower than 100 nm. 50 refs.

National Cheng Kung UniversityTAIWAN

Accession no.1006519

Item 198Polymer International56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1367.CARBON NANOTUBE-REINFORCED POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS BY VIBRATION-ELECTROSPINNINGYu-Qin Wan; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu

Polyacrylonitrile/multiwalled carbon nanotube fibres were electrospun by traditional electrospinning and vibration-electrospinning and characterised by FTIR spectroscopy,

scanning electron microscopy, TEM and X-ray diffraction. The nanotubes were aggregated heavily in the fibres obtained by traditional electrospinning while nanotubes were well distributed and aligned in the PAN fibres produced by vibration-electrospinning. 19 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1005983

Item 199Polymer International56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1361.APPARATUS FOR PREPARING ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS: DESIGNING AN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS FOR NANOFIBER FABRICATIONSuA Park; Koeun Park; Hyeon Yoon; JoonGon Son; Teijin Min; GeunHyung Kim

A review is presented on how interactions between processing conditions and electrical and rheological properties of electrospun nanofibres can be controlled using a range of nozzle types, target electrodes and guiding electrodes. 48 refs.

Korea,Institute of Machinery & MaterialsKOREA

Accession no.1005982

Item 200Polymer International56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1349.EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REGENERATED:TISSUE ENGINEERING VIA ELECTROSPUN BIOMIMETIC NANOFIBERSSell S; Barnes C; Smith M; McClure M; Madurantakam P; Grant J; McManus M; Bowlin G

A review is presented on the role of electrospinning in the engineering of various tissues and applications (skin/wound healing, cartilage, bone, vascular tissue, urological tissue, nerve and ligament). Its potential role in the future is also considered. 125 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth UniversityUSA

Accession no.1005981

Item 201Polymer International56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1340.ENGINEERING ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRILLAR SURFACES FOR SPINAL CORD REPAIR: A DISCUSSIONMeiners S; Ahmed I; Ponery A S; Amor N; Harris S L; Ayres V; Yuan Fan; Qian Chen; Delgado-Rivera R; Babu A N

An investigation was carried out to ascertain whether unmodified or peptide-modified polyamide nanofibres

References and Abstracts

80 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

incorporated into an over-hemisection spinal cord model would allow axonal regrowth in-vivo following central nervous system injury. The nanofibres were visualised using atomic force microscopy and their biocompatibility assessed. The unmodified nanofibres supported modest axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord whereas the modified nanofibres enhanced the ability of the nanofibres to facilitate axonal regrowth. However, random orientation of the fabric folds impeded the forward movement of axons. 41 refs.

New Jersey,University of Medicine and Dentistry; Michigan,State University; Rutgers,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1005980

Item 202Polymer International56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1330.SOME FASCINATING PHENOMENA IN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSSongting Tan; Xianwei Huang; Bolin Wu

Some fascinating phenomena associated with the remarkable features of nanofibres in electrospinning processes are briefly reviewed under the headings of jet instability in the electrospinning process, control of chemical composition, modification of electrospun nanofibres, control of secondary structures, alignment of electrospun nanofibres, multi-jet electrospinning, branching and electrode polarity. Progress being made in applications, including filtration applications, electrical applications, optical applications, sensors and biomedical applications, of electrospun nanofibres is also covered. 117 refs.

Xiangtan UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1005979

Item 203Polymer International56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1323.MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR CONTINUOUS ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS AND ELECTROSPUN NANOPOROUS MICROSPHERESJi-Huan He; Lan Xu; Yue Wu; Yong Liu

A brief review of mathematical models for electrospinning and their applications is presented. Sections are included on the one-dimensional model, Spivak-Dzenis Model, Wan-Guo-Pan model, allometric model, electrospinnability and vibration electrospinning, electrospinning dilation and electrospun nanoporous microspheres, the nano-effect in electrospinning, spider-spun fibre and Siro-spinning and the E-infinity theory, a potential theory for dealing with quantum-like properties and nano-effect on the nanoscale. 72 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1005978

Item 204AATCC Review7, No.3, March 2007, p.40.PRODUCTION AND SELECTED PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBRESPhaneuf M D; Bide M J; Bachuwar A; Mignanelli M; Brown P J

Polyethylene terephthalate nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning from solution using unmodified PETP and PETP modified with ethylenediamine. Several polymeric additives, including cellulose acetate, PEO and polyethylene glycol, were also added to the spinning solution. The nanofibres obtained were structurally characterised by scanning electron microscopy and their tensile strengths, elongation at break and dye uptake behaviour investigated. The results obtained indicated that the nanofibres were potentially suitable for the manufacture of topical and/or implantable medical devices. 15 refs.

BioSurfaces; Rhode Island,University; Clemson,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1005927

Item 205Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 2. August 2005. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held Washington, D.C., August 2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Div. of Polymer Chemistry, 2005, p.599-600, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBER MEMBRANES OF POLY(BIS(TRIFLUOROETHOXY)PHOSPHAZENE)Singh A; Steely L; Allcock H R

The fabrication of highly hydrophobic nanostructured fibrous mats of poly(bis(trifluoro ethoxy)phosphazene) via electrospinning is reported. The dimensions of the polymer fibres are varied from 80 nm to 1.4 micrometres by altering the electrospinning conditions. The surface properties of these mats are characterised by water contact angle and XPS measurements. 10 refs.

Pennsylvania,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.1005564

Item 206Polymer48, No.21, 2007, p.6384.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 81

REDUCING ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER DIAMETER AND VARIABILITY USING CATIONIC AMPHIPHILESLin K; Kian-Ngiap Chua; Christopherson G T; Lim S; Hai-Quan Mao

One major limitation of the electrospinning technique for generating polymer fibres is the large average diameter and the broad diameter variability of electrospun fibres. Improved methods of controlling fibre diameter and variability will have implications for many applications ranging from filtration to cell and tissue engineering. Here we report an effective method of reducing the diameter and variability of fibres prepared from three different polymers, poly(ethersulphone), poly(caprolactone), and poly(caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphoester), by doping polymer solutions with a positively charged amphiphile, octadecyl rhodamine (R18) or octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) at 5000:1 to 20:1 of polymer to amphiphile weight ratio. This is due to the combined effect of field-driven surface partitioning of positively charged amphiphiles and surface tension reduction. This method of diameter reduction can be applied easily without modifying the electrospinning setup or changing the polymer-solvent system. 34 refs.

Johns Hopkins University; Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE; USA

Accession no.1005466

Item 207Chemical Engineering Science62, No.17, 2007, p.4751.NANOPARTICLE FILTRATION BY ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBERSYun K M; Hogan C J; Matsubayashi Y; Kawabe M; Iskandar F; Okuyama K

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres with mean diameters in 270-400 nm range were prepared by electrospinning for use as a filter media. Compared to commercial filters made of polyolefin and glass, the fibres of electrospun filters were more uniform in diameter. The performance of electrospun filters was evaluated by measuring the penetration of monodisperse NaCl nanoparticles (below 80 nm in size) through the filters. It was found that electrospun filters could be made which had nanoparticle penetration values comparable to commercial filters but with substantially less filter mass. The penetration of nanoparticles through the electrospun filter media could be reduced by increasing the filter thickness, which is controlled by the collection time during the electrospinning process. Nanoparticle collection by electrostatic forces was found to be negligible for electrospun filters. Filter quality factors and single fibre collection efficiencies were found to be independent of filter thickness for electrospun filters, and the penetration of nanoparticles through electrospun filters was in better agreement with theoretical predictions than was the measured penetration through a commercial filter. This

study shows that electrospinning is a promising technology for the production of high performance nanoparticle filters. 32 refs.

Hiroshima,University; St.Louis,Washington University; Japan Vilene Co.Ltd.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.1005422

Item 208Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 2. August 2005. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Washington, D.C., August 2005.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2005, p.880-881, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN POLY(L-LACTIC ACID-CO-SUCCINIC ACID-CO-1,4-BUTANE DIOL) FIBROUS MEMBRANESHun Sik Kim; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Jin San Yoon

Synthesis of fibrous membranes consisting of a copolymer of lactic acid, succinic acid and butane diol (PLASB) by electrospinning is described. Membranes were characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile measurements and field emission scanning electron microscopy. PLASB was prepared by direct condensation polymerisation. Membrane properties indicated potential use as a tissue substitute. 8 refs.

Inha,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)KOREA

Accession no.1005059

Item 209Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 2. August 2005. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Washington, D.C., August 2005.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2005, p.736-737, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE AND POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) COMPOSITESHyun Suk Kim; Jun Hee Sung; Hyoung Jin Choi; In-Joo Chin; Hyoung-Joon Jin

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate using an in-situ bulk polymerisation method and the resulting nanocomposite was electrospun to produce nanofibres with embedded and aligned nanotubes. Composites were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. 14 refs.

Inha,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)KOREA

Accession no.1005006

References and Abstracts

82 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 210Polymer Engineering and Science47, No.10, 2007, p.1530.HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE HIGHLY ORIENTED YARNS OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS?Moon S; Farris R J

Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibres onto a stationary grounded target produces a nonwoven mat-like material. Using a rapidly rotating grounded target in the form of a wheel or belt, it is possible to produce significant lengths of highly oriented yarns of electrospun filaments. This observation is difficult to explain when one compares the calculated velocity of an electrospun monofilament with the surface velocity of the grounded target. This study was undertaken to attempt to answer this question. Are the calculated fibre velocities correct. Is the collected electrospun filament really a monofilament. Does the electrospun filament split into multiple filaments or do fibres loop in an oriented manner on the collection wheel. 3 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1004775

Item 211Advanced Materials19, No.18, 17th Sept.2007, pp. 2480.NOVEL BIOHYBRID MATERIALS BY ELECTROSPINNING: NANOFIBERS OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) AND LIVING BACTERIAGensheimer M; Becker M; Brandis-Heep A; Wendorff J H; Thauer R K; Greiner A

Fibres of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) containing living bacteria were prepared by electrospinning from aqueous dispersions of Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus bacteria with PEO. Whereas E. coli and M. luteus bacteria survived the electrospin-ning process, E. coli did not survive dry storage in nonwoven PEO fabric at 20 deg.C for more than 1 h. In contrast, M. luteus survived at least 250 h of dry storage at 20 deg.C in electrospun PEO nonwoven fabrics. 20 refs.

Marburg,Philipps University; Marburg,Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1004692

Item 212Polymer48, No.19, 2007, p.5742.EFFECT OF EVAPORATION AND SOLIDIFICATION OF THE CHARGED JET IN ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) AQUEOUS SOLUTIONTripatanasuwan S; Zhenxin Zhong; Reneker D H

The electrospinning process uses electrical force to produce nanofibres. A charged droplet acquires a conical shape known as the Taylor cone and then becomes unstable. A charged jet emerges from the vertex and develops a spiral path due to the electrically driven bending instability, which makes it possible, in a small space, for the jet to elongate by a large amount and produce nanofibres. Evaporation and the associated solidification are identified as important factors that affect the diameter of electrospun nanofibres. In this study, the evaporation rate and solidification of the charged jet are controlled by varying the relative humidity during electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide) from aqueous solution. As the relative humidity increases, the solidification process becomes slower, allowing elongation of the charged jet to continue longer and thereby to form thinner fibres. As the relative humidity increases from 5.1% to 48.7%, the diameter of the solidified fibre decreases from 253nm to 144nm. As the relative humidity increases above 50%, beads formed on the thinner fibres, indicating that the capillary instability occurs before the jet solidified. The vapour concentration of solvent is an effective electrospinning process control parameter of fibre diameter that also produces a systematic change in the development of beads on the fibres.18 refs.

Akron,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1004497

Item 213Journal of Power Sources172, No.2, 2007, p.863.ELECTROSPUN POLYMER MEMBRANE ACTIVATED WITH ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUID: NOVEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIESCheruvally G; Kim J K; Choi J W; Ahn J H; Shin Y J; Manuel J; Raghavan P; Kim K W; Ahn H J; Choi D S; Song C E

A new class of polymer electrolytes (PEs) based on an electrospun polymer membrane incorporating a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) has been prepared and evaluated for suitability in lithium cells. The electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) P(VdF-HFP) membrane is activated with a 0.5M solution of LiTFSI in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (BMITFSI) or a 0.5M solution of LiBF4 in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF4). The resulting PEs have an ionic conductivity of 2.3x10-3 Scm-1 at 25 deg.C and anodic stability at greater than 4.5V versus Li+/Li, making them suitable for practical applications in lithium cells. A Li/LiFePO4 cell with a PE based on BMITFSI delivers high discharge capacities when evaluated at 25 deg.C at the 0.1C rate (149mAhg-1) and the 0.5C rate (132mAhg-1). A very stable cycle performance is also exhibited at these low current densities. The properties decrease at the

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 83

higher, 1C rate, when operated at 25 deg.C. Nevertheless, improved properties are obtained at a moderately elevated temperature of operation, i.e. 40 deg.C. This is attributed to enhanced conductivity of the electrolyte and faster reaction kinetics at higher temperatures. At 40 deg.C, a reversible capacity of 140mAhg-1 is obtained at the 1C rate. 32 refs.

Gyeongsang,National University; Sung Kyun Kwan UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1004398

Item 214Polymer Journal (Japan)39, No.8, 2007, p.878.CORRELATION OF MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS WITH RHEOLOGY OF LINEAR POLYACRYLAMIDE SOLUTIONVetcher A A; Gearheart R; Morozov V N

The morphology of nanofibres produced by electrospinning aqueous solutions of linear polyacrylamides having different molec.wts. was investigated over a broad range of concentrations and the relationship between specific viscosity and morphology of the nanofibres examined. Atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy revealed that electrospinning generated uniform fibres when the polyacrylamide concentration exceeded the entanglement concentration and that the average diameter of the fibres was independent of molec.wt. but proportional to (C/entanglement concentration). 33 refs.

Manassas,George Mason University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino,Institute of Theoretical & Experimental BiophysicsRUSSIA; USA

Accession no.1004130

Item 215SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2007, Paper 71, pp.14, CD-ROM. 012KINEMATIC STUDIES OF POLYMER ELECTROSPINNING USING IN SITU MEASUREMENTSHelgeson M E; Grammatikos K N; Deitzel J M; Wagner N JAqueous solutions of PEO seeded with colloidal PU particles were electrospun under various operating conditions and recorded using a CCD camera at frame rates of 2000 fps. The kinematics of the electrospinning jets were investigated using particle tracking velocimetry and high-speed videography and the electrospun fibres and tracer particles imaged by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy. The in-situ measurements were utilised to directly determine internal variables, such

as jet radius and fluid velocity in the region of the Taylor cone and stable portion of the electrospinning jet and the assumptions underlying electrohydrodynamic models of steady electrospinning jets validated. 22 refs.Delaware,University(SAMPE)USA

Accession no.1003997

Item 216SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2007, Paper 69, pp.11, CD-ROM. 012ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFABRICSLingaiah S; Shivakumar K N; Sadler R; Sharpe M

Polyacrylonitrile, polybenzimidazole and polyamide-6,6 based nanofabrics were produced by electrospinning in various solvents on stationary and rotating target collectors and characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the electrospun polyamide-6,6 fabrics were tested in tension at room temperature and the char yield of the PAN fibres determined. 24 refs.

North Carolina,A & Tech.State Univ.(SAMPE)USA

Accession no.1003995

Item 217SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2007, Paper 68, pp.13, CD-ROM. 012PROCESSING OF BIOCIDAL ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSDeitzel J; Sun Z; Herson D; Veleva A; Lamba N

Nanofibre textiles were produced by electrospinning of different types of PU functionalised to varying degrees with quaternary ammonium compound-based biocidal moieties grafted to the PU backbone. The morphology of the electrospun materials was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis and the influence of the functionalised moieties on the processing variables, such as solution conductivity, viscosity and polymer/solvent interactions, and the resultant effects on fibre morphology investigated. The antimicrobial properties of the electrospun nanofibres were also investigated and compared with those of solution cast films. 11 refs.

Delaware,University; North Carolina,State University; CCL Biomedical Inc.(SAMPE)USA

Accession no.1003994

References and Abstracts

84 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 218SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2007, Paper 67, pp.12, CD-ROM. 012ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER REINFORCEMENT OF TRANSPARENT POLYMER MATERIALSZaicheng Sun; Deitzel J M; Krauthauser C; O'Brien D J

The scale up of electrospun PU (Estane 4714) nanofibre production using multiple jets and production of transparent PMMA composites from the elastomeric nanofibres are described. The morphology of the composites is characterised by scanning electron microscopy and TEM and the mechanical and optical properties of the composites are determined. The composites exhibit a high degree of transparency below fibre volume fractions of 11% and enhanced toughness through the mechanism of crack arrest. 12 refs.

Delaware,University; US,Army Research Laboratory(SAMPE)USA

Accession no.1003993

Item 219Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.2, 15th Oct2007, p.1337.PREPARATION OF ATACTIC POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/SODIUM ALGINATE BLEND NANOWEBS BY ELECTROSPINNINGLee Y J; Shin D S; Kwon O W; Park W H; Choi H G; Lee Y R; Han S S; Noh S K; Lyoo W S

Nanofibres were produced by electrospinning using aqueous solutions containing rigid sodium alginate (SA) blended with flexible atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAl) in various proportions. Uniform fibres of fine structure were obtained using pure PVAl. The blends gave a mixture of fibres and large beads, the bead content increasing with increasing SA content. The SA content of the fibres was confirmed by the strong absorption band at 1610 cm^-^1 and by the endothermic peak obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. The tensile strength of the spun fibre decreased with increasing SA content. 33 refs.

Yeungnam,University; Chungnam,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1003721

Item 220Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.2, 15th Oct2007, p.1208.PREPARATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS CONTAINING SILVER-LOADED ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLES

Yuan-yuan Duan; Jun Jia; Shao-hai Wang; Wei Yan; Lei Jin; Zhong-yi Wang

Zirconium phosphate particles (63.7 nm diameter), containing 3.6% silver, were dispersed in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, followed by the addition of poly(epsilon-caprolactone), such that the particle content was 1 wt% of the polymer content. Nanofibres, containing uniformly dispersed nanoparticles, were prepared by electrospinning. The fibres exhibited good antimicrobial properties and no fibre staining. Cell proliferation studies confirmed the biocompatibility of the fibres, and they were considered suitable for wound dressing applications. 41 refs.

Xian,Fourth Military Medical University; Xian Jiaotong,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1003705

Item 221E-PolymersNo.105, 2007, p.1.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYAMIDE 6/MODIFIED-KERATIN BLENDSZoccola M; Montarsolo A; Aluigi A; Varesano A; Vineis C; Tonin C

The fabrication, by electrospinning from formic acid solutions, of blend nanofibres of polyamide-6 with various proportions of modified keratin derived by chemical-free steam explosion of wool, and their characterisation by SEM, FTIR, DSC, polarised optical microscopy and moisture absorption, is described. The results are discussed in comparison with those for cast films of the blends, and the effects of protein content on filament diameter were also studied. 36 refs.

CNR; Torino,PolitecnicoEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1003672

Item 222Macromolecular Materials and Engineering292, No.8, 9th Aug.2007, p.949.MASS RATIO OF CDS/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) CONTROLLED PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL HYBRID FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGCheng Wang; Eryun Yan; Zhiyao Sun; Zijiang Jiang; Yanbin Tong; Yi Xin; Zonghao Huang

One-dimensional high-quality CdS/PEO hybrid nanoparticle-polymer fibres were fabricated by an electrospinning method, followed by self-assembly technologies with co-fed H"2S atmosphere at 60 deg C. Structural and spectral data on the resulting hybrid nanofibres was obtained by field emission SEM, TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 85

diffractometry. The diameters of CdS/PEO hybrid nanofibres ranged from 90 to 200 nm and the average dimension of CdS nanoparticle within fibres from 4 to 12 nm. An interesting aspect of the CdS/PEO nanofibres shown in photoluminescence spectra and fluorescence images was that the fluorescence peaks of CdS/PEO were shifted with change in the mass ratio of CdS/PEO, and consequently the size and phase of nanocrystal CdS. 40 refs.

China,Northeast Normal University; Heilongjiang,University; Daqing,Normal CollegeCHINA

Accession no.1003310

Item 223Polymer Preprints. Volume 48. Number 1. March 2007. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held Chicago, Il., 25th-30th March 2007.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 2007, p.215-216, CD-ROM, 012FORMATION AND MECHANICS OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMER JETSHelgeson M E; Grammatikos K N; Deitzel J M; Wagner N J

High speed videography and particle tracking velocimetry measurements of stable electrospinning polymer jets demonstrated the validity of a slender body electrohydrodynamic model in the jet stretching regime. Analysis of the model showed that the transient extensional viscosity of the polymer solution governed the morphology of the electrospun fibres. Results were presented for the electrospinning of aqueous PEO solutions across a wide range of experimental conditions which validated the correlation. 12 refs.

Delaware,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.1003114

Item 224Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.1, 5th Oct.2007, p.475.BEAD-TO-FIBER TRANSITION IN ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENEEda G; Shivkumar S

The bead-to-fibre morphological transition of electrospun PS was investigated. THF and DMF were used as solvents to examine the effect of solvent properties on the morphological variations. The effect of polymer molecular weight and solvent properties on the morphology of beads and fibres was determined. 34 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic InstituteUSA

Accession no.1002933

Item 225Journal of Applied Polymer Science106, No.1, 5th Oct.2007, p.255.FABRICATION AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE-DERIVED CARBON NANOFIBERSAgend F; Naderi N; Fareghi-Alamdari R

Carbon nanofibres were produced from a polyacrylonitrile/DMF precursor solution by an electrospinning process and pyrolysis. The morphological structure of the nanofibres was studied using SEM. Thermal properties were studied with TGA. An indirect four-point-probe method was used for the measurement of conductivity of nanofibres mats. 13 refs.

Tehran,Malek Ashtar University of Technology; Tehran,UniversityIRAN

Accession no.1002903

Item 226Macromolecules40, No.14, 10th July 2007, p.4823.AMPHIPHILIC POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) HYBRIDS AND ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS INCORPORATING POLYHEDRAL OLIGOSILSESQUIOXANEChul-Ki Kim; Byoung-Suhk Kim; Sheikh F A; Un-Soo Lee; Myung-Seob Khil; Hak-Yong Kim

Hybrids of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) linked with a urethane group between the hydroxyl groups on the PVAl and isocyanate group of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) were synthesised. Changes to the POSS content affected the degree of hydrophobicity of the hybrid, increasing it with POSS content. Hybrids were characterised using Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and wide angle X-ray scattering. Addition of POSS modified the properties of PVAl in both the solid and in solution, and the solid morphology appeared to consist of two crystalline phases. Nanofibres, electrospun from the hybrid and examined using scanning electron microscopy and water absorption, showed enhanced water resistance, with fibres simply swelling rather than dissolving as was found with pure PVAl nanofibres. 33 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.1002738

Item 227Macromolecules40, No.17, 21st Aug.2007 p.6283.CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY AND POLYMORPHIC PHASE TRANSITIONS IN ELECTROSPUN NYLON-6 NANOFIBERS

References and Abstracts

86 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Yi Liu; Li Cui; Fangxiao Guan; Yi Gao; Hedin N E; Lei Zhu; Hao Fong

Crystalline morphology and polymorphic phase transitions in electrospun unconfined nylon-6 nanofibres, and nanofibres confined in a polyimide, were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide angle X-ray scattering. Fibres showed a predominantly metastable gamma-crystal form with the crystal axis parallel to the fibre axis. Annealing the fibres converted the crystals from gamma to a stable alpha form with a release of surface tension. In confined fibres the melt recrystallisation and surface tension release was considerable reduced, and Brill transitions were at some 20 degrees centigrade higher than in the unconfined fibre. Complete melting of the nanofibres at temperatures higher than the polymer melting point, and recrystallisation at lower temperatures resulted only in alpha-form crystals. 47 refs.

South Dakota,School Of Mines & Technology; Connecticut,UniversityUSA

Accession no.1002703

Item 228Polymer48, No.18, 2007, p.5202.ELECTROSPINNING OF THERMO-REGULATING ULTRAFINE FIBERS BASED ON POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL/CELLULOSE ACETATE COMPOSITEChen C; Wang L; Huang Y

Ultrafine fibres of polyethylene glycol/cellulose acetate (PEG/CA) composite in which PEG acts as a model phase change material (PCM) and CA acts as a matrix, were successfully prepared as thermo-regulating fibres via electrospinning. The morphology observation from the electrospun PEG/CA composite fibres revealed that the fibres were cylindrical and had a smooth external surface. PEG was found to be both distributed on the surface and within the core of the fibres. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to characterise the thermal properties of the composite fibres. The results indicated that the fibres imparted balanced thermal storage and release properties for their thermo-regulating function and the thermal properties were reproducible after 100 heating-cooling cycles. 32 refs.

Guangzhou,Institute of Chemistry; Beijing,Graduate School; Beijing,Institute of ChemistryCHINA

Accession no.1002374

Item 229Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology43, No.2, Aug.2007, p.245.SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HOLLOW LINIO"2 FIBERS VIA SOL-ELECTROSPINNING METHOD

Yuanxiang Gu; Dairong Chen; Xiuling Jiao

Hollow LiNiO"2 fibres were prepared using a capillary spinneret electrospinning technique combined with the sol-gel method, and the possible mechanism for the fabrication of the hollow fibres was examined. The xerogel fibres and those calcined at different temperatures were characterised by techniques such as TGA, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, TEM and SEM. The addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP) to the precursor sol was shown to affect the morphology and microstructure of the hollow LiNiO"2 fibres. The PVP molecules led to the decrease of the liquid surface energy of the LiNiO"2 sol and rapid formation of the rigid skin, which avoided the collapse of the fibres during the surface shrinkage of the fibres and resulted in the formation of the tubular structure of the fibres during the calcination process. 23 refs.

Shandong,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1002274

Item 230Polymer Journal (Japan)39, No.6, 2007, p.622.ELECTROSPUN GELATIN FIBERS: EFFECT OF SOLVENT SYSTEM ON MORPHOLOGY AND FIBER DIAMETERSChoktaweesap N; Arayanarakul K; Aht-Ong D; Meechaisue C; Supaphol P

The electrospinning of gelatin, a naturally-occurring biopolymer, was studied. Gelatin solutions were prepared in either single solvent system, i.e. glacial acetic acid(AA), or mixed solvent system, i.e. AA/2,2,2-trifluoroethanol(TFE), AA/DMSO, AA/ethylene glycol(EG), and AA/formamide(F). The electrospinning was carried out under a fixed electrostatic field strength of 7.5 kV/7.5 cm and the polarity of the emitting electrode was positive. The effects of these solvent systems on morphology and/or size of the electrospun materials were observed by SEM. Electrospinning of 15-29% w/v gelatin solutions in AA produced beads, beaded fibres, and smooth fibres, depending on the concentration range. Only smooth fibres were observed in the concentration range of 21-29% w/v, with their average diameter ranging from 214 to 839 nm. The addition of TFE as a co-solvent or another modifying liquid of DMSO, EG or F helped improve the electrospinnability of the resulting gelatin solution. Among the three modifying liquids, DMSO and EG contributed to the formation of smooth gelatin fibres with reduced diameters when compared with those obtained from the solution in pure AA. 31 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.1002190

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 87

Item 231Journal of Polymer Research14, No.4, Aug.2007, p.277.IMPROVEMENT OF THE ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL VIA DIALYSIS AND COMPLEXATION PRETREATMENTXinsheng Zhu; Qiang Gao; Detao Xu; Yong Xu

An investigation was carried out into the effects of di- and tri- valent metal ions and degree of saponification on the electrospinning of aqueous PVAl solutions. The solution properties and microstructure of the PVAl were determined and electrospinnability after dialysis and complexation with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid examined. Both di- and trivalent metal ions were found to interact with the hydroxyl groups of PVAl, especially at high degrees of saponification, resulting in the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinks and deterioration in electrospinnability. Complexation altered surface tension, giving rise to enhanced electrospinnability. 8 refs.

Soochow,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1001783

Item 232Journal of Applied Polymer Science105, No.6, 15th Sept.2007, p.3618.FABRICATION OF GOLD/PVP NANOFIBER COMPOSITES BY ELECTROSPINNINGWang Y; Li Y; Sun G; Zhang G; Liu H; Du J; Yang S; Bai J; Yang Q

Details are given of the dispersion of gold nanoparticles in polyvinyl pyrrolidone nanofibres. Optical properties of gold nanoparticles before and after electrospinning were measured by UV vis spectroscopy. The morphology and distribution of gold nanoparticles in polyvinyl pyrrolidone nanofibres were observed by TEM. The influence of the amount of gold added to and the concentration of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in electrospinning solution over the morphology of the nanofibres were studied. 22 refs.

Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.1001711

Item 233Journal of Applied Polymer Science105, No.5, 5th Sept.2007, p.2816.PREPARATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PET/CHITOSAN NANOFIBROUS MATS USING AN ELECTROSPINNING TECHNIQUEK-H Jung; M-W Huh; W Meng; J Yuan; S H Hyun; J-S Bae; Hudson S M; I-K Kang

Electrospinning of blend solutions of polyethylene terephthalate and chitosan or chitin was used to prepare nanofibre mats with antibacterial activity. Surfaces of the mats were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, atomic force microscopy and wettability measurements. Fibre diameter was determined, and antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumoniae was examined in vitro. Compared to a PET nanofibre control, the blend fibre mats showed improved antibacterial activity with better cell adhesion to the mat. 23 refs.

Kyungpook,National University; Kyungil,University; Daegu,University; Raleigh,NC State UniversityKOREA; USA

Accession no.1000736

Item 234Polymer48, No.16, 2007, p.4814.TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF POLYMORPHISM IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES OF PA6 AND PA6/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITEKim G M; Michler G H; Ania F; Calleja F J B

Polymorphism found in nanofibres of polyamide 6 (PA6) and PA6/clay nanocomposite (PA6-NC), prepared by an electrospinning process, was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and variable-temperature wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and compared with the polymorphic changes occurring in the pre-electrospun bulk materials. TEM results, concerning morphology and dispersion of the nanoclays, reveal that the produced electrospun nanofibres have an average diameter of 50nm, and nanoclays are much more uniformly dispersed in the electrospun PA6-NC fibres than in the pristine PA6-NC. According to WAXS measurements, both types of electrospun nanofibres predominantly consist of gamma-form crystals of PA6. Upon heating, from room temperature to the melting point, a number of successive transitions are observed for both systems, namely, crystalline gamma to alpha', alpha' to alpha and alpha to the ''amorphous'' delta-form due to breakage of hydrogen bonds. On subsequent cooling, it has been observed, for the first time, that the development of crystalline forms for both systems is quite different from each other. The molten electrospun pure PA6 fibres first crystallize in the high temperature alpha'-form, and then they show the room temperature alpha-form. For these nanofibres, during a temperature cycle of heating and cooling, the initial gamma-form crystals completely turn into the alpha-form crystals as in bulk PA6. In contrast, for the electrospun nanofibres of the PA6-NC, the gamma-form crystals are preserved after completing a thermal cycle down to room temperature. The present findings on the evolution of polymorphism in the electrospun nanofibres of both systems provide useful information regarding their use as reinforcing elements in polymer composites. 54 refs.

References and Abstracts

88 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Halle,Martin-Luther-UniversitatEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.1000429

Item 235Polymer48, No.16, 2007, p.4675.CATALYTIC HYDROLYSIS OF P-NITROPHENYL ACETATE BY ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLAMIDOXIME NANOFIBERSChen L; Bromberg L; Hatton T A; Rutledge G C

Modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by hydroxylamine resulted in polyacrylamidoxime (PANOx), the oxime groups of which are nucleophilic and capable of hydrolyzing esters. PANOx fibre mats with submicrometer fibre diameters ranging from tens to 300nm were produced by electrospinning a suspension of PANOx blended with PAN (1:1 by weight) in a mixture of N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (85:15 by weight). Catalytic properties of the PANOx nanofibres were tested by the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), which mimics toxic organophosphate nerve agents and insecticides. The presence of PANOx fibres significantly accelerated the hydrolysis of PNPA compared to its spontaneous hydrolysis. The rate constants for the hydrolysis (k"1) and the deacetylation (k"2) reactions for the fibres were obtained using a proposed kinetic model. The effect of the fibre size on reaction rate indicated that intra-fibre diffusional resistances might limit the accessibility of the oxime catalytic sites in the fibres and affect their catalytic activity. 42 refs.

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.1000416

Item 236Journal of Applied Polymer Science105, No.3, 5th Aug.2007 p.1668.DEVELOPMENT, OPTIMIZATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(LACTIC ACID) NANOFIBERS CONTAINING MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBESMcCullen S D; Stano K L; Stevens D R; Roberts W A; Monteiro-Riviere N A; Clarke L I; Gorga R E

Electrospinning of polylactic acid fibre nanocomposites containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes was evaluated to determine optimum spinning parameters, solution strength and nanotube content for development of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, current voltage characteristics and tensile measurements were used in the analysis, with statistical analysis package used to evaluate results. Preferred solvent systems and spinning parameters were reported, and in the presence of

the nanotubes the fibre diameter was dramatically reduced compared to spinning the polymer alone. Reasons for this observation were discussed. Nanotubes were seen to be aligned in the fibre direction. 36 refs.

North Carolina,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.999900

Item 237Journal of Applied Polymer Science105, No.3, 5th Aug.2007, p.1351.IN SITU SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) NANOFIBERS THROUGH AN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSSharifi-Sanjani R F M; Sharifi-Sanjani N

Electrospinning of an aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide containing ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate in a gaseous ammonia atmosphere resulted in nanofibres coated with iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanofibres were characterised using transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. Results were compared to spinning of similar solutions in an air atmosphere and X-ray diffraction peaks indicated that results were different. 25 refs.

Tehran,UniversityIRAN

Accession no.999862

Item 238Journal of Applied Polymer Science105, No.3, 5th Aug.2007 p.1127.MELT-ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) AND POLYALIRATEOgata N; Shimada N; Yamaguchi S; Nakane K; Ogihara T

Samples of polyethylene terephthalate of three different intrinsic viscosities and one sample of polyalirate suitable for electrospinning were prepared, and the effects of different electrospinning conditions on the morphology, crystallinity and crystalline orientation of the fibres produced using this process were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction were used in the examination and it was observed that increased laser output power gave a reduction in fibre diameter in all cases. Intrinsic viscosity of the polymer had an effect on fibre diameter, but the minimum average fibre diameter was not affected. Minimum diameter achieved was in the order of 1 micron. 10 refs.

Fukui,UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.999836

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 89

Item 239Rubber Chemistry and Technology80, No.2, May-June 2007, p.231.FIBER STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN BUTYL RUBBER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARBON BLACKThreepopnatkul P; Murphy D; Mead J; Zukas W

The fabrication of carbon black-filled butyl rubber non-woven mats as fibrous membranes with controlled porosity and surface area by electrospinning, and their characterisation by SEM, density, solution electrical conductivity and tensile properties is described. The effects of carbon black structure and particle size on morphology and mechanical properties of the products were investigated and the results are discussed in terms of fibre diameter. 25 refs.

Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems CenterUSA

Accession no.999812

Item 240ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.1067-1071, PDF 0215, CD-ROM, 012ASPECTS OF ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS CONTROL FROM FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMSStanger J J; Tucker N; Larsen N; Staiger M; Reeves R

For large-scale application of electrospinning technology, it is important to know how to maximise and control the deposition rate of spun fibre. Driving polarity, substrate material and current flow were examined to quantify their effect on fibre deposition rate. Conductivity of the substrate and polarity of driving electric charge were found to affect the mass deposition rate. Higher deposition rates were the result of the production of thicker fibres and an increase in deposition speed. 17 refs.

Christchurch,Crop & Food Research; Canterbury,University(SPE)NEW ZEALAND

Accession no.999407

Item 241ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.795-800, PDF 0451, CD-ROM, 012EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION ON THE FORMATION OF FIBERS OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENEXiaoshu Dai

It is widely recognised that molecular weight distribution (MWD) is an important factor affecting the rheological behaviour of polymer solutions. In this contribution, the effects of MWD on the formation of electrospun polystyrene fibres in THF have been studied. The results are compared with the monodisperse system. The importance of chain entanglements attributed to high molecular weight component within the polydisperse system has been acknowledged. Concentrations for the incipient as well as stable fibre formation in a polydisperse system may be predicted. 7 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic Institute(SPE)USA

Accession no.999360

Item 242ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.785-794, PDF 0285, CD-ROM, 012EFFECT OF POLARITY ON ELECTROSPINNING POLYCAPROLACTONE TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDSLippincott H; Crugnola A M

Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fabric was affected by the electrospinning voltage polarity. The tensile test breaking strain and breaking stress of negative polarity spun samples was half that of positive polarity samples. The differences were investigated using XRD, DSC, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury porosimetry. XRD found a peak of a different magnitude, but DSC found no significant differences in crystallinity. The SEM show few differences, but the porosimetry shows a different distribution. Recent articles by P. Supaphol (2), (3) challenged the assumption that there is no effect of high voltage polarity on the electrospinning (Espin) process and product. This study examined the effect of polarity on the mechanical and physical properties and processing of Espun polycaprolactone (PCL) in acetone. The ultimate tensile test results were startling: the negative polarity samples broke at one half the elongation, 28% vs. 60%, and only achieved a UTS of 0.23 MPa, one half the positive polarity's 0.51 MPa. While the total porosity of the samples was insignificantly different (74.5%+/-1.3% positive and 77.4% +/-1.8% negative), the distribution of pore sizes determined by mercury porosimetry was less uniform for Positive samples ,with a strong peak at 5 micrometre. The Espin process differed also: more (39%) of the PCL was attracted to the target and its edges when the polarity was positive vs. only 31% when the polarity was negative. However, the negative polarity put more PCL onto the front of the target, 45% vs. 39% for positive, leaving the front samples of similar thicknesses and average porosities. These properties of the fabric were significantly different in ways that may affect its use as a tissue engineering scaffold. 4 refs.

References and Abstracts

90 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Massachusetts,University(SPE)USA

Accession no.999359

Item 243Macromolecules40, No.5, 6th March 2007, p.1693.EVIDENCE FOR MOLECULAR ORIENTATION AND RESIDUAL CHARGE IN THE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBERSCatalani L H; Collins G; Jaffe M

PBTP electrospun fibres were analysed by a thermally stimulated current method. The fibres showed unexpected molecular and crystalline orientation. This orientation may have resulted from electrostatic forces which operated during the formation of the non-woven fibre structure. Relative to the ground plate take-up, the electrospun mat was polarised which showed that electrostatic forces during electrospinning could affect the development of the solid polymer microstructure. In the absence of an electric field, a spontaneous current was released near the glass transition, indicating a dipole relaxation process. A monotonic increase in current generated by dissipation of residual charge was observed with increasing temperature below the melting point. A peak in the charge dissipation current near the melting point indicated that a considerable amount of residual charge was trapped within or at the interface of the crystalline phase. The molecular orientation was studied by birefringence analysis. Electrospun fibres showed a high level of birefringence which was extinguished on melting. 16 refs.

New Jersey,Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.999347

Item 244Smart Materials and Structures16, No.3, June 2007, p.575.ELECTROSTATICALLY TUNABLE BENDING STIFFNESS IN A GFRP-CFRP COMPOSITE BEAMBergamini A; Christen R; Motavalli M

The stiffness of a GRP sandwich beam was modified to suppress vibrations due to resonance by applying an electric field between the main element of the structure and additional stiffening elements (CFRP) applied to its surface, thereby coupling the latter to the former by transfer of shear stresses and the bending stiffness of the beam investigated. The effect of electrostatic tuning of the bending stiffness is demonstrated and the discrete character of stiffness increase postulated. 7 refs.

EMPASWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.999158

Item 245Polymer48, No.14, 2007, p.3974.PREPARATION OF WATER-STABLE SUBMICRON FIBERS FROM AQUEOUS LATEX DISPERSION OF WATER-INSOLUBLE POLYMERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGStoiljkovic A; Ishaque M; Justus U; Hamel L; Klimov E; Heckmann W; Eckhardt B; Wendorff J H; Greiner A

Submicron polystyrene (PS) fibres were prepared by electrospinning of an aqueous dispersion of PS latex and a small amount of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and subsequent extraction by water. Depending on particle size, surfactant, ratio of PS:PVA, and applied voltage fibres of different morphology and water stability were obtained. Analysis of latex fibres by TEM revealed hexagonal packaging of particles within the fibres. 30 refs.

Marburg,Philipps Universitat; BASFEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.999097

Item 246Colloid and Polymer Science285, No.8, May 2007, p.855.PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) MEMBRANESYuanyuan Zhang; Xiaobo Huang; Bin Duan; Lili Wu; Shuo Li; Xiaoyan Yuan

Chitosan fibres were produced by electrospinning of Chitosan solutions in 2% aqueous acetic acid using PVAl as a "guest" polymer and structurally characterised by scanning electron microscopy, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of polymer concentration, chitosan/PVAl mass ratio and processing parameters, such as voltage, capillary-to-collector distance and flow rate, on the electrospinnability of the fibres were investigated The water uptake of the fibres was also investigated and the potential use of the fibres as wound dressings briefly considered. 29 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.998236

Item 247ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.27-31, PDF 0721, CD-ROM, 012INTERFACIAL ADHESION BETWEEN HYDROXYAPATITE AND POLY( -CAPROLACTONE) AND THEIR ELECTROSPUN COMPOSITE TOUGHNESSWong S C; Baji A

The interfacial adhesive strength between hydroxyapatite (HAP) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) were

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 91

determined using T-peel tests. Their composite fracture toughness was determined using essential work of fracture concept. Electrospinning techniques were employed to obtain nanometer scale PCL fibres with and without HAP reinforcements which also create micrometer-scale porosity in the structure. The effects of HAP morphology and HAP content on mechanical properties were evaluated. 14 refs.

Akron,University(SPE)USA

Accession no.997384

Item 248Polymer Materials Science and Engineering23, No.2, March 2007, p.149.STUDY ON DISPERSION MORPHOLOGY AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN NYLON 66 NANOFIBER MEMBRANESTie-Jun Shi; Lin-Feng Zhai; Yu-Bo Zhou

The effects of solution concentration, voltage and distance between electrodes on the dispersion morphology and diameter of polyamide-66 nanofibre membranes were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The effects of solution concentration and voltage on the crystallisation behaviour of the fibres were also investigated by means of X-ray diffraction. 9 refs.

Hefei,University of TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.997006

Item 249Proceedings of the American Society for Composites. Twenty-first Technical Conference. Proceedings of a conference held Dearborn, Mi., 17th-20th Sept.2006.Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2006, Paper 28, CD-ROM, ISBN 1932078606, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF QUANTUM DOT NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERSYand H; Li H; Shih W-H; Ko F

Fluorescent nanocomposite nanofibres consisting of cadmium selenide (quantum dots) and PEO were fabricated by electrospinning and characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The nanofibres exhibited strong fluorescent properties over several months without photobleaching at room temperature. They are considered suitable for a wide range of applications, including sensors, drug delivery, scaffolds for tissue engineering, camouflage and damage detection of composite structures. 38 refs.

(American Society for Composites; Michigan-Dearborn,University)Accession no.996969

Item 250Synthetic Metals157, No.6-7, 2007, pp.276.ELECTROSPUN POLYALKYLTHIOPHENE/POLYETHYLENEOXIDE FIBERS: OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATIONBianco A; Bertarelli C; Frisk S; Rabolt J F; Gallazzi M C; Zerbi G

Fibres were produced by e lec t rospinning of blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) from chloroform solution. The diameter of the fibres was approximately 1 micron, and both polymer components were present as separated phases in the fibres. The PEO matrix was completely removed by washing the fibres with acetonitrile to give long homogeneous P3DDT fibres. The morphology and structure of these fibres was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal fluorescence microscopy, which confirmed that the fibres were homogeneous. IR spectroscopy was used to check for removal of the PEO matrix and to elucidate the conformation of the polythiophene chains and their orientation in the fibres. Polarized infrared spectroscopy showed that the polythiophene chains were generally aligned along the fibre axis. 44 refs.

Delaware,University; Milan,PolytechnicEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.996628

Item 251Future MaterialsJune 2007, p.12ROBOTS CLIMBING THE WALLS

Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have engineered a robot that can scale glass walls and cross ceilings. The robot has two triangular wheel-like legs, each with three sticky footpads, and a tail. The spring-loaded tail provides a preload force, pressing the footpads against the surface. The robot currently uses a dry elastomer adhesive to cling to walls, but the scientists are fabricating a nanofibre system that will give it a gecko-like grip. Geckos are able to cling to surfaces thanks to very fine hair-like structures, called setae, on their feet. The attractive forces that hold geckos to walls are weak molecular van der Waals interactions between the finely divided setae and the surfaces themselves. CMU's team is working on synthetic fibres that are twice as æsticky' as those on a gecko's feet.

Carnegie-Mellon UniversityUSA

Accession no.996465

Item 252Advanced Materials19, No.4, 19th Feb.2007, p.521.

References and Abstracts

92 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

POLYDIACETYLENE SUPRAMOLECULES IN ELECTROSPUN MICROFIBERS: FABRICATION, MICROPATTERNING, AND SENSOR APPLICATIONSSang Kyun Chae; Hyunwook Park; Jaewon Yoon; Cheol Hee Lee; Dong June Ahn; Jong-Man Kim

Polymer microfibres encapsulating polydiacetylene(PDA) supramolecules were prepared by using the electrospinning technique. PEO and PMMA were selected as representative matrix polymers. Randomly distributed diacetylene monomers were found to self-assemble during fibre formation and enable the generation of blue-coloured PDA-containing polymer fibres upon UV irradiation. Micropatterned colour and fluorescence images from a single electrospun fibre were obtained by fluorescence generation upon specific ligand-receptor interactions, and the feasibility of a fibre-based sensor was demonstrated. 33 refs.

Hanyang,University; Korea,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.996233

Item 253Advanced Materials19, No.9, 7th May 2007, p.1228.TENSILE MECHANICS OF ELECTROSPUN MULTIWALLED NANOTUBE/POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) NANOFIBERSLiu L-Q; Tasis D; Prato M; Wagner H D

The fabrication of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)-reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) nanofibres by electrospinning and the characterisation of their morphology, MWNT distribution, orientation and stress-strain properties by TEM, ESEM and tensile testing is described. The effects of reinforcement by MWNT on the properties of the nanofibres are discussed in comparison with those for electrospun PMMA nanofibres. 27 refs.

Weizmann Institute of Science; INSTM; Patras,UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE; ISRAEL; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.995732

Item 254Macromolecules40, No.7, 3rd April 2007, p.2590.TIME-DEPENDENT TRANSFORMATION OF AN ELECTROSPUN ISOTACTIC POLY(1-BUTENE) FIBROUS MEMBRANEKeun-Hyung Lee; Snively C M; Givens S; Chase D B; Rabolt J F

Isotactic poly(1-butene) fibrous membranes were prepared from polymer solutions via electrospinning using mixed solvents. The crystalline transformation of these fibres was studied by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies and by

wide angle X-ray diffraction and DSC. Although the electrospun fibres and the solvent cast film were both crystallised from the same polymer solution, different crystalline modifications were observed. This was thought to result from different solvent evaporation rates and stresses induced on the charged polymer solution during electrospinning. For the electrospun fibrous membrane, mixed crystalline structures of forms I and II existed at an early stage. The metastable form II was gradually transformed into the thermodynamically stable form I. The transformation was accelerated by heat treatment. A solvent cast film, however, showed a mixture of forms I' and III in which form III was the dominant crystalline structure. 31 refs.

Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research & DevelopmentUSA

Accession no.995307

Item 255Macromolecular SymposiaNo.249/250 2007, p.289.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) WITH BACTERIAL CELLULOSE WHISKERSWon-Il Park; Minsung Kang; Hun-Sik Kim; Hyoung-Joon Jin

Bacterial cellulose whiskers were synthesised by acid hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose microfibrils and were blended in water with polyethylene oxide. The resulting mixed solution was electrospun into nanofibres, and these fibres were characterised using atomic force microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and tensile studies on the electrospun mats. Incorporation of the whiskers into nanofibres of PEO was confirmed microscopically, and tensile properties of the composite were improved compared to plain PEO nanofibre mats. 12 refs.

Inha,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.994974

Item 256Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics208, No.9, 4th May 2007, p.1002.IMPACT OF SOLVENT ON ELECTROSPINNING OF ZEIN AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTING FIBERSSelling G W; Biswas A; Patel A; Walls D J; Dunlap C; Wei Y

The fabrication of zein fibres by electrospinning from solutions in a range of solvents including acetic acid, aqueous methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone was investigated and the fibres were characterised by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and SEM. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of solvent on

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 93

fibre morphology, size distribution, birefringence and orientation. 34 refs.

US,Dept.of Agriculture,Agricultural Res.Service; Drexel,University; Du Pont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.USA

Accession no.994917

Item 257Polymer Engineering and Science47, No.5, May 2007, p.707.AN APPLICABLE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS FOR FABRICATING A MECHANICALLY IMPROVED NANOFIBER MATKim G H; Han H; Park J H; Kim W D

Engineered polymer scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering. An ideal scaffold should have good mechanical properties and provide a biologically functional implant site. Considering their large surface area and high porosity, nanofibres have good potential as biomimetic scaffolds. However, the main shortcomings of scaffolds consisting of nanofibres are their mechanical inability to sustain a stress environment for neotissues and shape-ability to form a variety of shapes and sizes. In this study, we produced design-based poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibre mats using an electrospinning method with various auxiliary electrodes and an x-y moving system. To achieve stable initial solution at a nozzle tip of the electrospinning, various types of auxiliary electrodes were introduced. To characterize the effect of the electrodes in the electric-field distribution near the nozzle tip, we calculated the electric field concentration factor and compared it with the experimental results. The nanofibre mat produced using the moving x-y target system demonstrated orthotropic mechanical properties due to the fibre orientation, and human dermal fibroblasts seeded on the structure tended to grow according to nanofibre orientation. 14 refs.

Korea,Institute of Machinery & MaterialsKOREA

Accession no.994755

Item 258Macromolecular Rapid Communications28, No.9, 2nd May 2007, p.1034.BIASED AS ELECTROSPINNING OF ALIGNED POLYMER NANOFIBERSSarkar S; Deevi S; Tepper G

A new method for minimising the inherent fibre instability in the electrospinning process is reported. Biased AC electrospinning employs a combination of DC and AC potentials and results in a highly aligned mat of polymer or composite polymer fibres. The relationship between specific processing variables and magnitude of the DC offset is investigated and related to fibre uniformity and stability. 26 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth University; Philip Morris USAUSA

Accession no.994520

Item 259Journal of Colloid and Interface Science311, No.1, 2007, p.529.CONTROLLABLE POROUS POLYMER PARTICLES GENERATED BY ELECTROSPRAYINGYiquan Wu; Clark R L

In this paper, an electrospraying technique was applied to prepare polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer particles with a different microstructure. The PCL particles can be controlled to have a porous microstructure by tailoring the evaporation of solvents during the electrospraying process. The effect of various concentrations on the morphology and microstructure of PCL particles was investigated. The experiment has demonstrated the versatile capability of the electrohydrodynamic atomization process for preparing polymer PCL porous particles and fibres. The thermally induced and evaporation-induced phase separations are proposed as the main mechanisms for the porous microstructure formation. The results demonstrate that the electrospraying method is a simple, innovative and cost-effective method for preparing polymer particles with controllable microstructures. 32 refs.

Durham,Duke UniversityUSA

Accession no.994409

Item 260Polymer Materials Science and Engineering23, No.1, Jan.2007, p.250.TENTATIVE STUDY ON ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ARYLENE SULFIDE SULFONE) NANOFIBERSHeng-Mei Huang; Xiao-Jun Wang; Bin Yu; Jie Yang; Guang-Xian Li

Polyarylene sulphide sulphone dissolved in a mixed solvent of phenol and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, was electrospun into fibres and the effects of the solution components, environmental temperature, applied voltage and tip-screen distance on the morphology of the nanofibres investigated. 4 refs.

Sichuan,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.993834

Item 261Polymer Materials Science and Engineering23, No.1, Jan.2007, p.112.MORPHOLOGY AND IN VITRO DEGRADATION STUDIES OF ELECTROSPUN PLLA/MWNTS/HA HYBRID NANOFIBER SCAFFOLDS

References and Abstracts

94 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Min-Li Zhao; Gang Sui; Xiao-Ping Yang; Xu-Liang Deng; Xiao-Yang Hu

Poly(L-lactic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/hydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffolds having high porosity and well-controlled pore structure were produced by electrospinning and the surface degradation behaviour, viscosity-average molec.wt., weight loss, water uptake and pH of the fibre mats as a function of degradation time investigated. The alkaline nanotube/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were found to slow down degradation rate. 9 refs.

Beijing,University of Chemistry and Technology; Beijing,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.993807

Item 262European Polymer Journal43, No.5, 2007, p.1609.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE COMPLEX AND POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)/POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE COMPLEX - A PROSPECTIVE ROUTE TO ANTIMICROBIAL WOUND DRESSING MATERIALSIgnatova M; Manolova N; Rashkov I

New nanofibres containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-iodine complex (PVP-iodine) were obtained by electrospinning in order to prepare materials suitable for wound dressings. Different approaches were used: a one-step method based on electrospinning of PVP-iodine or poly(ethylene oxide)/PVP-iodine solutions and a three-step method based on electrospinning of PVP or poly(ethylene oxide)/PVP mixed solutions followed by photo-mediated crosslinking of the obtained nanofibres and subsequent complexation with iodine. The average diameters of the fibres were in the range 150-470nm depending on the composition and on the applied field strength (AFS) and increased with increasing the amount of PEO in the spinning solutions. Higher AFS resulted in greater fibre diameter and in size distribution broadening. Photo-mediated crosslinking in the presence of 4,4'-diazidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid disodium salt successfully stabilised the electrospun PVP and PEO/PVP nanofibres against water and water vapour. 27 refs.

Bulgarian Academy of SciencesBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.993590

Item 263Materials Letters61, No.13, 2007, p.2735.ELECTROSPINNING OF HYDROXYAPATITE FIBROUS MATSXiaoshu Dai; Shivkumar S

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with an average molecular weight between 40,500 and 155,000 g/mol was electrospun with

a calcium phosphate based sol. The sol was prepared by reacting triethyl phosphite and calcium nitrate and was directly added to an aqueous solution of PVA. This mixture was electrospun at a voltage of 20 kV. The results indicate that the sol was distributed uniformly in the PVA fibres, whose diameter was on the order of 2 micrometer. This electrospun structure was calcined at 600 deg.C for 6 h to obtain a residual inorganic, fibrous network, with fibre diameters between 200 and 800 nm. The fibrous structure consists predominantly of hydroxyapatite with an average crystal size of almost 10 to 30 nm. A variety of structures including non-woven mats of solid or micro-porous hydroxyapatite fibres and highly porous scaffolds could be obtained by varying the polymer molecular weight and the sol volume fraction. These structures can have many potential uses in the repair and treatment of bone defects, drug delivery and tissue engineering. 19 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic InstituteUSA

Accession no.993546

Item 264Journal of Applied Polymer Science104, No.5, 5th June 2007, p.3245.STUDY OF ELECTROSPINNING OF SODIUM ALGINATE, BLENDED SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM ALGINATE/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AND SODIUM ALGINATE/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)Safi S; Morshed M; Ravandi S A H; Ghiaci M

It was shown that the addition of various polymers, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) or polyethylene oxide (PEO) to sodium alginate solution allowed the electrospinning of the blend into ultrafine nanofibres, something not possible with sodium alginate solution alone. A blend solution incorporating both PVAl and PEO was used for optimum results and nanofibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Viscosities of spinning solutions were measured to determine the effects of polymer addition, and it was noted that solution viscosity had an effect on fibre morphology. 29 refs.

Isfahan,University of TechnologyIRAN

Accession no.993515

Item 265Polymer48, No.9, 2007, p.2720.BIS-GMA/TEGDMA DENTAL COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 NANOCOMPOSITE NANOFIBERS CONTAINING HIGHLY ALIGNED FIBRILLAR SILICATE SINGLE CRYSTALSMing Tian; Yi Gao; Yi Liu; Yiliang Liao; Riwei Xu; Hedin N E; Hao Fong

The objective of this research was to study the reinforcement of electrospun nylon 6/fibrillar silicate nanocomposite

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 95

nanofibres on Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental composites. The hypothesis was that the uniform distribution of nano-scaled and highly aligned fibrillar silicate single crystals into electrospun nylon 6 nanofibres would improve the mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite nanofibres, and would lead to the effective reinforcement of dental composites. The nylon 6/fibrillar silicate nanocomposite nanofibres were crystalline, structurally oriented and had an average diameter of approximately 250 nm. To relatively well distribute nanofibres in dental composites, the nanofibre containing composite powders with a particle structure similar to that in interpenetration networks were prepared first, and then used to make the dental composites. The results indicated that small mass fractions (1% and 2%) of nanofibre impregnation improved the mechanical properties substantially, while larger mass factions (4% and 8%) of nanofibre impregnation resulted in less desired mechanical properties. 23 refs.

South Dakota,School of Mines & Technology; Beijing,University of Chemical TechnologyCHINA; USA

Accession no.993205

Item 266Materials Letters61, No.11-12, 2007, p.2556.FABRICATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES ON THE OUTER SURFACES OF POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS BY IN-SITU ELECTROSPINNINGFengxia Dong; Zhenyu Li; Huiming Huang; Fan Yang; Wei Zheng; Ce Wang

In this paper, in-situ electrospinning method was presented to directly fabricate semiconductor (Ag"2S or Cu"2S) nanostructures on the outer surfaces of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres. PAN/metallic salt composite fibres were electrospun firstly as precursors, after UV irradiation photoreduction and the treatment of H"2S gas, Ag"2S or Cu"2S nanostructures can be obtained on the outer surface of PAN nanofibres. The interactions between the polymer and metallic ions are believed to be the main factor in determining the position of metallic ions based on the electrospun nanofibres. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) are used to characterize the products. 33 refs.

Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.993163

Item 267Materials Letters61, No.11-12, 2007, p.2159.PREPARATION OF PVP/MEH-PPV COMPOSITE POLYMER FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING AND STUDY OF THEIR PHOTOELECTRONIC CHARACTERQIANG ZHAO; ZONGHAO

HUANG; CHENG WANG; QIDONG ZHAO; HAIZHU SUN; DEJUN WANG

Ultrafine polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) composite fibres were successfully prepared by electrospinning of PVP/MEH-PPV blend solutions in solvent mixtures of 1,2-dichloroethane/chlorobenzene. Composite polymer fibres with smooth surface were obtained using solutions in which MEH-PPV's concentration was 1.0 wt%. Compared with the MEH-PPV solution and bulk, PVP/MEH-PPV fibres show a significant blue shift, a stronger intensity of fluorescence and a higher surface photovoltage (SPV). The morphology of fibres has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. 20 refs.

China,Northeast Normal University; Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.993158

Item 268Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition45, No.7, 1st April 2007, p.766.ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAHIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE NANOFIBERSRein D M; Shavit-Hadar L; Khalfin R L; Cohen Y; Shuster K; Zussman E

The electrospinning method was employed to fabricate, for the first time, ultrafine nanofibres of UHMWPE with a mixture of solvents of different dielectric constants and conductivities. These nanofibres could be an advanced source material for subsequent drawing to form strong nanofibres. The morphological, structural and mechanical properties of the nanofibres were studied. The possibility of producing highly oriented nanofibres from UHMW polymers indicated new ways of fabricating ultra-strong, porous, and single-component nanocomposite fibres with improved properties. 43 refs.

Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyISRAEL

Accession no.993021

Item 269Macromolecular Rapid Communications28, No.5, 1st March 2007, p.651.COLOR CHANGE OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE/MEH-PPV FIBERS FROM ORANGE TO YELLOW THROUGH PARTIAL DECOMPOSITION OF MEH SIDE GROUPSChuangchote S; Srikhirin T; Supaphol P

The electrospinning of PS/poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)(MEH-PPV) fibres with average diameters ranging from 0.165 to 1.190 micrometres from 7.5:1 w/w solutions of PS/MEH-PPV in 1,2-dichloroethane was studied. With the addition of

References and Abstracts

96 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

pyridinium formate(PF), a volatile organic salt, to the PS/MEH-PPV solution, the electrospinnability of the resulting solution was enhanced significantly. Both the fibre diameters and the number of fibres were found to increase, while the number of beads was found to decrease with increasing applied electrical potential, the addition of PF, and increasing ageing period of the spinning solution after PF addition. FTIR analysis showed that about 15% of the MEH side groups was removed from the MEH-PPV component in the fibres obtained from the solution that was left to age for 1 month after PF addition, which corresponded well to the loss of mass of about 7% as observed by TGA. As a result, partial decomposition of the MEH side groups should be responsible for the observed yellow emission colour of the PS/MEH-PPV fibres obtained from the same solution. 22 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Mahidol UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.993014

Item 270Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals464, 2007, p.719.MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) NANOFIBERS CONTAINING MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBESDong Ouk Kim; Jae Do Nam; Dai Hoe Lee; Jun Young Lee; Jong-Jin Park; Jong Min Kim

The electrospinning process was used to embed multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) in electrospun nanofibres of PMMA for anisotropic alignment and effective dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the transparent polymer substrate. The morphology of MWNT-incorporated electrospun nanofibres was markedly influenced by the type of solvent and the content of carbon nanotubes, and exhibited various forms of beads, undulated fibres or uniform fibres. In the fibrous forms of electrospun PMMA, the MWNTs were mostly attached on the surface of polymer by physical interlocking. When the bead-shaped PMMA was produced by the electrospinning process, however, most of the MWNTs were embedded in the PMMA matrix without being exposed on the polymer surfaces. Using the oxygen plasma treatment for cutting-off the polymer-rich surface layer of the beads, the embedded MWNTs were exposed out of the beads and subsequently an urchin-shaped structure was obtained. The protruded MWNTs of the urchin-shaped beads could stabilise the polymer beads by the steric stabilisation in the solution state and provide facile electronic pathway and percolation in the condensed solid state. 15 refs. (Korea-Japan Joint Forum 2005, Daejeon, Korea, Oct.2005)

Sung Kyun Kwan,Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology; Samsung SDI Corporate R & D

Centre; Sung Kyun Kwan University; Samsung Advanced Institute of TechnologyKOREA

Accession no.992979

Item 271Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals464, 2007, p.647.EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE IN ELECTROSPUN PEO/TIO"2 COMPOSITE FIBERSHooi-Sung Kim; Mi-Ra Kim; Hyo-Jin Kang; Jin-Kook Lee

The effect of lithium perchlorate and titanium dioxide particles on electrospinning of PEO was studied with the aim of fabricating titanium dioxide electrodes for dye-sensitised solar cells. Fibres were analysed using optical microscopy and SEM. The optimum amount of salt content induced stable fibre formation, while too high a salt content induced an increase of diameter and non-continuous fibre formation. Fibre combining was observed during the electrospinning process from the samples containing 10 mmol or more of salt. 9 refs. (Korea-Japan Joint Forum 2005, Daejeon, Korea, Oct.2005)

Oregon Medical Laser Center; Pusan,National UniversityKOREA; USA

Accession no.992975

Item 272Polymers for Advanced Technologies18, No.3, March 2007, p.180.EFFECT OF NEEDLE DIAMETER ON NANOFIBER DIAMETER AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)Macossay J; Marruffo A; Rincon R; Eubanks T; Anxiu Kuang

The effect of needle diameter on the resulting electrospun PMMA average nanofibre diameter was evaluated for three different needle gauges. The resulting nanofibres were observed and analysed by SEM, suggesting a lack of correlation between the needle diameter used and the resulting average nanofibre diameter. TGA indicated an increase in the thermal stability of PMMA nanofibres when compared with powdered PMMA, while DSC studies evidenced lower Tgs for PMMA nanofibres in the first heating cycle. 26 refs.

Texas,Pan American UniversityUSA

Accession no.992939

Item 273High Performance Polymers19, No.2, April 2007 p.147.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CORE-SHELL STRUCTURED NANOFIBERS BY COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 97

Xiaojian Han; Zhengming Huang; Chuanglong He; Ling Liu

Coaxial electrospinning of two polymer solutions was used to prepare functional core-shell nanofibres with a polyurethane shell and a polyamide-6 core. Core-shell ratio could be varied by variation of solution concentration. Non-woven mats of the nanofibres were applied to cotton fabrics and the water vapour transmission properties and pliability of the treated fabrics was assessed. Nanofibres were characterised using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, tensile testing and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 20 refs.

Tongji,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.992399

Item 274Journal of Applied Polymer Science

104, No.3, 5th May 2007 p.1640.

POLY(LACTIDE) NANOFIBERS PRODUCED BY A MELT-ELECTROSPINNING SYSTEM WITH A LASER MELTING DEVICEOgata N; Yamaguchi S; Shimada N; G Lu; Iwata T; Nakane K; Ogihara T

Carbon dioxide laser melting of a solid rod of a polylactide was used in the melt-electrospinning of nanofibres. The system was developed and described, and physical properties of the nanofibres produced from it were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that fibres of less than 1 micron could be formed, with fibre diameter reduced as laser power was increased. Increasing laser power resulted in a decrease in molecular weight and melting point of the polylactide. As-spun fibres were amorphous, but on annealing crystallisation occurred. 14 refs.

Fukui,UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.992342

Item 275European Polymer Journal43, No.4, 2007, p.1154.SOLVENT EFFECTS ON JET EVOLUTION DURING ELECTROSPINNING OF SEMI-DILUTE POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONSEda G; Liu J; Shivkumar S

Linear polystyrene with a weight average molecular weight of 393400 g/mol was used with various solvents including tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform, carbon disulphide (CS"2), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to produce solutions, corresponding to a Berry number of about 9. The jet breakdown behaviour of each of these solutions

was studied with a high speed camera (2000 frames/s). The structure of the electrospun polymer was examined with a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that jet breakdown with THF and chloroform entailed significant extensional flow, followed by the onset of instabilities, leading to the formation of numerous secondary jets under steady-state conditions. By comparison, the solution jets with DMF and NMP exhibit extensive whipping and splaying to produce a cloud of jets. In this case, few secondary jets were observed under steady-state conditions. A highly refined structure was observed in the electrospun polymer for NMP and DMF, in accordance with the extensive instabilities observed during jet breakdown. Limited jet instability observed with CS"2 solution suggests the significant effect of solvent evaporation. Typical primary jet velocities were measured to be on the order of 2-5 m/s. 31 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic InstituteUSA

Accession no.992051

Item 276European Polymer Journal43, No.4, 2007, p.1112.NOVEL ANTIBACTERIAL FIBERS OF QUATERNIZED CHITOSAN AND POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE) PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGIgnatova M; Manolova N; Rashkov I

The preparation of continuous defect-free fibres from quaternised chitosan derivative (QCh) has been achieved by electrospinning of mixed aqueous solutions of QCh with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The average fibre diameter significantly decreases from 2800 to 1500 nm on increasing the polyelectrolyte content. In order to impart to QCh/PVP electrospun fibres stability to water and water vapour, the fibres have been crosslinked by incorporation of photo-crosslinking additives into QCh/PVP spinning solutions and subsequent UV irradiation of the electrospun fibres. Photo-crosslinked QCh-containing electrospun mats show high antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. 23 refs.

Bulgarian Academy of SciencesBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.992047

Item 277Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia16, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2006, p.286.ELECTROSPINNING OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)Guerrini L M; Branciforti M C; Bretas R E S; De Oliveira M P

References and Abstracts

98 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Polyvinyl alcohol was synthesised by solution polymerisation of vinyl acetate and nanofibres obtained by electrospinning in aqueous solution with and without aluminium chloride. Nanofibre morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy and the degree of crystallinity determined by DSC and wide angle X-ray diffraction. The effects of electrical voltage and aluminium chloride on the morphology and average diameter of the fibres were investigated and the crystallinity of the nanofibres with and without salt compared with that of isotropic polyvinyl alcohol. 29 refs.

Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Hexion Quimica Ind. e Com.SABRAZIL

Accession no.991540

Item 278Journal of Applied Polymer Science104, No.2, 15th April 2007, p.1368.EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE CONTENT OF POLYETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ALCOHOL ON DIAMETERS OF FIBERS PRODUCED BY MELT-ELECTROSPINNINGOgata N; Lu G; Iwata T; Yamaguchi S; Nakane K; Ogihara T

Details are given of the fabrication of fibres from EVOH copolymers with different ethylene contents using a melt-electrospinning system equipped with a carbon dioxide-laser melting device. The influence of ethylene content on fibre diameter and moisture regain were investigated. Physical properties are also discussed. 13 refs.

Fukui,University; Beijing,University of Chemical TechnologyCHINA; JAPAN

Accession no.991535

Item 279Journal of Applied Polymer Science104, No.2, 15th April 2007, p.863.ELECTROSPINNING OF KERATIN/POLYETHYLENE OXIDE BLEND NANOFIBERSAluigi A; Varesano A; Montarsolo A; Vineis C; Ferrero F; Mazzuchetti G; Tonin C

Wool keratin/polyethylene oxide nanofibres were electrospun from aqueous solutions of polymer blends under different operating conditions. The filaments were characterised with SEM, FTIR and DSC and compared with films of the same materials produced via casting. Structural changes due to the electrospinning process were investigated. 45 refs.

CNR; Torino,PolitecnicoEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.991468

Item 280Journal of Polymer Research14, No.1, Feb.2007, p.53.ELECTROSPUN METHACRYLATE-BASED COPOLYMER/INDOMETHACIN FIBERS AND THEIR RELEASE CHARACTERISTICS OF INDOMETHACINPornsopone V; Supaphol P; Rangkupan R; Tantayanon S

Three methacrylate-based copolymers, i.e. poly (methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate)(E-L1OO), poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride)(E-RLPO) and poly(butyl methacrylate-co(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate)(E-EPO), were successfully electrospun into fibres, using ethanol as the spinning solvent. Electrospinning of these methacrylate-based copolymers and indomethacin, a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, at 10% by weight of the copolymer, was only successful, however, when an equivolume of ethanol and ethyl acetate was used as the co-solvent system. The drug-loaded as-spun copolymeric fibres appeared to be flat, with size ranging from 1.2 to 2.5 micrometres. At 24 h, the amount of the drug released from these drug-loaded as-spun copolymer fibres was about 55%, 30% and 18% for drug-loaded as-spun E-EPO, E-L1OO and E-RLPO fibres, respectively. 14 refs.

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.990769

Item 281E-PolymersNo.26, 2007, p.1.CONSTRUCTION OF AN ARRANGED NANO-FIBROUS STRUCTURE BY SELF-ORGANIZATION OF A DESIGNED AMPHIPHILIC PEPTIDE BASED ON BETA-STRANDHattori M; Hayashi S; Yokoi H; Tanaka M; Kinoshita T

The fabrication of beta-sheet monolayers by an amphiphilic peptide having an alternate sequence of hydrophobic and charged amino acid residues via the Langmuir-Blodgett method at an air-water interface and its transfer to a mica substrate with or without compression was investigated by FTIR, AFM and surface pressure-area isotherms. The results are discussed in terms of self-organisation with formation of an arranged nano-fibrous structure. 21 refs.

Nagoya,Institute of Technology; Menicon Co.Ltd.JAPAN

Accession no.990271

Item 282Polymer48, No.6, 2007, p.1459.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 99

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF POLYETHYLENE OXIDE-ZNO COMPOSITE ELECTROSPUN FIBERSXiaomeng Sui; Changlu Shao; Yichun Liu

Polyethylene oxide-ZnO (PEO-ZnO) composite fibres were prepared by electrospinning technique. The structural and optical properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). Results indicated that PEO passivated the interface defects and quenched the visible emission of ZnO quantum dots by forming O-Zn bonds with ZnO nanoparticles. To investigate the influence of electrospinning voltage on the PL of the composite fibres, the electrospinning voltage was adjusted from 12 to 18 kV. It was shown that the passivation effect of PEO could be enhanced by increasing the electrospinning voltage, and the fibres prepared at higher voltage exhibited more intense ultraviolet emission. 25 refs.

China,Northeast Normal UniversityCHINA

Accession no.990024

Item 283Materials Letters61, No.7, 2007, p.1451.FLIGHT PATH OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS: EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATIONEda G; Liu J; Shivkumar S

The behaviour of the solution jet during electrospinning is a consequence of the balance between electrical, surface tension, and viscoelastic forces. Solution rheology, which is known to have a significant effect on the structure of the electrospun polymer, may also affect jet evolution and breakdown. In this study, the effect of polymer molecular weight and concentration on the behaviour of polystyrene solution jet was investigated using high speed camera (2000 frames/s). The results indicate that the degree of elongational flow, bending instability, and jet branching depends on polymer molecular weight and concentration. It was observed that jet thinning and solidification may occur at different distances from the capillary when the rheological conditions are varied. 14 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic InstituteUSA

Accession no.989992

Item 284European Polymer Journal43, No.3, 2007, p.802.PREPARATION AND STUDY OF PPV/PVA NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNING PPV PRECURSOR ALCOHOL SOLUTIONWen Zhang; Eryun Yan; Zonghao Huang; Cheng Wang; Yi Xin; Qiang Zhao; Yanbin Tong

We have found a simple method to prepare poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) nanofibres via electrospinning PPV precursor alcohol solution under annealed at 180 deg.C in a N"2 atmosphere. The nanofibres are uniform in diameter and long in decimetre magnitudes with resistance in decay, which makes them have potential applications in optical and electronic devices. The morphology can be better controlled by blend PPV precursor solution with poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution. The fluorescence spectrum of PPV/PVA nanofibres exhibited appreciable blue shift, which made it possible to fabricate nanofibres with fluorescence from yellow-green to blue. 14 refs.

China,Northeast Normal University; Jimei,Middle School; Heilongjiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.989957

Item 285Journal of Physics D40, No.4, 21st Feb.2007, p.1068.GROWTH OF SUB-MICRON FIBRES OF PURE POLYANILINE USING THE ELECTROSPINNING TECHNIQUECardenas J R; De Franca M G O; De Vasconcelos E A; De Azevedo W M; Da Silva E F

The formation of pure polyaniline fibres by the electrospinning method was studied. The fibres exhibited diameters ranging from hundreds of nanometres to a few micrometres and had lengths of hundreds of micrometres. The fibres were collected on silica/silicon and silicon wafer pieces in the form of isolated fibres. The implementation of an acetone bath was of key importance for the formation of fibres. The flux of the polymeric solution and the electric field between the spinneret and the grounded collector were also important. Morphological characterisation by SEM showed smooth fibre surfaces and lack of failure effects such as necking and fibrillation. The current-voltage characteristics were linear and the conductivity values varied in the range usually observed for partially doped polyaniline. 25 refs.

Pernambuco,Universidade FederalBRAZIL

Accession no.989649

Item 286International Fiber Journal22, No.1, Feb.2007, p.36.LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN MELTSPINNING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR NONWOVENSWilkie A E; Shuler B F

Hills Inc.'s multi-component fibre technology for manufacture of non-woven fabrics is described and its use for development of a polymer distribution plate manufacturing system similar to printed circuit board technology is considered. Melt blowing, spunbond and

References and Abstracts

100 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

staple processes are discussed. It is shown that ultra-fine fibres down to nanofibre size can be produced via splitting and new melt blowing methods and that new additives, such as antimicrobials, phase change materials and fire retardants, can be added to the polymers.

Hills Inc.USA

Accession no.989621

Item 287Polymer Materials Science and Engineering22, No.6, Nov.2006, p.229.STUDY ON A PREPARATION OF NOVEL NANO/SUBMICRON-FIBER CATALYSTHong-Tao Wang; Tai-Qi Liu

A nano/submicron-fibre catalyst was prepared from PVP and nano-titanium dioxide particles by electrospinning and the effect of nanoparticle content on fibre diameter investigated. The fibres were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEM and scanning electron microscopy. The fibres were found to exhibit high efficiency for the photocatalytic degradation of CH2O. 10 refs.

Beijing,Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing,University of Chemical TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.989468

Item 288Advanced Materials19, No.1, 8th Jan.2007, p.87.FIELD-DRIVEN BIOFUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLYMER FIBER SURFACES DURING ELECTROSPINNINGSun X-Y; Shankar R; Borner H G; Ghosh T K; Spontak R J

The fabrication of peptide-functionalised poly(ethylene oxide) microfibres by electrospinning from a solution of poly(ethylene oxide) containing a peptide-poly(ethylene oxide) conjugate obtained via solid-phase-supported peptide synthesis followed by atom transfer radical polymerisation is described. The products were characterised by SEM, AFM and XPS, and the effects of solution concentration and composition on the biofunctionalisation of the fibre surfaces are discussed. 44 refs.

Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.; North Carolina,State UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.989147

Item 289Polymer48, No.5, 2007, p.1419.

BONE SCAFFOLDS FROM ELECTROSPUN FIBER MATS OF POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE), POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3-HYDROXYVALERATE) AND THEIR BLENDSombatmankhong K; Sanchavanakit N; Pavasant P; Supaphol P

In the present contribution, electrospinning was used to fabricate ultrafine fibre mats from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-2-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and their 50/50w/w blend for potential use as bone scaffolds. Cytotoxicity evaluation of these as-spun fibre mats with human osteoblasts (SaOS-2) and mouse fibroblasts (L929) indicated biocompatibility of these materials to both types of cells. The potential for use of these fibre mats as bone scaffolds was further assessed in vitro in terms of the attachment, the proliferation, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of SaOS-2 that were seeded or cultured at different times. The cells appeared to adhere well on all types of the fibrous scaffolds after 16h of cell seeding. During the early stage of the proliferation period (i.e., from ~24 to 72h in culture), the viability of the cells increased considerably and appeared to be unchanged with further increase in the time in culture. In comparison with the corresponding solution-cast film scaffolds, all of the fibrous scaffolds exhibited much better support for cell attachment and proliferation. Lastly, among the various fibrous scaffolds investigated, the electrospun fibre mat of the 50/50w/w PHB/PHBV blend showed the highest ALP activity. These results implied a high potential for use of these electrospun fibre mats as bone scaffolds. 28 refs.

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.988887

Item 290Advanced Functional Materials16, No.18, 4th Dec.2006, p.2393.FABRICATION OF ELECTROSPINNING-DERIVED CARBON NANOFIBER WEBS FOR THE ANODE MATERIAL OF LITHIUM-ION SECONDARY BATTERIESChan Kim; Kap Seung Yang; Masahito Kojima; Kazuto Yoshida; Yong Jung Kim; Yoong Ahm Kim; Morinobu Endo

A carbon nanofibre-based electrode, exhibiting a large accessible surface area (derived from the nanometer-sized fibre diameter), high carbon purity (without binder), relatively high electrical conductivity, structural integrity, thin web macromorphology, a large reversible capacity (about 450 mA h g-1) and a relatively linearly inclined voltage profile, was fabricated by nanofibre formation via electrospinning of a polyacrylonitrile solution in DMF and its subsequent thermal treatment. It was envisaged that these characteristics of this carbon material would make it an ideal candidate for the anode material of high-power lithium-ion batteries

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 101

(where a high current was critically needed), owing to the highly reduced lithium-ion diffusion path within the active material. 29 refs.

Chonnam,National University; Shinshu,UniversityJAPAN; KOREA

Accession no.988457

Item 291Macromolecules40, No.4, 20th Feb.2007, p.997.MORPHOLOGICAL, ELECTRICAL, AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER MATS CONTAINING MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBESMcCullen S D; Stevens D R; Roberts W A; Ojha S S; Clarke L I; Gorga R E

Details are given of the development of electrically conducting porous nanocomposite structures by the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes into electrospun polyethylene oxide nanofibres. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of individual aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes encapsulated within the fibres. The influence of conductance on percolation properties was determined. Tensile properties of electrospun fibrous mats were investigated. 64 refs.

North Carolina,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.988197

Item 292Journal of Applied Polymer Science103, No.6, 15th March 2007, p.3865.EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SALTS ON ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) POLYMER SOLUTIONXiao-Hong Qin; En-Long Yang; Ni Li; Shan-Yuan Wang

Addition of salts to improve the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), by reducing the insulating ability of the solution, was explored using lithium chloride, sodium nitrate, calcium chloride or sodium chloride. Improvement of conductivity was in the order of the salts listed, and it was noted that shear strength and viscosity of the spinning solutions were slightly affected by salt addition. Concentration of PAN had greatest effect on solution viscosity. Fibre diameter followed a similar sequence to conductivity, with greatest diameter given by the lithium chloride. Fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. 13 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.988132

Item 293Journal of Applied Polymer Science103, No.6, 15th March 2007 p.3840.ELECTROSPINNING OF HIGH-MOLECULE PEO SOLUTIONYu-Q Wan; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu; Yue Wu

Electrospinning of polyethylene oxide (PEO) solution, where the molecular weight of the PEO was 3,000,000 was achieved using a vibrational method and demonstrated. Fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. 13 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.988128

Item 294Macromolecules40, No.3, 6th Feb.2007 p.608.HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYETHYLENE MICROFIBERS FROM SOLUTIONGivens S R; Gardner K H; Rabolt J F; Chase D B

Electrospinning of linear low density polyethylene fibres from solutions of p-xylene was demonstrated. Because of the propensity to crystallisation of LLDPE, the process was carried out with the solution at elevated temperature. Fibres were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy, EDAX, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, and structure and morphology of fibres were found similar to fibres produced by conventional melt spinning technology. Presence of a salt, tetrabutylammonium bromide, in the polymer solution was necessary to allow sufficient conductivity for electrospinning. 21 refs.

Delaware,University; DuPontUSA

Accession no.988052

Item 295Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers22, No.1, Jan.2007, p.62.PREPARATION OF PLLA/PEG NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONSSpasova M; Stoilova O; Manolova N; Rashkov I

The effects of solution concentration and composition on the fibre diameter, morphology and hydrophilicity of poly(L-lactide)/poly(ethylene glycol) micro- or nano-fibrous mats fabricated by electrospinning from solutions of mixtures of the polymers were investigated by SEM and contact angle measurements. The tissue compatibility of the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds was studied using human dermal fibroblast and osteoblast-like cell models and the results are discussed

References and Abstracts

102 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

in terms of potential tissue engineering applications. 21 refs.

Sofia,Institute of PolymersBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.988008

Item 296Macromolecular Rapid Communications28, No.2, 23rd Jan.2007, p.215.PREPARATION OF THE ULTRA-LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT POLYIMIDE FIBER MEMBRANES ENABLED BY ELECTROSPINNINGLiu J; Min Y; Chen J; Zhou H; Wang C

The synthesis of ultra-low dielectric constant polyimide fibre membranes by electrospinning and thermal imidisation of poly(amic acid) precursor fibre membranes is described. The products were characterised by SEM, FTIR, dielectric constant, capacitance and surface resistivity and the results are discussed in terms of packaging applications for the electronic industry. 27 refs.

Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.987962

Item 297Macromolecular Rapid Communications28, No.2, 23rd Jan.2007, p.205.FABRICATION OF HIGHLY PHOTOLUMINESCENT TIO2/PPV HYBRID NANOPARTICLE-POLYMER FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGWang C; Yan E; Huang Z; Zhao Q; Xin Y

The synthesis of highly photoluminescent titanium dioxide-poly(phenylene vinylene)(PPV) hybrid nanoparticle-polymer fibres by electrospinning a PPV precursor added to a titanium dioxide sol-gel solution followed by annealing is described. The fibres were characterised by fluorescence microscopy, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, photoluminescence and FTIR spectroscopy, and the results are discussed in comparison with those for PPV fibres. 22 refs.

Changchun,Northeast Normal University; Heilongjiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.987960

Item 298Polymer Engineering and Science47, No.1, 2007, p.43.PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/SILVER FIBER WEB AS WOUND DRESSINGSHong K H

A novel wound dressing material was prepared by electrospinning poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/AgNO3

aqueous solution into nonwoven webs and then treating the webs by heat or UV radiation. Through SEM, TEM, and XPS analyses, it was observed that the silver (Ag) nanoparticles were generated and existed in the near surface of the electrospun nanofibres. It was found that heat treatment as well as UV radiation reduced the Ag+++ ions in the electrospun PVA/AgNO3 fibre web into the Ag nanoparticles. Also the heat treatment improved the crystallinity of the electrospun PVA fibre web and so it made the web unsolved in moisture environment. Therefore, it was concluded that the only heat treated electrospun PVA/AgNO3 fibre web was a good material as wound dressings because it had structural stability in moisture environment as well as excellent antimicrobial ability and, quick and continuous release of the effectiveness. 13 refs.

California,University at DavisUSA

Accession no.987889

Item 299Materials Letters61, No.6, 2007, p.1319.SYNDIOTACTIC 1,2-POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNINGHao X; Zhang X

Syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (s-PB) is a typical thermoplastic elastomer with various applications because of its high reactivity. In the past, it is difficult to form s-PB fibres with a diameter below 10 micrometre because of the limitation of the conventional method such as melt spinning. Here, we report for the first time on the production of s-PB nanofibres by using a simple electrospinning method. Ultrafine s-PB fibres without beads were electrospun from s-PB solutions in dichloromethane and characterized by environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). At 4 wt.% concentration of s-PB, the average diameter of s-PB was about 130 nm. We found that dichloromethane was a unique suitable solvent for the electrospinning of s-PB fibres, and the structure of syndiotactic was changed through the electrospinning process. 17 refs.

Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.987782

Item 300Macromolecules39, No.26, 26 Dec.2006, p.8886.HIGHLY ORIENTED ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF SELF-ASSEMBLED INCLUSION COMPLEXES OF POLY(ETHYLEN OXIDE) AND UREAYang Liu; Pellerin C

Electrospinning was used to prepare highly oriented, well-aligned fibres of the self-assembled inclusion complex of

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 103

urea and high molecular weight (400 000 g/mol) PEO. The inclusion complex was prepared by cocrystallisation and the resulting 20% w/v suspension was electrospun under a 17 kV potential difference on to a target consisting of two metallic counter electrodes separated by a 5 cm gap. The orientation functions for the PEO-urea inclusion complex electrospun fibres were calculated assuming that all the fibres were perfectly aligned during wide angle X-ray diffraction measurements, but cross-polarised optical microscopy observations showed that this was not the case. The values obtained were therefore low estimates of the molecular orientation. In order to obtain more accurate results, attempts will be made to determine the orientation of single fibres. 16 refs.

Montreal,UniversityCANADA

Accession no.987389

Item 301Journal of Applied Polymer Science103, No.5, 5th March 2007, p.3105.INVESTIGATION ON PROCESS PARAMETERS OF ELECTROSPINNING SYSTEM THROUGH ORTHOGONAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNCui W; Li X; Zhou S; Weng J

Orthogonal experimental method was used to investigate qualitative and quantitative correlations between polylactide fibre characteristics and processing and material parameters. Results of statistical analysis showed that influences were observed for polymer molecular weight and solution concentration on fibre diameters and effects of polymer molecular weight, solution concentration and solvent system on fibre morphologies. Solution concentration and polymer molecular weight, and polymer molecular weight and solvent system were found to have interaction effects. Experimental values of fibre size and beads percent were correlated with calculated values. 17 refs.

Southwest Jiaotong,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.987231

Item 302Chemistry of Materials19, No.1, 9th Jan.2007, p.104.CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN PVDF FIBER-BASED POLYMER ELECTROLYTESChoi S W; Kim J R; Ahn Y R; Jo S M; Cairns E J

The fabrication of porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibre-based membranes with a three-dimensional network structure, high porosity, large electrolyte solution uptake, and adequate mechanical properties via an electrospinning technique from various mixed-solvent compositions, and their characterisation by XRD, FT-Raman spectroscopy, tensile testing and FE-SEM, is discussed. The effects

of polymer solution composition on physical properties were studied, and uptake of lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte solution was investigated by electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. 30 refs.

Texas,University at Austin; SKC Co.Ltd.; Korea,Institute of Science & Technology; Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryKOREA; USA

Accession no.987095

Item 303Polymer48, No.2, 2007, p.512.MORPHOLOGY, POLYMORPHISM BEHAVIOR AND MOLECULAR ORIENTATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) FIBERSWu Aik Yee; Kotaki M; Ye Liu; Xuehong Lu

The morphology, polymorphism behaviour and molecular orientation of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibres have been investigated. We found that electrospinning of PVDF from its N,N-dimethylformamide/acetone solutions led to the formation of beta-phase. In contrast, only alpha- and gamma-phase was detected in the spin-coated samples from the same solutions. In the aligned electrospun PVDF fibres obtained using a rotating disk collector, the beta-phase crystallites had a preferred orientation along the fibre axis. The degree of orientation did not, however, vary significantly with the speed of the rotation disk collector, and the beta-phase was also not significantly enhanced with the increase in the rotation speed or the decrease in the size of spinnerets. These facts indicated that the orientation was likely to be caused by Columbic force rather than the mechanical and shear forces exerted by the rotating disk collector and spinnerets. The Columbic force may induce local conformational change to straighter TTTT conformation, and hence promote the beta-phase. The addition of 3wt.% of tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) into the polymer solutions effectively improved the morphology of the electrospun fibres, and led to almost pure beta-phase in the fibres. With spin coating, PVDF-TBAC did not, however, show any strong beta-phase diffraction peak. The synergistic beta-enhancement effect of TBAC and electrospinning is possibly due to the fact that while TBAC could induce more trans conformers, electrospinning promotes parallel packing, and hence inter-chain registration. 32 refs.

Nanyang,Technological University; Singapore,Institute of Materials Research & EngineeringSINGAPORE

Accession no.986693

Item 304Polymer48, No.2, 2007, p.448.

References and Abstracts

104 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION PROPERTIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN EGG ALBUMEN-PEO COMPOSITE FIBERSWongsasulak S; Kit K M; McClements D J; Yoovidhya T; Weiss J

Biocompatible composite fibres suitable for food and medical applications were electrospun from egg albumen (EA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at a flow rate of 1.8mL/min, at an applied voltage of 22kV and a capillary to target distance of 15cm. The ratio of EA to PEO dispersed in formic acid was varied from 1:0 to 1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.6 and 0:1. The influence of dispersion properties such as viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity on the morphology of electrospun fibres was investigated. As the ratio of PEO increased, viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity decreased. Electrospun fibres had diameters of 188+/-21, 289+/-33, 470+/-32 and 202+/-20nm for EA-PEO composite ratios of 1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.6, and 0:1, respectively. Pure EA did not form fibres, but was deposited as beads instead. Results were attributed to increasing entanglement of the two polymers as the concentration of PEO in the solution increased leading to larger diameters of electrospun fibres. Compositional analysis of fibres spun from mixed dispersions using FTIR and TGA indicated that fibres were composed of both EA and PEO, but that fibres contained larger concentrations of PEO than the original dispersions. Investigation of thermal properties by DSC showed the absence of a melting point in 1:0.1 and 1:0.3 EA-PEO fibres. At an EA-PEO ratio of 1:0.6, a melting point characteristic of PEO was identified but enthalpy was significantly smaller than that of pure PEO which could possibly be attributed to molecular interactions between the two polymers. 39 refs.

King Mongkut's University Of Technology Thonburi; Tennessee,University;THAILAND; USA

Accession no.986686

Item 305ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.614-615, CD-ROM, 012ALIGNMENT AND MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN POLYETHYLENE OXIDE (PEO) NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNINGKakade M; Givens S; Chase B; Rabolt J

PEO nanofibres were oriented by electrospinning on to two electrically charged aluminium plates which had a gap of 1.4 cm between them. Not only were the fibres aligned by this technique, but the PEO backbones were also oriented along the fibre axis at the molecular level. 7 refs.

Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research & Development(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.986262

Item 306Reactive and Functional Polymers66, No.12, 2006, p.1559.ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/GLUCOSE OXIDASE BIOCOMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR BIOSENSOR APPLICATIONSGuanglei Ren; Xinhua Xu; Qiang Liu; Juan Cheng; Xiaoyan Yuan; Lili Wu; Yizao Wan

A novel technique for enzyme immobilisation on the surface of the Au electrode for designing amperometric biosensor by electrospinning poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and glucose oxidase (GOD) is presented in this paper. The immobilised GOD remained active inside the electrospun PVA fibrous membranes. The membranes are promising candidates for immobilisation of enzymes because of their high specific surface area and porous structure. The infrared spectrum, the UV-Vis spectrum, and the scanning electronic microscopy of the membranes showed that the enzyme had been immobilised inside the PVA membranes. Chronoamperometric measurements demonstrated that electrospun fibrous enzymatic electrodes exhibited a rapid response (1 s) and a higher response current (muA level) to glucose in the normal and diabetic level. The linear response range (from 1 to 10 mM) and the lower detection limit (0.05 mM) of the sensor are satisfying. The electrospun method makes it convenient and efficient to prepare the enzymatic electrode for biosensors. 12 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.985674

Item 307Polymers for Advanced Technologies17, No.11-12, Nov.-Dec.2006, p.902.BIOPOLYMER-HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITE COATINGS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGBishop A; Balazsi C; Yang J H C; Gouma P I

P o l y m e r - b a s e d c o m p o s i t e s w e r e p r e p a r e d by electrospinning hydroxyapatite(HA) with a biocompatible polymer for the development of a structurally-stable casing for prosthetic devices. The morphology and structure of electrospun polymer-HA mats were studied. Electrospun mats were calcinated at the phase transformation temperature of HA, revealing pure HA wires with diameters just under a micrometre and lengths of the order of 10 to 50 micrometres. The results obtained indicated a dispersion mechanism of HA electrospun with polyvinyl pyrrolidone and

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 105

cellulose acetate in varying solvents to determine the effects of acidic additives and electrospinning on the production of HA wires. 8 refs. (8th International Symposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2005 (PAT 2005), Budapest, Sept.2005)

New York,State University; Budapest,Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials ScienceEASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; USA

Accession no.985318

Item 308ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held at Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.544-545, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN LINEAR POLYETHYLENEIMINE/SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE SCAFFOLDS FOR CELL GROWTHKhanam N; Mikoryak C; Draper R; Balkus K

Polyethyleneimine/succinic anhydride was used to fabricate an electrospun nanofibre scaffold for cell growth. The fibre mesh scaffold was electrospun on to glass cover slips. The scaffold promoted cell contact, while improving the overall cell morphology. Human fibroblast cells were found to attach and grow well even after nine days of cell culturing. 5 refs.

Texas,University at Dallas(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.985196

Item 309Polymer Journal (Japan)38, No.11, 2006, p.1137.THERMAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN BLENDS OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) AND POLY(GLYCOLIC ACID)Ramdhanie L I; Aubuchon S R; Boland E D; Knapp D C; Barnes C P; Simpson D G; Wnek G E; Bowlin G L

Blends of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid were electrospun into fibres intended for tissue engineering scaffolds and characterised by scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing, DSC and phase contrast microscopy. The results are discussed in terms of fibre diameter, tensile modulus, strain at break, Tg, melting temperature, crystallisation, crystallinity, miscibility and phase separation. 16 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth University; TA Instruments-Waters LLC; Case Western Reserve UniversityUSA

Accession no.985106

Item 310Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition17, No.9, 2006, p.1039.ELECTROSPUN MAT OF TYROSINE-DERIVED POLYCARBONATE FIBERS FOR POTENTIAL USE AS TISSUE SCAFFOLDING MATERIALMeechaisue C; Dubin R; Supaphol P; Hoven V P; Kohn J

Details are given of the use of desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine ethyl ester and desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine as monomers for the synthesis of two tyrosine-derived slow- and fast-degrading polycarbonates. Ultrafine fibres were fabricated by electrospinning. The effects of solution and process parameters on morphological appearance and diameters of the fibres were investigated using SEM. A qualitative assessment of an as-spun mat of the polycarbonate fibres as tissue scaffolding materials using a variety of different cultured cell lines is discussed.27 refs.

Rutgers,University; Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,UniversityTHAILAND; USA

Accession no.984918

Item 311Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition17, No.9, 2006, p.969.MECHANO-MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ALIGNED NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLDS OF POLYCAPROLACTONE FABRICATED BY ELECTROSPINNINGThomas V; Jose M V; Chowdhury S; Sullivan J F; Dean D R; Vohra Y K

Mechanical and morphological studies of aligned nanofibrous meshes of polycaprolactone for bone tissue scaffold applications are reported. The morphological characterisation of the nanofibres was undertaken using SEM, X-ray diffraction and DSC. The influence of different collector rotation speeds on fibre morphology and mechanical properties is discussed. 45 refs.

Alabama,UniversityUSA

Accession no.984917

Item 312Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition17, No.6, 2006, p.631.PREPARATION OF PVA/PEI ULTRA-FINE FIBERS AND THEIR COMPOSITE MEMBRANE WITH PLA BY ELECTROSPINNINGDong C; Yuan X; He M; Yao K

Details are given of the preparation of ultra-fine fibres of PVAL/polyethylene imine by electrospinning of their blend solutions in water. The effects of PVAL.PEI mass ratio and the polymer concentration on the fibre morphology were discussed by analysis of SEM. A composite membrane of PVAL/PEI with polylactide

References and Abstracts

106 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

was also produced by co-electrospinning in DMF. The membrane was characterised using FTIR, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Potential uses as drug delivery carriers and tissue engineering scaffolds are mentioned. 25 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.984912

Item 313Smart Materials and Structures15, No.6, Dec.2006, p.N152.ELECTROSPUN NANOSCALE POLYACRYLONITRILE ARTIFICIAL MUSCLESamatham R; Park I-S; Kim K J; Nam J-D; Whisman N; Adams J

The fabrication of polyacrylonitrile nanofibres by electrospinning from solution in dimethylformamide is described, and the effects of pH on the diameter and phase transitions of the nanofibres were investigated using ESEM, AFM and DSC. The results are discussed in terms of potential applications as fast actuating artificial muscle and linear actuators. 24 refs.

Nevada,University; Sung Kyun Kwan UniversityKOREA; USA

Accession no.984752

Item 314Journal of Applied Polymer Science103, No.3, 5th Feb.2007, pp.1860.THERMAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) SUBMICROMETER FIBERS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGKim G-M; Michler G H; Henning S; Radusch H-J Wutzler A

Submicrometer fibres of microbially synthesised ultra-high-molecular weight poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were produced by electrospinning (ES) from a chloroform solution and characterised by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The diameters of the electrospun fibres were in the range 400-1000 nm. Thermal analysis showed that the electrospun fibres contained both helical (alpha form) and trans-zigzag (beta form) crystals, whereas solution-cast PHB films consisted mainly of the helical structure. The crystallinity of the electrospun PHB fibres was higher than that of solution-cast PHB films as a result of conformational changes resulting from the high extensional flow in the ES jets. Polarised FTIR measurements showed that the PHB molecules were oriented parallel to the fibre axis and, as a result, the electrospun fibres showed a strong birefringence under polarised light. 29 refs.

Halle,Martin-Luther-UniversitatEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.984644

Item 315Journal of Applied Polymer Science103, No.3, 5th Feb.2007, pp.1473.ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE-BASED NANOFIBERSFrenot A; Henriksson M W; Walkenstrom P

Nanofibres of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), and enzymatically treated cellulose were prepared by electrospinning, and their microstructures were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. Four different CMC derivatives with different molecular weights (Mw), degrees of substitution, and substitution patterns were electrospun in mixtures with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to give a range of nanofibres. The nature of the CMC-based nanostructures (nonwoven sheets and individual nanofibres) was independent of the Mw and degree of substitution, but was markedly dependent on the substitution pattern. The nonwoven sheets varied in homogeneity, and beads appeared on individual fibres. Extraction of PEO gave pure CMC nanostructures with varying appearances, indicating that the distribution of PEO and CMC in the nanofibres also varied. Two different HPMC derivatives with different degrees of substitution were electrospun into nanofibres to give homogeneous nonwoven sheets containing nanofibres of a similar appearance that was independent of the degree of substitution of the HPMC sample. Preliminary fibres were obtained from enzymatically treated cellulose dissolved in a solvent system based on lithium chloride dissolved in dimethyl acetamide. 33 refs.

IFP Research ABEUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.984598

Item 316Macromolecular Materials and Engineering291, No.11, 9th Nov.2006, p.1307.CORE-SHEATH STRUCTURE IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FROM POLYMER BLENDSMing Wei; Bongwoo Kang; Changmo Sung; Mead J

Core-sheath nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning of polymer blends, including polybutadiene/PS, PMMA/PS, polybutadiene/PMMA, polybutadiene/polycarbonate, polyaniline/polycarbonate and PMMA/polycarbonate. These core-sheath structures offered potential in a number of applications, including nanoelectronics and functional nanotubes. Formation of core-sheath structures was shown to be dependent on both thermodynamic and kinetic factors. It was found that polymer blends with lower molec.wt. tended to form core-sheath structures rather than co-continuous structures, as a result of their higher molecular mobility. 27 refs.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 107

Lowell,Massachusetts UniversityUSA

Accession no.984252

Item 317ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2006. Volume 95. Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca., 10th-14th Sept.2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.567-568, CD-ROM, 012AQUEOUS MEDIA ELECTROSPINNING OF WHEAT GLUTEN FIBERSJing Dong; Dicharry R; Parnas R; Asandei A D

Wheat gluten fibres were prepared by electrospinning from a water/1-propanol solution and the morphologies of the fibres analysed by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Flat, ribbon-like fibres with diameters less than 1 micrometer and with limited bead formation were obtained. 11 refs.

Connecticut,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.984056

Item 318ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2006. Volume 95. Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca., 10th-14th Sept.2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.480-481, CD-ROM, 012ULTRA-FINE FIBERS FROM ELECTROSPINNING OF THERMOSET EPOXY RESINYan Li; Changming Wang; Guojian Wang; Zehua Qu; Jun Qiu; Zhengming Huang

Ultra-fine fibres of epoxy resin were prepared by electrospinning of epoxy 609 using a mixture of MEK and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether as solvent. The morphology of the fibres was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the effect of solution concentration on the morphology and average diameter of the fibres examined.

Tongji,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.984019

Item 319Journal of Applied Polymer Science103, No.1, 5th Jan.2007 p.380.ELECTROSPINNING AND CROSSLINKING OF ZEIN NANOFIBER MATSChen Yao; Xinsong Li; Tangying Song

Crosslinked zein fibre mats were prepared by electrospinning solutions of zein fibre in aqueous ethanol to give a nanofibre mat, followed by crosslinking by immersion in a solution of hexamethylene diisocyanate in tetrahydrofuran. Conditions of spinning were optimised to obtain fibre with a diameter of about 500nm, and mats were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Tensile strength of mats was increased significantly by crosslinking. 12 refs.

Nanjing,Southeast UniversityCHINA

Accession no.983650

Item 320Macromolecules39, No.25, 12th Dec.2006, p.8553.ELECTROSPINNING IN NEAR-CRITICAL CO2Zhihao Shen; Thompson B E; McHugh M A

The application of near-critical carbon dioxide as an electrospinning processing aid to create polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) fibres from dichloromethane solution with novel morphology readily varied by adjusting the operating pressure and temperature is described. The formation of PVP fibres is directly related to the dichloromethane-carbon dioxide phase behaviour. When spinning into a carbon dioxide rich bath, an open-cell fibre morphology is created with features that correlate with the operating pressure. 18 refs.

Philip Morris USA; Virginia,Commonwealth UniversityUSA

Accession no.983509

Item 321Polymers and Polymer Composites14, No.8, 2006, p.755.EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN ATACTIC POLYSTYRENEDong Soo Shin; Se Geun Lee; Won Seok Lyoo

Electrospun atactic polystyrene webs of particles and fibres with various dimensions were successfully prepared using solutions of atactic polystyrene of different concentrations. The samples were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, N, N-dimethylformamide and chloroform with tetrahydrofuran and N, N-dimethylformamide as co-solvents. The effect of solvent properties such as viscosity and boiling points on the morphologies of the electrospun polymers were investigated. The forms of bead, bead-onto-fibre and fibre were prepared under various processing conditions. The results of varying type and concentration of solvent are discussed, and attributed mostly to differences in evaporation rates and viscosities. It is concluded that it is possible to obtain polystyrene webs with fine morphologies by control of the processing parameters during Electrospinning. 27 refs.

References and Abstracts

108 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Yeungnam,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.983439

Item 322Journal of Materials Science41, No.19, Oct.2006, p.6453.POLY(L-LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) BIODEGRADABLE MICROFIBERS AND ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FOR NERVE TISSUE ENGINEERING: AN IN VITRO STUDYBini T B; Shujun Gao; Shu Wang; Ramakrishna S

The feasibility of using biodegradable poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) having different microstructures as scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering was investigated. The scaffolds were fabricated from poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) microfibres and nanofibres produced by electrospinning and in-vitro studies performed on the microfibres and nanofibres using C-17.2 nerve stem cells, which were seeded and cultured on the scaffolds. The scaffolds were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. 21 refs.

Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE

Accession no.982996

Item 323Journal of Applied Polymer Science102, No.6, 15th Dec.2006 p.5692.ELECTROSPINNING OF CHITOSAN/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/ACRYLIC ACID AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSYingshan Zhou; Dongzhi Yang; Jun Nie

Electrospinning of aqueous solutions of chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) and acrylic acid was carried out at different blend ratios and solution concentrations. At low acrylic acid concentration, spinning of 80/20 mass ratio blends of chitosan and PVAl was possible but at high acrylic acid concentrations the equivalent blend ratio for fibre formation was 95/5. Fibre diameter, as measured using scanning electron microscopy, decreased and diameter distribution was reduced as PVAl concentration increased. Fibre mats were also prepared by electrospinning, and the effects of viscosity and conductivity of the blend on mat morphology was reported. 30 refs.

Wuhan,University; Beijing,University of Chemical TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.982890

Item 324Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.22, 24th Nov.2006, p.1942.NANOFIBROUS SUGAR STICKS ELECTROSPUN FROM GLYCOPOLYMERS

FOR PROTEIN SEPARATION VIA MOLECULAR RECOGNITIONYang Q; Wu J; Li J-J; Hu M-X; Xu Z-K

The fabrication of nanofibres from two glycopolymers, poly(acrylonitrile-co-(alpha-allyl glucoside)) and p o l y ( a c r y l o n i t r i l e - c o - ( D - g l u c o n a m i d o e t h y l methacrylate)), containing cyclic and linear glucose residues respectively, by electrospinning under various processing conditions is described. The nanofibres were characterised by SEM, and the effects of copolymer composition on the separation of mixtures of the proteins, concanavalin A and bovine serum albumin, by selective adsorption was investigated. 31 refs.

Zhejiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.982717

Item 325ANTEC 2006. Proceedings of the 64th SPE Annual conference held Charlotte, NC., 7th-11th May 2006.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2006, p.1381-5, PDF 103834, CD-ROM, 012BEAD AND FIBER MORPHOLOGIES DURING ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENEEda G; Shivkumar S

The cumulative effects of polymer molecular weight and concentration on the structure of electrospun fibres and beads were investigated. A significant change in fibre diameter and shape was observed as the molecular weight was varied keeping Berry number constant. Below the entanglement concentration, various types of beads including wrinkled beads, cups, dishes and toroids were produced. 16 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic Institute(SPE)USA

Accession no.982340

Item 326ANTEC 2006. Proceedings of the 64th SPE Annual conference held Charlotte, NC., 7th-11th May 2006.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2006, p.1366-70, PDF 103857, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN PVA FIBERS AS PRECURSOR TO SYNTHESIZE HYDROXYAPATITEDai X; Shivkumar S

PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) with various molecular weights (Mw) were electrospun with a Calcium Phosphate based sol. Fibres on the order of 2 mum with uniformly distributed sol particles were obtained. Electrospinning process may be facilitated with high molecular weight polymers. The distribution of sol in the electrospun structure may depend on polymer/sol ratio. XRD results indicate that the fibres after calcination consisted predominantly of hydroxyapatite. 20 refs.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 109

Worcester,Polytechnic Institute(SPE)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.982337

Item 327High Performance PlasticsAug.2006, p.7ELECTROSPUN MATERIAL FOR VASCULAR GRAFT

This small article reports briefly on research being carried out by scientists at Virginia Commonwealth University in the USA. They have developed a novel biocomposite from a blend of polydioxanone and elastin (a natural polymer) that has the potential to be used for vascular grafts in patients having coronary artery graft surgery.

Virginia,Commonwealth University; DuPontUSA

Accession no.982081

Item 328Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.19, 2nd Oct.2006, p.1637.PREPARATION OF CORE-SHEATH COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS BY EMULSION ELECTROSPINNINGXu X; Zhuang X; Chen X; Wang X; Yang L; Jing X

Uniform core-sheath nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning of a water-in-oil emulsion in which the aqueous phase consists of a polyethylene oxide solution in water and the oily phase is a chloroform solution of an ethylene glycol-lactic acid copolymer. The fibres were composed of a PEO core and a copolymer sheath. The overall fibre size and the relative diameters of the core and the sheath were changed by adjusting the emulsion composition and the emulsification parameters. A mechanism is proposed to explain the process of transformation from the emulsion to the core-sheath fibres. Potential applications in the fabrication of nanofibres containing water-soluble drugs are mentioned. 15 refs.

Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.982055

Item 329Pigment and Resin Technology35, No.5, 2006, p.278.EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION, VOLTAGE, TAKE-OVER DISTANCE AND DIAMETER OF PINHEAD ON PRECURSORY POLY(PHENYLENE VINYLENE) ELECTROSPINNINGWang C; Zhang W; Huang Z H; Yan E Y; Su Y H

The effects of processing conditions, such as solution concentration, voltage, take-over distance and spinneret diameter, on the electrospinning of precursory poly(phenylene vinylene), synthesised from p-xylylene dichloride and tetrahydrothiophene, were investigated. After heating, the resulting nanofibres were characterised by diameter and morphology using SEM and the results are discussed. 13 refs.

Changchun,Northeast Normal University; Heilongjiang,Provincial Chemical Engineering InstitutesCHINA

Accession no.981822

Item 330European Polymer Journal42, No.10, 2006, p.2205.SINGLE LIGHT EMITTERS IN ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS: EFFECT OF LOCAL CONFINEMENT ON RADIATIVE DECAYTomczak N; Gu S; Han M; Van Hulst N F; Julius Vancso G

The fabrication of light emitting polymer nanofibres by electrospinning of polymer solutions containing either fluorescent organic dye molecules or luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) is presented. The fluorescence spectra and lifetime of the embedded emitters, down to the level of single molecules were investigated. While the average fluorescence lifetime of single molecules embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate) fibres appears independent of the fibre diameter, the single molecule approach reveals a significant broadening of the fluorescence lifetime distribution for fibres with diameters below the wavelength of light. 35 refs.

Twente,University; Singapore,National University; Singapore,Institute of Materials Research & EngineeringEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; SINGAPORE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.981417

Item 331Polymer Journal (Japan)38, No.9, 2006, p.961.ELECTROSPINNING OF STYRENE-ISOPRENE COPOLYMERIC THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERSChuangchote S; Sirivat A; Supaphol P

Thermoplastic elastomers based on multi-armed poly(styrene-b-isoprene) and linear poly(styrene-b-isoprene-styrene) were subjected to electrospinning using either 1,2-dichloroethane or chloroform as solvent. The effects of solution concentration, solvent, applied electrical potential, molecular structure of the block copolymers and solution flow rate on the morphology and/or size of the spun copolymers were investigated and the surface morphology of the fibres briefly discussed. 18 refs.

References and Abstracts

110 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.981115

Item 332Advanced Functional Materials16, No.16, 20th Oct.2006, p.2110.CONTROLLED ENCAPSULATION OF HYDROPHOBIC LIQUIDS IN HYDROPHILIC POLYMER NANOFIBERS BY CO-ELECTROSPINNINGDiaz J E; Barrero A; Marquez M; Loscertales I G

The fabrication of beaded microfibres and nanofibres with a hydrophobic fluid (oil) encapsulated within the beads by co-electrospinning of a hydrophilic polymer, such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and a hydrophobic fluid, such as an industrial oil, is described. The beads are regularly distributed along the fibres and their size exhibits a mono- or bimodal distribution, depending on the operating conditions, mainly inner liquid flow rate. Optical and scanning electron microscopy images of the polyvinyl pyrrolidone-oil nanofibres are illustrated and discussed. 13 refs.

Malaga,University; Yflow SL; Sevilla,Universidad; Arizona,State University; Philip Morris USAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.980953

Item 333Macromolecules39, No.22, 31st Oct.2006, p.7662.SCALING LAWS IN ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONSChi Wang; Chia-Hung Hsu; Jian-Hua Lin

By tuning the processing variables and solution properties using four different solvents polystyrene fibres are prepared by electrospinning to study the effects of these governing parameters on the morphological changes of the charged cone jet as well as the diameter and birefringence of the fibres collected. The rheological properties of PS solutions with various compositions are measured to reveal the minimum concentration for chain entanglements. Their influence on the electrospun fibres is discussed. The solution conductivity also plays a key role in determining fibre spinnability. Simple scaling laws are derived which are helpful in guiding the preparation of electrospun fibres. 47 refs.

Taiwan,National Cheng Kung UniversityTAIWAN

Accession no.980797

Item 334Polymer47, No.23, 2006, p.8026.ELECTROSPINNING OF SODIUM ALGINATE WITH POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)

Lu J W; Zhu Y L; Guo Z X; Hu P; Yu J

Another natural biopolymer, sodium alginate, has been electrospun from aqueous solution by blending with a non-toxic, biocompatible, synthetic polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The interaction between sodium alginate and PEO has been evidenced by FTIR and conductivity change, which is thought to be the main reason for the successful electrospinning. The solution properties of sodium alginate/PEO blends have been measured, including viscosity, conductivity and surface tension. The morphology and mechanical properties of the electrospun mats have been investigated. Smooth fibres with diameters around 250nm are obtained from 3% solutions of varied alginate/PEO proportions ranging from 1:1 to 0:1. Tensile strength around 4MPa is found with smooth fibre mats. The anti-water property of the electrospun mats has been improved by a combination of hexamethylene diisocyanate and aqueous calcium chloride cross-linkings. 32 refs.

Tsinghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.980734

Item 335Polymer47, No.23, 2006, p.8019.PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS OF CARBON NANOTUBE/POLYCAPROLACTONE NANOCOMPOSITESaeed K; Park S Y; Lee H J; Baek J B; Huh W S

Multiwalled carbon nanotube/polycaprolactone nanocomposites (MWNT/PCL) were prepared by in situ polymerisation, whereby functionalised MWNTs (F-MWNTs) and unfunctionalised MWNTs (P-MWNTs) were used as reinforcing materials. The F-MWNTs were functionalised by Friedel-Crafts acylation, which introduced the aromatic amine (COC"6H"4-NH"2) groups on the side wall. The F-MWNTs were chemically bonded with the PCL chains in the F-MWNT/PCL, as indicated by the appearance of the amide II group in the FT-IR spectrum. The TGA thermograms showed that the F-MWNT/PCL had better thermal stability than PCL and P-MWNT/PCL. The PCL and the nanocomposite nanofibres were prepared by an electrospinning technique. The nanocomposites that contain more than 2wt% of MWNTs were not able to be electrospun. The bead of the F-MWNT/PCL nanofibre was formed less than that of the P-MWNT/PCL. The nanocomposite nanofibres showed a relatively broader diameter than the pure PCL nanofibres. The MWNTs were embedded within the nanofibres and were well oriented along the axes of the electrospun nanofibres, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. 44 refs.

Kyungpook,National University; Chungbuk,National University; Soongsil,UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.980733

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 111

Item 336Polymer47, No.20, 2006, p.7095.STUDIES ON THE CONTROLLED MORPHOLOGY AND WETTABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE SURFACES BY ELECTROSPINNING OR ELECTROSPRAYINGZheng J; He A; Li J; Xu J; Han C C

Polystyrene (PS) surfaces with various morphologies have been produced by electrospinning or electrospraying, such as beads with different sizes and shapes, bead-on-string structures with different aspect ratios of the beads and fibres with different diameters and shapes. Both the solution properties and the electrospinning conditions affected the PS surface morphology obtained. The results of water contact angle (CA) measurement indicated that the surface morphology could affect the wettability distinctively. It was found that CA values of PS surfaces comprised merely fibres were in the range of 140 deg.-150 deg.. The CA values of PS surfaces comprised bead-on-string structures were usually about 150 deg.. However, the CA values of PS surfaces consisted of particles could reach up to 160 deg., which shows a superhydrophobic property. A bilayer fibres-on-beads surface was verified to be stable and superhydrophobic. 19 refs.

Beijing,Institute of ChemistryCHINA

Accession no.980641

Item 337ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.405-407, CD-ROM, 012PCL/HA NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING: STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPThomas V; Jagani S; Johnson K; Jose M V; Dean D; Vohra Y K; Nyairo E

Electrospinning of a solution of polycaprolactone sonically mixed with nanoparticles of hydroxyapetite was carried out to produce a composite material for use as biodegradable scaffolds, and having a pore structure with enhanced mechanical properties. The composite scaffolds were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and by their stress-strain properties. Compared to the electrospun pure polymer, scaffolds incorporating up to 20 percent hydroxyapetite showed a significant increase in both tensile modulus and tensile strength. 16 refs.

Alabama,University; Alabama,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.979833

Item 338ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.388-389, CD-ROM, 012EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN ELECTROSPINNINGChun Lu; Ping Chen; Yujun Zhang; Xiangdong Liu

The effects of using different solvents during the electrospinning of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, in an attempt to increase jet instability in the preparation of nanofibres, was examined using viscosity, temperature and scanning electron microscopy studies. Solvents used were a mixture of isopropyl alcohol with water, and dimethylacetamide. Fibre diameter was greater from the water/alcohol mixture, due to the hydrogen bonding between polymer and water, therefore for smaller fibres, less interaction between polymer and solvent is required. It was also reported that fibre diameter and diameter distribution reduced as electric field strength increased. 28 refs.

Dalian,University of Technology; Harbin,Institute of Technology; South Vehicle Group(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.979823

Item 339Journal of Applied Polymer Science102, No.4, 15th Nov.2006, pp. 3430.DEVELOPING PROTECTIVE TEXTILE MATERIALS AS BARRIERS TO LIQUID PENETRATION USING MELT-ELECTROSPINNINGLee S; Obendorf S K

Webs and laminates of polypropylene fibre, potentially useful in protective clothing for agricultural workers, were produced by melt electrospinning. Electrospun polypropylene webs were produced with two different thicknesses and were laminated on non-woven fabric substrates to examine the effect of lamination on protective ability and thermal comfort. Barrier performance was evaluated by using two pesticide mixtures covering a range of surface tensions and viscosities. Penetration testing showed that the electrospun polypropylene webs showed an excellent barrier performance against liquids with a high surface tension, whereas laminated fabrics of electrospun polypropylene webs exhibited 90-100% resistance to liquids with various surface tensions. Thermal comfort was assessed by examining the effect of web thickness and lamination on air permeability and water vapour transmission. The air permeability of electrospun polypropylene webs decreased by 20% as a result of lamination and the web thickness, but was still higher than most of the materials currently in use for protective clothing. The water vapour transmission

References and Abstracts

112 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

of electrospun polypropylene webs was reduced by up to 12% as a result of lamination and web thickness, but remained similar to that of other woven work-clothing fabrics. 16 refs.

Cornell UniversityUSA

Accession no.979541

Item 340Journal of Membrane Science283, No.1-2, 2006, p.84.ION EXCHANGER USING ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERSAn H; Shin C; Chase G G

Polymer nanofibre ion exchangers (PNIE) are produced by electrospinning from solutions of dissolved polystyrene followed by sulphonation processes. A polystyrene nanofibre cation exchanger was developed for high ion exchange capacity, and rapid ion exchange velocity. In this paper, new experimental results investigating the performance of PNIE are presented in relation to the relevant parameters (ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, and surface morphology). The ion exchange capacity (IEC) and water uptake of the PNIE depend upon the sulphonation time. The PNIE sample with 30min sulphonation time showed the maximum IEC of 3.74mmol/g and maximum water uptake of 0.77gH"2O/g-dry-PNIE at 40min sulphonation time. 13 refs.

Chungju,National University; Akron,UniversityKOREA; USA

Accession no.979270

Item 341ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.81-82, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN POLY(ACRYLONITRILE) CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE FIBERS FOR SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRODESTong Wang; Kumar S

High surface area carbon electrodes were prepared for use in supercapacity electrodes by electrospinning of a copolymer of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polystyrene (PS), followed by ablation of the styrene acrylonitrile domains. Samples filled with either 1 percent single wall carbon nanotubes, or 5 percent multiwall carbon nanotubes were prepared and the resulting electrodes were compared to controls produced from PAN alone by conventional methods, using scanning electron microscopy, surface area and electrical capacitance measurements. The porosity introduced by burning out of the SAN gave increased capacitance, and carbon nanotube addition improved the power density of electrodes. 7 refs.

Georgia,Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA; JAPAN; USA

Accession no.978646

Item 342ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.77-78, CD-ROM, 012OPTIMIZATION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES GENERATED BY ELECTROSPINNINGSimsel E; Yordem O S; Menceloglu Y Z; Papila M

Depending on spinning conditions and polymer/solution concentrations, electrospinning produces anything from a bead only morphology, through beads on a string, to filaments. The transition between these conditions, and the hydrophobicity of the films or mats prepared from the various states were investigated using contact angle measurements and response surface methodology that incorporated experimental design and regression analysis with two variables, solution concentration and applied voltage during electrospinning. It was shown that, whilst solution concentration is the main criterion determining hydrophobicity, voltage can also be effective at high concentration. The experimental work utilised a copolymer of acrylonitrile and perfluoroalkylethyl acrylate. 10 refs.

Sabanci,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)TURKEY

Accession no.978644

Item 343ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.76, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF NAOPOROUS NANOFIBER MATS OF FLUOROPOLYMERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGFuqian Sun; Xinsong Li

An electrospinning-phase separation-leaching method was used and described for preparing nanoporous nanofibre mats from copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. Mats were spun with different ratios of polyvinyl pyridine (PVP) and then the PVP was removed by leaching with water. Mats were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy and tensile property measurements, and the effects of the different PVP/copolymer ratios were observed. 4 refs.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 113

Nanjing,Southeast University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.978643

Item 344ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.74-75, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE ACETATE/POLY(ETHYLENE OXID) BICOMPONENT FIBERSLifeng Zhang; You-Lo Hsieh

The effects of electrospinning conditions on the fibre formation and properties of bicomponent fibres prepared from a solution of cellulose acetate and polyethylene oxide. Conditions altered were the concentration and component ratio of solutions and the electrospinning potential. Fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the reaction to treatment by water was examined. It was confirmed that fibres were phase separated, with PEO fibres showing a larger size after water treatment. 7 ref.

California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.978642

Item 345ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.73, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING AND CROSSLINKING OF ZEIN NANOFIBER MATSChen Yao; Xinsong Li; Tangying Song

Zein, a corn protein was dissolved in ethanol aqueous solutions in high concentrations. Solutions were electrospun to form nanofibre mats which were crosslinked by immersing in hexamethylene diisocyanate solution in toluene. Both uncrosslinked and crosslinked mats were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. Crosslinking significantly increased the strength and elongation of the mats whilst reducing the Young's modulus. 5 refs.

Nanjing,Southeast University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.978641

Item 346ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.69, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING COAXIAL NANOFIBERS FOR CARBON NANOFIBERS AND NANOTUBESDiaz J E; Lallave M; Marquez M; Barrero A; Loscertales I G

Electrospinning of coaxial nanofibres with a shell of polyethylene oxide and a core of polyethylene oxide and a shell of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyridine, lignin or PASA was carried out from various solvents with the objective of effective extrusion of non-spinnable precursors into fibres and direct nanotube formation. Samples were microscopically characterised. 5 refs.

Yflow SL; Seville,University; INEST Group; Malaga,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.978638

Item 347ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.26, CD-ROM, 012CONJUGATE ELECTROSPINNING: CONTINUOUS YARNS FROM OPPOSITELY CHARGED NANOFIBERSXinsong Li; Chen Yao; Fuqian Sun; Tangying Song

The use of electrospinning to produce continuous yarns from oppositely charged nanofibres was described. The process was known as conjugate electrospinning was used with several polymers including polylactic acid, polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile and a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. Yarns were illustrated photographically and using scanning electron microscopy. 7 refs.

Nanjing,Southeast University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA

Accession no.978615

Item 348ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.25, CD-ROM, 012

References and Abstracts

114 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYETHYLENE MICROFIBERS: MANIPULATION OF SOLUTION PROPERTIESGivens S R; Keun-Hyung Lee; Chase D B; Rabolt J F

Solution electrospinning of polyethylene, rather than the more common melt electrospinning, was shown to reduce processing temperatures and form smaller fibres. The process was demonstrated using both low density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene, and fibres were illustrated using scanning electron microscopy. Various other analytical techniques were used but results were not detailed in this paper. 5 refs.

Delaware,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.978614

Item 349ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.23-24, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN POLYMER CUPS: FORMATION MECHANISMJing Liu; Rasheed A; Dadmun M D; Kumar S

Preparation of polymer particles with different shapes using the electrospinning process is discussed. Polymers used included polymethyl methacrylate and a random copolymer of styrene and vinyl phenol. Particle shape was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Qualitatively, particle shape was seen to depend on solvent types and evaporation rates. By control of these parameters and electrospinning conditions the desired morphology of particles could be produced. 14 refs.

Georgia,Institute of Technology; Tennessee,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.978613

Item 350ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.22, CD-ROM, 012FIELD-DRIVEN SURFACE BIOFUNCTION-ALIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERSXiaoyu Sun; Shankar R; Ghosh T K; Borner H G; Spontak R J

Electrospinning of solutions of bulk polyethylene oxide (PEO) mixed with diblock copolymers of PEO and

an oligopeptide resulted in surface enrichment of the fibre by the biofunctional peptide blocks. The surface was characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Increasing block copolymer concentration leads to formation of beads during electrospinning. The effect of the block copolymer on solution viscosity and conductivity was also examined, with increases in block copolymer content increasing conductivity but reducing viscosity. 4 refs.

North Carolina,State University; Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.978612

Item 351ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.20-21, CD-ROM, 012SELF ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES IN ELECTROSPUN PS-B-PI FIBERSKaira V; Kakad P A; Mendez S; Kamperman M; Yong Lak Joo

Structure formation during nanofibre formation of electrospun fibres prepared from diblock copolymers of polystyrene and polyisoprene, with two different volume fractions of PI, was examined using transmission electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. Effects of elongational deformation during forming, and of annealing, were studied by comparing the structure to that of films prepared from the same copolymers. Microphase separation in the nanofibres was observed, but domains were not well ordered due to the effects of solvent evaporation. Domain structure was improved by annealing. 7 refs.

Cornell University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.978611

Item 352ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.17-18, CD-ROM, 012SUPRESSION OF THE RAYLEIGH INSTABILITY IN AN ELECTROSPINNING JETJian H Yu; Fridrikh S V; Rutledge G C

Onset of Rayleigh instability, where a sun jet breaks up into droplets due to surface tension, can be retarded by having elasticity in the spinning solution which increases

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 115

stress on the jet. Having a sufficiently high stress allows uniform fibres to be obtained, or beads-on-a-string at lower jet stresses. A theoretical critical stress was calculated over which the Rayleigh instability will be completely suppressed. The system was illustrated using polyethylene oxide and polyethylene glycol blended solutions with polymers of different molecular weights and blend ratios, and solution viscosities and elasticity's were determined using rheometric testing. 5 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.978609

Item 353ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.16, CD-ROM, 012MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN MACROSCOPICALLY ALIGNED ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERSRabolt J F

The electrospinning process was discussed and described with respect to quantities of materials required, scaling up and down, biopolymers and synthetic polymers and fibre alignment. Macroscopically aligned fibre sheets with high molecular chain alignment have been prepared, with potential applications in tissue engineering. Fibre and molecular chain alignment was confirmed using spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction methods. 4 refs.

Delaware,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.978608

Item 354ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.15, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING: A VIEW FROM INDUSTRYH Young Chung

A brief historical revue of the electrospinning process, and this companies developments in electrospinning of nanoscale fibres for filtration systems, is presented. Fundamental questions on the process which would be ideal for academic study are asked, including what makes the process work, what is the importance of tacticity and stereo specificity, what is the true morphology of electrospun fibres. 0 refs.

Donaldson Filtration Solutions

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.978607

Item 355Journal of Applied Polymer Science102, No.3, 5th Nov. 2006, pp. 2454.ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BENZENE ON ELECTROSPUN-DERIVED POROUS CARBON NANOFIBERSShim W G; Kim C; Lee J W; Yun J J; Jeong Y I; Moon H; Yang K S

The adsorption properties were examined of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon nanofibres prepared by using an electrospinning route. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms showed that PAN carbon nanofibres are highly microporous with small amounts of mesoporous regions. Equilibrium sorption of benzene was examined at 343.15, 383.15 and 423.15 K and pressures up to 4 kPa: the results correlated well with the Toth isotherm equation. The adsorption affinity and isostearic enthalpy of adsorption were determined by using this isotherm model. Although PAN carbon nanofibres have a heterogeneous surface, they appear to be more homogeneous than commercial carbon fibres. Shallow pores contained in PAN carbon nanofibres may be effective in adsorbing toxic compounds. 22 refs.

Chonnam,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.978421

Item 356Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.18, 22nd Sept.2006, p.1533.PORPHYRINATED NANOFIBERS VIA COPOLYMERIZATION AND ELECTROSPINNINGLing-Shu Wan; Jian Wu; Zhi-Kang Xu

The synthesis of acrylonitrile copolymers with porphyrin pendants and the electrospinning of the resultant copolymers into nanofibres is presented. Vinyl porphyrin monomers are synthesised and polymerised through solution polymerisation. Polymers are characterised by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, UV vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Preliminary quantum chemical calculations are carried out to reveal the activity of the vinyl porphyrin. Electrospun fibres are characterised by SEM and a number of uses for these nanofibres are discussed. 35 refs.

Zhejiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.978165

Item 357Polymer47, No.21, 2006, p.7497.

References and Abstracts

116 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

THE THERMAL EFFECTS ON ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYLACTIC ACID MELTSHuajun Zhou; Green T B; Joo Y L

We demonstrate that melt electrospinning can be a feasible way to produce sub-micron scale polylactic acid (PLA) fibres in this paper. This solvent-free approach to produce sub-micron scale fibres is more environmentally benign than common solution electrospinning processes, and has a potential to increase the production rate significantly. Our experimental results show that temperatures at the spinneret and in the spinning region are critical to produce sub-micron sized fibres: a high-speed photographic investigation reveals that when spinning temperature is below glass transition temperature, whipping of the jet is suppressed by fast solidification in the spinning region, leading to a larger jet diameter. Both thermal and mechanical degradations of PLA in melt electrospinning can be significant but no change in chemical composition is found. Due to rapid solidification, melt electrospun PLA fibres are mostly amorphous, and the small presence of beta crystals is noted in the sub-micron scale PLA fibres by XRD studies. The highly oriented structure of PLA fibres gives rise to cold crystallisation at around 95 deg.C, and the degree of crystallinity of fibres increases with increasing the degree of annealing. Finally, PLA nanofibres have directly been electrospun onto cellulose filter media, and a drastic enhancement in collection efficiency of sub-micron sized dust particles is presented. Melt electrospun PLA nanofibre mats with no residual solvent may serve as better filter media and tissue scaffolds than those obtained from solution electrospinning processes. 33 refs.

Cornell University; United Air Specialists Inc.USA

Accession no.978144

Item 3588th International Symposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 13th-16th Sept.2005.Eindhoven, e-polymers, 2005, Paper 216, pp.3, 012. Available from:http://www.e-polymers.org/PAT2005ePolymers/proceedings.htmHYDROXYAPATITE BIOCOMPOSITE COATINGS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING FOR ADVANCED PROSTHETICSBishop A; Balazsi C; Gouma P

Polymer-based composites were prepared by electrospinning hydroxyapatite(HA) with a biocompatible polymer for the development of a structurally stable casing for prosthetic devices. The results outlined demonstrated the dispersion mechanism of hydroxyapatite electrospun with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) and cellulose acetate(CA). Using acetone as a dispersing agent, the amorphous state could be achieved for HA as well as a more efficient

dispersion of HA particles throughout the CA/HA scaffold. A similar result was observed using acetic acid as a solvent for the PVP/HA electrospun mats. The increase in HA dispersion suggested that there would be an improvement in the overall mechanical stability of both PVP and CA casings. 6 refs.

New York,State University; Hungary,Engineering Physics & Materials Science Institute(IUPAC)

USA

Accession no.977907

Item 359SAMPE '06: Creating New Opportunities for the World Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a conference held Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th May 2006.Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2006, Paper 139, pp.6, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS WITH SIC CORES AND EPOXY SHELLSLing Liu; Zheng-Ming Huang; Chuang-Long He; Xiao-Jian Han

Nanofibres with an epoxy shell and silicone carbide core were produced by coaxial electrospinning and the effects of processing parameters and silicone carbide concentration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the nanofibres investigated by TEM, scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. 9 refs.

Tongji,University(SAMPE)CHINA

Accession no.977573

Item 360SAMPE '06: Creating New Opportunities for the World Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a conference held Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th May 2006.Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2006, Paper 122, pp.9, CD-ROM, 012IMPROVEMENT OF DELAMINATION RESISTANCE IN LAMINATED COMPOSITES WITH ELECTROSPUN NANO-INTERLAYERSSangwook Sihn; Kim R Y; Wansoo Huh; Roy A K

Polycarbonate nanofibres were fabricated by electrospinning and employed as interlayers in laminated composites. The microcrack and delamination resistance of the composites with and without the interlayers were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing. The interlayers were found to increase the ultimate strength of the composites and to suppress both microcracking and delamination damage by reducing interlaminar stress concentration at the free edges of the composites. 1 ref.

Dayton,University,Research Institute

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 117

(SAMPE)USA

Accession no.977561

Item 361SAMPE '06: Creating New Opportunities for the World Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a conference held Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th May 2006.Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2006, Paper 121, pp.11, CD-ROM, 012POLYACRYLONITRILE-BASED CARBON NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGLingaiah S; Shivakumar K N; Sadler R; Sharpe M

Polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning using stationary and rotating target collectors at different voltages, flow rates and distances between the needle and collector. The electrospun fibres were stabilised by heating at 280C for 1 hr in air and characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The stabilised nanofibres were carbonised at 700C in an inert atmosphere and the char yield of the nanofibres determined. 23 refs.

North Carolina,Agricultural & Tech.State Univ.(SAMPE)USA

Accession no.977560

Item 362Journal of Applied Polymer Science102, No.1, 5th Oct.2006, p.39.PREPARATION OF CORE/SHELL PVP/PLP ULTRAFINE FIBERS BY COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNINGSun B; Duan B; Yuan X

Details are given of the process feasibility and stability of core/shell structured bicomponent ultrafine fibres of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polylactide by coaxial electrospinning. Morphologies were studied using SEM, TEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Tensile properties were investigated for a core/shell membrane and compared with an electrospun polylactide membrane. Potential applications in loading bioactive molecules for tissue generation are mentioned. 22 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.977369

Item 363Polymer Composites27, No.4, 2006, p.381.COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING OF PC(SHELL)/PU(CORE) COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS FOR TEXTILE APPLICATION

Han X; Huang Z; He C; Liu L; Wu Q

Functional core-shell structured composite nanofibres can be fabricated through electrospinning of two polymer solutions in a coaxial, two-capillary spinneret system. Composite nanofibres, polycarbonate (PC, shell)/polyurethane (PU, core), have been developed by this technique. Morphological, structural, infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical performance are conducted for the developed nanofibres. Their applications as textile materials have been explored. 13 refs.

Tongji,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.977171

Item 364Journal of Applied Polymer Science102, No.2, 15th Oct.2006, pp. 1285.FILTRATION PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBERSXiao-Hong Qin; Shan-Yuan Wang

The filtration properties of electrospun nanofibres of poly(vinyl alcohol) were examined. Nanofibres layers with different area weights were electrospun onto spun-bonded or melt-blown sub-layers. The fibre diameters, pore diameters, filtration efficiency, and filtration resistance of nanofibre webs and sub-layers were measured. The diameter of the nanofibres was much smaller than that of sub-layers. The pore diameter of the nanofibres web and its coefficient of variation were also much smaller than those of the sub-layers. The filtration efficiency and filtration resistance of the sub-layers were lower than those of the nanofibre webs. 14 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.977073

Item 365Journal of Applied Polymer Science102, No.2, 15th Oct.2006, pp. 1023.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERSWang T; Kumar S

The electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in dimethylformamide was examined as a function of the electric field, solution flow rate, and polymer concentration (C). The fibre diameter increased from 30 nm to 3.0 microns with increasing C. The fibre diameter increased with increasing flow rate and decreased when the electric field was increased by a change in the working distance, but did not change significantly when the electric field was varied by changing the voltage at a given working distance. Fibres with a diameter of less than 350 nm contained beads, whereas those with higher diameters were free of beads. For PAN with a molecular weight of 100,000 g/mol, the fibre diameter scaled as C1.2 for C = 5.1-16.1 wt% and

References and Abstracts

118 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

as C7.5 for C = 17.5-22.1 wt%. Both these concentration ranges were in the semidilute entangled regime, where the specific viscosity scaled as C4.4. Microscopic or nanoscopic particles rather than fibres were obtained in the semidilute unentangled regime (0.5-3.1 wt%), where the viscosity scaled as C1.3. 55 refs.

Georgia,Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.977043

Item 366Materials Letters60, No.24, 2006, p.2969.POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/TRIS(8-QUINOLINOLATO) ALUMINUM HYBRID POLYMER FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGEryun Yan; Zonghao Huang; Yi Xin; Qiang Zhao; Wen Zhang

Ultrafine polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminium (Alq3) hybrid fibres were prepared by electrospinning PVP/Alq3 solutions in solvent mixtures of ethanol/chloroform. Hybrid polymer fibres with smooth surface were obtained using the solutions in which the Alq3 concentration was from 0.5 to 2.0 wt% and the average diameter of the smallest PVP/Alq3 fibres was 481 nm. The fluorescence peak position of PVP/Alq3 fibres was the same as that of Alq3 in solutions. The morphology of fibres has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. 16 refs.

Changchun,Northeast Normal UniversityCHINA

Accession no.976868

Item 367Materials Letters60, No.24, 2006, p.2920.ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE-POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) BLEND FIBERSTungprapa S; Jangchud I; Ngamdee P; Rutnakornpituk M; Supaphol P

In the present contribution, successful preparation of ultrafine fibres of poly(ethylene glycol)-polydimethylsiloxane-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PDMS-PEG) triblock copolymer in its blends with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) via electrospinning process was reported for the first time. Chloroform was used as the solvent, the compositional weight ratios between the copolymer and PEO were 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40 and the total concentration of the solutions was either 4 or 6% w/v. While pure PEG-PDMS-PEG solutions in chloroform were not electrospinnable into fibres, the solutions that contained PEO were. The improvement in the electrospinnability of

the PEG-PDMS-PEG solutions in the presence of PEO was thought to be due to the increase in the viscosity of the resulting solutions. The average diameter of the fibres obtained ranged between 2.3 and 2.8 micrometre. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy measurements confirmed the existence of the copolymer within the as-spun blend fibres. 10 refs.

King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang; Naresuan University; Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.976865

Item 368European Polymer Journal42, No.9, 2006, p.2031.STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR MULTI-JETS ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS MODIFIED WITH A CYLINDRICAL ELECTRODEKim G; Cho Y S; Kim W D

Nanosize fibres were fabricated using an extra-cylindrical electrode connected with single and multiple nozzles of an electrospinning process to stabilize the initial spun jets. To predict stability of spun jets, an electric field concentration factor (EFCF), which could be defined as a degree of a convergence of jets to a spinning axis, was introduced. The proposed parameter EFCF is utilized for the comparison of the experimental results for single and multi-nozzles electrospinning process. To consider the mass productivity of the multi-nozzles electrospinning supported by an auxiliary electrode, the weight of nanofibres that were spun to a rectangular shape target plate during 40min was measured. The result indicates that the modified electrospinning technique shows a possibility as a useful method for increasing the production rate of nanofibre manufacturing. 18 refs.

Korea,Institute of Machinery & MaterialsKOREA

Accession no.976784

Item 369European Polymer Journal42, No.9, 2006, p.2013.A NANOFIBROUS COMPOSITE MEMBRANE OF PLGA-CHITOSAN/PVA PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGDuan B; Yuan X; Zhu Y; Zhang Y; Li X; Zhang Y; Yao K

Tissue engineering scaffolds produced by electrospinning feature a structural similarity to the natural extracellular matrix. In this study, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were simultaneously electrospun from two different syringes and mixed on the rotating drum to prepare the nanofibrous composite membrane. The composite membrane was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapour to maintain its mechanical properties and fibre morphology in wet stage. Morphology, shrinkage, absorption in phosphate buffered solution (PBS)

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 119

and mechanical properties of the electrospun membranes were characterized. Fibroblast viability on electrospun membranes was discussed by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and cell morphology after 7days of culture. Results indicated that the PBS absorption of the composite membranes, no matter crosslinked or not, was higher than the electrospun PLGA membrane due to the introduction of hydrophilic components, chitosan and PVA. After crosslinking, the composite membrane had a little shrinkage after incubating in PBS. The crosslinked composite membrane also showed moderate tensile properties. Cell culture suggested that electrospun PLGA-chitosan/PVA membrane tended to promote fibroblast attachment and proliferation. It was assumed that the nanofibrous composite membrane of electrospun PLGA-chitosan/PVA could be potentially used for skin reconstruction. 36 refs.

Tianjin,University; Tianjin,HospitalCHINA

Accession no.976782

Item 370Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.16, 23rd Aug.2006, p.1341.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS MODIFIED WITH PHOSPHOLIPID MOIETIES FOR ENZYME IMMOBILIZATIONXiao-Jun Huang; Zhi-Kang Xu; Ling-Shu Wan; Innocent C; Seta P

Phospholipid-modified nanofibres were fabricated from poly(acrylonitrile-co-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine))s by electrospinning and the morphologies of the nanofibres characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Lipase was immobilised on the surface of the nanofibres by physical adsorption and the catalytic efficiency and activity of the immobilised enzyme evaluated. 34 refs.

Zhejiang,University; CNRS-UMRCHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.976308

Item 371Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March 2005. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held San Diego, Ca., March 2005.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2005, p.305-306, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF RAPIDLY DEGRADABLE POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) NANOFIBER NON-WOVEN MAT VIA ELECTROSPINNINGOsanai Y; Oh Heyong Kwon; Uyama H

The electrospinning of poly(L-lactic acid) using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol as solvent was investigated and the effects of electrospinning conditions, including voltage, type of needle and rotating rate of the collector drum, on

the surface morphology of the nanofibre non-woven mat obtained examined. The enzymatic degradability of the non-woven mats was also investigated using proteinase K as the enzyme and compared with that of poly(L-lactic acid) films. 6 refs.

Osaka,University; Kumoh,National Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)JAPAN; SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.976271

Item 372Polymer Engineering and Science46, No.7, 2006, p.954.ELECTRIC CURRENT AS A CONTROL VARIABLE IN THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSSamatham R; Kim K J

In the electrospinning process submicron-diameter polymer fibres can be produced when a high potential difference is applied to a polymer drop suspended at the tip of a capillary. The electrospinning process is affected by a wide range of parameters, because of which controlling the properties of the fibres is difficult. This is the major hurdle in the development of practical applications of electrospun fibres along with its low productivity. Here we are proposing to use the electric current in the electrospinning process to control the "quality of the fibres". Electrospinning of a solution of polyacrylonitrile in dimethylformamide (PAN/DMF) was done by applying a programmed variable flow rate at different constant voltages. The electric current in the process was measured in real time. Four types of jet regimes were observed, electric current and the morphology of the fibres corresponding to these regimes were analyzed. A relation between the electric current, type of jet and morphology of the fibres has been established. The mechanical properties of electrospun fibre mats were also measured by a tensile testing method. 18 refs.

Nevada,UniversityUSA

Accession no.976044

Item 373Composites Science and Technology66, No.14, 2006, p.2436.ELECTROSPUN NANOCOMPOSITE FIBER MATS AS GAS SENSORSLuoh R; Hahn H T

Electrospinning was used to spin nanocomposite fibre mats from polymer solutions containing nanoparticles. The base polymer was polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and the nanoparticles included iron oxide, antimony tin oxide and zinc oxide with diameters ranging from 10 to 70nm. The electrospun nanocomposite fibre mats were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

References and Abstracts

120 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

spectroscopy. The average fibre diameter was found to decrease from 200nm for neat PAN fibres to 50-150nm for nanocomposite fibres. The porosity increased from 70% for PAN fibre mat to an average of 86% for nanocomposite fibre mats. The fibre mats were used as a sensor in conjunction with FTIR spectroscopy to detect CO"2 gas. The absorbance spectra showed a higher sensitivity with a fibre mat, regardless of its type, than without, indicating gas adsorption on the fibre mat. The highest sensitivity was obtained with PAN/Fe"2O"3 fibre mat. As the underlying mechanism is physisorption rather than chemisorption, the response time was short and the sensor could be used repeatedly. 22 refs.

California,University at Los AngelesUSA

Accession no.975774

Item 374Materials Letters60, No.23, 2006, p.2858.SELF-ASSEMBLED ULTRA FINE CARBON COILS BY WET ELECTRO-SPINNINGAli A A

Electro-spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/dimethylformamide (DMF) polymer solution has been found to produce coil like structures. Two heat treatment steps (stabilization and carbonization) have been used to enhance their mechanical and electrical properties. The relationship between coil morphology and processing conditions is discussed. Raman analysis after carbonisation showed peaks at 1360 and 1580 cm^-^1 for the D and G bands, respectively. The crystallite size of the carbonized coils was found to be within the same range as those in commercial PAN-based HMS4 carbon fibres. 7 refs.

Zagazig,UniversityEGYPT

Accession no.975707

Item 375Polymer47, No.15, 2006, p.5630.ELECTROSPUN BOMBYX MORI GLAND SILKPutthanarat S; Eby R K; Kataphinan W; Jones S; Naik R; Reneker D H; Farmer B L

Solutions of Bombyx mori gland silk can be electrospun with the addition of some polyethylene oxide (PEO). Green fluorescent protein (GFP) can also be incorporated and electrospun without apparent phase separation from the silk. The dimensions of the fibres with and without the GFP are qualitatively similar. The results indicate the possibility of making fibres with uniform non-linear optical properties. 6 refs.

Akron,University; US,Air Force Research LaboratoryUSA

Accession no.975541

Item 376Journal of Applied Polymer Science101, No.4, 15th Aug.2006, p.2333.FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS CROSSLINKED BY UV IRRADIATIONChoi S-S; Hong J-P; Seo Y S; Chung S M; Nah C

Crosslinked electrospun polybutadiene fibres were obtained by UV irradiation of electrospun polybutadiene fibres containing a photoinitiator and a crosslinker. The crosslinked electrospun polybutadiene fibres retained the fibre morphology at room temperature whereas uncrosslinked electrospun fibres did not. The crosslink density and glass transition temperature of the crosslinked fibres increased with increasing content of crosslinking agent. The tensile properties improved with increasing crosslinker content. 24 refs.

Korea,Sejong University; Chonbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.975167

Item 377Journal of Applied Polymer Science101, No.6, 15th Sept.2006, p.4350.FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS AFFECTING ELECTROSPINNING OF PAN NANOFIBERS AS UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED FIBERSJalili R; Morshed M; Ravandi S A H

Electrospinning with a collector consisting of two pieces of electrically conductive substrates separated by a gap was used to prepare uniaxial aligned polyacrylonitrile nanofibres. The effects of width of the gap and applied voltage on degree of alignment were investigated using image-processing technique by Fourier power spectrum method. A comparison was made between the crystallinity and mechanical properties of post-treated and untreated fibre bundles. 21 refs.

Isfahan,University of TechnologyIRAN

Accession no.974954

Item 378Journal of Applied Polymer Science101, No.6, 15th Sept.2006, p.3835.CE-INDUCED GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF METHACRYLIC ACID ON ELECTROSPUN POLYSULPHONE NONWOVEN FIBER MEMBRANEMa Z; Ramakrishna S

The cerium-induced graft copolymerisation of methacrylic acid on polysulphone surface was studied. After pre-treatment either by formaldehyde solution or by air glow discharge plasma, the polysulphone fibre membrane was immersed in methacrylic acid solution with cerium. The influence of pre-treatment on the degree of graft

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 121

copolymerisation was investigated. Membrane surfaces were examined using FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of the graft copolymerisation on the membrane's structure and water permeability was studied. 25 refs.

Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE

Accession no.974885

Item 379Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March 2005. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held San Diego, Ca., March 2005.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2005, p.513-514, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROCHROMIC CONDUCTIVE POLYMERIC NANOFIBRESSung-Yeon Jang; Myung-Seob Khil; Seshadri V; Marquez M; Mather P T; Sotzing G A

Preparation, and characterisation of electrochromic polythiophene nanofibres is described. A customised electrospinning unit was used and fibres were crosslinked using solid state oxidative crosslinking. Fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, and polymers by gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Non woven mats were prepared on indium tin oxide coated glass, and showed colour changes from white before crosslinking to blue after crosslinking and orange after reduction. Switching speed was approximately 2 seconds. 8 refs.

Connecticut,University; Case Western Reserve University; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Kraft Foods(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.974832

Item 380Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March 2005. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held San Diego, Ca., March 2005.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2005, p.399-400, CD-ROM, 012GENERATION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES BY ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSAcatay K; Simsek E; Ow-Yang C; Menceloglu Y Z

Preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces, based on perfluoroalkylethylacrylate (PFA) and acrylonitrile copolymers or acrylonitrile and dimethyl isopropyl benzyl isocyanate, by electrospinning is described. The effects of the polymer solution viscosity, and of molecular weight of copolymer, during electrospinning on water contact angle measurements and sliding angle were evaluated. Solution viscosities were recorded with a cone and plate viscometer. Stability of superhydrophobic state was determined by

measuring hysteresis in water contact angle compressing drops between two superhydrophobic surfaces. Films were also examined using scanning electron microscopy. Water contact angles generally greater than 170 degrees, and sliding angles less than 2 degrees were obtained. 14 refs.

Sabanci,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)TURKEY

Accession no.974772

Item 381Macromolecules39, No.13, 27th June 2006, p.4276.SPONTANEOUS FORMATION OF POLY (P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE) NANOFIBER YARNS THROUGH ELECTROSPINNING OF A PRECURSOROkazuki H; Takahashi T; Miyajima N; Suzuki Y; Kuwabara T

Cent imet res long nanofib res were p repared b y e l e c t r o s p i n n i n g a s o l u t i o n o f p o l y ( p -xylenetetrahydrothiophenium chloride), (a precursor of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV)) containing different amounts of methanol. The precursor yarn was formed using methanol contents between 40 and 90%, corresponding to a precursor concentration between 0.15 and 0.025%. The average diameter of the precursor yarn and the spinning rate depended on the methanol content, concentration of the precursor and the viscosity of the solution. The precursor yarns were converted to PPV yarns by heat treatment at 250 deg.C for 12 h in a vacuum. The fibres preserved their morphology even after the elimination reaction with an average diameter of 150 nm and more than 25% of fibres were finer than 100 nm. The PPV fibres were uniaxially aligned along the axis of the yarn where about 70% of the fibres had a tilt angle within 30 degrees. 11 refs.

Yamanashi,UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.974008

Item 382Revista de Plasticos Modernos91, No.600, June 2006, p.551.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMERIC NANOFIBRESCarretero Gonzalez J; Barroso Bujans F; Rivas M L; Barrero A; Gonzalez Loscertales I; Lopez Manchado M A

A comprehensive report on the electrospinning of polymeric nanofibres is presented. 97 refs.

CSIC; Es Ingenieros de Sevilla; ETS Ingenieros Industriales de MalagaEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.973832

References and Abstracts

122 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 383Macromolecules39, No.16, 8th Aug.2006, p.5453.SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES IN ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE-BLOCK-ISOPRENE FIBERSKalra V; Kakad P A; Mendez S; Ivannikov T; Kamperman M; Joo Y L

The formation of various domain shapes in submicron scale fibres of styrene-isoprene copolymers was investigated by electrospinning. Copolymers were synthesised by anionic polymerisation and were dissolved in THF. Morphologies were determined using small-angle X-ray scattering and TEM. Results on the effect of annealing on fibre morphology are also presented. 27 refs.

Cornell UniversityUSA

Accession no.973678

Item 384Journal of Macromolecular Science BB45, No.4, 2006, p.573.POLY(M-PHENYLENE ISOPHTHALAMIDE) ULTRAFINE FIBERS FROM AN IONIC LIQUID SOLUTION BY DRY-JET-WET-ELECTROSPINNINGWen Yang; Hao Yu; Meifang Zhu; Hongwei Bai; Yanmo Chen

Morphology, crystalline structure and thermal properties of ultrafine fibres of polyphenylene isophthalamide, spun using a dry-jet-wet-spinning technique from an ionic liquid solution, were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopies, wide angle X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermography respectively. Differences to fibres spun using conventional wet spinning methods were discussed, and both heat resistance and crystallinity in the dry-jet-wet-spun fibres was reduced compared to conventional preparation methods. 19 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.973626

Item 385Journal of Macromolecular Science B

B45, No.4, 2006, p.515.

COAXIAL ELECTROSPUN POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) ULTRAFINE FIBERS FOR SUSTAINED DRUG DELIVERYChuang-Long He; Zheng-Ming Huang; Xiao-Jian Han; Ling Liu; Hua-hanS Zhang; Lu-Song Chen

A coaxial electrospinning method for producing ultrafine fibre mats with a core shell structure, in which the shell material was polylactic acid and the core material was tetracycline hydrochloride, is described. Fibres were characterised using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile evaluation. The mats were evaluated for their potential as drug delivery systems by evaluating drug release behaviour using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. Controlling the concentration of shell solution affected both mechanical properties and drug release behaviour, allowing these aspects to be controlled. Potential use in medical applications such as sutures and wound dressing was suggested. 22 refs.

Tongji,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.973619

Item 386Journal of Materials Chemistry16, No.29, 7th Aug.2006, p.3031.SOLUTION CHEMISTRY CONTROL TO MAKE WELL DEFINED SUBMICRON CONTINUOUS FIBRES BY ELECTROSPINNING: THE (CH3CH2CH2O)4TI/ACOH/POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE) SYSTEMSkotak M; Larsen G

The fabrication of nanocomposite fibres of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)(PVP) and titanium dioxide by electrospinning from sol-gel formulations based on titanium propoxide, PVP and acetic acid, was investigated using in-situ FTIR monitoring, viscosity, electrical conductivity, UV-visible spectroscopy, and SEM. The effects of process variables such as electric field and flow rate, and physical properties of the sol, including conductivity, viscosity, surface tension, density and dielectric constant, over time on fibre properties were studied and the results are discussed. 25 refs.

Nebraska-Lincoln,University; LNK ChemsolutionsUSA

Accession no.973529

Item 387Macromolecular Materials and Engineering291, No.7, 14th July 2006, p.840.THE INFLUENCE OF SOLVENT PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONALITY ON THE ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERSPattamaprom C; Hongrojjanawiwat W; Koombhongse P; Supaphol P; Jarusuwannapoo T; Rangkupan R

The effects of solvent properties and functionality on the production of polystyrene (PS) nanofibres by electrospinning was investigated under various

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 123

processing conditions for a range of solvents with different properties such as surface tension, conductivity, viscosity, density and dipole moment. The nanofibres were characterised by SEM, and the optimisation of the production rate of PS nanofibres is discussed in terms of the viscosity and dipole moments of solvents. 13 refs.

Thammasat,University; Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology Center; Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.973491

Item 388Polymer47, No.14, 2006, p.5097.STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE NANOFIBERSKim C W; Kim D S; Kang S Y; Marquez M; Joo Y L

Non-woven mats of submicron-sized cellulose fibres (250-750 nm in diameter) have been obtained by electrospinning of cellulose solutions. Cellulose are directly dissolved in two solvent systems: (a) lithium chloride (LiCl)/N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) and (b) N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMMO)/water, and the effects of (i) solvent system, (ii) the degree of polymerisation of cellulose, (iii) spinning conditions, and (iv) post-spinning treatment such as coagulation with water on the microstructure of electrospun fibres are investigated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of electrospun cellulose fibres show that applying coagulation with water right after the collection of fibres is necessary to obtain submicron scale, dry and stable cellulose fibres for both solvent systems. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that cellulose fibres obtained from LiCl/DMAc are mostly amorphous, whereas the degree of crystallinity of cellulose fibres from NMMO/water can be controlled by various process conditions including spinning temperature, flow rate, and distance between the nozzle and collector. Finally, electrospun cellulose fibres are oxidised by HNO"3/H"3PO"4 and NaNO"2, and the degradation characteristics of oxidised cellulose fibres under physiological conditions are presented. 35 refs.

Cornell University; Philip Morris USA; Los Alamos National LaboratoryUSA

Accession no.973431

Item 389Polymer47, No.14, 2006, p.4901.CONTINUOUS ALIGNED POLYMER FIBERS PRODUCED BY A MODIFIED ELECTROSPINNING METHODHuan Pan; Luming Li; Long Hu; Xiaojie Cui

A novel and simple technique of manufacturing uniaxially aligned electrospun fibres with diameter of sub-micrometers is described. Compared with typical electrospinning setup, two oppositely placed metallic needles are used, and they are connected to positive and negative voltages, respectively. Fibres coming out of the two needles combine in a yarn, which is wound by a cylinder collector rotating at a high speed. Fibres manufactured by this method are continuous, well-aligned, and can be deposited over a large area. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) are used to manufacture aligned fibres. An analysis of the possible mechanism of the fibres alignment is given. The influences of the concentration of the solution and the take-up velocity on the alignment of fibres were investigated. 12 refs.

Tsing Hua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.973409

Item 390Polymer47, No.13, 2006, p.4789.THE ROLE OF ELASTICITY IN THE FORMATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERSYu J H; Fridrikh S V; Rutledge G C

The role of fluid elasticity in the formation of fibres from polymer solution by electrospinning is investigated. Model solutions with different degrees of elasticity were prepared by blending small amounts of high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) with concentrated aqueous solutions of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG). The elastic properties of these solutions, such as extensional viscosity and the longest relaxation time, were measured using the capillary break-up extensional rheometer (CaBER). The formation of beads-on-string and uniform fibre morphologies during electrospinning was observed for a series of solutions having the same polymer concentration, surface tension, zero shear viscosity, and conductivity but different degrees of elasticity. A high degree of elasticity is observed to arrest the break-up of the jet into droplets by the Rayleigh instability and in some cases to suppress the instability altogether. We examine the susceptibility of the jet to the Rayleigh instability in two ways. First, a Deborah number, defined as the ratio of the fluid relaxation time to the instability growth time, is shown to correlate with the arrest of droplet break-up, giving rise to electrospinning rather than electrospraying. Second, a critical value of elastic stress in the jet, expressed as a function of jet radius and capillary number, is shown to indicate complete suppression of the Rayleigh instability and the transition from 'beads-on-string' to uniform fibre morphology. 42 refs.

References and Abstracts

124 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Massachusetts,Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.973351

Item 391Macromolecular Bioscience6, No.7, 14th July 2006, p.487.CHAIN CONFORMATIONS OF POLY(GAMMA-BENZYL-L-GLUTAMATE) PRE AND POST AN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSMinato K-I; Ohkawa K; Yamamoto H

The fabrication of fibres of poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) by electrospinning was investigated by viscosity, circular dichroism, FTIR, SEM and WAXD using different solvent compositions based on dichloromethane and trifluoroacetic acid. The results are discussed in terms of the correlation between chain conformation of the polymer in solution and the morphology, crystallinity and diameter of the electrospun fibres. 42 refs.

Shinshu,UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.972898

Item 392Polymers for Advanced Technologies17, No.5, May 2006, p.391.ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FROM POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)/VAPOR GROWN CARBON NANOFIBERSMacossay J; Leal J H; Kuang A; Jones R E

The fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) microfibres and nanofibres, and PMMA/vapour grown carbon nanofibre (CNF) composite fibres of micrometre and nanometre size diameters by electrospinning is described. The products were characterised by TGA, SEM and TEM and the effects of CNF on thermal stability of the composite fibres, and of the addition of N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone on the dispersion of CNF, are discussed. 21 refs.

Texas,Pan American UniversityUSA

Accession no.972877

Item 393European Polymer Journal42, No.5, 2006, p.1099.HIGH STRENGTH ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS MADE FROM BPDA-PDA POLYIMIDEChaobo Huang; Suqing Wang; Hean Zhang; Tingting Li; Shuiliang Chen; Chuilin Lai; Haoqing Hou

A series of high molecular weight PI precursors, poly(p-phenylene biphenyltetracarboxamide acid),

were synthesised from 3,4,3',4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and p-phenylenediamine (PDA) by using intense mechanical stirring at -15 to 0 deg.C for 48-72 h. The as-synthesized PI precursor solution was used to make BPDA/PDA polyimide thin films and electrospun nanofibres. IR, Ostward Viscometer, CMT-8102 Electromechanical Universal Testing Machine and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the characterisations of the as-synthesized PI precursor, PI films and nanofibre sheets. The high molecular weight BPDA/PDA PI thin films and electrospun nanofibre sheets possess excellent mechanical properties of up to 900 MPa tensile strength with up to 18.0 GPa E-modulus and up to 210 MPa tensile strength with up to 2.5 GPa E-modulus, respectively. 27 refs.

Jiangxi,Normal University; Jiangxi,Medicine CollegeCHINA

Accession no.972515

Item 394Advanced Materials18, No.13, 4th July 2006, p.1709.CONDUCTIVE GOLD FILMS ASSEMBLED ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) FIBROUS MATSGaoyi Han; Bin Guo; Liwei Zhang; Binsheng Yang

Stable and continuous gold-coated fibrous mats, which could be used as electrodes for electrochemical experiments or for fabrication of electronic devices, were fabricated. The formation of conductive gold films on flexible electrospun PMMA ultrafine fibrous mat substrates was examined and the positive effect of heat treatment was demonstrated. 36 refs.

Shanxi,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.972120

Item 395Journal of Applied Polymer Science100, No.6, 15th June 2006, p.4935.SUPERPARAMAAGNETIC FLEXIBLE SUBSTRATES BASED ON SUBMICRON ELECTROSPUN ESTANE FIBERS CONTAINING MNZNFE-NI NANOPARTICLESGupta P; Asmatulu R; Claus R; Wilkes G

Flexible elastomeric, superparamagnetic substrates (mats) were prepared by electrospinning a solution of Estane (a segmented polyester-based segmented PU) containing ferrite nanoparticles (approximately 14 nm) of mixed Mn-Zn-Ni. Field emission SEM indicated that the diameter of the composite fibres was about 300-500 nm and that agglomeration of the nanoparticles occurred at 17-25 wt% loading in the electrospun fibres. The induced specific magnetic saturation and the relative permeability increased linearly with increasing wt% loading of the

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 125

ferrite nanoparticles on the sub-micron electrospun fibres. A specific magnetic saturation of 1.7-6.3 emu/g at ambient conditions indicated that these composite electrospun substrates showed superparamagnetic behaviour. 47 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.972057

Item 396Journal of Applied Polymer Science101, No.3, 5th Aug.2006, p.2017.PREPARATION AND ANISOTROPIC MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HIGHLY-ORIENTED ELECTROSPUN POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIBERSMathew G; Hong J P; Rhee J M; Leo D J; Nah C

Details are given of the effect of the speed of drum-type rotating collector in an electrospinning process on the orientation of electrospun PBTP fibres and its effect on tensile properties. The degree of orientation was found to increase with increase in drum speed up to a critical level and thereafter wavy fibres were observed. The average diameter was seen to reduce and its distribution became narrower with increase in velocity. 10 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Virginia,Polytechnic InstituteKOREA; USA

Accession no.971731

Item 397ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.1023-1025, CD-ROM, 012METALLIZATION OF POLY(GLYCIDYLMETHACRYLATE) BASED ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSMenceloglu Y Z; Demir M M; Ugur G; Gulgun M A

Immobilisation of hydrazine on the surface of nanofibres, prepared by electrospinning of polyglycidyl methacrylate or a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile, allowed electroless plating of the fibres by silver. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that no changes in fibre morphology occurred during treatment with hydrazine, and deposition of silver particles from silver nitrate solution was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. Particle size of the silver was affected slightly by deposition time, but was not affected by the base polymer. 20 refs.

Sabanci,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

TURKEY

Accession no.971614

Item 398ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.992-993, CD-ROM, 012EFFECT OF FLUID ELASTICITY ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERJian H Yu; Fridikh S V; Rutledge G C

The elastic effects in electrospinning of fibres were demonstrated by spinning solutions of two different polymers, polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide, of different molecular weights. Elastic properties were determined by capillary rheometry. Spinning of fluids with low relaxation times or low extensional velocities results in a 'beads on a string' morphology in the resulting fibre, but higher values in these properties result in a smooth and uniform fibre. Neither shear viscosity nor chain entanglements indicate that a fluid could be electrospun into fibres. 6 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.971598

Item 399E-PolymersNo.33, 2006, p.1.LUMINESCENT POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/ZNO HYBRID NANOFIBERS MEMBRANE PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGLu X; Zhang W; Zhao Q; Wang L; Wang C

The fabrication of composite nanofibres of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and zinc oxide by an electrospinning technique using an ethanol solution of zinc sol and the polymer is described. The nanofibres were characterised by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy, and their photoluminescence properties were investigated. 32 refs.

Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.971518

Item 400Polymer International55, No.8, Aug.2006, p.825.

References and Abstracts

126 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE FIBERS AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT PYROLYSIS TO CARBON FIBERSSutasinpromprae J; Jitjaicham S; Nithitanakul M; Meechaisue C; Supaphol P

The effects of solution conditions, including concentration, viscosity, conductivity and surface tension, and process parameters, including applied electrostatic field strength, emitting electrode polarity, nozzle diameter and take-up speed, on the morphology and diameter of ultrafine polyacrylonitrile fibres fabricated by electrospinning were investigated by scanning optical microscopy, XRD and SEM. The conversion by pyrolysis of the as-spun fibres into ultrafine carbon fibres, characterised by FTIR, XRD and DSC, is described. 26 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.971443

Item 401Macromolecular Materials and Engineering291, No.6, 16th June 2006, p.592.ELECTROSPINNING OF FLUORINATED POLYMERS: FORMATION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACESAgarwal S; Horst S; Bognitzki M

Superhydrophobic surfaces were produced by one-step electrospinning of fluorinated homopolymers and copolymers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene (PFS). The hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity can be adjusted by changing the surface morphology by altering the electrospinning conditions. Appropriate combinations of surface morphology and fluorinated materials led to the formation of super-water-resistant coatings with a water-roll effect at an angle of 0 degrees. Incorporation of about 30 mol% of PFS onto the PS backbone converted hydrophobic PS surfaces into superhydrophobic surfaces. The effect was generalised by using a new fluorinated poly(p-xylylene) derivative. 26 refs.

Marburg,Philipps UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.971374

Item 402Macromolecular Materials and Engineering291, No.6, 16th June 2006, p.581.EFFECTS OF POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL), INORGANIC SALT, SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE, AND SOLVENT SYSTEM ON ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)Arayanarakul K; Choktaweesap N; Aht-ong D; Meechaisue C; Supaphol P

The effects of various additives on bead formation and the morphological appearance of electrospun

poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The formation of beaded fibres on addition of low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) to the PEO solution suggested that the very short relaxation time and/or the plasticising effect of the low-molecular-weight PEGs contributes to the formation of a bead-on-string morphology of the as-spun fibres. The improvement in the electrospinnability of the PEO solution with increasing PEO concentration and on addition of NaCl and sodium dodecylsulphate suggested that the observed increase in the viscosity and conductivity and the observed decrease in the surface tension of the solution were necessary for total suppression of the beads. However, when the conductivity of the solution increased only marginally, beads could still be obtained. 21 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.971373

Item 403ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.507-508, CD-ROM, 012MULTIFUNCTIONAL TISSUE SCAFFOLDS BASED ON ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSDean D; Jose M V; Abdalla M A; Green K; Bellis S; Thomas V; Vohra Y; Nyairo E

An attempt was made to control the scale of electrospun nanofibres using synthetic and natural polymers and nanocomposites with controlled spatial distribution of the phases. Fibres of poly(L-lactic acid) or polycaprolactone with diameters ranging from 200 nm to 5 micrometres were prepared. Fibres containing modified carbon nanotubes were also spun. It was shown that combinations of the materials and modifications of the electrospinning process could lead to polymeric scaffolds with varying degrees of hierarchical complexity and multifunctionality. 16 refs.

Alabama,University at Birmingham; Alabama,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.971111

Item 404ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.482-484, CD-ROM, 012

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 127

INVESTIGATION OF MACROMOLECULAR ORIENTATION AND CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF NYLON 6 IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSGuangyu Fan; Lei Zhu; Nyle Hedin; Hao Fong

Nylon 6 nanofibres with diameters ranging from 100 to 400 nm were electrospun using a 5 wt % hexafluoroisopropanol solution. A homemade roller was used to collect the nylon 6 nanofibres. The collected nanofibres were aligned along the rolling direction. The nylon 6 nanofibres were birefringent. The morphology of the nanofibres was examined by SEM. The macromolecular orientation and crystalline structures in the nanofibres were investigated using polarised FTIR, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and DSC. 6 refs.

South Dakota,School of Mines & Technology; Connecticut,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.971099

Item 405ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.472, CD-ROM, 012DEVELOPMENT OF LABO SCALE DEVICE BY ELECTRO-SPINNING FOR PLA NANOFIBERYoshihiro Yamashia; Akira Tanaka; Ko F

Kato-Tech's nanofibre electrospinning unit is described and its use for production of nanofibres from four types of polylactic acid is discussed. The relationship between solution (chloroform) concentration and nanofibre diameter is considered.

Kato-Tech Ltd.Shiga Prefecture,University; Drexel,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)JAPAN; USA

Accession no.971093

Item 406ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.847-848, CD-ROM, 012IMMOBILIZATION OF METAL NANOPARTICLES ON ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBRESDong H; Fey E; Gandelman A; Jones W E

The fabrication of ultrafine fibres of poly(4-vinylpyridine)(P4VP) and of blends of P4VP with poly(methyl methacrylate) by electrospinning from solutions of the polymers in dimethylformamide, and their characterisation by SEM, TEM and UV-visible spectroscopy is described. The immobilisation of gold nanoparticles on the surface of the fibres by initial adsorption of gold ions by dipping in sodium tetrachloroaurate solution followed by chemical reduction, and the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles by immersion in colloidal gold solution were investigated by the same techniques and the results are discussed. 9 refs.

New York,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.970675

Item 407Macromolecular Research14, No.3, June 2006, p.331.MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE/POLYURETHANE BLEND NONWOVENSCha D I; Kim K W; Chu G H; Kim H Y; Lee K H; Bhattarai N

The morphology and mechanical properties of non-wovens derived from electrospun nanofibres of blends of polysulphone with various proportions of polyurethane were investigated using SEM and tensile testing. The effects of solvent composition, polymer concentration and polymer blend composition on morphological and mechanical properties are discussed. 18 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.970646

Item 408Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology19, No.2, June-July 2006, p.121.INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERSJalili R; Morshed M; Hosseini S A

The electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile nanofibres was investigated under various processing conditions and the products were characterised by SEM. The effects of critical voltage, syringe needle length and needle diameter on the rate of production of electrospun nanofibres, average fibre diameters and distribution of fibre diameters were studied and the results are discussed.

Isfahan,University of TechnologyIRAN

Accession no.970618

References and Abstracts

128 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 409Journal of Applied Polymer Science101, No.2, 15th July 2006, p.961.STRUCTURE OF SILK FIBROIN FIBERS MADE BY AN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS FROM A SILK FIBROIN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONHong Wang; Huili Shao; Xuechao Hu

Electrospun silk fibroin (SF) fibres with an average diameter of 700 nm were prepared by electrospinning from a concentrated aqueous solution. The morphology, conformation, and crystalline structure of the SF fibres were characterised. The structure and morphology of the fibres were markedly affected by the solution concentration and the processing voltage. The fibre formation parameters, including the spinning velocity, elongation rate, and draw ratio, were calculated. The SF fibres had a structure between an amorphous film and natural silk. The high draw ratio was not the sole factor involved in the transformation of SF from random-coil and alpha-helix conformations to a beta-sheet conformation. 35 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.970527

Item 410Polymer Materials Science and Engineering22, No.2, March 2006, p.205.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATEShu-Ying Gu

The effects of polymer concentration, applied voltage, addition of dye solution and solvent on the morphological properties of electrospun PMMA fibres were investigated. Formation of a beads-on-string structure was observed under specified conditions. 14 refs.

Tongji,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.969896

Item 411Iranian Polymer Journal15, No.4, April 2006, p.341.EFFECTS OF SOLVENT PROPERTIES, SOLVENT SYSTEM, ELECTROSTATIC FIELD STRENGTH, AND INORGANIC SALT ADDITION ON ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBRESManee-in J; Nithitanakul M; Supaphol P

The results are reported of a study of the effects of solvent system, solvent properties, electrostatic field strength and addition of inorganic salts (LiCl and KCl) on the electrospinnability of PS solutions and the morphological properties and size of the electrospun fibres. Solvents employed are 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, ethyl acetate, MEK and mixtures thereof. 12 refs.

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.969775

Item 412Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition17, No.5, 2006, p.547.ELECTROSPINNING OF HEXANOYL CHITOSAN/POLYLACTIDE BLENDSPeesan M; Rujiravanit R; Supaphol P

Details are given of the electrospinning of hexanoyl chitosan, polylactide and their blends using chloroform, dichloromethane or THF as spinning solvent. The morphologies of the fibres were examined. Thermal characteristics and crystalline structure of fibres from pure and blend solutions in chloroform were characterised by TGA, DSC and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. 34 refs.

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.969722

Item 413ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.699-700, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF CERAMIC NANOFIBERS FROM PRECERAMIC POLYMER PRECURSORSEick B M; Youngblood J P

Details are given of the small scale production of ceramic fibres. Ceramic precursor polymers were combined with PS to prepare electrospun fibres that were thermally processed into ceramic fibres. Emphasis is given to polycarbomethyl silane and polyphenylmethylsilsesquioxane which were pyrolysed into silicon carbide and silica. Fibre characterisation was undertaken using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and FTIR. 5 refs.

Purdue University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.969710

Item 414ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.697-698, CD-ROM, 012ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING NONWOVEN WEB COMPOSED OF NANO (MICRO) PEDOT FIBERS SPUN BY ELECTROSPINNING

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 129

Ko J M; Jung B R; Kwon Y R; Joo J; Lee J Y

Details are given of the fabrication of electrically conducting polyethylenedioxythiophene nanofibres woven web spun by electrospinning. Potential uses in secondary battery, supercapacitor or solar cell applications are mentioned. The electrical conductivity of the web was measured by van der Pauws four-probe method. Surface morphologies were observed using optical microscopy and SEM. 9 refs.

Sung Kyun Kwan University; Seoul,Korea University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)KOREA

Accession no.969709

Item 415ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.619-20, CD-ROM, 012PHOTOLUMINESCENCE STUDIES OF TIN OXIDE NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGHak-Yong Kim; Nallasamy D; Kwan-Woo Kim; Myung-Seob Khil; Chi-Hun Kim

Calcination of a composite of polyvinyl acetate and tin oxide nanofibres, prepared by electrospinning, resulted in pure tin oxide nanofibres. These pure nanofibres were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, tapping mode atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and room temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. Fibre diameter was seen to shrink during calcinations and photoluminescence emission decreased with increasing calcinations temperatures. These observations were discussed. 4 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Udumalpet,Government Arts College(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)INDIA; SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.969631

Item 416ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.130-1, CD-ROM, 012ARTIFICIAL SUB-MICRON DIAMETER SILK FIBERS UNDER BENIGN PROCESSING CONDITIONS BY TWO-FLUID ELECTROSPINNINGWang M; Yu J; Kaplan D L; Rutledge G C

Details are given of the use of a two-fluid electrospinning technique to produce pure silk synthetic fibres with submicron diameters that can be annealed using humidity rather than ethanol. The morphology and mechanical properties of the silk fibres are also reported. Characterisation was undertaken using SEM, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, TEM and tensile testing. 4 refs.

MIT; Tufts University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.968656

Item 417ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.20-1, CD-ROM, 012SYNTHESIS OF POLYPYRROLE NANOFIBERS ON ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBER TEMPLATES BY VAPOR PHASE POLYMERIZATIONNair S; Kim S H

Details are given of the synthesis of polypyrrole-polyethylene oxide composite nanofibres by carrying out oxidative polymerisation of pyrrole on electrospun nanofibres of polyethylene oxide containing ferric chloride. The polyethylene oxide nanofibres acted as templates for vapour-phase polymerisation of pyrrole. The composites were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm the presence of polypyrrole. Fibre dimensions and the size distribution of the fibres was analysed by SEM. Conductivity measurements were undertaken. 6 refs.

Pennsylvania,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.968609

Item 418Journal of Advanced Materials38, No.2, April 2006, p.40.BREATHABLE BUTYL RUBBER MEMBRANES FORMED BY ELECTROSPINNINGVIRIYABANTHORN N; STACER R G; MEAD J L

The development of breathable carbon black-filled vulcanised butyl rubber membranes by the electrospinning process, and their characterisation by static moisture permeation, air flow resistance, water vapour diffusion, density, crosslink density, tensile testing and morphology (SEM) is described. The effects of solution viscosity on fibre morphology of the microporous elastomeric membranes were studied, and the mechanical properties are compared with those for butyl rubber and for expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) film. 24 refs.

References and Abstracts

130 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Massachusetts,University; US,Army Natick Res.,Dev.& Engng.CenterUSA

Accession no.968572

Item 419Macromolecular Bioscience6, No.5, 23rd May 2006, p.364.FIBROUS MEMBRANES ELECTROSPINNING FROM ACRYLONITRILE-BASED POLYMERS: SPECIFIC ABSORPTION BEHAVIORS AND STATES OF WATERWan L-S; Xu Z-K; Jiang H-L

The fabrication of fibrous membranes with different fibre diameters from polyacrylonitrile and poly(acrylonitrile-co-(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)) of various copolymer compositions by an electrospinning process, and their characterisation by FESEM, static water contact angle measurements, water swelling properties and DSC, is described. The effects of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone content on water sorption of the copolymer membranes are discussed in terms of the presence of non-freezable bound water and free water. 58 refs.

Zhejiang,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.968537

Item 420Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition44, No.11, 1st June 2006, p.1608.ELECTROSPINNING OF NEAT AND LAPONITE-FILLED AQUEOUS POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) SOLUTIONSDaga V K; Helgeson M E; Wagner N J

Electrospinning of viscoelastic aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide with and without the addition of nanoclay laponite is reported. A weal correlation between fibre diameter and the spinning solution's zero-shear viscosity is observed. A new analysis of electrospinning results for PEO indicated a universal correlation between fibre diameter and solution properties that does not include shear viscosity as a primary variable. The addition of nanoclay to PEO solutions leads to different fibre morphologies for the same shear viscosity which differs from previous reports for addition of titania particles. Additional physicochemical properties that are important in determining morphology are identified. 45 refs.

Delaware,UniversityUSA

Accession no.968423

Item 421Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition44, No.10, 15th May 2006, p.1489.TENSILE DEFORMATION OF ELECTROSPUN NYLON-6,6 NANOFIBERS

Zussman E; Burman M; Yarin A L; Khalfin R; Cohen Y

The intrinsic structure and mechanical properties of electrospun nylon-6,6 nanofibres spun at a strain rate of 1000 s-1 and a cross-sectional area reduction of 33000 are described. The crystallite orientation and crystallinity are significantly affected by the processing. Testing includes an evaluation of Young's modulus and the nanofibre mechanical strength. Results are compared with those of melt-extruded micro-fibres. Nanofibres display an alpha-crystalline phase with a triclinic cell structure. 30 refs.

Israel,Institute of TechnologyISRAEL

Accession no.968410

Item 422Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition44, No.10, 15th May 2006, p.1426.ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS USING FIELS-CONTROLLABLE ELECTRODESGeun Hyung Kim

The modification of an electrospinning process for the production of uniaxially oriented nanofibres and a three-dimensional, biodegradable scaffold consisting of nanosized fibres is described. Biodegradable poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibres are stacked on a thin dielectric substrate covering the electrode according to a predetermined design. The degree of orientation of spun nanofibres to the field direction of a target electrode is highly dependent on the applied frequency and field strength of the target electrode. 25 refs.

Korea,Institute of Machinery & MaterialsKOREA

Accession no.968404

Item 423Chemistry of Materials18, No.8, 18th April 2006, p.2008.SYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF METAL NANOPARTICLES ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(4-VINYLPYRIDINE) FIBERS AND POLY(4-VINYLPYRIDINE) COMPOSITE FIBERSHong Dong; Fey E; Gandelman A; Jones W E

Gold or silver nanoparticles were immobilised on the surface of poly(4-vinylpyridine) fibres and poly(4-vinylpyridine)/PMMA composite fibres by in-situ synthesis or by self-assembly. Polymer fibres with submicrometer diameters were fabricated using an electrospinning process and modified to incorporate functional pyridyl groups on the surface. This simple approach was shown to be versatile and applicable to many other combinations of electrospun functional fibres and suitable metal nanoparticles, where functional groups could be introduced on the fibre surface during fabrication or by subsequent surface modification of the electrospun fibres. 21 refs.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 131

New York,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.968141

Item 424Journal of Applied Polymer Science100, No.1, 5th April 2006, p.167.HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITIES OF PET AND NYLON 6 ELECTROSPUN FIBER WEBSKyung Hwa Hong; Tae Jin Kang

Nylon-6 and PETP nanofibre webs were prepared by an electrospinning process. The morphological and hydraulic properties of these materials were compared with those of conventional spun bonded non-woven fabrics mad from these two polymers. The water permeabilities of PETP and nylon-6 spun bonded fabrics followed Darcy's law but those of the electrospun fibre webs did not. Wicking was observed in both nylon-6 spun bond and electrospun fibre webs but not in either of the PETP materials. The water vapour transport rates of the electrospun fibre webs for both polymers were higher than those for the spun bond fabrics. 23 refs.

Seoul,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.967067

Item 425Chemistry of Materials18, No.9, 2nd May 2006, p.2397.POLYELECTROLYTE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERSMueller K; Quinn J F; Johnston A P R; Becker M; Greiner A; Caruso F

A report is presented on the layer-by-layer surface functionalisation of high-aspect ratio PS electrospun fibres with polyelectrolytes, DNA oligonucleotides and polyelectrolyte/gold nanoparticle composite layers. Coating of the PS fibres with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and polystyrenesulphonate (PSS) multilayers and dissolution of the inner PS fibres is shown to result in hollow PAH/PSS fibres. The process used to prepare modified electrospun fibres is illustrated and scanning electron microscopy and TEM images of the electrospun fibres treated with sulphuric acid and coated fibres are presented and discussed. 46 refs.

Melbourne,University; Marburg,Philipps UniversityAUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.966999

Item 426Macromolecular Research14, No.1, Feb.2006, p.59.EFFECT OF COLLECTOR TEMPERATURE ON THE POROUS STRUCTURE OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS

Chi Hun Kim; Yoon Ho Jung; Hak Yong Kim; Douk Rae Lee; Dharmaraj N; Kyung Eun Choi

The fabrication of electrospun polymer non-woven mats with porous surface morphology by varying the collector temperature during electrospinning was studied. Polymers such as poly(L-lactide), PS and PVAc were dissolved in volatile solvents, i.e. methylene chloride and THF, and subjected to electrospinning. The temperature of the collector in the electrospinning device was varied by a heating system. The resulting non-woven mats were characterised by using SEM, field emission SEM and atomic force microscopy. It was observed that the surface morphology, porous structure and the properties, such as pore size, depth, shape and distribution of the non-woven mats, were significantly influenced by the collector temperature. 28 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Udumalpet,Government Arts College; Chonju,National University of EducationINDIA; KOREA

Accession no.966049

Item 427Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.7, 3rd April 2006, p.516.NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES CONTAINING CARBON NANOTUBES: ELECTROSPUN FOR REDOX ENZYME IMMOBILIZATIONWang Z-G; Xu Z-K; Wan L-S; Wu J; Innocent C; Seta P

The fabrication of nanofibrous membranes possessing reactive groups by the electrospinning of solutions of poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) (PANCAA) containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and their characterisation by FE-SEM is described. The covalent immobilisation of redox enzymes such as catalase on the membranes was investigated and enzyme activity was compared with that for redox enzymes immobilised on PANCAA nanofibrous membranes without MWCNTs. 29 refs.

Zhejiang,University; CNRS-UMRCHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.965562

Item 428Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.7, 3rd April 2006, p.511.POLY(DICYCLOPENTADIENE) SUBMICRON FIBERS PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNINGBellan L M; Coates G W; Craighead H G

The fabrication of submicron-diameter fibres of poly(dicyclopentadiene) by electrospinning of a solution of the monomer and a ruthenium catalyst with in-flight ring-opening metathesis polymerisation is described. The fibres were characterised by SEM, AFM and Young's

References and Abstracts

132 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

modulus, and the results are discussed in comparison with those for bulk polymer material. 23 refs.

Cornell UniversityUSA

Accession no.965561

Item 429Materials Today9, No.3, March 2006, p.40.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS: SOLVING GLOBAL ISSUESSeeram Ramakrishna; Kazutoshi Fujihara; Wee-Eong Teo; Yong T; Zuwei Ma; Ramakrishna Ramaseshan

The use of electrospinning to produce highly porous nanofibre meshes from different materials is described and a review is presented of the literature on applications of electrospun nanofibres in healthcare applications, biotechnology and environmental engineering applications, defence and security applications, and energy generation applications. Specific applications considered include micro engineered scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressings, membranes for water treatment, protective clothing and filters, polymer batteries, photovoltaic cells and polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells. 64 refs.

Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE

Accession no.965089

Item 430Advanced Materials18, No.3, 3rd Feb.2006, p.348.ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE/POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) DERIVED TURBOSTRATIC CARBON MICRO-/NANOTUBESZussman E; Yarin A L; Bazilevsky A V; Avrahami R; Feldman M

A simple two-stage technique for the fabrication of turbostratic hollow carbon nanotubes involving the co-electrospinning of two polymer (PAN and PMMA) solutions is described and the carbon nanotubes are characterised by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The process involves the formation of a solid interface between the core and shell of nanofibres produced by electrospinning through the use of the non-solvent effect on one of the polymers followed by heat treatment of the nanofibres to degrade the core polymer and carbonise the polymer shell. The physical mechanisms involved in the formation of the nanotubes are explained and potential applications for the nanotubes are considered. 45 refs.

Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyISRAEL

Accession no.964713

Item 431Advanced Materials18, No.5, 3rd March 2006, p.668.HIGH-STRENGTH MATS FROM ELECTROSPUN POLY(P-PHENYLENE BIPHENYLTETRACARBOXIMIDE) NANOFIBERSHuang C; Chen S; Reneker D H; Lai C; Hou H

The fabrication of high strength nanofibre non-woven mats of rigid-rod-like poly(p-phenylene biphenyl tetracarboxamide) by electrospinning of the precursor poly(p-phenylene biphenyl tetracarboxamide followed by thermal imidisation and annealing is described. The polyimide nanofibre mats were characterised by FTIR, SEM, WAXD and tensile testing, and the results are discussed. 8 refs.

Jiangxi,Normal University; Akron,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.964441

Item 432Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition44, No.5, 1st March 2006, p.779.CONTROL OF DIAMETER, MORPHOLOGY, AND STRUCTURE OF PVDF NANOFIBER FABRICATED BY ELECTROSPRAY DEPOSITIONNasir M; Matsumoto H; Danno T; Minagawa M; Irisawa T; Shioya M; Tanioka A

An investigation into the determining factors on diameter, morphology and crystalline structure of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibres prepared by electrospray deposition (ESD) is reported. Fibre diameter increases with increasing polymer concentration and applied voltage. The fibre diameter decreases with increasing polymer solution flow rate. PVDF nanofibres with diameter 80-700 nm are obtained. The total crystallinity and melting point of PVDF decreases after the ESD process. 27 refs.

Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kochi,Women's UniversityJAPAN

Accession no.964180

Item 433Macromolecules39, No.2, 24th Jan.2006, p.575.SOLUTION RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AND ELECTROSPINNING OF CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTESMcKee M G; Hunley M T; Layman J M; Long T E

The effect of polyelectrolyte behaviour on the electrospinning process was studied for a series of poly(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (PDMAEMA.HCl) aqueous solutions in the presence of added sodium chloride. PDMAEMA.HCl in an 80/20

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 133

w/w water/methanol cosolvent showed polyelectrolyte behaviour based on the scaling relationship between specific viscosity and concentration in the semidilute unentangled and semidilute entangled regimes. The entanglement concentration increased with sodium chloride concentration due to screening of the electrostatic repulsive forces along the polymer backbone. Also, the scaling behaviour in the semidilute entangled regime shifted from polyelectrolyte to neutral polymer behaviour in the high salt limit. The electrospinning performance of the polymer solutions also depended on the sodium chloride concentration. Sodium chloride-free polymer solutions did not form fibres at concentrations of less than 8 times the entanglement concentration. The minimum concentration for fibre formation decreased with increasing level of sodium chloride due to screening of the repulsive electrostatic interactions between charged repeating units that stabilised the electrospinning jet. Because of the high electrical conductivity of the polyelectrolyte solutions, the electrospun polyelectrolyte fibres were 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller in diameter than fibres which were electrospun from solutions of neutral polymers of equal zero shear viscosity and normalised concentration. 51 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.964104

Item 434Macromolecular Bioscience6, No.1, 5th Jan.2006, p.70.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL BONE SCAFFOLDS BASED ON ELECTROSPUN POLYCAPROLACTONE FIBERS FILLED WITH NANOPARTICLESWutticharoenmongkol P; Sanchavanakit N; Pavasant P; Supaphol P

The fabrication of polycaprolactone fibre mats filled with various proportions of calcium carbonate or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by electrospinning from polymer solutions containing the nanoparticles, and their characterisation by tensile testing, SEM and cytotoxicity testing, is described. The effects of filler content, polymer concentration and applied electric potential on the properties of the products are discussed in terms of applications as bone scaffolding materials. 20 refs.

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.963690

Item 435Macromolecular Materials and Engineering291, No.2, 10th Feb.2006, p.114.POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AND POLYAMIDE-66 NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING

Ristolainen N; Heikkila P; Harlin A; Seppala J

The preparation of nanocomposite fibres of poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyamide-66 with various proportions of montmorillonite or organically modified montmorillonite as coatings on a non-woven substrate by electrospinning under various processing conditions, and their characterisation by SEM, contact angle and elemental analysis, is described. The effects of filler content and type, and of solution pH, on the nanocomposite fibres are discussed. 24 refs.

Helsinki,University of Technology; Tampere,University of TechnologyEUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.963669

Item 436Journal of Membrane Science272, No.1-2, 15th Mar.2006, p.179.SURFACE MODIFIED NONWOVEN POLYSULPHONE(PSU) FIBER MESH BY ELECTROSPINNING: A NOVEL AFFINITY MEMBRANEZuwei Ma; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S

Non-woven meshes composed of polysulphone (PSU) ultrafine fibres were fabricated via the electrospinning technique and then surface-modified for development of an affinity membrane. After the electrospinning, the PSU fibre mesh was heat-treated at 188C to give significant improvement in the mechanical strength of the fibre mesh. For surface modification, carboxyl groups were introduced onto the PSU fibre surfaces through graft copolymerisation of methacrylic acid (MAA) initiated by Ce(IV) after air plasma treatment of the PSU fibre mesh. Toluidine Blue O (TBO), a dye, which could form a stable complex with carboxyl groups, was used as a model target molecule to be captured by the PMAA-grafted PSU fibre mesh. The adsorption isotherm and rate of the TBO were studied. The carboxyl groups on the PMAA-grafted PSU fibre mesh could also be used as coupling sites for immobilisation of other protein ligands. Bovine serum albumin was chosen as a model protein ligand to be immobilised into the PSU fibre mesh with a capacity of 17 microgram/mg. The surface modification processes were verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Filtration analysis showed that the non-woven fibrous membrane had much smaller pressure drop and higher flux compared with conventional microfiltration membranes. The electrospun PSU fibre mesh developed was a potential candidate material for use as affinity membranes.

Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE

Accession no.963306

References and Abstracts

134 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 437168th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2005. Proceedings of a conference held Pittsburgh, Pa., 1st-3rd Nov.2005.Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2005, Paper 61, pp.19, 28 cm, 012FIBER STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN BUTYL RUBBER WITH DIFFERENT CARBON BLACK TYPESThreepopnatkul P; Murphy D; Zukas W; Mead J

The structure and mechanical properties of electrospun butyl rubber non-woven mats were investigated using a series of carbon black types with variation in particle size and structure. Fibre diameter decreased with decreasing particle size and increasing carbon black structure. Mechanical properties could be explained by variation in density and fibre morphology of membranes. Decreasing carbon black particle size and increasing structure decreased the density, and increased tensile strength, ultimate elongation and modulus. The data obtained should be of use for designing selectively permeable membranes for protective clothing applications. 21 refs.

Lowell,Massachusetts University; US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems Center(ACS,Rubber Div.)USA

Accession no.963142

Item 438168th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2005. Proceedings of a conference held Pittsburgh, Pa., 1st-3rd Nov.2005.Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2005, Paper 55, pp.13, 28 cm, 012EFFECT OF CURE SYSTEM ON ELECTROSPUN BUTYL RUBBER NONWOVEN MATSMurphy D; Threepopnatkul P; Zukas W; Mead J

The effect of different cure systems on the properties of electrospun butyl rubber mats was studied using three different cure systems, two semi-efficient and one efficient. The effects of different cure system and accelerator content on the mechanical properties, static moisture permeation and fibre morphology were investigated. It was found that the behaviour of electrospun mats followed similar trends to the solid rubber mats.As the concentration of primary accelerators increased, the stress at break increased with a loss of elongation. All systems showed relatively similar static moisture permeation and density. Cure system appeared to play a relatively minor role in controlling the moisture permeation, but could be used to tailor the mechanical properties of the mat independently. 24 refs.

Lowell,Massachusetts University(ACS,Rubber Div.)USA

Accession no.963138

Item 439Iranian Polymer Journal14, No.12, Dec.2005, p.1074.THE EFFECTS OF OPERATING PARAMETERS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBRESJalili R; Hosseini S A; Morshed M

Polyacrylonitrile nanofibres were produced by electrospinning a solution of PAN in DMF and the effects of various parameters on the morphology of the nanofibres investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Parameters investigated were applied voltage, feeding rate and tip to target distance. It was found that the morphology of the fibres could be controlled by changing the feeding rate of the solution and the tip to target distance. 14 refs.

Isfahan,University of TechnologyIRAN

Accession no.962947

Item 440Journal of Applied Polymer Science99, No.4, 15th Feb.2006, p.1462.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS OF BLOCK COPOLYMER OF TRIMETHYLENE CARBONATE AND CAPROLACTONEJia Y-T; Kim H-Y; Gong J; Lee D-R

Details are given of the electrospinning behaviour of a trimethylene carbonate-caprolactone copolymers dissolved in DMF and methylene chloride. The effects of blended solvent volume ratio, concentration, voltage and tip-collector distance on the morphology of electrospun fibres were investigated by SEM. The effect of trimethylene carbonate content in the copolymer on crystallinity and melting point of the fibres was examined. 18 refs.

Liaodong,Academy; Chonbuk,National University; China,Northeast Normal UniversityCHINA; KOREA

Accession no.962681

Item 441Journal of Applied Polymer Science99, No.3, 5th Feb.2006, p.1277.POLYANILINE-NYLON 6 COMPOSITE NANOWIRES PREPARED BY EMULSION POLYMERIZATION AND ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSHong K H; Kang T J

Polyanil ine (PANI) nanopart icles doped with dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid were prepared by emulsion polymerisation and blended with a formic acid solution of polyamide-6 (PA-6), such that the concentration of PANI plus PA-6 was 25 wt%. Fibres were produced from the solution by electrospinning. For PANI concentrations of 2-8 wt%, PANI and PA-6 nanofibres were produced. At PANI concentrations above 12 wt%, nanocomposite fibres,

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 135

approximately 12 nm in diameter, were produced. Electrical conductivities were lower than those of the corresponding films, attributed to lower crystallinity. 19 refs.

Seoul,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.962660

Item 442Journal of Applied Polymer Science99, No.3, 5th Feb.2006, p.1214.EFFECT OF SOLUTION PROPERTIES ON NANOFIBROUS STRUCTURE OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID)You Y; Lee S J; Min B-M; Park W H

Fibres of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) were produced by electrospinning, using chloroform or 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as solvents. A chloroform solution containing 15 wt% polymer gave a fibre diameter of 760 nm, which was reduced to 450 nm by small additions of benzyl triethylammonium chloride to the solution. The use of polar HFIP solvent gave fibres of 270 nm. It was concluded that the dielectric constant of the solution was a major factor influencing the diameter and morphology of the fibres. 15 refs.

Chungnam,National University; Seoul,National University; Ewha Womens UniversityKOREA

Accession no.962653

Item 443Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.2, 23rd Jan.2006, p.152.ELECTROSTATIC FORCES INDUCE POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)-PROTECTED COPPER NANOPARTICLES TO FORM COPPER/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) NANOCABLES VIA ELECTROSPINNINGZhenyu Li; Huimin Hiang; Ce Wang

Copper core/PVAL shell coaxial nanocables were prepared by electrospinning a PVAL-protected copper nanoparticle solution. The diameter of the copper wire core was 100 nm and that of the PVAL shell was 400 nm. The PVAL shell could make the copper very stable in air. 29 refs.

Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.962197

Item 444Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.2, 23rd Jan.2006, p.146.CARBON NANOTUBE-ADSORBED ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES OF NYLON 6Hyun Suk Kim; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Seung Jun Myung; Minsung Kang; In-Joo Chin

A new and simple method was described for the incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on to electrospun nanofibrous membranes of nylon-6 by adsorption. The MWNTs adhered well to the surface of the highly porous nylon-6 nanofibrous membranes when the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 was used to generate the dispersion of the MWNTs in aqueous media. The conductivity of the membranes consisting of nylon-6 with a small amount of MWNTs (about 1.5 wt%) was high (0.022 S/cm) because of the MWNTs were adsorbed densely and uniformly along the nanofibrous membranes. The strong interaction between the MWNTs and nylon-6 continued even after ultrasonication. 36 refs.

Inha,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.962196

Item 445Macromolecular Rapid Communications27, No.2, 23rd Jan.2006, p.114.ELECTROSPINNING OF HYALURONIC ACID (HA) AND HA/GELATIN BLENDSJunxing Li; Aihua He; Han C C; Dufei Fang; Hsaio B S; Chu B

The electrospinning process of hyaluronic acid (HA) and HA/gelatin blends in DMF/water mixed solvents was studied. The processability of HA was greatly improved by using the DMF/water solvent mixture and/or by adding gelatin to the HA solution. Nanofibrous membranes with different average fibre diameters and different HA/gelatin compositions could be obtained and these were potentially useful in the biomedical field as novel scaffolds for many applications. 44 refs.

Chinese Academy of Sciences; Stony Brook,University; STARCHINA; USA

Accession no.962190

Item 446Macromolecules39, No.3, 7th Feb.2006, p.1102.PRODUCTION OF SUBMICRON DIAMETER SILK FIBERS UNDER BENIGN PROCESSING CONDITIONS BY TWO-FLUID ELECTROSPINNINGMao Wang; Jian H. Yu; Kaplan D L; Rutledge G C

Two fluid electrospinning of silk and polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions, followed by annealing to crystallise the silk and water extraction to remove the PEO shell, resulted in silk fibres with diameters much less than would be produced by normal silk spinning. Fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction, and fibres with diameters in the range of 170nm were reported. 48 refs.

References and Abstracts

136 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; Tufts UniversityUSA

Accession no.961982

Item 447Macromolecules39, No.3, 7th Feb.2006, p.1041.NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES CONTAINING REACTIVE GROUPS: ELECTROSPINNING FROM POLY(ACRYLONITRILE-CO-MALEIC ACID) FOR LIPASE IMMOBILIZATIONPeng Ye; Zhi-Kang Xu; Jian Wu; Innocent C; Seta P

Electrospinning of nanofibrous membranes containing reactive carboxyl groups from a copolymer of acrylonitrile and maleic acid, and characterisation using field emission scanning electron microscopy, is described. Covalent immobilisation of lipase onto the membrane was studied and immobilised properties were compared to those of lipase on hollow fibre membranes. Enzyme loading and activity retention on the nanofibre membrane was significantly higher than on a hollow fibre membrane. Potential use as biocatalysts, or in situ nanofibre reinforcement of composites was considered. 42 refs.

Zhejiang,University; CNRSCHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.961974

Item 448Polymer47, No.3, 2006, p.915.COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ELECTROSPINNING. PART I. EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN ELECTROSPINNINGChun Lu; Ping Chen; Jianfeng Li; Yujun Zhang

The energy change involved in molecular orientation was analysed by computer simulation of electrospinning of ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer from various solvents, and the morphologies of the fibres obtained were examined by scanning electron microscope. A barrier, the height of which is determined by the relaxation times of the molecule, has to be overcome in the process of molecular orientation. The relaxation times vary in different solvents. When the relaxation time is short, molecules are readily oriented, so considerable jet instability will occur and fibres with a small diameter are obtained. 21 refs.

Dalian,University of TechnologyCHINA

Accession no.961594

Item 449Macromolecular Research13, No.6, Dec.2005, p.533.UNIQUE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERS FROM A N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE SOLUTION

Kwangsok Kim; Minsung Kang; In-Joo Chin; Hyoung-Joon Jin

Highly concentrated PS (190,000 g/mol) solutions (30 to 40 wt %) in DMF were electrospun and the surface morphology of the electrospun PS fibres was investigated. Unlike the porous morphology observed on the surface of the PS fibres electrospun from a volatile solvent such as THF, numerous tiny protuberances were observed on the surface of the fibres electrospun from the non-volatile solvent, DMF. This surface morphology was formed due to the residual DMF solvent entrapped inside the electrospun PS fibre. The bubbles of residual solvent inside the electrospun fibre were observed by both optical microscopy and TEM. 23 refs.

Inha,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.961264

Item 450Macromolecular Research13, No.6, Dec.2005, p.521.ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE-BASED CARBON NANOFIBERS AND THEIR HYDROGEN STORAGESDong-Kyu Kim; Sun Ho Park; Byung Chul Kim; Byung Doo Chin; Seong Mu Jo; Dong Young Kim

Electrospun PAN nanofibres were carbonised with or without ferric acetylacetonate to induce catalytic graphitisation within the range 900 to 1500C, resulting in ultrafine carbon fibres with a diameter of about 90 to 300 nm. Their structural properties and morphologies were investigated. The carbon nanofibres prepared without a catalyst showed amorphous structures and very low surface areas of 22 to 31 sq m/g. The carbonisation in the presence of the catalyst produced graphite nanofibres (GNF). The hydrogen storage capacities of these CNF and GNF materials were evaluated by the gravimetric method using magnetic suspension balance at room temperature and 100 bar. The CNFs showed hydrogen storage capacities which increased in the range 0.16 to 0.50 wt % with increasing carbonisation temperature. The hydrogen storage capacities of the GNFs with low surface areas of 60 to 253 sq m/g were 0.14 to 1.01 wt %. Micropores and mesopores, as calculated using the nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption isotherms, were not effective pores for hydrogen storage. 21 refs.

Hanyang,University; Korea,Institute of Science & TechnologyKOREA

Accession no.961262

Item 451Macromolecular Materials and Engineering290, No.11, 4 Nov.2005, p.1097.PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND EMPIRICAL MODELING FOR ELECTROSPUN POLY(D,L-

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 137

LACTIDE) FIBERS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGYShu-Ying Gu; Jie Ren

The electrospinning of ultrafine fibres of poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLA) in chloroform-acetone solution was optimised to find the best values of concentration and applied voltage. Response surface methodology was employed to determine the relationship between the electrospinning parameters and average fibre diameter. The fibres were studied by SEM and the diameters were determined by image analysis to be 350-1900 nm. Lower polymer concentrations produced bead-on-string structures. The fibre diameters increased with concentration and deceased with applied voltage. A two-way analysis of variance concluded that both concentration and voltage had significant influence on fibre diameter, that of concentration being the greater. The process conditions can be selected based on the model. Fibres with a narrow diameter distribution were obtained at lower concentration independent of the voltage, whereas fibres with uniform diameter and narrower distribution were obtained at higher concentration and higher applied voltage. 45 refs.

Shanghai,Tongji,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.961049

Item 452Macromolecules39, No.1, 10th Jan.2006, p.357.GENERATION OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION SITES IN ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS VIA MOLECULAR IMPRINTINGChronakis I S; Milosevic B; Frenot A; Ye L

Details are given of the development of a method for the formation of molecular recognition sites for polymer nanofibres. Electrospun nanofibres were prepared from a solution mixture of PETP and polyallylamine in the presence of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid template molecule. Molecularly imprinted nanofibres were characterised by SEM and FTIR, and radioligand binding analysis. 31 refs.

Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research; Lund,UniversityEUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.960732

Item 453Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe13, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2005, p.22.INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROSPINNING WITH THE USE OF A MULTI-JET ELECTROSPINNING HEADTomaszewski W; Szadkowski M

The electrospinning of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions using different types of multi-jet spinning heads (series, elliptical and concentric) was investigated on a laboratory scale, and the processing efficiency and quality of the resulting nanofibre mats were monitored by gravimetric and SEM techniques. The use of an electrospinning stand based on a rotating tube as collection electrode together with a concentric electrospinning head was also studied and the results are discussed. 16 refs.

Lodz,Institute of Chemical FibresEASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.959744

Item 454Polymer46, No.23, 2005, p.9538.ELECTROSPINNING AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ULTRAFINE POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE) FIBERSEun Hwan Jeong; Seung Soon Im; Ji Ho Youk

Biodegradable ultrafine poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) fibres were continuously electrospun for the first time from solutions of PBS in mixed solvents. The mixed solvents were chloroform (CF)/2-chloroethanol (CE) (7/3 w/w), CF/CE (6/4 w/w), dichloromethane (DM)/CE (7/3 w/w), DM/CE (6/4 w/w) and CF/3-chloro-1-propanol (9/1 w/w). The ultrafine PBS fibres had average diameters between 125 and 315 nm and had very high crystallinity. Annealed ultrafine PBS fibres had a lamellar stack morphology containing crystalline and amorphous layers. 29 refs.

Inha,University; Hanyang,UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.958625

Item 455Polymer46, No.26, 2005, p.12689.ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES IN ELECTROSPUN MWCNTS-PEO AND MWCNTS-PVA NANOFIBERSZhou W; Wu Y; Wei F; Luo G; Qian W

Details are given of polyethylene oxide and PVAL nanofibres containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes by electrospinning. Elastic deformation was evaluated. A mechanical model is proposed to explain the interaction between multiwalled carbon nanotubes and the polymer matrix. Calculated elastic modulus was compared with that of atomic force microscopy measurements. 24 refs.

Tsinghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.958506

References and Abstracts

138 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 456Polymer46, No.26, 2005, p.12637.CRITICAL LENGTH OF STRAIGHT JET IN ELECTROSPINNINGHe J-H; Wu Y; Zuo W-W

The Chauchy's inequality was applied to the prediction of critical length of the straight jet in electrospinning. A critical relationship between radius of jet and the axial distance from nozzle was obtained for the straight jet. Critical length number and critical radius number were defined. 32 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.958499

Item 457Polymer46, No.26, 2005, p.12130.ELECTROSPINNING OF HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE FIBERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN SYNTHESIS OF NANO AND SUBMICRON TIN OXIDE FIBERSShukla S; Brinley E; Cho H J; Seal S

Details are given of the synthesis of hydroxypropyl cellulose fibres via electrospinning. Anhydrous ethanol and propanol were used as solvents. The influence of solvent and applied voltage on fibre diameter and its bead formation were investigated. The use of theses fibres in synthesising and depositing highly porous network of nano- and submicron tin oxide fibres on microelectromechanical systems device was demonstrated. 27 refs.

Central Florida,UniversityUSA

Accession no.958445

Item 458Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition17, No.1-2, 2006, p.103.ELECTROSPUN PLGA NANOFIBER SCAFFOLDS FOR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE RECONSTRUCTION. MECHANICAL STABILITY, DEGRADATION AND CELLULAR RESPONSES UNDER MECHANICAL STIMULATION IN VITROShin H J; Lee C H; Cho I H; Kim Y-J; Lee Y-J; Kim I A; Park K-D; Yui N; Shin J-W

Details are given of the potential of nanofibres-based lactide-glycolide copolymer scaffolds to be used for cartilage reconstruction. The mechanical properties of the nanofibres scaffold, degradation of the scaffold and cellular responses to the scaffold under mechanical stimulation were studied. Cellular responses were evaluated by examining toxicity, cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation using chondrocytes from porcine articular cartilage. 46 refs.

Inje,University; Pusan,Catholic University; Ajou,University; Japan,Advanced Institute of Science & TechnologyJAPAN; KOREA

Accession no.958427

Item 459ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2005. Volume 92. Proceedings of a conference held San Diego, Ca., 13th-17th March 2005.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering. 2005, p.406, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF CRYSTALLINE POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) AND AMORPHOUS POLY(ETHER SULPHONE) IN MIXED SOLVENTSKyu Tae Park; Hyun-Suk Kim; Kwangsok Kim; In-Joo Chin

Mixed solvent systems were used for the electrospinning of polylactic acids (PLLA) and polyether sulphones (PES). Solution properties of each polymer in the solvents were investigated with respect to both polymer concentration and solvent ratio to optimise spinning parameters, and rheological properties of the polymer solution were evaluated. Scanning electron and optical microscopy were used to characterise the dependency of fibre diameter and morphology on polymer concentration and weight ratio and miscibility of mixed solvents. 6 refs.

Inha,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)KOREA

Accession no.958372

Item 460Macromolecules38, No.23, 15th Nov. 2005, p.9742.SUPERHYDROPHOBIC FABRICS PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNING AND CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITIONMa M; Mao Y; Gupta M; Gleason K K; Rutledge G C

Superhydrophobic fabrics were prepared by a process that combined electrospinning and initiated chemical vapour deposition (iCVD). Poly(caprolactone) (PCL) was first electrospun and then coated with a thin layer of hydrophobic polymerised perfluoroalkylethyl methacrylate (PPFEMA) by iCVD. The surface roughness of the PCL electrospun mats and the extremely low surface free energy of the coating layer obtained by iCVD resulted in stable superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 175 degrees and a threshold sliding angle of less than 2.5 degrees for a 20 mg droplet. This PPFEMA-coated PCL mat also exhibited at least a grade-8 oleophobicity. Hydrophobicity increased monotonically with reducing diameter for bead-free fibres and with the introduction of a high density of relatively small

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 139

diameter beads. The systematic effect of fibre morphology on superhydrophobicity was also investigated theoretically and experimentally with beaded and bead-free fibres with diameters of 600-2200 nm. 52 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.957929

Item 461Advanced Materials17, No.22, 18th Nov.2005, p.2699.SELF-CRIMPING BICOMPONENT NANOFIBERS ELECTROSPUN FROM POLYACRYLONITRILE AND ELASTOMERIC POLYURETHANETong Lin; Hongxia Wang; Xungai Wang

Nanofibres with side-by-side morphologies were electrospun from a thermoplastic, PAN, and an elastomer, PU, using a microfluidic device as the spinneret. Laminar flow of the two polymer solutions through the device resulted in nanometer-diameter curly nanofibres with bicomponent cross-sections. The PU half of the nanofibres could be dissolved in THF, leaving a U-shaped cross-section. Selective functionalisation of the two bicomponent sides could equip these bicomponent fibres with unique functions for special applications, e.g. nanomechanical chemical sensors and nanotweezers (or other forms of nanoactuators). 41 refs.

Deakin,UniversityAUSTRALIA

Accession no.957617

Item 462ANTEC 2005. Proceedings of the 63rd SPE Annual conference held Boston, Ma., 1st-5th May.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2005, pp.5, PDF 101870, CD-ROM, 012MANUFACTURE OF ALIGNED POLY(ACRYLONITRILE) FIBRES BY ELECTROSPINNINGLaffin C; McNally G M; Sanderson R D; Greyling C J

Electrospinning is a process used to obtain nano-diameter randomly deposited fibres by electrostatically drawing a jet of polymer solution onto an electrically grounded metal sheet. This work reports on a novel method of obtaining aligned fibres of PAN by means of an electrospinning process and investigates the effect of polymer solution concentration and take-off speed on fibre diameter and molecular orientation. 11 refs.

Belfast,Queen's University; Stellenbosch,University(SPE)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SOUTH AFRICA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.957534

Item 463Synthetic Metals155, No.1, 2005, p.157.PREPARATION AND STRUCTURES OF ELECTROSPUN PAN NANOFIBERS AS A PRECURSOR OF CARBON NANOFIBERSGu S Y; Ren J; Wu Q L

The fabrication of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres with a range of diameters as precursors of carbon nanofibres by electrospinning solutions of PAN in dimethylformamide was investigated. The PAN nanofibres were characterised by SEM, WAXD, FTIR and DSC, and the results are discussed in terms of the orientation of polymer chains, and changes in the cyclisation exothermic peak. 29 refs.

Tongji,University; Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.957054

Item 464Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition43, No.22, 15th Nov.2005, p.3205.DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(L-LACTIDE-CO-EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) NONWOVEN MEMBRANES UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSILE LOADINGInai R; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S

Biodegradable poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) copolymers with different L-lactide (LLA)/epsilon-caprolactone (CL) ratios of 75/25 and 50/50 were electrospun into fine fibres. The deformation behaviour of the electrospun membranes with randomly oriented structures was evaluated under uniaxial tensile loading. The electrospun membrane with a higher LLA content showed a significantly higher tensile modulus but a similar maximum stress and a lower ultimate strain in comparison with the membrane with a lower LLA content. The beaded fibres that formed in the membranes resulted in lower tensile properties. X-ray diffraction and DSC results suggested that the electrospun fine fibres developed highly oriented structures in CL-unit sequences during the electrospinning process, even though the concentration was only 25 wt %. 19 refs.

Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE

Accession no.956546

Item 465Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition43, No.22, 15th Nov.2005, p.3171.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYURETHANE/ORGANICALLY MODIFIED MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITESJi Hye Hong; Eun Hwan Jeong; Han Sup Lee; Du Hyun Baik; Seung Won Seo; Ji Ho Youk

References and Abstracts

140 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

PU/organically modified montmorillonite (PU/O-MMT) nanocomposites were electrospun and the effect of O-MMT on the morphology and physical properties of the PU/O-MMT nanofibre mats were investigated. The average diameters of the PU/O-MMT nanofibres were in the range 150 to 410 nm. The conductivities of the PU/O-MMT solutions increased linearly with increasing content of O-MMT, which caused a decrease in the average diameters of the PU/O-MMT nanofibres. The as-electrospun PU and PU/O-MMT nanofibres were not microphase-separated. The exfoliated MMT layers were well distributed within the PU/O-MMT nanofibres and oriented along the fibre axis. When the PU/O-MMT nanofibres were annealed, the exfoliated MMT layers hindered the microphase separation of the PU. The electrospinning of PU/O-MMT nanocomposites resulted in PU nanofibre mats with improved Young's modulus and TS. 30 refs.

Inha,University; Chungnam,National University; Hyosong Co.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.956543

Item 466Synthetic Metals154, No.1-3, 2005, p.209.INFLUENCE OF ADDED IONIC SALT ON NANOFIBER UNIFORMITY FOR ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROLYTE POLYMERChang Kee Lee; Sun I Kim; Seon Jeong Kim

The dependence of the morphology of electrospun nanofibres on applied voltage and the influence of added ionic salts on nanofibre uniformity were studied using poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonic acid) and sodium chloride. For an ionic salt concentration of 0.01 mol %, the applied electric field of 10 to 25 kV and a 15 cm spinning distance, the experimental results showed that uniform nanofibres which did not contain any beads were synthesised, while the current of the electrospinning process was two orders of magnitude higher than the non-added ionic salt droplet current. The fibre diameter distribution was very narrow. Uniform fibres with diameters of about 70 nm were obtained and the electric current value for obtaining uniform high-quality nanofibres was determined. The morphology of the electrospun fibres was investigated using field emission SEM and the electric current was measured using a digital multimeter. 15 refs.

Hanyang,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.956426

Item 467Synthetic Metals154, No.1-3, 2005, p.37.ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBER SENSORS

Aussawasathien D; Dong J H; Dai L

Using the electrospinning technique, lithium perchlorate-doped PEO electrospun nanofibres were prepared for humidity sensing and camphosulphonic acid(HCSA) doped-polyaniline/PS electrospun nanofibres were prepared for sensing hydrogen peroxide and glucose. The diameters of these as-prepared polymeric nanofibres were in the range 400 to 1000 nm. As a result of the large surface area and good electrical properties intrinsically associated with these nanoscale functional polymeric fibres, significantly enhanced sensitivity for the nanofibre sensors was achieved with respect to their corresponding film-type counterparts. While SEM micrographs showed some distortions for the lithium perchlorate-doped PEO nanofibres after the humidity measurements, no observable morphological change was seen for the HCSA-doped polyaniline/PS nanofibre sensors after the measurements of hydrogen peroxide and glucose. 8 refs.

Dayton,University; China,National Natural Science FoundationCHINA; USA

Accession no.956395

Item 468Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition43, No.24, 15th Dec.2005, p.3699.ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS: EFFECT OF EMITTING ELECTRODE POLARITY ON MORPHOLOGY AND AVERAGE FIBER DIAMETERSupaphol P; Mit-Uppatham C; Nithitanakul M

The fabrication of ultra-fine polyamide-6 fibres by electrospinning of polymer solutions in formic acid was investigated by optical scanning and SEM. The effects of emitting electrode polarity and various processing conditions, such as polymer molecular weight and concentration, solution temperature and additives, on the morphology and average fibre diameter of the as-spun fibres were studied and the results are discussed. 26 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.955870

Item 469Advanced Materials17, No.20, 17th Oct.2005, p.2485.FABRICATION OF PBS NANOPARTICLES IN POLYMER-FIBER MATRICES BY ELECTROSPINNINGLu X; Zhao Y; Wang C

The synthesis of lead sulphide nanoparticles in polymer fibre matrices by electrospinning an aqueous ethanol solution of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and lead acetate followed by exposure of the fibres to hydrogen sulphide gas is described. The nanoparticles were characterised

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 141

by SEM, TEM, XPS, selected area electron diffraction, UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, and the results are discussed. 28 refs.

Jilin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.954879

Item 470Polymer46, No.21, 7 Oct.2005, p.8990.CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ELECTROSPINNABILITY AND PHYSICAL GELATIONShenoy S L; Bates W D; Wnek G

Fibre formation by electrospinning of polymer solutions capable of physical gelation is examined by studying the data from published studies. The formation of fibres depends on polymer concentration, molecular weight, solvent quality and cooling time. Close to the gelation threshold, thermoreversible junctions and chain entanglements help to stabilize the liquid jet to overcome capillary forces and produce fibres. For solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions in water and THF, fibre formation is a function of dissolution temperature and cooling time. For poly(vinyl chloride), fibre formation in a good solvent such as THF is a balance between the weight average molecular weight dependence of the gelation temperature and the concentration corresponding to fibre formation from chain entanglements only. The importance of solvent quality in determining the chain entanglement contribution is emphasised. 59 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth University; Case Western Reserve UniversityUSA

Accession no.954157

Item 471Synthetic Metals153, No.1-3, 2005 p.61.ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING POLYPYRROLE FIBERS SPUN BY ELECTROSPINNINGTae Su Kang; Sonng Wook Lee; Jinsoo Joo; Jun Young Lee

Oxidative polymerisation of pyrrole, using ammonium persulphate as oxidant and dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid as dopant, and subsequent electrospinning was used to prepare non-woven fibre membranes. Effects of polymerisation time on polypyrrole solubility were examined and spun fibres were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Electrical conductivity of the membranes was evaluated. Fibres were circular in cross section and extremely smooth. Higher conductivity was observed in the membranes than in either cast films or powders of polypyrrole, possibly due to molecular orientation during the spinning process. 7 refs.

Sun Kyun Kwan University; Korea,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.953973

Item 472Journal of Materials Science40, No.20, Oct.2005, p.5359.ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE SILK FIBROIN FIBERS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSWang H; Zhang Y; Shao H; Hu X

The fabrication of beaded, cylinder shaped and ribbon-like ultra-fine fibres of silk fibroin by electrospinning from concentrated aqueous solutions under different processing conditions is described. The fibres were characterised by SEM, WAXD and Raman spectroscopy, and the effects of solution concentration and processing voltage on morphology and secondary structure of the fibres are discussed. 22 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.953866

Item 473Macromolecular Rapid Communications26, No.19, 6th Oct.2005, p.1557.PHOTO-INDUCED SOLID-STATE CROSSLINKING OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBERSJun Zeng; Haoqing Hou; Wendorff J H; Greiner A

Polyvinyl alcohol was derivatised by means of an analogous reaction between PVAl and thienyl chloride and the resulting derivative electrospun from aqueous solution to produce fibres, which were photocrosslinked with UV light. The sensitivity of the fibres to UV light was investigated and the stability of the crosslinked fibres in water evaluated by exposure to steam. 16 refs.

Philipps-UniversitatEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.953185

Item 474European Polymer Journal41, No.11, Nov.2005, p.2559.PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND EMPIRICAL MODELING FOR ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBER PRECURSOR OF CARBON NANOFIBERSGu S Y; Ren J; Vansco G J

Details are given of the fabrication of ultra-fine fibres from polyacrylonitrile/DMF solutions as a precursor of carbon nanofibres. Fibre morphology and distribution of fibre diameter were investigated by SEM. A systematic understanding of process parameters was obtained and

References and Abstracts

142 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

a quantitative relationship between electrospinning parameters and average fibre diameter was established by response surface methodology. The influence of concentration of solution on the diameter of the fibres and standard deviation of fibre diameter was determined. 40 refs.

Tongji,University; Enschede,University of TwenteCHINA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.953122

Item 475Macromolecular Research13, No.5, Oct.2005, p.441.STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF THE ELECTROSPUN THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER FIBER MATSLee K; Lee B; Kim C; Kim H; Kim K; Nah C

The mechanical and morphological properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer fibre mats fabricated by electrospinning were investigated by cycling tensile testing and SEM. The results are discussed in terms of non-linear elastic and inelastic properties arising from slippage of non-bonded crossed fibres and breakage of fibres at point-bonded junctions. 20 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.952910

Item 476Macromolecular Research13, No.5, Oct.2005, p.385.CHARACTERIZATION OF PVOH NONWOVEN MATS PREPARED FROM SURFACTANT-POLYMER SYSTEM VIA ELECTROSPINNINGJung Y H; Kim H Y; Lee D R; Park S Y; Khil M Y

The fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol) non-woven mats by electrospinning polymer solutions containing various concentrations of cationic, anionic, amphoteric and non-ionic surfactants, characterised by surface tension, viscosity and conductivity, was investigated by SEM, tensile strength and elongation at break measurements. The effects of polymer-surfactant interactions on the morphological and mechanical properties of the non-woven mats are discussed. 23 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.952902

Item 477E-Polymers24, No.72, 2005, p.1.DRUG-LOADED ULTRAFINE POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBRE MATS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING

Chunxue Zhang; Xiaoyan Yuan; Lili Wu; Jing Sheng

The preparation of submicron polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre mats embedded with Aspirin and bovine serum albumin from electrospun aqueous solutions is described. SEM is used to investigate the fibre morphology and the fibre mat composition is characterised by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The in vitro drug release is investigated by immersing the fibre mats in phosphate buffer solution. The fibre mat morphology is influenced by the amount of drug in the mats with more irregular shaped fibres found for higher drug content. The drugs are released more quickly from PVA mats than from PVA cast films because of the large surface area and high porosity of the fibres. 15 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.952706

Item 478Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers20, No.5, Sept.2005, p.419.PREPARATION OF POLYELECTROLYTE-CONTAINING NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING IN THE PRESENCE OF A NON-IONOGENIC WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERMincheva R; Manolova N; Paneva D; Rashkov I

Details are given of the preparation of nanofibres of the polyampholyte carboxyethyl chitosan by electrospinning by adding polyacrylamide or PVAL to the spinning solution. Polyacryloylamido methylpropanesulphonic acid and acryloylamido methylpropanesulphonic acid-acrylic acid copolymer polyelectrolyte were also electrospun into fibres. The nanofibres were crosslinked by heat treatment. Antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms was assessed. 22 refs.

Bulgarian Academy of SciencesBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.952055

Item 479Macromolecular Materials and Engineering290, No.9, 16th Sept.2005, p.933.ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS: EFFECTS OF SOLVENT SYSTEM AND EMITTING ELECTRODE POLARITY ON MORPHOLOGY AND AVERAGE FIBER DIAMETERSupaphol P; Mit-uppatham C; Nithitanakul M

The effects of the solvent system and emitting electrode polarity on the electrospinning of ultrafine polyamide-6 fibres from solutions in various aqueous solvents or solvent mixtures were investigated by optical microscopy and SEM. The results are discussed in terms of the morphological properties and average diameter of the fibres. 14 refs.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 143

Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.950924

Item 480ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.431-2, CD-ROM, 012PHASE MIGRATION OF FLUORESCENTLY-TAGGED HYPERBRANCHED PROBE IN ELECTROSPUN FIBER FOR OPTICAL SENSORSXianyan Wang; Orlicki J A; Drew C; McKnight S H; Samuelson L A; Kumar J

An attempt was made to localise the fluorescent tag on the surface of an already high surface area nanofibrous membrane to enhance the sensing performance. Significant segregation of pyrene butyric acid-tagged hyperbranched polyester(HPBs-PBA) was shown to occur at the surface of electrospun fibres. The quenching behaviour of three HPBs-PBA fluorescent indicators in electrospun polymer nanofibrous membrane matrix by Hg(II) and cytochrome C was studied. The results demonstrated a versatile pathway for surface functionalisation of electrospun fibres for sensing membrane designs. 4 refs.

Lowell,Massachusetts University; US,Army Research Laboratory(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.949959

Item 481Polymer International54, No.8, Aug.2005, p.1187.PREPARATION OF ULTRAFINE FIBROUS ZEIN MEMBRANES VIA ELECTROSPINNINGMiyoshi T; Toyohara K; Minematsu H

The factors governing the morphology and diameter of ultrafine zein fibres prepared by electrospinning from aqueous ethanol solution (80 wt%) were studied by SEM. Fibres of diameters around 700 nm were obtained. Their morphology was affected by electric field and zein concentration. At 18 wt% zein, wrinkled beads bridged by nanofibres were formed but at 21 wt% zein and 15 kV, ribbon-like fibres were obtained. When the field was increased to 30 kV, fibres could be produced from concentrations down to 18 wt%. 25 refs.

Teijin Ltd.JAPAN

Accession no.949944

Item 482ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.712-3, CD-ROM, 012FABRICATION OF TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER OF POLYDIOXANONE-CO-LACTIDE-BLOCK-POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL NONWOVEN MATS BY ELECTROSPINNING AND APPLICATIONS FOR WOUND DRESSINGKim H Y; Lee B M; Kim I S; Jin T H; Ko K H; Ryu Y J

Details are given of the fabrication of nanometer-sized fibres and mats of biodegradable dioxanone-lactide-ethylene glycol copolymers by electrospinning. Potential applications as wound dressing materials are mentioned. The viscosity if the solutions was measured by viscometry and morphologies were examined using SEM. 6 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Raisio Chemicals(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)KOREA

Accession no.949884

Item 483ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.692-3, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF POLYPYRROLE/POLYSTYRENE BLEND FOR GAS SENSING APPLICATIONSWannatong L; Sirivat A

Details are given of the preparation of electrospun fibres using a polypyrrole/PS blend. The uses of the blend fibres and films as sensors for acetone vapours is described. Characterisation of fibres and films was undertaken using TGA, SEM and electrical conductivity measurements. 9 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)THAILAND

Accession no.949873

Item 484ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.690-1, CD-ROM, 012

References and Abstracts

144 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

ELECTROSPINNING OF POROUS SILICA MICRO/NANOFIBERS CONTAINING SILVER NANOPARTICLESPatel A C; Li S; Wei Y; Wang C; Zhang W

Details are given of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles in porous silica fibres fabricated by electrospinning. Trimethoxysilyl functionalised polymethacrylate was used as a binder and as a pore-forming agent upon post-fabrication thermal treatment. Characterisation was undertaken using FTIR, SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction, UV vis spectroscopy and TGA. 5 refs.

Drexel,University; Jilin,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)CHINA; USA

Accession no.949872

Item 485Macromolecules38, No.18, 6th Sept.2005, p.7863.BEADED ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FOR PHOTONIC APPLICATIONSTomczak N; van Hulst N F; Vancso G J

Details are given of the molecular structure and photonic properties of polymer beads and fibres by fluorescence microscopy down to the single molecule level. Beads formed from PMMA and polyethylene oxide were investigated. The effect of fibre and bead confinement on the emission properties of embedded dyes was studied by monitoring their fluorescence lifetime. Possible quenching and electromagnetic boundary effects are discussed. 26 refs.

Enschede,University of TwenteEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.949833

Item 486Polymer Testing24, No.6, 2005, p.712.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBERS FILLED WITH CARBON NANOTUBESMathew G; Hong J P; Rhee J M; Lee H S; Nah C

Electrospun composite nanofibres, prepared by solution blending of polybutylene terephthalate and carbon nanotubes prior to electrospinning, were characterised morphologically using scanning electron microscopy, thermally using thermogravimetric analysis, and for their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy and indentation testing. Addition of carbon nanotubes increased the modulus of the fibre by a factor of almost three and its thermal stability, but increased its diameter slightly and gave a slightly rougher surface finish. 25 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.949717

Item 487ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering. 2004, p.1030, CD-ROM, 012FUNCTIONALIZED ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FOR POTENTIAL USE IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONSCasper C L; Yamaguchi N; Chase B; Rabolt J F; Kiick K L

Incorporation of heparin into electrospun polyethylene oxide fibres, both as free heparin and functionalised onto polyethylene glycol four-arm star polymers, was achieved during the electrospinning process. Fibres were characterised by field emission scanning electron and confocal laser microscopies. The fibres produced by this process should have biomedical applications. 3 refs.

Delaware,University; Dupont(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.949653

Item 488ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering. 2004, p.1022-3, CD-ROM, 012CARBON NANOTUBE REINFORCED BOMBYX MORI NANOFIBERS BY THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSAyutsede J; Gandhi M; Sukigara S; Micklus M; Ko F

Electrospinning of a formic acid solution mixture of bombyx mori silk and carbon nanotubes to give smooth reinforced silk fibres is described. Fibres were characterised using Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, field emission environmental scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X-ray scattering and tensile testing. Fibres had a smooth circular cross section with increased Young's modulus but lower breaking strain than the original unaligned silk fibre. 6 refs.

Drexel,University; Niigata,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)JAPAN; USA

Accession no.949649

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 145

Item 489ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering. 2004, p.988-9, CD-ROM, 012TAILORING THE WETTABILITY OF ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS MATSRobinette E J; Palmese G R

The use of plasma radiation grafting for modification of hydrophilic properties of electrospun polysulphone fibres was discussed. Surface analysis was carried out on the fibrous mats using contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, and environmental field emission scanning electron microscopy. 7 refs.

Drexel,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.949628

Item 490Polymer News30, No.6, June 2005, p.170.MELT ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMERS: A REVIEWLyons J; Ko F

A comprehensive review is presented on the history of the development of polymeric nanofibres. Sections are included on electro hydrodynamic atomisation, electrospinning, fibre characterisation (physical, structural and mechanical) and theoretical modelling. 66 refs.

Drexel,UniversityUSA

Accession no.949289

Item 491Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology18, No.4, Oct.-Nov.2005, p.241.ELECTROSPINNING OF UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED AND MOLECULARLY ORIENTED POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS WITH DIVIDED COLLECTORSJalili R; Hoseini S A K; Morshed M

Polyacrylonitrile nanofibres were produced from a DMF solution using an optimised gap method and their structure, birefringence and molecular orientation investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and polarised optical microscopy. 30 refs.

Isfahan,University of TechnologyIRAN

Accession no.949279

Item 492Macromolecular Rapid Communications26, No.16, 19th Aug.2005, p.1325.FABRICATION OF CDS NANORODS IN PVP FIBER MATRICES BY ELECTROSPINNINGXiaofeng Lu; Yiyang Zhao; Ce wang; Yen Wei

The fabrication of rod-like nanostructures consisting of cadmium sulphide incorporated in polyvinyl pyrrolidone fibre matrices by electrospinning is described. The nanostructures are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV vis spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy and shown to be composed of fibres with a diameter between 100 and 900 nm and cadmium sulphide nanorods having diameters of about 50 nm and lengths of from 100 to 300 nm. 26 refs.

Jilin,University; Drexel,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.949246

Item 493ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.945-6, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSTATIC LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY OF POLYELECTROLYTES ON SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZED ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS AND METAL OXIDE DEPOSITIONDrew C; Bruno F F; Xianyan Wang; Bon-Cheol Ku; Samuelson L A; Kumar J

Polyacrylonitrile nanofibres were surface functionalised by immersion in a solution of sodium hydroxide to give hydrophilic polyacrylic acid nanofibres. These nanofibres were then dipped alternately in cationic and anionic solutions to deposit polyelectrolytes on their surfaces and employed as substrates for the liquid phase deposition of titanium dioxide thereon. 8 refs.

Massachusetts,University; US,Army Soldier & Biological Chemical Command(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.949235

Item 494ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.941-2, CD-ROM, 012

References and Abstracts

146 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

ELECTROSPINNING: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF TWISTED AND DRAWN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBER YARNSFennessey S F; Farris R J

Twisted and drawn PAN nanofibre yarns for carbon fibre production were prepared by electrospinning and their mechanical properties investigated by tensile testing. The effects of twisting and drawing on the mechanical properties of the nanofibres and precursor yarns were examined and the electrospun fibres characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Both drawing and twisting were found to improve the mechanical properties of the yarns. 8 refs.

Massachusetts,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.949233

Item 495ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.818-9, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF NANOFIBERS OF PMMA-CO-PMAA AND PMMA-CO-PMAA/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES VIA ELECTROSPINNINGWang M; Hsieh A J; Rutledge G C

Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-co-PMAA) copolymers were synthesised by emulsion polymerisation. PMMA-co-PMAA nanocomposites containing montmorillonite or fluorohectorite were synthesised by in-situ emulsion polymerisation to enhance dispersion and exfoliation of the clay. Dimethyl formamide solutions of the copolymers and their nanocomposites were characterised by extensional and shear rheology studies, and used for nanofibre preparation by electrospinning. The presence of methacrylic acid increased the glass transition temperature of the copolymers and enhanced the spinnability. The nanoclay additions further enhanced the spinnability. Montmorillonite exhibited superior dispersion and exfoliation compared with fluorohectorite, attributed to its smaller lateral size. 5 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; US,Army Research Laboratory(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.948990

Item 496ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.

Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.775-6, CD-ROM, 012MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF ELECTROSPUN POLYBLEND NONWOVEN MATS THROUGH MULTI-SPINNERETLee K H; Kim H; Kim K; Kim C; Kim W; Pyo S

Nonwoven mats containing both thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) elastomer and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) fibres were produced by electrospinning using multiple spinnerettes. Mats were also produced using the individual polymers. The concentration of point-bonds in the PU elastomer mats was higher than in the PCL mats. The mats were characterised by tensile, loading-unloading and trouser tear testing. The tensile strength and the elongation at break increased with increasing PU elastomer content, whilst a decrease in tear strength was observed. 3 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Korea,Institute of Machinery & Materials; Hannam,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)KOREA

Accession no.948970

Item 497Smart Materials and Structures14, No.4, Aug.2005, p.N16.OPTIMUM PARAMETERS FOR PRODUCTION OF NANOFIBRES BASED ON POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANE SULFONIC ACID) BY ELECTRO-SPINNINGSeon Jeong Kim; Jun Young Lim; In Young Kim; Sang Hoon Lee; Tae Soo Lee; Sun I Kim

Electrospinning of a solution of the above polymer in ethanol was performed in order to produce uniform nanofibres. The optimum nanofibre morphologies were observed for a 6 wt % concentration solution, a 15 kV electric field, a 10 microlitre/min feeding rate and a 15 cm distance between the capillary tip and grounded collector. The average diameter of the electrospun fibres was of the order of 60 nm. Uniform nanofibres were produced by controlling the various parameters of electrospinning, i.e. change of concentration, electric field, and feeding rate. The effect of these parameters on the electrospun nanofibres was investigated using field emission SEM. 16 refs.

Hanyang,University; Dankook,University; Chungbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.948518

Item 498ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.527-8, CD-ROM, 012

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 147

REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING OF HYDROGEL NANOFIBERSSae-Hoon Kim; Green R E; Seong H Kim

The preparation of hydrogel nanofibres by means of reactive electrospinning of a precursor solution composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, crosslinker (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and photoinitiator (Dorocur-1173) under UV irradiation is reported. The polymerisation of the precursor solution during electrospinning is confirmed by IR spectroscopy and the fibres are characterised by optical microscopy. 5 refs.

Kangnung,National University; Pennsylvania,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)KOREA

Accession no.948230

Item 499ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.517-8, CD-ROM, 012PREPARATION OF ZIRCONIA-BASED CERAMICS NANOFIBERS BY SOL-GEL ELECTROSPINNINGXiaoming Xu; Long Ling

The preparation of dense zirconia-yttria and zirconia-silica nanofibres by means of a sol-gel procedure using a small amount of PEO followed by electrospinning and calcination is reported. The characterisation of the ceramic nanofibres by scanning electron microscopy, TEM and X-ray diffraction is also reported. 6 refs.LOUISIANA,STATE UNIVERSITY

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.948226

Item 500Polymer46, No.18, 2005, p.7346.DEFORMATION PROCESSES OF ULTRAHIGH POROUS MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES/POLYCARBONATE COMPOSITE FIBRES PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGKim G-M; Michler G H; Poetschke P

Nanocompos i te f ib res were fabr ica ted f rom polycarbonate and multiwalled carbon nanotubes by electrospinning using chloroform as solvent. The nanofibres were structurally characterised with respect to the orientation and dispersion of the nanotubes in the nanofibres and the deformation of the nanofibres investigated by in-situ tensile testing. The morphology of the nanofibres was determined by TEM and scanning

electron microscopy and the relationship between the morphology and deformation characteristics of the nanofibres examined. 33 refs.

Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle; Leibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.948213

Item 501Polymer46, No.18, 2005, p.7191CHARGE CONSEQUENCES IN ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) NANOFIBERSKalayci V E; Patra P K; Kim Y K; Ugbolue S C; Warner S B

A report is presented on the electrospinning of PAN nanofibres in which the polymer solutions are subjected to charging, including positive induction charging, negative induction charging and ionised field charging. The effects of applied voltage and solution properties on charge density are examined and charge density measurements compared with charge density calculations and found to be in agreement. 25 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.948198

Item 502Journal of Applied Polymer Science97, No.3, 5th Aug.2005, p.1292.EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPINNING ETHYL CELLULOSE FIBERSXiaohui Wu; Linge Wang; Hui Yu; Yong Huang

Ethyl cellulose fibres were produced by electrospinning using mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the solvent. The diameter of fibres produced using mixed solvents was smaller than that of fibres produced using either solvent alone, and the distribution of diameters was narrower. The range of THF concentrations from which fibres could be spun increased on the addition of DMAc. Tubercles were formed on the fibre surface when mixed solvents were used, attributed to the difference in the volatilisation rates of the solvents. 15 refs.

Chinese Academy of SciencesCHINA

Accession no.947906

Item 503Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition43, No.16, 15th Aug.2005, p.2190.

References and Abstracts

148 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

STUDY ON CORRELATION OF MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN PRODUCTS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE WITH ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHTZhao Y Y; Yang Q B; Lu X F; Wang C; Wei Y

The preparation of polymer colloids, beaded fibres, smooth fibres and ribbons by electrospinning aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide of ultrahigh molecular weight containing sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate surfactant is described. The effects of polymer concentration and solution rheology on the morphology of the products were investigated using SEM and the results are discussed. 20 refs.

Jilin,University; Drexel,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.947795

Item 504Synthetic Metals151, No.3, 2005, p.275.ELECTROSPUN POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE-2,5-DIYL) FIBER FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORGonzalez R; Pinto N J

The fabrication of a field effect transistor (FET) based on submicron-sized fibres of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) prepared by electrospinning of chloroform solutions is described. The electrical characteristics of the device are discussed in comparison with those for an FET based on a thin film of P3HT. 11 refs.

Puerto Rico,UniversityUSA

Accession no.947786

Item 505Macromolecules38, No.9, 3rd May 2005, p.3719.REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING OF CROSS-LINKED POLY(2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) NANOFIBERS AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL HYDROGEL NANOFIBERS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSSeong Han Kim; Sae-Hoon Kim; Nair S; Moore E

Elastomeric nanofibres of crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were synthesised by a reactive electrospinning process in which photoinduced polymerisation and crosslinking occurred during the electrospinning process. The dry nanofibres mostly had diameters between 100 and 500 nm, depending on the viscosity of the precursor solution. When swollen in aqueous solution, the crosslinked polymer fibres showed remarkably elastic properties. 22 refs.

Pennsylvania,State University; Kangnung,National UniversityKOREA; USA

Accession no.947350

Item 506Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition43, No.14, 15th July 2005, p.1881.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENE/POLY(2-METHOXY-5-(2'-ETHYLHEXYLOXY)-1,4-PHENYLENE VINYLENE) BLENDSWutticharoenmongkol P; Supaphol P; Srikhirin T; Kerdcharoen T; Osotchan T

Blends of PS and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) were electrospun from solutions of chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and tetrahydrofuran. The effects of blend composition and blend concentration, applied potential, single and mixed solvent systems and addition of an organic salt (pyridinium formate) on the morphological properties and size of the resulting fibres were investigated. The photoluminescence characteristics of solutions of the blends in a mixed solvent system (chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane) and fibres produced therefrom were also investigated. 13 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Mahidol UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.947216

Item 507Polymer46, No.16, 2005, p.6128.SYSTEMATIC PARAMETER STUDY FOR ULTRA-FINE FIBER FABRICATION VIA ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSTan S-H; Inai R; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S

Processing parameters effects on the morphology such as fibre diameter and its uniformity of electrospun lactide-caprolactone copolymer and polylactic acid nanofibres were investigated. A processing map summarised effects of solution properties and processing conditions on the electrospun nanofibres morphology was obtained. Polymer concentration, molecular weight, electrical conductivity of solvents were found as dominant parameters to control morphology. 21 refs.

Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE

Accession no.947017

Item 508Journal of Materials Chemistry15, No.31, 21st Aug.2005, p.3241.DIRECT FABRICATION OF ENZYME-CARRYING POLYMER NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGHerricks T E; Kim S-H; Kim J; Li D; Kwak J H; Grate J W; Kim S H; Xia Y

The preparation of nanofibres of composites of the enzyme, alpha-chymotrypsin stabilised with the

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 149

surfactant dioctyl sulphosuccinate, with polystyrene and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) by direct electrospinning of a solution in toluene is described. The electrospun mats were characterised by SEM and TEM, and enzyme activity and stability with and without treatment by glutaraldehyde is discussed in comparison with that for bulk films. 11 refs.

Washington,University; Kangnung,National University; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Pennsylvania,State UniversityKOREA; USA

Accession no.946830

Item 509Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition43, No.13, 1st July 2005, p.1673.PREPARATION OF SUBMICRON-SCALE, ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE FIBERS VIA DIRECT DISSOLUTIONKim C-W; Frey M W; Marquez M; Joo Y L

The effects of collector temperature and type and of post-spinning treatment on the morphology of submicron electrospun cellulose fibres prepared using a solvent system based on lithium chloride and N,N-dimethylacetamide, were investigated using SEM and XRD. The evolution of fibre morphology with time due to water absorption and swelling caused by residual salt and solvent is described, and the processing conditions necessary for the preparation of dry and stable cellulose fibres are discussed. 20 refs.

Cornell University; Kraft Foods; Los Alamos National LaboratoryUSA

Accession no.946721

Item 510Journal of Applied Polymer Science97, No.2, 15th July 2005, p.466.PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE MEMBRANESZhao Z; Li J; Yuan X; Li X; Zhang Y; Sheng J

PVDF was electrospun into fibrous membranes from its solutions in a mixture of DMF and acetone. The membranes were viewed under an SEM. The effects of acetone amount, polymer concentration, and capillary-collector distance on the morphology of the membranes were studied. Tensile properties and crystallisation of the membranes were also investigated. 29 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.945865

Item 511Synthetic Metals150, No.3, 2005, p.265.EFFECTS OF IRON CATALYST ON THE FORMATION OF CRYSTALLINE DOMAIN DURING CARBONIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN ACRYLIC NANOFIBERPark S H; Jo S M; Kim D Y; Lee W S; Kim B C

A solution of PAN in DMAc containing iron(III) acetylacetonate was electrospun and the resulting nanofibres carbonised at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Changes in the structure and surface morphology of the nanofibres during carbonisation were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, TEM and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the iron compound on the crystal structure and electrical conductivity of the carbonised fibre was examined and the suitability of the carbonised fibres for gas diffusion electrodes and supercapacitor electrodes briefly considered. 24 refs.

Hanyang,University; Korea,Institute of Science & TechnologyKOREA

Accession no.944994

Item 512Polymer46, No.13, 2005, p.4853.FORMATION OF WATER-RESISTANT HYALURONIC ACID NANOFIBERS BY BLOWING-ASSISTED ELECTRO-SPINNING AND NON-TOXIC POST TREATMENTSX Wang; I C Um; D Fang; Okamoto A; B S Hsaio; B Chu

Effects of different conditions, including air-blowing rate, hyaluronic acid (HA) solution concentration, solution feed rate, applied electric field and type of collector, used in the blowing assisted electrospinning of hyaluronic acid nanofibres were evaluated. With increased air blowing, solution feed rate could be increased and electric field reduced. Optimum spinning conditions were determined and fibres were observed using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Post treatment of the nanofibres to give water resistance were evaluated, and the immersion treatment in an ethanol/hydrochloric acid/water bath proved better than a hydrochloric acid vapour treatment followed by freezing. The stabilisation of HA fibres and fabrics was investigated using infrared spectroscopy and viscosity changes after freezing of the solutions, and crosslinking caused by hydrogen bonding was indicated. 34 refs.

Stony Brook,University; Stonybrook Technology & Applied Research Inc.; DenkaJAPAN; USA

Accession no.944817

References and Abstracts

150 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 513Polymer46, No.13, 2005, p.4799.ELECTROSPINNING OF LINEAR HOMOPOLYMERS OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE: EXPLORING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FIBER FORMATION, VISCOSITY, MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATION IN A GOOD SOLVENTGupta P; Elkins C; Long T E; Wilkes G L

Relationships between polymer molecular weight, solution concentration, solution viscosity and the ability to produce fibres in an electrospinning process were explored experimentally, using seven linear polymethyl methacrylate samples of different molecular weights and solutions of different concentrations, and theoretically by consideration of critical chain overlap concentrations and calculated intrinsic viscosities. Fibre formation was found to depend on molecular weight distribution (MWD) as well, with wider MWD requiring more concentrated solutions for fibre formation. Optical microscopy was used to examine fibre formation. Effects of different solution concentrations and crossover regions where chain entanglement commenced were discussed. 59 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.944812

Item 514Polymer46, No.14, 2005, p.5133.ULTRA-FINE POLYELECTROLYTE FIBERS FROM ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ACRYLIC ACID)Lei Li; You-Lo Hsieh

Fibres of poly(acrylic acid) were prepared by electrospinning, using aqueous or dimethylformamide solutions. The fibre diameters were in the range 80-500 nm, and increased with increasing solution concentration and electrospinning voltage. More uniform diameters were obtained using aqueous solutions, particularly those with an addition of sodium chloride or sodium hydroxide. The heat capacity in the glass transition region and the dehydration temperature of fibres produced from aqueous solution increased with increasing electrospinning voltage. Water-insoluble fibres were prepared by adding beta-cyclodextrin to the aqueous solution and crosslinking the fibres by heat treatment at 140 C for 20 min. The resulting hydrogel fibres exhibited pH-responsive swelling behaviour. 23 refs.

California,University at DavisUSA

Accession no.944685

Item 515Macromolecular SymposiaNo.225, 2005, p.9.ROLE OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS IN STEM CELL TECHNOLOGIES AND TISSUE ENGINEERINGBoudriot U; Goetz B; Dersch R; Greiner A; Wendorff J-H

The osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells onto a three-dimensional matrix of electrospun poly(L-lactide) nanofibres as nanostructured scaffold is reported. The incorporation of various additives such as growth and differentiation factors during the electrospinning process, and the applications of the electrospun nanofibres in tissue engineering are discussed. 22 refs.

Marburg,Philipps UniversityEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.944616

Item 516Polimeri25, No.4, 2004, p.116.CroatianELECTROSPINNING: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND PROCESSING PARAMETERSAgic A

A theoretical framework was established for gaining an understanding of the physical mechanisms of electrospinning of nanofibres, with parameter regime prediction. A slender-body theory for stretched and charged jet was applied to this problem. For the steady electrospinning process, a jet profile was determined numerically. A linear stability analysis of axisymmetric perturbation of the electric jet was performed. A dynamics model of the jet bending was derived and solved numerically for a PEO solution. The important electrospinning processing parameters were optimised using the response surface methodology based on experimental data. Useful operating diagrams in volume flux-electric field space are discussed. 16 refs.

Zagreb,SveucilisteCROATIA

Accession no.943101

Item 517E-PolymersNo.38, 2005, p.1.POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) NANOFIBRES BY ELECTROSPINNING: INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT ON FIBRE SHAPEZeng Jun; Haoqing Hou; Wendorff J H; Greiner A

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 151

PVAl nanofibres were obtained by electrospinning of PVAl/water solutions. The formation of beaded fibres, together with decreased fibre diameters was observed for low PVAl concentrations. Electrospinning of blends of PVAl of different molec.wts. was found to result in less bead formation and smaller fibre diameters as compared with the corresponding homopolymers of similar viscosity. It was suggested that plasticisation by the lower molec.wt. component of the PVAl blends could prevent bead formation. 27 refs.

Marburg,Philipps UniversitatEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.943072

Item 518Macromolecular Research13, No.2, April 2005 p.107.A SIMULATION METHOD FOR MODELING THE MORPHOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC NANOWEBSHyungsup Kim; Dae-Woong Kim; Moon-Hwo Seo; Kwang Soo Cho; Jung Rim Haw

Using a Monte Carlo method, an algorithm was developed to simulate generation of polymeric micro webs. Dimensional analysis with this algorithm allowed expression of penetration time as a function of fibre diameter, area ratio and number of layers in the web. 13 refs.

Seoul,Konkuk University; Kyungpook,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.942670

Item 519Macromolecules38, No.11, 31st May 2005, p.4705.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS OF BLENDS OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS: MORPHOLOGY, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, AND FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORSBabel A; Dan Li; Younan Xia; Jenekhe S A

Morphology, optical and electrical properties of two series of electrospun nanofibres consisting of blends of methylethylhexoxy phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) polymers with either polyhexylthiophene (PHT) or polydioctylfluorene were characterised and compared with thin films of the same polymer blends. Phase separated domains in the fibres were much smaller than in films, with no energy transfer apparent in the fibres. Fibres had a core/shell structure. Hole mobility of field effect transistors prepared from fibres depended strongly on blend composition, and this property could be exploited in the manufacture of these devices. Blends were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet visible

near infrared and photoluminescence spectra, and current-voltage measurements. 22 refs.

Washington,UniversityUSA

Accession no.942635

Item 520Macromolecular Rapid Communications26, No.9, 9th May 2005, p.728.MECHANICAL DEFORMATION PROCESS OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERSKim G-M; Lach R; Michler G H; Chang Y-W

Nanocomposites were synthesised by the dispersion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate in the presence of sodium montmorillonite. Intercalation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thin sections obtained by microtoming, and subjected to tensile testing whilst observed by transmission electron microscopy, failed in a brittle manner, with crazing. Fibres however, prepared by electrospinning chloroform solutions of the nanocomposites, deformed by a shear flow process resulting in necking. The difference in deformation behaviour was attributed to overlapping of the stress fields caused by nanopores in the fibre, showing that the deformation mode of a brittle material may be changed to ductile by control of the morphology. 16 refs.

Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat; Hanyang,UniversityEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; KOREA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.942547

Item 521Macromolecular Rapid Communications26, No.9, 9th May 2005, p.716.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A SINGLE ELECTROSPUN FIBER AND ITS STRUCTURESShu-Ying Gu; Qi-Lin Wu; Jie Ren; Vancso G J

Polyacrylonitrile fibre was prepared by electrospinning, and the structure determined by wide angle X-ray diffraction. Short lengths of fibre were attached horizontally to the end of the cantilever of an atomic force microscope, which was used to measure the force as the fibre was bent by deflecting the free end. Young's modulus was determined from the resulting force-displacement curve. The Young's modulus increased with increasing voltage used for electrospinning. The high modulus was attributed to molecular chain orientation. 21 refs.

Tongji,University; Shanghai,Donghua University; Twente,UniversityCHINA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.942545

References and Abstracts

152 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 522Journal of Applied Polymer Science97, No.1, 5th July 2005, p.165.PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOFIBERS PREPARED FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYIMIDEChung G S; Jo S M; Kim B C

Fibres of polyimide containing 0.3-3.0 wt% ferric acetylacetonate were prepared by electrospinning using a dimethylacetamide solution. The carbonisation of nonwoven fabrics were studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The ferric acetylacetonate additions promoted carbonisation and increased the carbon yield, and remained as particles within the fibre after carbonisation. Turbostratic-orientated graphite layers were observed around the particles, a feature previously only seen in rigid-chain, insoluble polyimide carbonised under tension. 19 refs.

Hanyang,University; Korea,Institute of Science & TechnologyKOREA

Accession no.942492

Item 523Advanced Materials17, No.8, 18th April 2005, p.1048.TOWARDS INTERNAL STRUCTURING OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS BY HIERARCHICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY OF POLYMERIC COMB-SHAPED SUPRAMOLECULESRuotsalainen T; Turku J; Heikkila P; Ruokainen J; Nykanen A; Laitinen T; Torkkeli M; Serimaa R; ten Brinke G; Harlin A; Ikkala O

The microstructure of fibres of a self-assembling block copolymer/amphiphile system, produced by electrospinning a supramolecular complex of poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) hydrogen bonded to 3-n-pentadecylphenol, was investigated using AFM, TEM, proton NMR and SAXS. The effects of spinning conditions and block copolymer molecular weight on the fibre thickness and pore size are discussed. 34 refs.

Helsinki,University of Technology; Tampere,University of Technology; Helsinki,University; Groningen,UniversityEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.942460

Item 524Polymer Engineering and Science45, No.5, May 2005, p.704.EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JET INSTABILITY AND FORMATION OF BEADED FIBERS DURING ELECTROSPINNING

Weiwei Zuo; Meifang Zhu; Wen Yang; Hao Yu; Yanmo Chen; Yu Zhang

An investigation was carried out into the formation of bead-on-string structures during the electrospinning of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) solutions. The effects of various variables, including applied voltage, solution feeding rate, mixed solvents, solution conductivity and surface tension, on fibre morphologies were examined and the role of axisymmetric instabilities of the electrospinning jet in beaded fibre formation assessed. 21 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.941597

Item 525Polymer46, No.10, 2005, p.3407.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(MMA-CO-MAA) COPOLYMERS AND THEIR LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES FOR IMPROVED THERMAL PROPERTIESWang M; Hsieh A J; Rutledge G C

Sub-micron fibres of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) polymers and nanocomposites were prepared by electrospinning. The enhanced glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the methacrylic acid-containing copolymers was attributed to the formation of anhydrides on heating. Nanocomposites containing montmorillonite (MMT) gave uniform fibres, whilst those containing fluorohectorite (FH) had protrusions. Predictions of electrospinnability based upon rheology and conductivity measurements were in good agreement with experimental observations. The addition of clay enhanced the electrospinnability. The MMT was exfoliated, well-distributed in the fibre and oriented along the fibre axis. Char formation was observed on heating the MMT-containing fibres above the decomposition temperature, indicating reduced flammability and increased self-extinguishing properties. The FH-containing fibres disintegrated into film or powder. 62 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; US,Army,Aberdeen Proving GroundUSA

Accession no.941371

Item 526Polymer46, No.10, 2005, p.3372.ROLE OF CHAIN ENTANGLEMENTS ON FIBER FORMATION DURING ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS: GOOD SOLVENT, NON-SPECIFIC POLYMER-POLYMER INTERACTION LIMIT

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 153

Shenoy S; Bates W D; Frisch H L; Wnek G E

A semi-empirical model was developed for the electrospinning process, for polymer/good solvent systems, to establish the parameters at which the process changed from electrospraying to electrospinning, so as to avoid time-consuming trial and error studies to establish suitable process conditions. The polymer concentration necessary for fibre formation is determined using entanglement and weight average molecular weights. The model correctly predicted, for a variety of polymer/solvent systems, that one entanglement per chain resulted in incomplete fibre formation, whilst complete, stable fibre formation occurred with 2.5 or more entanglements per chain. 82 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth University; Albany,University of New YorkUSA

Accession no.941368

Item 527Polymer46, No.10, 2005, p.3211.MICROSCOPIC POLYMER CUPS BY ELECTROSPINNINGJing Liu; Kumar S

Poly(methyl methacrylate) was subjected to electrospinning using a variety of solvents (methylene chloride, acetone, dimethyl formamide, acrylonitrile, nitromethane and formic acid) at a relatively low concentration. Under these conditions, it was possible to produce a range of shapes other than fibres. Cups with a wall thickness of 200-800 nm, with pores of 50-300 nm, were obtained when using solvents of high dielectric constant. 15 refs.

Georgia,Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.941350

Item 528Journal of Membrane Science250, No.1-2, 15th March 2005, p.167.IMMOBILIZATION OF CELLULASE IN NANOFIBROUS PVA MEMBRANES BY ELECTROSPINNINGLili Wu; Xiaoyan Yuan; Jing Sheng

The immobilisation of the enzyme cellulase in nanofibrous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes was investigated by electrospinning from an acetic acid solution of PVA and cellulase and crosslinking by glutaraldehyde vapour. The catalytic activity of the immobilised enzyme was compared to that of the free enzyme, and the effects of enzyme loading efficiency and crosslinking time on catalytic activity are discussed.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.941320

Item 529Journal of Applied Polymer Science96, No.4, 15th May 2005, p.983.PREPARATION OF CONDUCTING NYLON-6 ELECTROSPUN FIBER WEBS BY THE IN SITU POLYMERIZATION OF POLYANILINEHong K H; Oh K W; Kang T J

Polyaniline/nylon-6 composite nanofibre webs were prepared by the electrospinning process with a nylon-6/formic acid polymer solution. The polyaniline was chemically polymerised on the surface of the webs. Electrical conductivity measurements are presented. Results were confirmed using FTIR, ESCA and morphological analysis. 16 refs.

Seoul,National University; Seoul,Chung-Ang UniversityKOREA

Accession no.940790

Item 530Polymer46, No.8, 2005, p.2799.SCALING LAW IN ELECTROSPINNING: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRIC CURRENT AND SOLUTION FLOW RATEJi-Huan Hee; Yu-Qin Wan; Jian-Yong Yu

Simulation of electrospinning using mathematical equations was improved by a new equation for the charge conservation. This results in a non-linear relation between electric current for the charged jet and solution flow rate. Less empirical input is now required, but the equation still requires experimental verification 24 refs.

Donghua,University; China,Ministry of EducationCHINA

Accession no.940760

Item 531Polymer46, No.8, 2005, p.2419.CONTINUOUS YARNS FROM ELECTROSPUN FIBERSSmit E; Buttner U; Sanderson R D

Continuous yarn production from electrospun fibres of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyacrylonitrile is described and demonstrated, The technique involves spinning into water and drawing the resulting mat of fibres across the water surface. Potential throughput rates are up to 180 metres/hr per spinning needle with a high degree of fibre alignment, as witnessed by scanning electron microscopy studies. 14 refs.

Stellenbosch,UniversitySOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.940721

References and Abstracts

154 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 532ANTEC 2004. Proceedings of the 62nd SPE Annual conference held Chicago, Il., 16th-20th May, 2004.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.3905-9, CD-ROM, 012EFFECTS OF THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS ON THE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENEPai S; Gunja N J

The influence of Mw and solution concentration on the electrospinning of polystyrene in theta and non-theta solvents was studied. The jet breakdown phenomena were visually recorded for different molecular weights. The splitting and splaying of the jet was strongly affected by the molecular characteristics, and was analysed in terms of the dimensionless concentration (eta)c. 7 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic Institute(SPE)USA

Accession no.939339

Item 533ANTEC 2004. Proceedings of the 62nd SPE Annual conference held Chicago, Il., 16th-20th May, 2004.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.3900-4, CD-ROM, 012EVALUATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMER COATINGS ON 316 STAINLESS STEEL MESHESCaron L; Thomas M; Youmans K

Electrospinning is an advantageous technique for applying porous coatings onto porous substrates, particularly those used for biomedical applications. This paper explores the feasibility of electrospinning polystyrene coatings onto stainless steel meshes with varying conditions. The effect of pore size and surface treatment on the morphology, thickness, and adhesion of the coatings obtained were examined. 6 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic Institute(SPE)USA

Accession no.939338

Item 534China Synthetic Fiber Industry28, No.1, Feb.2005, p.13.PREPARATION OF POLYAMIDE 6 NANOFIBER VIA ELECTROSPINNINGYongtang J; Fengchun D; Xinyuan S; Xigui J

The effects of various factors on the electrospinning of polyamide-6 and on the morphology and diameter of the resulting fibres were investigated. Optimum conditions for the preparation of nanofibres having diameters lower than 100 nm in formic acid solution were established. 5 refs.

Liaodong,Academy; Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.938574

Item 535Polymer46, No.9, 2005, p.2889.MULTIPLE JETS IN ELECTROSPINNING. EXPERIMENT AND MODELINGTheron S A; Yarin A L; Zussman E; Kroll E

Details are given of an experimental investigation and modelling of the use of multiple jets during the electrospinning of polymer solutions. Realistic configurations of the external electric field between the electrodes were employed and models were used to describe the viscoelastic behaviour of the polymer jets. Results for the electrospinning of polyethylene oxide demonstrated how the external electric fields and mutual electric interaction of multiple charged jets influence their path and evolution during the electrospinning process. 29 refs.

Israel,Institute of TechnologyISRAEL

Accession no.938522

Item 536Polymer46, No.7, 2005, p.2011.ELECTROSPINNING OF LINEAR AND HIGHLY BRANCHED SEGMENTED POLYURETHANE UREASMcKee M G; Park T; Unal S; Yilgor I; Long T E

Details are given of the formation of electrospun fibrous mats from linear and highly branched polyurethane ureas. Elongation of the formed fibres was investigated using stress-strain experiments. Characterisation was also undertaken using size exclusion chromatography and SEM. 33 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic InstituteUSA

Accession no.938413

Item 537Composite Interfaces11, No.8-9, 2005, p.711.ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS COATED WITH METAL OXIDES BY LIQUID PHASE DEPOSITIONDrew C; Wang X; Bruno F F; Samuelson L A; Kumar J

The surface funct ional isat ion of e lectrospun polyacrylonitrile fibres by treatment with sodium hydroxide to produce carboxylic acid groups followed by adsorption of the polyelectrolytes poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(styrene sulphonate) prior to coating with a film of titanium dioxide, is described. The effects of surface treatments on metal oxide nucleation density were investigated using SEM and TEM, and the results are discussed. 15 refs.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 155

Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems CenterUSA

Accession no.938193

Item 538Polymer45, No.26, 9 Dec.2004, p.8705.INFLUENCE OF SELF-COMPLEMENTARY HYDROGEN BONDING ON SOLUTION RHEOLOGY/ELECTROSPINNING RELATIONSHIPSMcKee M G; Elkins C L; Long T E

Poly(alkyl methacrylate)s containing pendant carboxylic acid groups or self-complementary multiple hydrogen bonding (SCMHB) groups were synthesised to study the effects of intermolecular associations on solution rheology and electrospinning performance. The dielectric constant of the cosolvent was varied to allow systematic screening of intermolecular interactions and to follow the influence of hydrogen bonding on electrospun fibre morphology. The polymers were studied by SEC, proton NMR, field emission SEM, viscosity measurements and solution conductivity. The diameters of electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) fibres agreed with previously developed predictions but those of electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-co-PMAA) fibres were smaller than predicted when electrospun from dimethyl formamide (DMF), due to dissociation of the carboxylic acid group that increased solution conductivity. Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-SCMHB methacrylate) displayed significant hydrogen bonding associations with decreasing solvent dielectric constant to give increased viscosity and lower entanglement concentration. Strong hydrogen bonding between the SCMHB groups in relatively nonpolar solvents increased the apparent molecular weight of the copolymers, and significantly larger electrospun fibres than predicted were obtained. 37 refs.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.937367

Item 539Polymer46, No.3, 2005, p.611.ELECTROSPINNING WITH DUAL COLLECTION RINGSDalton P D; Klee D; Moeller M

An array of electrospun fibres of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) was produced which was three-dimensionally suspended between two grounded rings. Lower applied voltages resulted in less fibre splitting and very little interconnectivity. A voltage of 15 kV resulted in straight single electrospun fibres with lengths of 40-100 mm and a diameter of 1.26 plus or minus 0.19

micrometres. These suspended fibres could be converted to a multifilament yarn with a diameter of less than 5 micrometres and a length of 50 mm by rotating one of the collecting rings. Potential tissue engineering and medical applications of this process were suggested. 15 refs.

Aachen,RWTHEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.937323

Item 540Journal of Applied Polymer Science96, No.2, April 2005, p.557.ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBERSSubbiah T; Bhat G S; Tock R W; Parameswaran S; Ramkumar S S

An in-depth review of research activities on the development of nanofibres, fundamental understanding of the electrospinning process and properties of nanostructured fibrous materials and their applications is discussed. A detailed account of the type of fibres that have been electrospun and their characteristics is also elaborated. 78 refs.

Lubbock,Texas Tech University; Tennessee,University at KnoxvilleUSA

Accession no.936727

Item 541Polymer46, No.5, 2005, p.1625.REGENERATION OF BOMBYX MORI SILK BY ELECTROSPINNING. III. CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN NONWOVEN MATAyutsede J; Gandhi M; Sukigara S; Micklus M; Chen H-E; Ko F

Details are given of the electrospinning of regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin in formic acid. The morphological, chemical and mechanical properties of these nanofibres were examined using SEM, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction and tensile testing. Data are presented for molecular conformations of each step of the sample preparation and the electrospinning process. The secondary structural compositions of the fibroin were determined by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. 33 refs.

Drexel,University; Niigata,University; China Textile InstituteCHINA; USA

Accession no.936378

Item 542European Polymer Journal41, No.3, March 2005, p.423.

References and Abstracts

156 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL ALCOHOL MATSZhang C; Yuan X; Wu L; Han Y; Sheng J

Submicron PVAL fibre mats were prepared by electrospinning of aqueous PVAL solutions. Fibre morphology was observed using SEM and the effects of voltage, tip-target distance, flow rate and solution parameters were evaluated. Changes in fibre morphology upon the addition of aspirin or bovine serum albumin were investigated. 30 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.936332

Item 543European Polymer Journal41, No.3, March 2005, p.409.EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON ELECTRO-SPINNABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS AND MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF RESULTING ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERSJarusuwannapoom T; Hongrojjanawiwat W; Jitjaicham S; Wannatong L; Nithitanakul M; Pattamaprom C; Koombhongse P; Rangkupan R; Supaphol P

The effects of 18 solvents and their properties on the electrospinnability of PS solutions and the morphology of PS fibres were investigated using SEM. The solutions were tested for viscosity, surface tension and conductivity. 14 refs.

Chulalongkorn,University; Thammasat,University; Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology Center; King Mongkut's Institute of TechnologyTHAILAND

Accession no.936331

Item 544ANTEC 2004. Proceedings of the 62nd SPE Annual conference held Chicago, Il., 16th-20th May, 2004.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.1446-50, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING: PREPARATION OF ALIGNED AND ORIENTED POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERSFennessey S F; Farris R J

Partially aligned and oriented polyacrylonitrile(PAN) nanofibres were prepared from solution with dimethylformamide by electrospinning with the purpose of preparing carbon nanofibres for the reinforcement of thin films. Aligned(+) birefringent fibres with diameters between 0.27-0.29 micrometer were prepared from a 15 wt% solution, electrospun at 16kV, and collected onto a wheel rotating with a surface velocity of 3.5-12.3m/s. The molecular orientation within the fibres was examined by X-ray diffraction and dichroism (FTIR). A maximum chain orientation parameter, f, of 0.23 was determined

for collection speeds between 8.1-9.8m/s. Twisted yarns of aligned PAN nanofibres with twist angles between 1.1 and 16.8 degrees were prepared. The ultimate strength and modulus of the twisted yarns increased with increasing angle of twist to a maximum of 62 +8.5 MPa and 5.9 +0.3 GPa, respectively, at an angle of 9.3 degrees. 31 refs.

Amherst,Massachusetts University(SPE)USA

Accession no.935597

Item 545Advanced Materials17, No.1, 18th Jan.2005, p.77.GRAPHITE NANOPLATELET REINFORCEMENT OF ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERSMack R J; Viculis L M; Ali A; Luoh R; Yang G; Hahn H T; Ko F K; Kaner R B

The preparation of nanocomposite fibrils by electrospinning of a PAN solution containing nanoplatelets of graphite obtained by an intercalation/exfoliation process is described. The electrospun fibres are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, TEM, TGA and nanoindentation measurements and are shown to have average diameters of 300 nm and increasing heat stability and Young's modulus with increasing weight percentage of nanoplatelets. 24 refs.

California,University at Los Angeles; Drexel,UniversityUSA

Accession no.935305

Item 546Chemistry of Materials17, No.5, 8th March 2005, p.967.ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS CONTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF WELL-ALIGNED MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBESHou H; Ge J J; Zeng J; Li Q; Reneker D H; Greiner A; Cheng S Z D

The preparation of composite sheets of well-aligned PAN nanofibres containing various amounts of multiwall carbon nanotubes by electrospinning is described. The composite nanofibre sheets are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, TEM, IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and mechanical testing and their thermal shrinkage resistance is determined over the temperature range from room temperature to 850C. 38 refs.

Jiangxi,Normal University; Akron,University; Philipps,UniversitatCHINA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.935205

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 157

Item 547Polymer Materials Science and Engineering20, No.6, Nov.2004, p.15.RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE FIBERSMeng Qing-jie; Zhang Xing-xiang

Electrospinning is a process that produces continuous polymeric fibres with diameters in the sub-micron range through the action of an external electric field imposed on a polymer solution or melt. A report is presented on the underlying principle and the equipment used, polymer characteristics, applications such as filters and membranes, reinforcement, protective clothing for soldiers, and future developments. The polymers discussed include PEO, polyamide, polyester, polyacetylene, PAN, PVC, PVDF, polycarbonate and PMMA. 25 refs.

Tianjin,Polytechnic UniversityCHINA

Accession no.933272

Item 548Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics205, No.17, 26th Nov.2004, p.2327.ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS. EFFECT OF SOLUTION CONDITIONS ON MORPHOLOGY AND AVERAGE FIBER DIAMETERMituppatham C; Nithitanakul M; Supaphol P

Details are given of the preparation of ultrafine nylon-6 fibres using the electrospinning technique. The effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the average diameter of fibres were investigated by optical scanning and SEM techniques. The effect of the addition of inorganic salts on solution conductivity and fibre diameter were also examined. 25 refs.

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.933055

Item 549Advanced Materials16, No.22, 18th Nov.2004, p.2062.NANOFIBERS OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING WITH A TWO-CAPILLARY SPINNERETLi D; Babel A; Jenekhe S A; Xia Y

The preparation of uniform nanofibres of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) and its blends with poly(3-hexylthiophene) by co-electrospinning their solutions with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP) through a coaxial capillary system followed by extraction of the PVP phase, is described. The nanofibres were characterised by fluorescence microscopy, SEM, UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy and the results discussed in comparison with spin-cast films. 24 refs.

Washington,UniversityUSA

Accession no.932831

Item 550ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2004. Volume 90. Proceedings of a conference held Anaheim, Ca., 28th March - 1st April 2004.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.51, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS BASED ON POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) AND ORGANOCLAYSKrikorian V; Casper C; Rabolt J; Pochan D J

The electrospinning of fibres of nanocomposites of poly(L-lactic acid) with montmorillonite clay organically modified with two different surfactants was investigated. The fibres were characterised by SEM, polarised optical microscopy and WAXS, and the effects of annealing on crystallinity are discussed. 3 refs.

Delaware,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.932744

Item 551Macromolecules37, No.24, Nov.2004, p.9211.IN SITU PHOTO-CROSS-LINKING OF CINNAMATE FUNCTIONALIZED POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE-CO-2-HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE) FIBERS DURING ELECTROSPINNINGGupta P; Trenor S R; Long T E; Wilkes G L

A novel methodology for in situ UV irradiation crosslinking of polymeric fibres during electrospinning is described. Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (poly(MMA-co-HEA)) is synthesised and subsequently functionalised with cinnamoyl chloride via a quantitative esterification reaction. The crosslinking process during electrospinning is monitored using FTIR spectroscopy and gel fraction analysis. The morphology before and after irradiation is investigated by scanning electron microscopy. FTIR measurements indicate both (2 +2 ) cycloaddition of the vinylene group and trans-cis photoisomerisation of the cinnamate group. Irradiated copolymers form insoluble gels indicating that photodimerisation is the primary process leading to the formation of a crosslinked network. 52 refs.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.932411

References and Abstracts

158 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 552Macromolecular SymposiaNo.217, 2004, p.413.ELECTROSPINNING P(LLA-CL) NANOFIBER: A TUBULAR SCAFFOLD FABRICATION WITH CIRCUMFERENTIAL ALIGNMENTXiumei Mo; Weber H -J

Room temperature electrospinning of a copolymer of L-lactic acid and caprolactone onto a rotating mandrel resulted in a tubular arrangement of fibres with inner diameter the same as the outer diameter of the mandrel. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction were used to examine the crystal structure, but the process did not allow crystallisation of the lactic acid sequences. A regular arrangement in the caprolactone sequence was observed. With the sharp edged auxiliary electrode perpendicular to the rotating bar, and beneath it, circumferential alignment was achieved in the nanofibres. Medical application in blood vessel tissue engineering is envisaged for the hollow tube. 4 refs.

Aachen,University of Applied SciencesEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.931656

Item 553Journal of Applied Polymer Science95, No.2, 15th Jan.2005 p.427.WATER ABSORPTION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN STRUCTURED HYDROGELSHansen L M; Smith D J; Reneker D H; Kataphinan W

Nanoscale fibres containing superabsorbent particles held in place by nanoelastic fibres were prepared by electrospinning and formed into a non-woven fabric. The water absorbency and synthetic urine absorbency of these materials was evaluated and was seen to lead to formation of structured hydrogels. Weight gain due to liquid absorption ranged up to 50000 percent, primarily by increase in thickness of the non-woven sheet of nanofibres, and only a slight change in planar dimensions. Rate of water absorption measurements indicated maximum absorbency reached within 5 seconds for samples containing up to 70 percent superabsorbents. Wet samples showed excellent strength and elasticity, leading to potential medical and sanitary applications. Samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy, stress-strain testing of wet and dry fabric samples, absorbency measurements and residue loss after equilibrium swelling. 23 refs.

Akron,UniversityUSA

Accession no.931616

Item 554Journal of Applied Polymer Science95, No.2, 15th Jan.2005 p.193.

IN VITRO DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN POLYGLYCOLIDE, POLYLACTIDE, AND POLY(LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLLIDE)Young You; Byung-Moo Min; Seung Jin Lee; Taek Seung Lee; Won Ho Park

Nanofibres of polyglycolide (PGA), polylactide (PLA) and a copolymer of two were electrospun using either chloroform or hexafluoropropanol as spinning solvent. Fibre diameters were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, and it was observed that those fibres spun using chloroform were larger in diameter and with a wider diameter distribution than those which used hexafluoropropanol, probably due to solvent polarity. In vitro degradation in phosphate buffer solutions was studied using differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray diffraction, with the PGA fibres degrading fastest and the PLA fibres slowest. Increases in crystallinity of the PGA fibres in the early stages of degradation indicated that initial hydrolytic chain cleavage was in the amorphous areas. This was followed by a gradual reduction in crystallinity as further degradation took place in these areas. 25 refs.

Chungnam,National University; Seoul,National University; Ewha Womens UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.931585

Item 555Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition42, No.21, 1st Nov.2004, p.3934.POLYANILINE/POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) COAXIAL FIBERS: THE FABRICATION AND EFFECTS OF THE SOLUTION PROPERTIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN CORE FIBERSDong H; Nyame V; MacDiarmid A G; Jones W E

Electrically conductive polyaniline (PANi)/PMMA coaxial fibres are prepared through the chemical deposition of PANi onto preformed PMMA fibres via in situ polymerisation. PMMA fibres are prepared as core materials via electrospinning. Spectral studies and scanning electron microscopy observations indicate formation of PANi/PMMA coaxial fibres with a diameter of approximately 290 nm and a PANi layer thickness of approximately 30 nm. The conductivity of the PANi/PMMA coaxial fibres is significantly higher than that of electrospun fibres of PANi/polyethylene oxide blends and blend cast films of the same PANi composition. To reproducibly generate uniform-core polymer fibres, the organic solution properties that affect the morphology and diameter of the electrospun fibres are investigated. The polymer molecular weight, solution concentration, solvent dielectric constant and addition of soluble organic salts are strongly correlated to the morphology of the electrospun fibre mat. In particular, the dielectric constants of the solvents substantially influence

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 159

both fibre diameter and bead formation. 33 refs.

New York,State University at Binghamton; Pennsylvania,UniversityUSA

Accession no.931527

Item 556Macromolecular SymposiaNo.216, 2004, p.301.ELECTROSPUN NON-WOVEN FABRICS OF POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) AND THEIR BIODEGRADATION BY PURE CULTURES OF SOIL FILAMENTOUS FUNGIOhkawa K; Hakyong Kim; Keunhyung Lee; Yamamoto H

The biodegradation of electrospun nano-fibres of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)(PCL) was investigated, using seven species of pure-cultured soil filamentous fungi. The fungi grew on the PCL non-woven fabrics, degrading the PCL nano-fibres and using them for nutrition. In the biochemical oxygen demand test, the biodegradation of the nano-fibre exceeded 20 to 30% carbon dioxide generation. The biodegradabilities decreased with increase of the mean fibre diameter. 7 refs. (8th Pacific Polymer Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, Nov.2003)

Shinshu,University; Chonbuk,National UniversityJAPAN; KOREA

Accession no.930962

Item 557Macromolecular SymposiaNo.216, 2004, p.293.EFFECTS OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION, EMITTING ELECTRODE POLARITY, SOLVENT TYPE, AND SALT ADDITION ON ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS: A PRELIMINARY REPORTMit-uppatham C; Nithitanakul M; Supaphol P

The electrospinning technique was used to produce ultra-fine polyamide-6 fibres and the effects of some solution and process parameters, i.e. solution concentration, emitting electrode polarity, solvent tyre and salt addition, on the morphological appearance of the fibres obtained were observed visually from a series of scanning electron micrographs. Solutions with sufficiently high viscosity values were found to be necessary to result in electrospun polyamide-6 fibres having uniform diameters. The use of a mixed solvent of m-cresol and formic acid was shown to have a significant effect on the morphology. The diameters of the fibres obtained increased with increasing amount of m-cresol and, at m-cresol contents of greater than 40 wt %, fused fibres were formed, which was attributable to the higher boiling point of m-cresol. It was found that flat fibres were obtained by using the negative polarity of the emitting electrode. The increased conductivity

of the solutions on increasing the amount of sodium chloride salt addition resulted in fibres of larger sizes. 9 refs. (8th Pacific Polymer Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, Nov.2003)

Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.930961

Item 558Polymer International53, No.11, Nov.2004, p.1851.EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC FIBERS: PRELIMINARY STUDY ON POLYSTYRENEWannatong L; Sirivat A; Supaphol P

Polystyrene (PS) fibres were prepared by electrospinning using a variety of solvents: acetic acid, acetonitrile, m-creasol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide (DMF). Fibre diameters decreased with increasing solvent density and boiling point. Large differences between the solubility parameters and the dielectric constants of the PS and the solvent promoted the formation of beads on the fibres. The fibre production rate (defined as the number of fibre webs per unit area per unit time) increased with increasing solvent dielectric constant and dipole moment. The highest production rate with optimum morphology was achieved using DMF. 16 refs.

King Mongkut's Institute of Technology; Chulalongkorn,UniversityTHAILAND

Accession no.930535

Item 559Polymer International53, No.11, Nov.2004, p.1704.MORPHOLOGY OF ULTRAFINE POLYSULFONE FIBERS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGXiaoyan Yuan; Yuanyuan Zhang; Cunhai Dong; Jing Sheng

Ultrafine fibres of polysulphone were prepared by electrospinning solutions of the polymer in mixtures of N,N'-dimethylacetamide and acetone, and the fibre morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy. Increasing the polymer concentration, and the proportion of acetone in the solution resulted in more uniform fibres, with fewer beads. Fibre uniformity was also improved by reducing the solution flow rate. The fibre diameter reduced with increasing voltage and increasing nozzle-to-screen distance. Uniform fibres with diameters of 300-400 nm were obtained under optimised conditions. 32 refs.

Tianjin,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.930516

References and Abstracts

160 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 560Journal of Polymers and the Environment12, No.4, Oct.2004, p.211.BIODEGRADATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) NON-WOVEN FABRICS BY PURE-CULTURED SOIL FILAMENTOUS FUNGIOhkawa K; Kim H; Lee K

The biodegradation of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone)(PCL) non-woven fabrics with different mean fibre diameters (prepared from PCL solutions of different viscosities) using various pure-cultured soil filamentous fungi was investigated by optical microscopy, SEM and biological oxygen demand testing. The effects of mean fibre diameter and type of soil filamentous fungi on biodegradability are discussed. 29 refs.

Shinshu,University; Chonbuk,National UniversityJAPAN; KOREA

Accession no.930482

Item 561E-PolymersNo.78, 2004, p.1.ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) FIBRES WITH EXCELLENT WATER-STABILITYZeng J; Hou H; Wendorff J H; Greiner A

The effects of annealing with poly(acrylic acid)(PAA) on the water stability of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) nanofibres were investigated by measurement of the swelling of solution-cast PVA/PAA films. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of reaction conditions, including PVA/PAA ratio, annealing temperature and time, PAA molecular weight, and use of an esterification catalyst, on the water stability of electrospun PVA/PAA composite nanofibres. 11 refs.

Marburg,Philipps UniversityEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.929436

Item 562Polymer Degradation and Stability86, No.2, 2004, p.257.PREPARATION OF POROUS ULTRA-FINE FIBRES VIA SELECTIVE THERMAL DEGRADATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYETHERIMIDE/POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3-HYDROXYVALERATE) FIBRESHan S O; Son W K; Cho D; Youk J H; Park W H

Porous ultra-fine fibres were prepared by electrospinning of polyetherimide/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) fibres and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) was selectively removed by thermal

degradation. Most of the saturated copolyester in the fibres was found to degrade at 210C within 90 min. and the surfaces of the fibres were highly porous following thermal degradation. Degradation at 240C gave rise membrane-like structures.

korea,Institute of Energy Research; Chungnam,National University; Kumoh,National University of Technology; Inha,UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.928754

Item 563ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, Fall Meeting. Volume 89. Proceedings of a conference held New York, 7th-11th Sept.2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials and Science and Engineering, 2003, p.658-9, CD-ROM, 012RADIATION GRAFTING ONTO ELECTROSPUN FIBERSRobinette E J; Palmese G R

The radiation grafting of acrylamide onto polysulphone electrospun fibres using an electron beam source and surface analysis of the grafted fibres by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements are reported. 7 refs.

Drexel,UniversityUSA

Accession no.927785

Item 564Macromolecular Rapid Communications25, No.18, 24th Sept.2004, p.1600.ELECTROSPINNING OF CHITOSANOhkawa K; Cha D; Kim H; Nishida A; Yamamoto H

The effects of the electrospinning solvent and chitosan concentration on the morphology of electrospun non-woven fabrics prepared from samples of the cationic polysaccharide chitosan of different molecular weights, or their blends with poly(vinyl alcohol), were investigated using SEM. The formation of homogeneous chitosan fibres with diameters in the submicron range using solvents such as trifluoroacetic acid is discussed. 38 refs.

Shinshu,University; Chonbuk,National UniversityJAPAN; KOREA

Accession no.927461

Item 565Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition42, No.20, Oct. 2004, p.3721.INFLUENCE OF SOLVENTS ON THE FORMATION OF ULTRATHIN UNIFORM POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE) NANOFIBERS WITH ELECTROSPINNINGQingbiao Yang; Zhenyu Li; Youliang Hong; Yiyang

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 161

Zhao; Shilun Qiu; Ce Wang; Yen Wei

The influence of solvents on the morphology of the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) micro/nanofibres prepared by electrospinning 4 wt% PVP in ethanol, dichloromethane, DMF or mixtures is investigated experimentally. Nanofibres spun from ethanol solution are smooth while those from dichloromethane and DMF have a bead-like microstructure. In mixed solvent systems ethanol/DMF (50:50) produces nanofibres with diameters as small as 20 nm. Increasing the PVP concentration to 10 wt% increases the fibre diameter to 300 nm and helix-shaped fibres are observed for 20 wt% solutions. For 4 wt% ethanol/dichloromethane solutions, fibres have diameters greater than 300 nm. 29 refs.

Jilin,University; Drexel,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.927175

Item 566ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting. Volume 89. Proceedings of a conference held New York, 7th-11th Sept.2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials and Science and Engineering, 2003, p.404-5, CD-ROM, 012FUNCTIONALIZED ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBERS AS TEMPLATE FOR BIOMINERALIZATIONChunmei Li; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Botsaris G D; Kaplan D L

Attempts were made to mimic the biomineralisation process. Functionalised silk fibres containing different peptides such as poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-glutamic acid and poly-L-lysine were fabricated by electrospinning. Non-woven silk mats were obtained and these were composed of fibres with diameters of less than 600 nm (more than 40 times smaller than those of the native silk fibre). After methanol treatment, the functionalised silk mats were used for mineralisation by calcium carbonate. Peptide concentration and conformation were the two main factors which affected the coating of minerals. Polyaspartic acid adopted a beta-sheet conformation in the presence of calcium ions and during electrospinning, polyaspartic acid also oriented along the silk fibre axis in a similar way to the silk. The oriented polyaspartic acid, long with silk, could act as a template for calcium carbonate nucleation. A coating of hydroxyapatite on the electrospun fibres was also obtained. 9 refs.

Tufts University; Inha,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)SOUTH KOREA; USA

Accession no.927049

Item 567ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting. Volume 89. Proceedings of a conference held New York, 7th-11th Sept.2003.

Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials and Science and Engineering, 2003, p.350, CD-ROM, 012HYDROPHOBIC/HYDROPHILIC ELECTROSPUN MEMBRANES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONSJiang H L; Fang D F; Hsaio B; Chu B; Chen W

Electrospun membranes of biodegradable hydrophilic polymers were prepared. The polymers studied were poly(ethylene glycol)-g-chitosan (PEG-g-chitosan), dextran and hyaluronan benzyl ester. Porous membranes could not be prepared by electrospinning pure PEG-g-chitosan. When it was blended with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), up to 40% of the PEG-g-chitosan could be incorporated into the membranes but a lot of bead defects were observed and the porosity of the membranes decreased with increasing PEG-g-chitosan content in the feed ratio. Because dextran is highly soluble in water, these membranes had to be crosslinked post-electrospinning despite the success of electrospinning dextran and PLGA/dextran blends. Hyaluronan benzyl ester, however, could be electrospun into membranes with perfect morphology and crosslinking was not necessary. 7 refs.

New York,State University; Stonybrook Technology & Applied Research Inc.(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.927028

Item 568Macromolecules37, No.18, 7th Sept.2004, p.6856.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBERSMao Wang; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Kaplan D L; Rutledge G C

The morphology and microstructure of electrospun B.mori silk/PEO fibres with diameters less than 1 micrometre were characterised using birefringence, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, DSC and atomic force microscopy(AFM) studies. In the as-spun fibres, silk fibroin was present in a coil conformation due to rapid fibre formation during electrospinning. After treatment with methanol, the silk fibroin was transformed into a beta-sheet-containing structure. Evidence for nanofibrils within the as-spun fibres was observed by AFM and the PEO phase was dispersed as small, elongated islands within the silk fibroin matrix and oriented along the fibre direction. The mechanical properties of single fibres were characterised by AFM nanoindentation. The results were consistent with uniaxial tensile tests and with the morphological analysis. After methanol treatment and extraction with water, the electrospun silk fibre exhibited a lateral modulus of 8.0 GPa, within a factor of 2 of degummed native silk. The results provided additional insight into the nature of these reconstituted silk fibroin submicron diameter fibres, which have potential use in a range of materials science and engineering applications. 58 refs.

References and Abstracts

162 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Inha,University; Tufts UniversityUSA

Accession no.926156

Item 569Polymer45, No.22, 2004, p.7597.MELT-ELECTROSPINNING PART I: PROCESSING PARAMETERS AND GEOMETRIC PROPERTIESLyons J; Li C; Ko F

The effects were examined of melt-electrospinning conditions on the morphology and fibre diameter of polypropylene samples of various tacticities. The effects of the electric field strength at various melt flow indexes of polypropylene on the fibre uniformity, morphology, and diameter were determined. The molecular weight is the predominant factor in determining the diameter of the collected fibres. The tacticity also affects the fibre diameter. Atactic polymers having molecular chains that are incapable of crystallisation tend to produce fibres of a larger diameter than do isotactic polymers, which are capable of crystallisation even at lower molecular weights. The volume of polymer supplied at a given time to the electric field also affected the fibre diameter. Systems supplying the smallest volume at a given time produced the smallest fibre diameters. 26 refs.

Drexel,UniversityUSA

Accession no.925752

Item 570Journal of Advanced Materials36, No.4, Oct.2004, p.43-7FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ELECTROSPUN FIBERSKalayci V E; Patra P K; Buer A; Ugbolue S C; Kim Y K; Warner S B

Several polymer-solvent systems, including PAN in DMF and DMSO, polycaprolactone in acetone and methylene chloride and PEO in water/isopropanol, were electrospun in an electrospinning machine equipped with different feeding mechanisms. The morphology of fibres spun from polycaprolactone and the crystallinity, thermal properties and tensile properties of fibres spun from PAN were investigated. The effects of applied voltage and solution viscosity on the diameter of PAN nanofibres were also investigated and birefringence measurements were carried out on fibres spun from polyethylene oxide. The results obtained indicated that the electrospun fibres generally exhibited low molecular orientation and poor mechanical properties. 9 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.925097

Item 571Journal of Applied Polymer Science93, No.4, 15th Aug.2004, p.1638.ROLE OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ATACTIC POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) (PVA) IN THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF PVA NANOFABRIC PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNINGJoon Seok Lee; Kyu Ha Choi; Han Do Ghim; Sam Soo Kim; Du Hwan Chun; Hak Yong Kim; Won Seok Lyoo

Two different atactic PVAL nanofabrics prepared by electrospinning from two atactic PVALs with number-average degrees of polymerisation of 1700 or 4000. The process parameters such as electrical field, tip-to-collector distance and solution concentration were varied and optimum electrospinning conditions were determined by morphological investigations. The nanofabric produced from the atactic PVAL of higher molecular weight showed superior crystalline properties, thermal stability and mechanical properties. 29 refs.

Yeungnam,University; Chonbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.924441

Item 572ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing Session T37-Interactive Presentations, p.3766-70, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPINNING: PREPARATION OF CONTINUOUS NANOFIBERSFennessey S F; Farris R J; Conte S O

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres with diameters in the range 0.38-1.5 micrometre were prepared by electrospinning, using voltages of 8-16 kV and dimethylformamide solutions containing 10-15 wt% PAN. The fibre velocity was 140-160 m/s at a potential of 16 kV and a solution concentration of 10 wt%. Partially aligned and oriented nanofibres were prepared using a high speed, rotating take-up wheel. 15 refs.

Massachusetts,University(SPE)USA

Accession no.924281

Item 573Polymer45, No.21, 2004, p.7151.EFFECT OF CHITOSAN ON MORPHOLOGY AND CONFORMATION OF ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBROIN NANOFIBERSPark W H; Jeong L; D I Y; Hudson S

Silk fibroin/chitosan (SF/CS) blends of various compositions were electrospun from formic acid as

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 163

the spinning solvent. SF/CS blends containing up to 30% CS could be electrospun into a continuous fibrous structure, whereas pure CS could not be electrospun into a fibrous structure. As-spun SF/CS blend nanofibres showed a smaller diameter and a narrower diameter distribution than pure SF nanofibres, and the diameter gradually decreased from 450 to 130 nm on addition of CS to the blends. However, blends containing more than 40 wt% of chitosan produced continuous SF nanofibres containing CS beads. On treatment with methanol, the change of as-spun SF/CS blend nanofibres into the beta-sheet conformation was faster than that of SF nanofibres because the rigid backbone of the CS promotes the conformational transition of SF by an intermolecular interaction. 38 refs.

Chungnam,National University; Chonnam,National University; North Carolina,State UniversitySOUTH KOREA; USA

Accession no.924044

Item 574Polymer45, No.21, 2004, p.7137.CHITIN AND CHITOSAN NANOFIBERS: ELECTROSPINNING OF CHITIN AND DEACETYLATION OF CHITIN NANOFIBERSMin B; Lee S W; Lim J N; You Y; Lee T S; Kang P H; Park W H

A chitin nanofibous matrix, useful in wound dressings was prepared by an electrospinning method. Chitin was depolymerised by gamma irradiation to improve its solubility. The electrospinning was performed with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as the spinning solvent. The morphology of the as-spun and deacetylated chitin (chitosan) nanofibres was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Although as-spun chitin nanofibres had a broad fibre-diameter distribution, most of the fibre diameters were less than 100 nm. Image analysis showed they had an average diameter of 110 nm and a diameter range of 40 to 640 nm. Deacetylation with 40% aqueous NaOH solution for 150 min at 100 degC or for 1 day at 60 degC transformed the chitin matrix into a chitosan matrix with a degree of deacetylation of about 85% without any shrinkage. 18 refs.

Seoul,National University College of Dentistry; Chungnam,National University; Korea,Atomic Energy Research InstituteSOUTH KOREA

Accession no.924042

Item 575China Synthetic Fiber Industry27, No.2, April 2004, p.1.PROCESS ANALYSIS OF FIBER ELECTROSPINNING

Xinwei W; Zuming H; Wanlian P; Zhaofeng L

A study was made of the electrostatic spraying and jetting of PAN, polyphenylene isophthalamide and polyphenylene terephthalamide. The effects of the electrostatic field and surface tension on the polymer solutions were examined and the fineness of the fibres under similar electrospinning conditions compared. 9 refs.

Shanghai,Donghua UniversityCHINA

Accession no.923439

Item 576Polymer45, No.19, 2004, p.6731.ALLOMETRIC SCALING FOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN ELECTROSPINNINGJi-Huan He; Yu-Qin Wan

An allometric scaling relation between the current of the charge jet and the applied voltage in electrospinning was obtained by applying He Chengtian's inequality, an ancient Chinese mathematical technique. The parameters in the scaling relationship can be obtained experimentally and only two readily measured sets of data are required. 14 refs.

Donghua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.923126

Item 577Journal of Materials Science39, No.14, 15th July 2004, p.4605.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYCARBONATE NANOFIBERS WITH SOLVENT MIXTURES THF AND DMFShawon J; Changmo Sung

The electrospinning of polycarbonate dissolved in solvent mixtures of THF and DMF to give fibres on a nanoscale was demonstrated. The morphology of the nanofibres was strongly affected by solvent evaporation, voltage and viscosity. The spun fibres showed the characteristics of strong networking with each other as the THF ratio was increased in the solvent mixtures. At lower THF to DMF ratios and lower spinning voltages, the bead revealed a globular mushroom shape, while at higher ratios and higher voltages the beads formed a spindle shape. The microstructures of the electrospun polycarbonate fibres were quantitatively investigated using SEM and TEM as a function of processing variables. The experimental conditions used in this study did not produce uniform nanofibres, but provided a set of process guidelines for forming polycarbonate nanofibres. 9 refs.

Lowell,Massachusetts UniversityUSA

Accession no.922814

References and Abstracts

164 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 578E-PolymersNo.56, 2004, p.1.PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN-CONTAINING NANOFIBRES BY ELECTROSPINNING OF CHITOSAN/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) BLEND SOLUTIONSSpasova M; Manolova N; Paneva D; Rashkov I

The effects of solution concentration and applied field strength on the diameters and morphology of chitosan-containing nanofibres prepared by electrospinning from chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) blend solutions were investigated using SEM and DSC. The incorporation of potassium 5-nitro-8-quinolinolate, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antimycotic agent, into the nanofibres was studied and the results are discussed. 27 refs.

Sofia,Institute of PolymersBULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.922621

Item 579Polymer45, No.7, 2004, p.2427.ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 NANOFIBER REINFORCED BIS-GMA/TEGDMA DENTAL RESTORATIVE COMPOSITE RESINSFong H

The preparation of dental composite resins by impregnation of electrospun nylon-6 nanofibres with a mixture of 2,2'-bis(4-(methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)-propane and tri(ethyleneglycol)dimethacrylate followed by photoinitiated free radical polymerisation was investigated. The properties of the composite resins were evaluated by three-point bending tests and SEM, and the effects of the nanofibres on flexural strength, elastic modulus and work of fracture are discussed. 21 refs.

South Dakota,School of Mines & Technology; Anhui,University of Science & TechnologyCHINA; USA

Accession no.921482

Item 580Polymer45, No.16, 2004, p.5505.FIELD-RESPONSIVE SUPERPARAMAGNETIC COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGWang W; Singh H; Hatton T A; Rutledge C G

Superparamagnetic polymeric nanofibres were prepared by an electrospinning technique from colloidally stable suspensions of magnetite nanoparticles in poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. The magnetite nanoparticles were aligned in columns parallel to the fibre axis direction within the fibre by the electrospinning process. The polymer/magnetite nanofibres showed

superparamagnetic behaviour at room temperature and were deflected by an applied magnetic field. The mechanical properties of the nanofibres were maintained or improved after incorporation of the magnetite nanoparticles. 38 refs.

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUSA

Accession no.920491

Item 581Polymer45, No.18, p.6409.EFFECT OF LICL ON ELECTROSPINNING OF PAN POLYMER SOLUTION: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONXiao-Hong Qin; Yu-Qin Wan; Ji-Huan He; Juan Zhang; Jian-Yong Yu; Shan-Yuan Wang

The addition of lithium chloride and its effect on the surface charge on electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is reported. The theoretical analysis shows that the relationship between the radius of jet and axial distance from the nozzle follows an allometric law. The scaling exponent varies for a fully charged surface and partly charged fibres in electrospinning. The theoretical prediction agrees reasonably with experimental data. 15 refs.

Donghua,University; China,Ministry of EducationCHINA

Accession no.919799

Item 582Polymer Materials Science and Engineering20, No.2, March 2004, p.151.FIBERS OF ETHYL-CYANOETHYL CELLULOSE PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNINGZhao Sheng-li; Xuan Ying-nan; Huang Yong

Fibres were prepared from ethylcyanoethyl cellulose/THF solutions by electrospinning. No difference was found between the raw material and the fibre in chemical structure after electrospinning in a high voltage electrostatic field. The crystallinity of the fibre was higher than that of the film prepared from the same solution and it increased at the beginning with increasing electrostatic field voltage. It was, however, decreased with further increase in voltage. SEM photographs showed that there were some micropores on the surface and cross-section of the fibres, which resulted from the volatilisation of the THF solvent. It was also found that the diameter distribution of the fibres was in the range 0.25 to 0.75 micrometre. 11 refs.

Guangzhou,Institute of Chemistry; Beijing,Institute of ChemistryCHINA

Accession no.918235

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 165

Item 583Macromolecular Rapid Communications25, No.10, 21st May 2004, p.1038.MIMETICS OF EGGSHELL MEMBRANE PROTEIN FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGYi F; Guo Z-X; Hu P; Fang Z-X; Yu J; Li Q

The preparation of fibres resembling natural eggshell membrane by the electrospinning of blends of soluble eggshell membrane protein and PEO in the form of aqueous solutions is described and attempts to improve the water resistance of the fibres either by soaking in methanol for 24h or treatment with a methanolic 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide solution for 24h. The fibres are considered potentially suitable for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. 21 refs.

Tsing Hua,UniversityCHINA

Accession no.916635

Item 584Journal of Materials Science39, No.9, 1st May 2004, p.3003.NANO-SIZED BEADS AND POROUS FIBER CONSTRUCTS OF POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNINGHsu C-M; Shivkumar S

The preparation of nano-sized beads and non-woven porous fibre constructs of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) by electrospinning, and their characterisation by SEM, is described. The effects of solution concentration and applied voltage, and of intermolecular entanglements, on the morphology and particle size or fibre diameter distribution are discussed. 23 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic InstituteUSA

Accession no.916396

Item 585Macromolecular Materials and Engineering289, No.4, 19th April 2004, p.334.N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE ADDITIONS TO THE SOLUTION FOR THE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) NANOFIBERSChen-Ming Hsu; Shivkumar S

The possibility of improving the electrospinning characteristics of viscoelastic poly(epsilon-caprolactone) solutions by addition of additives that exhibit polyelectrolyte behaviour, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, was investigated. DMF additions to the solution were shown to lead to extensive jet splaying, thereby reducing the fibre diameter significantly. Nanofibrous structures with diameters of the order of 150 nm could be produced by addition of about 10 vol % DMF to the solvent

(chloroform). DMF additions also yielded a narrow, unimodal distribution of fibres compared with the bimodal distribution typically detected in electrospun polymers. 18 refs.

Worcester,Polytechnic InstituteUSA

Accession no.916023

Item 586Macromolecules37, No.3, 10th Feb.2004, p.877.EFFECT OF THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS ON POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION CHAIN CONFORMATION IN NYLON-6 AND NYLON-12Stephens J S; Chase D B; Rabolt J F

Alteration of the crystal structure of the backbone chain of polyamides from an alpha-form to a gamma-form during an electrospinning process was observed using Raman spectroscopy. The effect was seen in both polyamide-6 and polyamide-12, and the results were interpreted in terms of electrospinning of biologically significant polypeptides. Fibres were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. 35 refs.

Delaware,University; DupontUSA

Accession no.915720

Item 587ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing Session W24-Recent Advances in Polymer Structure, Properties and Morphology, p.1685-9, CD-ROM, 012EFFECTS OF SPINNING AND PROCESS CONDITIONS ON APPEARANCE AND DIAMETER OF ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 NANOFIBERSMit-uppatham C; Supaphol P; Nithitanakul M

Ultrafine polyamide-6 fibres (diameters of 60-300 nm) were prepared by electrospinning from formic acid solution. Polymers with a range of molecular weights were used at solution concentrations in the range 10-46 wt%. High viscosities were required to produce fibres of uniform diameter, with no bead formation along the fibre length. The diameter increased with increasing viscosity, and also increased with increasing electrostatic field strength, attributed to an increased mass flow rate. The use of negative polarity produced fibres with a flattened shape

Chulalongkorn,University(SPE)THAILAND

Accession no.915655

References and Abstracts

166 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 588Polymer45, No.12, 2004, p.4217.FABRICATION OF ALIGNED AND MOLECULARLY ORIENTED ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF THEIR TWISTED YARNSFennessey S F; Farris R J

The preparation of unidirectional aligned and molecularly oriented nanofibres of poly(acrylonitrile) as precursors for carbon fibres, by electrospinning from solution, and their characterisation by laser diffraction (diameter), field emission SEM, polarising optical microscopy, FTIR (dichroism), wide-angle x-ray diffraction and mechanical testing (of twisted yarns), is described. Optimisation of fibre spinning velocity and draw ratio in the electrospinning technique is discussed. 27 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.914536

Item 589Macromolecules37, No.5, 9th March 2004, p.1787.PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES BY ELECTROSPINNING FROM POLY(ACRYLONITRILE-CO-ACRYLIC ACID)-PDCL2 SOLUTIONS. RELATIONS BETWEEN PREPARATION CONDITIONS, PARTICLE SIZE, AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITYDemir M M; Gulgun M A; Menceloglu Y Z; Erman B; Abramchuk S S; Makhaeva E E; Khokhlov A R; Matveeva V G; Sulman M G

The production of catalytic palladium nanoparticles on fibre mats of electrospun poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) copolymers by reduction of palladium chloride, and their characterisation by x-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM, is described. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of copolymer composition and palladium chloride concentration on particle size. The catalytic activity of the nanoparticles for the selective hydrogenation of dehydrolinalool was investigated. 24 refs.

Sabanci,University; Koc,University; Moscow,State University; Tver,Technical UniversityRUSSIA; TURKEY

Accession no.913462

Item 590Macromolecules37, No.5, 9th March 2004, p.1760.CORRELATIONS OF SOLUTION RHEOLOGY WITH ELECTROSPUN FIBER FORMATION OF LINEAR AND BRANCHED POLYESTERSMcKee M G; Wilkes G L; Colby R H; Long T E

The synthesis of linear and randomly branched poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene isophthalate) copolymers in the presence or absence of various branching agents, and their characterisation by GPC, proton NMR, DSC and rheometry, is described. The effects of the entanglement concentration on the fibre diameter and morphology of electrospun fibres of the copolymers was investigated using field emission SEM, and the results are discussed. 30 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University; Pennsylvania,State UniversityUSA

Accession no.913458

Item 591ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 2003, p.380-1, CD-ROM, 012POLY(ETHER IMIDE) FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNINGLiu W; Reneker D H

Polyether imide fibres were produced by electrospinning in different solvents (methylene chloride, hexafluoropropanol and methyl pyrrolidone) and the molecular orientation and morphological properties of these fibres investigated by polarised optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The fibres were found to exhibit various morphological features and the difference in the diameters and shapes of the fibres attributed mainly to evaporation rate. 7 refs.

Akron,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.911107

Item 592Polymer45, No.9, 2004, p.2981.THE USE OF AC POTENTIALS IN ELECTROSPRAYING AND ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSESKessick R; Fenn J; Tepper G

Alternating current (AC) potentials were applied to electrospraying and electrospinning processes. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was electrosprayed onto semiconducting and insulating substrates using direct current (DC) or AC potentials. Both AC and DC methods were capable of producing a significant coverage of CMC on the semiconducting substrate, whereas only the AC potential was capable of producing significant coverage on the insulating substrate, possibly because of a reduction in the amount of surface charging. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibres were electrospun into mats by using both

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© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 167

DC and AC driving potentials. The AC potential resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of fibre whipping, and the resulting mats exhibited a higher degree of fibre alignment but contained more residual solvent. The average fibre diameter for both DC- and AC-spun mats was markedly dependent on the solution concentration. 17 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth UniversityUSA

Accession no.911054

Item 593Polymer45, No.9, 2004, p.2977.UPWARD NEEDLELESS ELECTROSPINNING OF MULTIPLE NANOFIBERSYarin A L; Zussman E

A new approach to the electrospinning of polymer nanofibres is proposed in which two-layer system comprising a lower layer of a ferromagnetic suspension and an upper layer of a polymer solution is subject to a normal magnetic field provided by a permanent magnet or a coil. This causes steady vertical spikes of magnetic suspension to perturb the interface between the layers and the free surface of the polymer layer. When a normal electric field is then applied, the perturbations of the free surface become sites of upwardly directed jetting. Multiple electrified jets undergo strong stretching by the electric field and bending instability, the solvent evaporates and the solidified nanofibres are deposited on the upper counterelectrode, as in an ordinary electrospinning process. The production rate is higher than is achieved by conventional electrospinning. The technique was demonstrated for the electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide) fibres from aqueous ethanol over a suspension of magnetite in silicone oil. 19 refs.

Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyISRAEL

Accession no.911053

Item 594Polymer45, No.9, 2004, p.2959.THE EFFECTS OF SOLUTION PROPERTIES AND POLYELECTROLYTE ON ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) FIBERSSon W K; Youk J H; Lee T S; Park W H

The effects were examined of solution properties and polyelectrolyte on the electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions. Ultrafine PEO fibres without beads were electrospun from 3, 4, 7 and 7 wt % PEO solutions in chloroform, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, and water, respectively. At these concentrations, the values of [eta]C were about 10 for all solutions. The average diameters of PEO fibres ranged from 0.36 to 1.96 m. The diameter of

the PEO fibre decreased with increasing dielectric constant of the solvent. The average diameters of electrospun PEO fibres from aqueous solutions of PEO were reduced and their distributions were narrowed by adding 0.1 wt % of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and sodium polyacrylate (PAA) as a result of the increased charge density in the solutions. The addition of PAH and PAA lowered the minimum concentration for electrospinning of an aqueous PEO solution to 6 wt %. 28 refs.

Edited by: Chungnam,National University; Incheon,UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.911051

Item 595Polymer45, No.6, 15 Mar.2004, p.2017.EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GOVERNING PARAMETERS IN THE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER SOLUTIONSTheron S A; Zussman E; Yarin A L

The effects of different process parameters on the electric current and volume and surface charge densities in the polymer jet were studied during electrospinning of polymer nanofibres with submicron-scale diameters. The parameters investigated were the applied voltage, solution flow rate, polymer weight concentration, molecular weight of the polymer, the nozzle-to-ground distance and, in polyethylene oxide solutions, the concentration of ethanol. Solutions of polyethylene oxide, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane and polycaprolactone were tested. Shear viscosity, surface tension, relaxation time and the electric conductivity and permittivity were also measured. Power law dependences of the volume and surface charge dependencies were derived. 47 refs.

Technion-Israel Institute Of Technology; Evanston,Northwestern University; Chicago,University Of IllinoisISRAEL; USA

Accession no.910855

Item 596Polymer45, No.6, 15 Mar.2004, p.1895.FABRICATION OF BLEND BIODEGRADABLE NANOFIBROUS NONWOVEN MATS VIA MULTI-JET ELECTROSPINNINGDing B; Kimura E; Sato T; Fujita S; Shiratori S

A series of blend biodegradable nanofibrous mats comprising poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulose acetate (CA) were prepared via multi-jet electrospinning using a relatively high voltage supply (20 kV). The weight ratio of PVA/CA in blend nanofibrous mats was controlled by changing the number of jets for each polymer solution. The composition of PVA and CA in the mats was determined

References and Abstracts

168 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

by immersing them in water to remove the PVA component and measuring the weight loss. Morphology, dispersibility and mechanical properties of the mats were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and tensile testing. The blend nanofibrous mats have good dispersibility and uniform properties for each sample. Their mechanical properties were largely influenced by the weight ratio of PVA/CA in the blends. 26 refs.

Yokohama,Keio University; Shiratori Nanotechnology Co.Ltd.JAPAN

Accession no.910844

Item 597Macromolecules37, No.2, 27th Jan.2004, p.573.CONTROLLING SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERS. EFFECT OF HUMIDITY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSCasper C L; Stephens J S; Tassi N G; Chase D B; Rabolt J F

Details are given of how humidity and molecular weight affect the surface of electrospun PS fibres. Surfaces were studied using optical microscopy, SEM and atomic force microscopy coupled with image analysis. 21 refs.

Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research & DevelopmentUSA

Accession no.910762

Item 598Advanced Materials16, No.4, 17th Feb.2004, p.361.ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBERS AS UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED ARRAYS AND LAYER-BY-LAYER STACKED FILMSDan Li; Yuliang Wang; Younan Xia

The conventional procedure for electrospinning was modified to generate nanofibres as uniaxially aligned arrays over large areas. The method used a collector composed of two conductive strips separated by an insulating gap of variable width. Directed by electrostatic interactions, the charged nanofibres were stretched to span across the gap and became uniaxially aligned arrays. Two types of gaps were demonstrated, i.e. void gaps and gaps made of a highly insulating material. When a void gap was used, the nanofibres could readily be transferred onto the surfaces of other substrates for various applications. When an insulating substrate was involved, the electrodes could be patterned in various designs on the solid insulator. In both cases, the nanofibres could be conveniently stacked into multilayered architectures with controllable hierarchical

structures. This version of electrospinning was applied to a range of different materials that included organic polymers (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PEO, PS, PAN, polycaprolactone), carbon, ceramics and composites. 41 refs.

Washington,UniversityUSA

Accession no.910366

Item 599Polymer Preprints. Volume 44. Number 1. March 2003. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Divison of Polymer Chemistry, 2003, p.1101, 28cm., 012PREPARATION OF ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSYouliang Hong; Zhongqiang Yang; Qingbiao Yang; Zhenyu Li; Ce Wang

ABS fibres with imbedded particles were prepared by electrospinning 15 or 20 wt% ABS/DMF or ABS/THF solutions. The formation of particles in the nanofibres was due to the polybutadiene phase separating from the other two phases. In DMF solution, most of the particles were imbedded in the nanofibres. The morphology of the nanofibres could be easily controlled by changing the concentration of ABS and the solvent. When THF was used as the solvent, the nanofibres could be prepared, but the polybutadiene could be dissolved so some particles in the nanofibres disappeared. When the concentration of the ABS/THF solution decreased, the ABS nanofibres became thinner and only a few polymer particles were imbedded in the nanofibres. 11 refs.

Jilin,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)CHINA

Accession no.910325

Item 600Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition42, No.5, 1st March 2004, p.752-7THERMALLY INDUCED COLOR CHANGE IN ELECTROSPUN FIBER MATSPedicini A; Farris R J

The formation of white fibre mats by the electrospinning of black solutions of various polymers, such as polycarbonate, poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate), containing carbon black, and their characterisation by SEM and DSC is described. The thermally induced colour change of the fibre mats to black was investigated and the results are discussed in terms of morphological changes on heating. Applications of the electrospun mats include temperature sensors. 11 refs.

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© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 169

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.910258

Item 601ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 2003, p.282-3, CD-ROM, O12HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPUN FIBERS AND RARE-EARTH MODIFICATIONKataphinan W; Teye-Mensah R; Evans E A; Ramsier R D; Smith D J; Reneker D H

The preparation of high temperature nanofibres by the electrospinning of silicon oxide and of poly(diphenoxyphosphazene), and their use as substrates for coating with rare earth materials by solution coating techniques is described. The coated fibres were characterised by SEM, TGA, and FTIR and the results compared to those of the uncoated fibres. 13 refs.

Akron,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.910214

Item 602Journal of Materials Science39, No.4, 15th Feb.2004, p.1511.FORMATION OF INTERFIBER BONDING IN ELECTROSPUN POLYETHERIMIDE NANOFIBER WEBChoi S-S; Lee S G; Joo C W; Im S S; Kim S H

Details are given of the thermal treatment of electrospun polyetherimide nanofibres to improve physical properties by the introduction of interfibre bonding. Changes of morphology and tensile properties of an electrospun polyetherimide web with interfibre bonding were investigated. Thermal properties were examined using TGA. Morphologies were examined with SEM. 10 refs.

Seoul,Sejong University; Chungnam,National University; Hanyang,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.908269

Item 603Synthetic Metals140, No.2-3, 2004, p.269.EPR INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYANILINE-POLYETHYLENE OXIDE BLENDKahol P K; Pinto N J

The EPR magnetic susceptibility behaviour of camphor sulphonic acid doped polyaniline blends with polyethylene oxide is reported in fibres and films. EPR investigations on electrospun nanofibres and cast films were performed to determine differences in the mesoscopic disorder as induced by the process of electrospinning. The changes observed in the Pauli susceptibility, EPR line shape, EPR line width and dc conductivity are discussed. 10 refs.

Wichita,State University; Puerto Rico,UniversityUSA

Accession no.908248

Item 604Advanced Materials16, No.1, 5th Jan.2004, p.69.CARBON NANOTUBES ON CARBON NANOFIBERS: A NOVEL STRUCTURE BASED ON ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERSHou H; Reneker D H

The fabrication of a novel hierarchical structure of carbon nanotubes on carbon nanofibres using PAN as a precursor for making the electrospun nanofibres is described. The nanofibres, which contain iron acetylacetonate, as a catalyst precursor, are carbonised to provide carbon nanofibres, which support numerous multi-walled fullerene tubes having a metal particle at the tip of each tube. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of the carbon nanotubes on the nanofibres are illustrated. 31 refs.

Akron,UniversityUSA

Accession no.907684

Item 605Biomaterials25, No.10, 2004, p.1883.ELECTROSPUN PLLA-CL NANOFIBER. A BIOMIMETIC EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX FOR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATIONMo X M; Xu C Y; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S

Lactide-caprolactone copolymers were electrospun into nanofibres. The relationship between electrospinning parameters and fibre diameter was investigated. Structures were examined using X-ray diffraction and DSC. The biocompatibility of the nanofibres scaffold was investigated by cell culture. 32 refs.

Singapore,National UniversitySINGAPORE

Accession no.906952

Item 606Biomaterials25, No.13, 2004, p.2595.

References and Abstracts

170 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE ELECTROSPUN MEMBRANE. SCAFFOLD FOR TISSUE ENGINEERINGBhattarai S R; Bhattarai N; Yi H K; Hwang P H; Cha D I; Kim H Y

Details are given of the fabrication of a nanofibrous scaffold for tissue engineering from a dioxanone-lactide-ethylene glycol copolymer. Cell proliferation and morphology of cell-matrix interaction were examined. Morphologies were examined using SEM and their porosity and pore volume were determined by mercury porosimetry. 38 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversityKOREA

Accession no.906945

Item 607Polymer44, No.22, 2003, p.6857.MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN POLYURETHANEPedicini A; Farris R J

Mats of polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane were prepared by electrospinning from dimethylformamide solution, and bulk samples were prepared by pressing pellets. The samples were characterised by measurements of tensile properties, and by morphology and infrared dichroism studies. Differences in the stress-strain properties were attributed to molecular orientation in the fibres caused by the electrospinning, and to strain-induced orientation in the fibre mat. 20 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.904946

Item 608Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition42, No.1, 1st Jan.2004, p.5.ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE ACETATE FIBERS: STUDIES OF A NEW SOLVENT SYSTEM AND DEACETYLATION OF ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE ACETATE FIBERSWon Keun Son; Ji Ho Youk; Taek Seung Lee; Won Ho Park

Ultrafine cellulose acetate fibres were prepared by electrospinning in a new solvent system followed by deacetylation of the resulting ultrafine fibres. Cellulose acetate was dissolved in acetone containing 10-15 wt.% water and fibres of 2.3-micron diameter were obtained. Under basic conditions, the fibre diameter was reduced to 0.46 micron. Ultrafine cellulose fibres were regenerated by homogeneous deacetylation of ultrafine cellulose acetate fibres in potassium hydroxide/ethanol over 20 minutes at room temperature. The crystal structure, thermal properties and morphology of the ultrafine cellulose acetate fibres

varied with the degree of deacetylation but the nonwoven fibrous mat structure was maintained. The activation energy for the deacetylation of ultrafine CA fibres was 10.3 kcal/mol. 17 refs.

Chungnam,National University; Inchon,Inha University; Chungnam,College of EngineeringSOUTH KOREA

Accession no.904551

Item 609Advanced Materials15, No.22, 17th Nov.2003, p.1929.COMPOUND CORE-SHELL POLYMER NANOFIBERS BY CO-ELECTROSPINNINGSun Z; Zussman E; Yarin A L; Wendorff J H; Greiner A

Details are given of the processing of core-shell nano/mesofibres by co-electrospinning of two materials. Core-shell fibres were made of two identical polyethylene oxides and also from polyethylene oxide-polysulphone solutions. Data are also presented for polyethylene oxide-polydodecylthiophene fibres and polymer -metal salt systems of polylactide with a palladium complex. Fibre morphology was examined using TEM. 21 refs.

Marburg,Philipps University; TechnionEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.904452

Item 610ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 2003, p.37, CD-ROM, 012STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JET DIAMETER AND INTERFERENCE COLOR DURING ELECTROSPINNINGHan Xu; Galehouse D; Reneker D

The diameter of an electrospinning jet was measured via monochromatic light diffraction. The jet profile for a 6% PEO/water solution was created and interference colours on single and multiple electrospinning jets were recorded during stable and unstable spinning conditions. Multiple jets maintained the same profile unless they became unstable. A computer program to calculate the interference colours was created based on Rayleigh's theory of scattering and standard human vision. The results provided a straightforward way of monitoring the electrospinning process. 3 refs.

Akron,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.904186

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 171

Item 611ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 2003, p.35-6, CD-ROM, 012BIOCHEMICAL SENSOR VIA COMBINATION OF ELECTROSPINNING WITH ELECTROSTATIC LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLYXianyan Wang; Young-Gi Kim; Drew C; Bon-Cheol Ku; Kumar J; Samuelson L A

Biochemical sensors were prepared by combining electrospinning with electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly. A negatively-charged conjugated polymer, poly(2-(3-thienyl)ethanolbutoxycarbonylmethylurethane) was electrostatically assembled on to the surface of a cellulose acetate electrospun nanofibrous membrane using poly(allylamine hydrochloride) as the polycation. The sensor showed a very high sensitivity to methyl viologen which was attributed to the high surface area to volume ratio of the film and efficient interaction between the fluorescent polymer and the quencher (methyl viologen). 5 refs.

Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems Center(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.904185

Item 612ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 2003, p.33-4, CD-ROM, 012OBSERVATION OF CLAY PARTICLES IN ELECTROSPUN FIBERS AND OTHER MATRICESZhaohui Sun; Reneker D H

Polyimide fibres with clay sheets dispersed inside were electrospun from polyimide and clay tetrahydrofuran solutions. Plasma etching was used to remove the polyimide. Because of the large size of the fibres compared with the clay particles, the clay sheets were only partly aligned in the fibres. The direction normal to the clay sheets tended to be perpendicular to the fibre axis. Single sheets of clay were observed both by removing most of the polyimide and by catching clay sheets dispersed in water with electrospun polyimide, polyacrylonitrile and polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibre mats. 4 refs.

Akron,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.904184

Item 613ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 2003, p.31-2, CD-ROM, 012NANOSCALE TITANIUM DIOXIDE COATINGS APPLIED TO ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRESDrew C; Ziegler D; Xianyan Wang; Bruno F F; Samuelson L A; Kumar J

Electrospun polyacrylonitrile membranes in which the polymer nanofibres were coated with titanium dioxide were prepared. These coated fibres are expected to find applications as sensors, catalysts and electrodes. 4 refs.

Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems Center(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.904183

Item 614ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 2003, p.28, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES HYBRIDIZED WITH METAL NANOPARTICLESHaoqing Hou; Reneker D H

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres hybridised with palladium acetate, platinum acetylacetonate, nickel acetylacetonate, copper acetylacetonate, cobalt acetylacetonate or iron acetylacetonate were prepared by electrospinning a DMF solution of PAN and the appropriate organic metal salt. The electrospun hybrid nanofibres were converted into the hybrid nanofibres of carbon and metal nanoparticles by annealing the electrospun hybrid nanofibres in a hydrogen atmosphere at 800C for 3 h. The as-prepared hybrid nanofibres of carbon and iron, nickel or cobalt metal nanoparticles were magnetic and stable in air due to the carbon layer on the metal nanoparticles. The palladium, platinum or copper nanoparticle hybridised carbon nanofibres could be used as catalysts for organic chemical synthesis, the growth of carbon nanotubes or the synthesis of conductive polymers such as polyacetylene. 7 refs.

Akron,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.904181

Item 615Journal of Applied Polymer Science89, No. 5, 25th July 2003, 1085.

References and Abstracts

172 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

ULTRAFINE FIBERS ELECTROSPUN FROM BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERSJing Zeng; Xuesi Chen; Xiaoyi Xu; Qizhi Liang; Xinchao Bian; Lixin Yang; Xiabin Jing

Biodegradable poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) were electrospun into ultrafine fibres. The technological parameters influencing the spinning process and morphology of the fibres obtained were examined. These parameters included solvent composition, addition of certain organic salts, molecular weight and concentration of the polymers, capillary diameter, air ventilation and pressure imposed on the surface of the solution as well as electrostatic field. By properly choosing and adjusting these parameters, submicron PLLA and PCL fibres with a narrow diameter distribution were prepared. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology and diameter size of the fibres. 30 refs.

Changchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of SciencesCHINA

Accession no.903744

Item 616Polymer45, No.1, 2004, p.295.NANOFIBROUS MATS OF POLY(TRIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) VIA ELECTROSPINNINGKhil M S; Kim H Y; Kim M S; Park S Y; Lee D-R

Nanofibrous mats with diameters of 200-600 nm were prepared by electrospinning of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT). The effects of changing processing parameters such as the solution concentration and deposition time on the morphology of the electrospun nanofibre were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Periodic features of surface roughness, such as a diamond-shaped structure, were exhibited as the deposition time increased. This phenomenon might result from polymer chain mobility, induced by solvent properties, and the point bonding structure. In addition, a schematic is introduced to identify the formation of diamond-shape structures in PTT electrospun nanofibrous mats. 22 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.903696

Item 617Polymer Preprints. Volume 44, Number 1. March 2003. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 2003, p.792-3, 28cm, 012SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROSPINNING OF BRANCHED POLYESTERS

McKee M G; Long T E; Wilkes G L

A series of randomly branched ethylene terephthalate-ethylene isophthalate copolymers(PET/PEI) was synthesised with one or two different trifunctional branching agents, trimellitic anhydride(TMA) or trimethyl 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate(TMT). Melt and solution rheology data suggested that the TMA branched copolymers had a higher degree of branching or a larger concentration of chain entanglements than the TMT branched copolymers. Electrospinning of 12 wt % linear PET/TPI in a 70/30 trichloromethane/DMF solvent resulted in sub-micron fibres with beaded fibres. By introducing branching into the PET/PEI copolymers, defect-free fibres were obtained that were 1 to 10 micrometres in diameter. 9 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.903538

Item 618Polymer Preprints. Volume 44, Number 1. March 2003. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 2003, p.763-4, 28cm, 012ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYCARBONATE NANOFIBERS WITH THF AND DMFKattamuri N; Shawon J; Changmo Sung

The effects of the main processing parameters on the morphology of electrospun polycarbonate(PC) nanofibres were studied. The morphology was found to be strongly influenced by solvent evaporation, voltage and viscosity. It was found that solvent evaporation played a major role in the fibre morphology changes. Increasing the THF/DMF ratios and the spinning voltages caused networking among the fibres. The optimum conditions of the solvent evaporation, viscosity and spinning voltage resulted in nanometer-scale polycarbonate fibres. A 14% PC solution with 60:40 solvent mixture at a voltage of 25 to 30 kV produced good PC fibres on the nanometer scale. The current experimental conditions did not produce uniform nanofibres, but provided a set of process guidelines for forming polycarbonate nanofibres. The statistical design of experiments confirmed the significance of the effect of the process variables on the fibre diameter. 4 refs.

Massachusetts,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.903523

Item 619164th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Cleveland, Oh., 14th-17th Oct.2003.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 173

Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 79, pp.5, 28cm, 012CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBER MEMBRANES PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNINGYamasiita Y; Tanaka A; Ko F

The feasibility of co-electrospinning vapour grown nanofibre and carbon fibres within the matrix of a styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer blend thermoplastic elastomer was investigated. The effect of the fibres on the tensile properties of the resulting non-woven fabrics was examined and the results compared with those for samples without the nanotubes or nanofibres. 3 refs.

Shiga Prefecture,University; Drexel,University(ACS,Rubber Div.)JAPAN; USA

Accession no.903366

Item 620Journal of Macromolecular Science AA40, No.12, 2003, p.1415.EFFECT OF VISCOSITY AND FILLER ON ELECTROSPUN FIBER MORPHOLOGYDrew C; Wang X; Samuelson L A; Kumar J

Details are given of the electrospinning of nanometer scale polyethylene oxide fibres. The required viscosity of the spin-dope solution was obtained by increased polymer concentration or by inclusion of titanium dioxide filler. Fibre morphology was determined using SEM. 9 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.901234

Item 621Polymer44, No.19, 2003, p.5721.REGENERATION OF BOMBYX MORI SILK BY ELECTROSPINNING - PART 1: PROCESSING PARAMETERS AND GEOMETRIC PROPERTIESSukigara S; Gandhi M; Ayutsede J; Micklus M; Ko F

The electrospinning of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in formic acid was studied and fibre diameters from 12 to 1500 nm were obtained, depending on the electrospinning conditions. The effects of varying the electric field, concentration of regenerated silk solution and distance between tip and collection plate on the morphology of the fibres and distribution of fibre diameter were examined. The silk concentration was found to be the most important parameter for producing uniform, cylindrical fibres with a diameter of less than 100 nm. 18 refs.

Niigata,University; Drexel,UniversityJAPAN; USA

Accession no.899747

Item 622Polymer44, No.20, 2003, p.6353.SOME INVESTIGATIONS ON THE FIBER FORMATION BY UTILIZING A SIDE-BY-SIDE BICOMPONENT ELECTROSPINNING APPROACHGupta P; Wilkes G L

Syringes were mounted so that capillaries at the exits were side-by-side, and used for the simultaneous electrospinning of two polymer solutions. The polymer pairs investigated were poly(vinyl chloride) with a segmented polyurethane, and poly(vinyl chloride) with poly(vinylidene fluoride). The prepared fibres were collected on a steel mesh and studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Fibre diameters were in the range 100 nm to a few micrometres. Although fibres rich in either component could be prepared, the compositions varied significantly along the length. 24 refs.

Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.897391

Item 623ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a Conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng., 2002, p.373-4, CD-ROM, 012THERMALLY INDUCED COLOR CHANGE IN ELECTROSPUN FIBER MATSPedicini A; Farris R J; Lesser A J; Pochan J M

An investigation was carried out into colour change in electrospun fibre mats made from polycarbonate, PEO and PMMA containing carbon black. Changes in fibre mat morphology with colour change were correlated using scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs of the electrospun fibre mats at different temperatures are illustrated and discussed. 3 refs.

Massachusetts,University; Eastman Kodak Co.(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.897140

Item 624ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div. of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng., 2002, p.457-8, CD-ROM, 012CELL GROWTH ON ELECTROSPUN PCL SCAFFOLDSShortkroff S; Yong Li; Thornhill T S; Rutledge G C

References and Abstracts

174 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Tissue scaffolds of poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) microfibres were formed by electrospinning and seeded with fibroblasts or chondrocytes. The development of the cell cultures was monitored by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The fibroblasts adhered to the scaffold within 90 minutes and were observed to attach to multiple fibres. After two weeks, the fibroblasts had formed confluent layers of natural morphology, but following the structure of the scaffolds. After three weeks, the chondrocytes had formed confluent areas with sings of extracellular matrix production. 13 refs.

Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.896814

Item 625ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div. of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng., 2002, p.455-6, CD-ROM, 012MICROFIBER AND NANOFIBER POLYMER SCAFFOLDS BY ELECTROSTATIC SPINNING: AN OVERVIEWWnek G E; Li Yao; Kenawy E-R; Sanders E; Layman J M; Boland E D; Simpson D G; Matthews J; Coleman B; Bowlin G L

It was briefly reported that a number of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, including polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, poly-epsilon-caprolactone, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, collagen, elastin and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, could be electrospun to give nanoscale and microscale fibrous tissue scaffolds. It was reported that scaffolds of variable shape and size could be fabricated while precisely controlling the fibre orientation, composition, and direction. The scaffolds were seamless and possessed substantial structural strength. It was also possible to impregnate small molecules into the fibres to tune their properties or for drug delivery. 17 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.896813

Item 626Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition41, No.16, 15th Aug.2003, p.1955.BIODEGRADABLE ELECTROSPUN MAT: NOVEL BLOCK COPOLYMER OF POLY(P-DIOXANONE-CO-L-LACTIDE)-BLOCK-POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)Narayan Bhattarai; Dong Il Cha; Shanta Raj Bhattarai; Myung Seob Khil; Hak Yong Kim

Ultrafine fibres of the above copolymer were electrospun from solution and collected as a non-woven mat and the structure and morphology of the electrospun membrane were investigated by SEM, DSC, wide-angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD) and mercury porosimetry. Solutions of the copolymer, ranging in lactide fraction from 60 to 80 mol % in copolymer composition, were readily electrospun at room temperature from solutions up to 20 wt % in methylene chloride. It was shown that the fibre diameter of the copolymer could be controlled as a function of solution concentration with DMF as a co-solvent. DSC and WAXD results showed the relatively poor crystallinity of the electrospun copolymer fibre. Electrospun copolymer membrane was subjected to hydrolytic degradation in phosphate buffer solution at 37C. Preliminary results of the hydrolytic degradation demonstrated that the degradation rate of the electrospun membrane was slower than that of the corresponding copolymers of cast film. 44 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.896430

Item 627European Polymer Journal39, No.9, Sept.2003, p.1883.TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 NONWOVEN MATSRyu Y J; Kim H Y; Lee K H; Park H C; Lee D R

Non-woven mats having average fibre diameters from 90 to 500 nm were electrospun from solutions of polyamide-6 in formic acid and their morphological properties, pore size, surface area and gas transport properties investigated. The effects of polymer concentration on fibre diameter and of fibre diameter on pore size, surface area and gas transport properties were examined and the relationship between morphology and pore size, surface area and gas transport properties assessed. 20 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.896226

Item 628Advanced Materials15, No.14, 17th July 2003, p.1161.ELECTROSPINNING OF CONTINUOUS CARBON NANOTUBE-FILLED NANOFIBER YARNSKo F; Gogotsi Y; Ali A; Naguib N; Ye H; Yang G; Li C; Willis P

The preparation of continuous nanoscale composite fibrils containing single wall carbon nanotubes in a PAN matrix using a co-electrospinning process is described. A schematic of the electrospinning process is presented and Raman spectra and TEM images of the fibrils are illustrated along with load indentation curves. The

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 175

fibrils in their green or carbonised form are considered suitable for use as reinforcement in linear, planar and three-dimensional preforms for composites and fibrous structures. The electrospinning of polylactic acid is also reported. 22 refs.

Drexel,University; California,University at Los AngelesUSA

Accession no.895149

Item 629International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives23, No.4, 2003, p.335.A NOVEL IMPEDANCE SENSOR DESIGN FOR MEASURING THE DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT OF FLUIDS AT THE INTERFACEO’Brien E P; Reboa P F; Field M; Pullen D; Markel D; Ward T C

The absorption of acetone by a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape having an aluminium foil backing was investigated using constant frequency interfacial impedance spectroscopy and a novel interdigitated electrode sensor. Changes in the relative concentration of the fluid diffusing into the adhesive joint were detected with respect to the exposed free edge of the sensor as a function of exposure time. 21 refs.

Virigina Tech; Hewlett-Packard Co; Virigina,Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA

Accession no.895147

Item 630ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng., 2002, p.824-5, CD-ROM, 012FLUORESCENT ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES FOR HIGHLY SENSITIVE OPTICAL SENSINGWang X; Drew C; Lee S-H; Senecal K J; Kumar J; Samuelson L A

Details are given of the use of electrospun membranes as highly responsive fluorescence quenching-based optical sensors for ferric ion, mercuric ion and trinitrotoluene detection. An acrylic acid-pyrene methanol copolymers was synthesised and used to fabricate the optical chemical sensors. Results on synthesis, characterisation and sensor fabrication are reported. Sensor performance was compared with sensors fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly techniques. 7 refs.

Massachusetts,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.894656

Item 631Synthetic Metals138, No.3, 2003, p.423.RAMAN CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOFIBERS PREPARED USING ELECTROSPINNINGYu Wang; Serrano S; Santiago-Aviles J J

Ultrafine fibres were spun from PAN/DMF precursor solution using an electrospinning step and then pyrolysed in vacuum at 873, 1073, 1273 or 1473 K. The pyrolysed fibres, with diameter of about 100 nm as revealed by SEM, were characterised using Raman microspectrometry. Their Raman scattering spectra exhibited D and G peaks, characteristic of disordered carbon and graphite, respectively. The D and G peak parameters were fitted using a Gaussian-Lorentzian mixed shape, and graphitic crystallite size and mole fraction in the nanofibres were estimated from the ratio of the integrated intensity of D and G peaks. The graphite domain size was found to be between 1.5 and 2.6 nm, increasing with the temperature of pyrolysis. The graphite mole fraction was found to obey an Arrhenius relation with the pyrolysing temperature, with the graphitisation activation energy of about 7.36 kJ/mol. 12 refs.

Pennsylvania,UniversityUSA

Accession no.894573

Item 632Polymer44, No.17, 2003, p.4959.CONTROL OF STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTY IN ELECTROSPUN POLY(GLYCOLIDE-CO-LACTIDE) NON-WOVEN MEMBRANES VIA POST-DRAW TREATMENTSXinhua Zong; Shaofeng Ran; Dufei Fang; Hsiao B S; Chu B

Membranes of poly(glycolide-co-lactide) containing 10 mol% L-lactic acid were prepared by electrospinning. The tailoring of degradation and mechanical properties by the use of post-draw and thermal treatments was evaluated from microstructure, morphology and texture studies. The initial low levels of crystallinity increased on annealing at elevated temperatures, exhibiting a distinct lamellar structure with no overall orientation. Significant improvements in orientation were achieved on drawing and annealing. The degree of orientation and the tensile strength increased with increasing elongation ratio, and the tensile retention time increased from 2 to 12 days on in-vitro degradation. Compared with as-spun membranes, the drawn and annealed membranes exhibited slower degradation rates for the first two weeks exposure, and faster rates thereafter. 25 refs.

New York,State University; Stonybrook Technology & Applied Research Inc.USA

Accession no.894471

References and Abstracts

176 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Item 633Polymer44, No.14, June 2003, p.4029.CHANGE OF BEAD MORPHOLOGY FORMED ON ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERSLee K H; Kim H Y; Bang H J; Jung Y H; Lee S G

PS was dissolved in THF/DMF and electrospun to prepare fibres of submicron diameter. The electrospinning parameters such as polymer concentration, applied voltage and tip-to-collector distance were controlled. It was shown that, while the surface tension of polymer solution was linearly correlated with the critical voltage, throughput was dependent on electrical conductivity. The electrospun PS fibres produced contained irregular beads and electrospinning was markedly enhanced with increasing DMF content. The bead concentration was also controlled by DMF content. The aspect ratio of the formed beads and the diameter of the fibres were increased with increasing solution concentration. When PS was dissolved in only THF, an unexpected half hollow sphere structure appeared. Different shape forms of PS non-woven mats were also prepared by controlling the electrospinning parameters. 28 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Korea,Research Institute of Chemical TechnologySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.893261

Item 634Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition41, No.13, 1st July 2003, p.1572.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)/DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE SOLUTIONS WITH CARBON NANOTUBESChang Seoul; Yong-Tae Kim; Chi-Kyung Baek

Single-walled carbon nanotubes(CNs) were incorporated into PVDF (Kynar 760) in DMF solutions and successfully electrospun to form CN/PVDF fibre mats by control of the solution viscosity and surface tension. The thinnest fibre was 70 nm thick. The percolation threshold for the insulator-to-conductor transition was 0.003 wt % CN for CN/PVDF/DMF solutions, 0.015 wt % CN for CN/PVDF spin-coated films and 0.04 wt % CN for CN/PVDF electrospun fibre mats. 14 refs.

Inha,UniversityATOCHEM NORTH AMERICA INC.KOREA; USA

Accession no.893125

Item 635Journal of Materials Science38, No.11, 1st June 2003, p.2357.MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ELECTROSPUN POLYCARBONATES AS A FUNCTION OF THE SOLVENT AND PROCESSING VOLTAGEKrishnappa R V N; Desai K; Changmo Sung

A bisphenol-A polycarbonate was electrospun using two solvents, chloroform and a 1:1 mixture of THF and DMF. The morphological features of the electrospun fibres were studied as a function of the solvent used and of the processing voltage by SEM and TEM and using a Scion image analysis program. The results obtained indicated that the morphological features of the fibre such as fibre diameter, diameter-distribution, internal structure and the bead density variation with voltage were dependent on the solvent used. Electrospun polycarbonate fibres also exhibited a 'raisin-like' puckered structure, but this feature was independent of the solvent used. Studies were also conducted on the crazing of bulk polycarbonate and the surface features of electrospun polycarbonate fibres. The results indicated that crazing of bulk polycarbonate resulted in surface damage and features than were also seen on the surface of electrospun polycarbonates. 13 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.893105

Item 636Synthetic Metals137, No.1-3, 2003, 973.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PAN NANOFIBRE CONTAINING AG NANOPARTICLES VIA ELECTROSPINNINGYang Q B; Li D M; Hong Y L; Li Z Y; Wang C; Qiu S L; Wei Y

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres containing silver nanoparticles were prepared by electrospinning a PAN solution containing a silver sol. The fibres were characterised by transmission electron microscopy and the nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction. The absorption spectrum of the nanocomposites was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. The silver particles acted as a physical crosslinking agent, increasing the fibre thickness from 20 to 400 nm, and their presence also doubled the electrical conductivity of the fibres. 7 refs.

Jilin,University; Drexel,UniversityCHINA; USA

Accession no.892595

Item 637Journal of Applied Polymer Science89, No.6, 8th Aug.2003, p.1573.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLYBDOSILICIC ACID/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBER MATS PRODUCED BY AN ELECTROSPINNING METHODJian Gong; Xiang-Dan Li; Bin Ding; Douk-Rae Lee; Hak-Yong Kim

The preparation of high percentage (20-80 percent) molybdosilicic acid/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibre mats using the electrospinning technique is described. The fibre mats were characterised by IR, XRD, SEM and

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 177

DSC, and the results show that the PVA changes from a semicrystalline to an amorphous state with increasing molybdosilicic acid. The swelling properties of the fibre mats in water were investigated and the results are discussed. 25 refs.

Changchun,Northeast Normal University; Chonbuk,National UniversityCHINA; SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.891935

Item 638Journal of Applied Polymer Science89, No.3, 18th July 2003, p.604.FIBER SPINNING FROM POLY(PROPYLENE)-ORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITEPavlikova S; Thomann R; Reichert P; Muelhaupt R; Marcincin A; Borsig E

SOMASIF ME C16 (from CO-OP Chemical Co. of Japan), a filler that enabled generation of anisotropic nanoparticles by in situ exfoliation of organic layered silicates, was melt-compounded with PP in the presence of maleic anhydride-grafted PP. Fibres were prepared from this composite by a spinning procedure and the anisotropic fibres prepared were partially oriented by using different draw ratios. The draw ratio of the fibres was shown to have a significant effect on the level of exfoliation of the SOMASIF ME C16 where the nanoparticles were formed. The layered sheets of the SOMASIF particles were oriented in the direction of the fibre axis. The TS of the filled fibres increased with increase of draw ratio much more than that of unfilled PP fibres. This result was accounted for by the formation of exfoliated structures from the nanoparticles of SOMASIF ME C16 by fibre drawing. 14 refs.

Slovak,Technological University; Freiburg,Albert-Ludwigs University; Bratislava,Polymer InstituteCO-OP CHEMICAL CO.LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; JAPAN; SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891277

Item 639163rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2003. Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca., 28th-30th April 2003.Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 41, pp.30, 28cm, O12PRESERVATION OF ENZYMES IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSAl-Shehri H; Smith D J; Hansen L M

It was found that electrospinning of trypsin to generate nanofibres containing uniformly distributed enzyme using aqueous solutions containing various polymers - poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOZ), poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) - gave best results (73% of native activity retained) with PEOZ. Similar results were obtained for RNase using PEOZ. Retained activity could

be increased by increasing protein concentration and by adding alcohol or sugars to the spinning solution. The crosslinking of proteins to nanofibres was also investigated using albumin and poly(vinylamine) in aqueous solution with various levels of bisepoxide as crosslinking agent. 39 refs.

Akron,University(ACS,Rubber Div.)USA

Accession no.889992

Item 640Polymer Degradation and Stability81, No.1, 2003, p.117.PREPARATION OF PVA-PT/TIO2 COMPOSITE NANOFIBER AGGREGATE AND THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF SOLID-PHASE POLYVINYL ALCOHOLHe C-H; Gong J

PVAL-platinum/titanium dioxide composite nanofibre aggregate was prepared by electrospinning method and the photocatalytic degradation of solid-phase PVAL was investigated. Samples were characterised using SEM, X-ray diffraction, UV vis spectroscopy and FTIR. The possible mechanism of PVAL degradation is also discussed. 20 refs.

East China,University of Science & Technology; China,Northeast Normal UniversityCHINA

Accession no.889477

Item 641Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, DC, ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2002, p.659-60, 28cm, 012NONWOVEN NANOFIBER MEMBRANES OF POLY(LACTIDE) AND POLY(GLYCOLIDE-CO-LACTIDE) VIA ELECTROSPINNING AND APPLICATIONS FOR ANTI-ADHESIONSXinhua Zong; Dufei Fang; Kwangsok Kim; Shaofeng Ran; Hsaio B S; Chu B; Braithwaite C; Li S; Chen E

The effects of different concentrations of polymer solutions and different processing conditions used in electrospinning on the nanofibre membrane morphology and crystallinity were examined using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. Polymers used in the nanofibres were polylactides, polyglycolides and their copolymers. In comparison to films produced from similar materials, nanofibre membranes were found to have lower crystallinity and faster degradation rates, and a reduction in post-operative adhesions was observed. 6 refs.

New York,State University; Stoneybrook Technology & Applied Research Inc.

References and Abstracts

178 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.888850

Item 642Chemistry of Materials15, No.9, 6th May 2003, p.1860.ELECTROSPINNING AND STABILIZATION OF FULLY HYDROLYZED POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBERSYao L; Haas T W; Guiseppi-Elie A; Bowlin G L; Simpson D G; Wnek G E

A report is presented on the electrospinning of fully hydrolysed PVAl from water using Triton X-100, as a surfactant, to lower surface tension. The morphology, thermal properties and mechanical properties of the electrospun PVAl fibres, determined by scanning electron microscopy, polarised light microscopy, DSC and dynamic mechanical analysis, are discussed and a simple procedure for stabilising the fibres against disintegration in water involving soaking in methanol is disclosed. 31 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth UniversityUSA

Accession no.888653

Item 643Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition41, No.11, 1st June 2003, p.1256.MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN FIBER MATS OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)/POLYURETHANE POLYBLENDSLee K H; Kim H Y; Ryu Y J; Kim K W; Choi S W

Blends of PVC and PU dissolved in a mixture of THF and DMF were electrospun under different conditions and the relationship between morphology and mechanical properties of the fibre mats obtained investigated by means of tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy. Changes in the mechanical properties of the fibres were attributed to the formation of a point-bonded structure with increasing PU composition. 16 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Hannam,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.888602

Item 644Biomaterials24, No.12, 2003, p.2077.BIODEGRADABLE NANOFIBER SCAFFOLD BY ELECTROSPINNING AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERINGYoshimoto H; Shin Y M; Terai H; Vacanti J P

M i c r o p o r o u s n o n - w ove n p o l y c a p r o l a c t o n e scaffolds were made by electrostatic fibre spinning.

Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow were cultured, expanded and seeded on these scaffolds. Characterisation was undertaken using SEM, histology and immunohistochemical analysis. 11 refs.

Massachusetts General HospitalUSA

Accession no.885867

Item 645Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition41, No.4, 15th Feb.2003, p.545.ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS: INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND INTRINSIC ORIENTATIONDersch R; Taiqi Liu; Schaper A K; Greiner A; Wendorff J H

The internal structures of nanofibres electrospun from polyamide-6 and polylactide with an average diameter of about 50 nm were analysed. The fibres were partially crystalline, with degrees of crystallinity not significantly smaller than those found for less rapidly quenched and much thicker melt-extruded fibres. The annealing of polyamide fibres at elevated temperatures resulted in a transformation from the disordered gamma modification to the more highly ordered alpha modification and this was also in close agreement with the response of melt-extruded fibres. The orientation of the crystals along the fibre axis was strongly inhomogeneous. It was, on average, very weak but could be quite pronounced locally. Small elongations of about 10% resulted in well-developed homogeneous crystal orientations. 46 refs.

Marburg,Philipps UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.884719

Item 646Polymer International52, No.3, March 2003, p.429.CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYIMIDE ULTRAFINE FIBERS PREPARED THROUGH ELECTROSPINNINGChangwoon Nah; Sang Hyub Han; Myong-Hoon Lee; Jong Sang Kim; Dai Soo Lee

Ultrafine polyimide fibres were obta ined by electrospinning a poly(amic acid) solution, followed by thermal imidisation. The fibre diameters ranged from a few tens of nanometres to several micrometres. Sub-micron fibres with a cross-sectional dimension below about 500 nm were rectangular in cross-section. 10 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.884011

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 179

Item 647Polymer44, No.4, 2003, p.1309.ELECTROSPINNING OF A MICRO-AIR VEHICLE WING SKINPawlowski K J; Belvin H L; Raney D L; Su J; Harrison J S; Siochi E J

Electrospinning was used to prepare lightweight, electrically responsive wing skins for micro-air vehicle (MAV) wing frame designs. The electroactive polymers studied were a piezoelectric copolymer of PVDF and trifluoroethylene, a graft elastomer consisting of a random poly(trichloroethylene-trifluoroethylene)-based flexible backbone with randomly-grafted crystalline polarisable PVDF end groups, and a variation of the above graft elastomer (TrF1) in which the grafted segments were the piezoelectric copolymer mentioned above. The appropriate electrospinning conditions for the materials were studied and electrospun mats of the materials were characterised using optical microscopy and SEM. The tensile properties of the electrospun fibres were measures. TrF1 was electrospun on to MAV wing frames and preliminary results for the electroactivity of these prototype MAV wings were given. 35 refs.

US,NASA,Langley Research CenterUSA

Accession no.883741

Item 648Polymer44, No.4, 2003, p.1287.CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO-STRUCTURED POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) NONWOVEN MATS VIA ELECTROSPINNINGLee K H; Kim H Y; Khil M S; Ra Y M; Lee D R

Nanostructured poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) non-woven mats were prepared by electrospinning in three different solvents: methylene chloride (MC), a mixture of MC and DMF, and a mixture of MC, DMF and toluene. MC, toluene and DMF are good, poor and non-solvents respectively for PCL. For PCL dissolved in MC only, the fibre diameter electrospun at 13 wt% was 5500 nm with a narrow diameter distribution but electrospinning was not facilitated. For solutions dissolved in the MC/DMF mixture, electrospinning was enhanced and the fibre diameter increased dramatically with increasing DMF volume fraction. For solutions dissolved in MC/DMF/toluene mixtures, with increasing toluene volume fraction, electrospinning was very restricted due to very high viscosity and low conductivity. The dielectric constant and conductivity of the solution were key factors in electrospinning. the crystallinity of electrospun PCL non-woven mats was lower than that of PCL film. The mechanical properties of the non-woven mats changes with increasing linear velocity of the rotating drum surface. 24 refs.

Chonbuk,National UniversitySOUTH KOREA

Accession no.883739

Item 649Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 2. Fall 2002. Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, DC, ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2002, p.743-4, 28cm, 012ELECTROSPINNING BOMBYX MORI SILK WITH POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)Jin H-J; Fridrikh S V; Rutledge G C; Kaplan D L

The development of an all-aqueous process for the electrospinning of silk in combination with PEO to produce fibres with enhanced biocompatibility is described. The properties of the silk/PEO blend solutions with pure silk and PEO solution and fibre formation and morphology of the electrospun silk/PEO from the aqueous solutions are reported and a scanning electron micrograph and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results from the electrospun silk, PEO and silk/PEO blend surfaces are provided. 18 refs.

Tufts University; MIT(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.880084

Item 650Polymer44, No.3, Feb.2003, p.841.PREPARATION OF NON-WOVEN NANOFIBERS OF BOMBYX MORI SILK, SAMIA CYNTHIA RICINI SILK AND RECOMBINANT HYBRID SILK WITH ELECTROSPINNING METHODOhgo K; Chenhua Zhao; Kobayashi M; Asakura T

Electrospinning was used to prepare non-woven nanofibres of Bombyx mori and Samia cynthia ricini silk fibroins and of the recombinant hybrid fibre involving the crystalline domain of B.mori silk and non-crystalline domain of S.c.ricini silk from hexafluoroacetone(HFA) solution. Carbon-13 cross-polarisation/magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the structural change of silk fibroins together with the detection of the residual HFA during the process of fibre formation. SEM was used to determine the diameters of the fibres and their distributions. 31 refs.

Tokyo,University of Agriculture & TechnologyJAPAN

Accession no.879064

Item 651Biomaterials24, No.6, March 2003, p.907.

References and Abstracts

180 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ALCOHOL FIBERSKenawy E-R; Layman J M; Watkins J R; Bowlin G L; Matthews J A; Simpson D G; Wnek G E

Details are given of the electrospinning of EVOH fibres at room temperature from solution. Potential applications in tissue engineering and wound healing are discussed. 23 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth UniversityUSA

Accession no.878806

Item 652Polymer43, No.25, 2002, p.6785.NANOFIBER GARLANDS OF POLYCAPROLACTONE BY ELECTROSPINNINGReneker D H; Kataphinan W; Theron Zussman E; Yarin A L

Electrospinning a solution of polycaprolactone in acetone caused the appearance of a fluffy columnar network of fibres which moved slowly in large loops and long curves. The columnar network was referred to as a garland. The curly path of the garland appeared to result from an electrically driven bending instability which was similar in many ways to the bending instability which occurs in a single electrospinning jet. 27 refs.

Akron,University; TechnionISRAEL; USA

Accession no.874647

Item 653Journal of Macromolecular Science AA39, No.10, 2002, p.1251.ELECTROSPINNING TECHNOLOGY. A NOVEL APPROACH TO SENSOR APPLICATIONWang X; Drew C; Lee S-H; Senecal K J; Kumar J; Samuelson L A

The synthesis, fabrication, fluorescence and fluorescence quenching behaviour of fluorescent acrylic acid-pyrene copolymer are reported. The Stern-Volmer plots of the electrospun membranes exhibited good linearity for ferric ions, mercury ions and dinitrotoluene. Data were compared with films made by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption of the polymer. 8 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.873588

Item 654Journal of Macromolecular Science AA39, No.10, 2002, p.1241.SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROSPINNING OF A NOVEL FLUORESCENT POLYMER PMMA-PM FOR QUENCHING-BASED OPTICAL SENSING

Wang X; Lee S-H; Ku B-C; Samuelson L A; Kumar J

Details are given of the synthesis of a new fluorescent polymer and its applicability for optical sensing using the electrospinning technique for the fabrication of nanofibrous membranes sensors. A new fluorescent monomer was synthesised by coupling reactions between methacryloyl chloride and pyrene butanol. This monomer was copolymerised with methyl methacrylate using AIBN as initiator. Quenching-based optical chemical sensors were fabricated. The synthesis, characterisation, electrospinning fabrication, and sensing capability of these polymers are discussed. 7 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.873587

Item 655Journal of Macromolecular Science AA39, No.10, 2002, p.1085.ELECTROSPUN PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLSDrew C; Wang X; Senecal K; Schreuder-Gibson H; He J; Kumar J; Samuelson L A

Details are given of the preparation of functioning photovoltaic cells made from polyacrylonitrile fibres infused with azo dye in a liquid-junction cell assembly. Cell performances were compared with cells made by spin coating thin polyacrylonitrile/azo dye films. The effects of adding nanoparticles of titanium dioxide to the cells are also reported. The maximum amount of dye that can be incorporated into a fibre is presented. 13 refs.

Massachusetts,UniversityUSA

Accession no.873576

Item 656Macromolecules35, No.22, 22nd Oct.2002, p.8456.MICRO- AND NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACE MORPHOLOGY ON ELECTROSPUN POLYMERMegelski S; Stephens J S; Chase D B; Rabolt J F

Electrospun fibres were produced using a variety of solvents to investigate the influence of polymer/solvent properties on the fibre surface morphology. Increased surface area of PS, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide, and PMMA fibres was correlated with high volatility solvents used in the electrospinning process. The effect of processing parameters on the fibre surface morphology was also investigated using optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, and atomic force microscopy. 44 refs.

Delaware,UniversityUSA

Accession no.872485

Item 657Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 181

40, No.18, 15th Sept.2002, p.2119.ULTRAFINE FIBROUS CELLULOSE MEMBRANES FROM ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE ACETATELiu H; Hsieh Y-L

Three solvents - acetone, acetic acid and dimethylacetamide (DMAc) - with a range of solubility parameter delta, surface tension gamma, viscosity n and boiling temperature are used to generate mixtures for electrospinning cellulose acetate (CA) (degree of substitution, DS = 2.45). Although none of these solvents alone enables continuous formation of fibres, mixing DMAc with either acetone or acetic acid produces suitable solvent systems. The 2:1 acetone:DMAc mixture is the most versatile mixture because it allows CA in the 12.5-20% concentration range to be continuously electrospun into fibrous membranes. These CA solutions have n between 1.2 and 10.2 poise and gamma around 26 dyne/cm and produce smooth fibres with diameters from 100 nm to ~1 mu m. Fibre sizes generally decrease with decreasing CA concentrations. The nature of the collectors affects the morphology as well as packing of fibres. Fibres collected on paper have more uniform sizes, smooth surfaces and fewer defects, whereas fibres collected on water are more varied in size. Electrically conductive solid collectors, such as Al foil and water, favour more tightly packed and less porous membranes. Porous collectors, like paper and copper mesh, produce highly porous membranes. The pores in membranes collected on the Al foil and paper are much better interconnected in the planar directions than those in membranes collected on water. There is evidence that electrospinning induces order in the fibres. Deacetylation of CA membranes is more efficient and complete in NaOH/ethanol than in aqueous NaOH, producing DS values between 0.15 and 2.33 without altering fibre surfaces, packing or organisation. The fully regenerated cellulose membranes are similarly hydrophilic as commodity cellulose fibrous matrices but absorb nearly ten times as much water. 23 refs.

California,UniversityUSA

Accession no.869658

Item 658Macromolecular Bioscience2, No.6, 30th Aug.2002, p.261-6. This issue is published within Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol.203, No.9, 28th June 2002ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED AND ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL PHENOLKenawy E-R; Abdel-Fattah Y R

Details are given of the preparation of antimicrobial polymeric systems from polyvinyl phenol. The antimicrobial activity of the polymers was examined against different test microorganisms. The effect of polymer morphology and molecular weight on antimicrobial activity was examined. 18 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth University; Alexandria,Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research InstituteEGYPT; USA

Accession no.869053

Item 659Polymer43, No.11, 2002, p.3303.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYURETHANE FIBERSDemir M M; Yilgor I; Yilgor E; Erman B

A segmented elastomeric polyurethane-urea (urea content 35 wt%) was prepared from poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol, a cycloaliphatic diisocyanate and an asymmetric diamine. Ultrafine elastic fibres were prepared by electrospinning solutions of the copolymer. Fibre diameters of 7 nm to 1.5 micrometres were obtained by varying the solution concentration. The morphology of the fibres was strongly correlated with viscosity, concentration and temperature. The morphology could be improved by increasing the solution temperature. Fibres spun at high temperature were uniform, unlike those obtained at room temperature. The electrospinning process was also quicker at high temperature. 27 refs.

Sabanci,University; Koc,UniversityTURKEY

Accession no.868757

Item 660Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition40, No.19, 1st.Oct. 2002, p.2259.INFLUENCE OF A MIXING SOLVENT WITH TETRAHYDROFURAN AND N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) NONWOVEN MATSKeun Hyung Lee; Hak Yong Kim; Young Min La; Douk Rae Lee; Nak Hyun Sung

Polyvinyl chloride fibres having diameters ranging from narrow to broad distributions were prepared by electrospinning and the effects of various processing parameters on the morphology of the fibres investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Processing parameters investigated included solvent composition, applied electric field and tip-to-collector distance. The tensile properties of the fibres were also determined and the influence of volume ratio of solvent with respect to the processing parameters on fibre morphology evaluated. 24 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; Hannam,UniversityKOREA

Accession no.867864

Item 661Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 1. Spring 2001. Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held San Diego, Ca., 1st-5th April 2001.

References and Abstracts

182 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2001, p.689-90, 28cm, 012HIGH-RESOLUTION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY OF ELECTRO-SPUN TYPE I COLLAGEN NANOFIBERSLei Huang; Apkarian R P; Chaikof E L

Electro-spun type I collagen nano-fibres were generated at ambient temperature and pressure by electro-spinning 1 wt % of Type I collagen/PEO solution under an 18 kV electric field and a 15 cm distance between the spinneret and plate collector. The products were imaged with high resolution SEM at medium and high magnifications on chromium-coated silicon chips and with TEM on carbon-coated grids. The former provided more accurate and detailed nano-scale images for these electro-spun Type I collagen nano-fibres. The resultant fibre network was biocompatible and mechanically stable and it had nano-size pores which allowed for tissue and fluid influx. These properties rendered the collagen fibres suitable for use in biopolymer and tissue engineering applications. 12 refs.

Emory University; Georgia,Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.865923

Item 662Journal of Advanced Materials34, No.3, July 2002, p.44.PROTECTIVE TEXTILE MATERIALS BASED ON ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERSSchreuder-Gibson H; Gibson P; Senecal K; Sennett M; Walker J; Yeomans W; Ziegler D; Tsai P P

The latest accomplishments in the development of fabric membranes made from electrospun fibres for protective clothing are described. Information is provided on the air and vapour transport properties, aerosol filtration, porosity and tensile properties of these membranes together with the effect of biaxial strain on their transport properties and porosity. The use of additives in the membranes for chemical reactivity is also discussed and future concepts for electrospun clothing manufacture are briefly considered. 28 refs.

US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems Center; Tennessee,UniversityUSA

Accession no.862204

Item 663Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition40, No.13, 1st July 2002, p.1261.PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NANOSCALE POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBRE AGGREGATE PRODUCED BY AN ELECTROSPINNING METHODDing B; Kim H-Y; Lee S-C; Shao C-L; Lee D-R; Park S-J; Kwag G-B; Choi K-J

Nanoscale PVAl fibre aggregates were produced by electrospinning and crosslinked using, as crosslinking agent, glyoxal. The fibre aggregates were characterised by DSC, wide angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and their water absorbency, tensile strength and elongation characteristics determined. The properties of the crosslinked fibre aggregates were compared with those of the uncrosslinked fibre aggregates and found to be better. 22 refs.

Chonbuk,National University; China,Northeast Normal University; Korea,Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Clean & Science Co.Ltd.; American Air Filter InternationalCHINA; SOUTH KOREA; USA

Accession no.860262

Item 664Polymer43, No.16, 2002, p.4403.STRUCTURE AND PROCESS RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTROSPUN BIOABSORBABLE NANOFIBER MEMBRANESZong X; Kim K; Fang D; Ran S; Hsiao B S; Chu B

An electrospinning method was used to fabricate bioabsorbable amorphous polylactic acid and semicrystalline polylactic acid nanofibre non-woven membranes for biomedical applications. The structure and morphology of the membranes were investigated by SEM, DSC, and x-ray diffraction. The effects of solution viscosity, applied electric field strength, solution feeding rate and ionic salt addition on fibre diameter and nanostructure morphology were examined. 22 refs.

New York,University; Stonybrook Technology & Applied Research Inc.USA

Accession no.859414

Item 665Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th April 2002.Washington D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2002, p.457-8, 28 cm, 012RELEASE OF TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYMERSKenawy E-R; Bowlin G L; Mansfield K; Layman J; Sanders E; Simpson D G; Wnek G E

A method of preparing a novel drug delivery system from electrospun polymer fibres based on poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and blends with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was described. The release of tetracycline hydrochloride from electrospun mats of EVA and an EVA/PLA (50/50) blend was studied. The polymer mats showed relatively smooth drug release profiles in aqueous buffer. Electrospun EVA showed a higher drug release rate than

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 183

the mats derived from the 50/50 EVA/PLA blend. 7 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.856997

Item 666Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th April 2002.Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2002, p.130-1, 28cm, 012FLUORESCENT ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FILMS FOR THE DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVESXianyan Wang; Soo-Hyoung Lee; Drew C; Senecal K J; Kumar J; Samuelson L A

The use of an electrospun membrane as a highly responsive fluorescence quenching-based optical sensor for explosives detection was studied. A new polymer, polyacrylic acid-poly(pyrene methanol)(PAA-PM), was synthesised via covalent attachment of the fluorescent indicator, pyrene methanol(PM), onto PAA. Optical sensors were then fabricated by electrospinning blend solutions of PAA-PM and a thermally crosslinkable PU to make the membranes insoluble. The preparation and characterisation of the electrospun films and comparison of the sensing properties between the electrospun films and electrostatically layer-by-layer assembled films for detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, an explosive simulant, are reported. 8 refs.

Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems Center(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.854821

Item 667Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 2. Fall 2001. Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 26th-30th August 2002.Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2001, p.63-4GENERATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBRES OF NYLON 6-MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITEFong H; Liu W; Wang C S; Vaia R A

The utility of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) is widely acknowledged; however traditional large-scale processing approaches are often not capable of achieving or maintaining optimal nanoscopic dispersion of the fillers, and thus delivering the potential suite of property enhancements espoused by many PNC reports. Beyond traditional processing, the potential to fabricate micro-and nano-scale structures from PNCs is relatively unexplored. The ability to dissolve nylon 6-montmorillonite nanocomposites (NLS), initially fabricated by melt processing, and to reformulate

into electrospun nano-fibres while maintaining the nanoscale dispersion of the montmorillonite, is demonstrated. This illustrates the potential of using PNCs as the foundation for fabricating nano- and mesoscopic structures, nanofibres in this case, and thus exerting hierarchical control of morphology and form through the combination of a nanostructured material and a nanoscale fabrication technique. Fibres and nanofibres of nylon 6-montmorillonite nanocomposite are electrospun from solution into non-woven fabrics or aligned yarns. Transmission electron microscopy shows the montmorillonite layers to be highly oriented along the fibre axis, and X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the nylon 6 crystallites are also well aligned. The morphology of the electrospun NLS nanocomposite fibres from hexafluoroisopropanol solution is exfoliated, but addition of a few percent DMF results in agglomeration of the dispersed montmorillonite layers. WAXD and DSC studies indicate that electrospinning or the addition of dispersed montmorillonite to solution processed NLS favours the formation of gamma-phase nylon 6. Future efforts will examine the utility of electrospinning to align other nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes. 8 refs.

Universal Technology Corp.; Systran Federal Corp.; Dayton,University; US,Air Force Research Laboratory(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)USA

Accession no.847972

Item 668ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering Fall Meeting.Volume 85.Chicago, IL, 26th-30th August 2001, p.622-3, 012HIGH SURFACE AREA CHEMOSENSOR MATERIAL BY ELECTROSPINNING OF FLUORESCENT CONJUGATED POLYMERZhang Y; Dong H; Norris I D; MacDiarmid A G; Jones W E

Fibres of approximately 2 micron in diameter were prepared by electrospinning from a chloroform solution of blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly((p-phenylene ethynylene)-alt-(thienylene ethynylene)) (PPETE). The PEO was required to give a stable drop at the pipette tip. The PPETE was fluorescent, with a single emission maximum at 558 nm. 6 refs.

New York,State University; Pennsylvania,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.847160

Item 669ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering Fall Meeting.Volume 85.Chicago, IL, 26th-30th August 2001, p.617-8, 012ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES FOR OPTICAL SENSING

References and Abstracts

184 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Wang X; Lee S-H; Drew C; Senecal K J; Kumar J; Samuelson L A

Membranes were prepared for use as ferric ion selective optical sensors by simultaneously electrospinning poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) with a covalently attached fluorescent indicator (pyrene methanol). Membrane morphologies were studied using scanning electron microscopy, and the sensing capabilities were evaluated by fluorescence quenching studies. The sensors exhibited enhanced reactivity and sensitivity compared with continuous thin films. 8 refs.

Massachusetts,University; US,Army Soldier & Biological Chemical Command(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)USA

Accession no.847157

Item 670Materials Today5, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.6TISSUE ROAD MAP

A self-assembling nanostructured fibrous scaffold, which acts as a "road map" to guide the growth of replacement bone tissue, has been developed at Northwestern University. Self-assembly into nanofibres can be achieved and reversed by varying pH using a peptide-amphiphile molecule.NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Accession no.842907

Item 671Polymer43, No.3, 2002, p.1025.ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER NANOFIBERS WITH SPECIFIC SURFACE CHEMISTRY?Deitael J M; Kosik W; McKnight S H; Beck Tan N C; DeSimone J M; Crette S

A series of random copolymers of PMMA with varying tetrahydroperfluorooctyl acrylate contents (0-10%) was synthesised by radical copolymerisation. Nanofibres of the copolymers were electrospun from a mixed solvent containing 90% toluene and 10% DMF. The atomic percentage of fluorine in the near surface region of the electrospun fibres was about double that found in a bulk sample of the random copolymer. The surface segregation was similar in magnitude to that measured for thin films of the copolymers. 22 refs.

US,Army Research Laboratory; North Carolina,UniversityUSA

Accession no.842656

Item 672Polymer43, No.3, 2002, p.775.GENERATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6-MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITEHao Fong; Weidong Liu; Chyi-Shan Wang; Vaia R A

The exfoliated morphology of melt fabricated nylon 6-montmorillonite (NLS) nanocomposite was preserved in cast films and electrospun fibres from hexafluoroisopropanol solution. Adding a few percent of DMF to the solutions resulted in agglomeration of the dispersed montmorillonite layers and an overall mixed morphology, demonstrating solvent partitioning and the delicate enthalpic balance needed to maintain layer dispersion. Fibres and nanofibres of the NLS nanocomposite were electrospun from solution were and collected as non-woven fabrics or as aligned yarns. Ribbon shaped fibres, as well as cyclindrical shaped fibres and nanofibres, were found in the products. The electrospinning process resulted in highly aligned montmorillonite layers (layer normal perpendicular to the fibre axis) and nylon 6 crystallite (layer normal parallel to the fibre axis). 24 refs.

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; Dayton,University,Research InstituteUSA

Accession no.842627

Item 673Journal of Macromolecular Science AA38, No.12, 2001, p.1231.TAILORING TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS USING ELECTROSTATIC PROCESSING TECHNIQUES. A STUDY OF POLYGLYCOLIC ACID ELECTROSPINNINGBoland E D; Wnek G E; Simpson D G; Pawlowski K J; Bowlin G L

Details are given of the ability to control fibre diameter of polyglycolic acid as a function of solution concentration and fibre orientation. Correlations between the fibre orientation, elastic modulus and strain to failure of polyglycolic acid in a uniaxial mode are discussed. 18 refs.

Virginia,Commonwealth UniversityUSA

Accession no.841927

Item 674Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition39, No.21, 1st Nov.2001, p.2598.FLAT POLYMER RIBBONS AND OTHER SHAPES BY ELECTROSPINNINGKoombhongse S; Liu W; Reneker D H

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 185

Flat polymer ribbons, ribbons of other shapes, fibres split longitudinally, and branched fibres, as well as round nanofibres, with dimensions ranging from 1 mm. to 1 micron were observed using high frame rate videography during the electrospinning of a range of polymers. It was apparent that fluid mechanical effects, electrical charge carried by the jet and solvent evaporation, as well as the formation of a skin on certain of the polymers, all contribute to formation of fibre shape. Morphology of fibre samples was determined using scanning electron microscopy. The observations made, and the shapes observed, are of value in mathematical analyses or computer generated studies of the electrospinning process. 29 refs.

Akron,UniversityUSA

Accession no.839596

Item 675Applied Spectroscopy55, No.10, Oct.2001, p.1287.'REAL TIME' RAMAN STUDIES OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERSStephens J S; Frisk S; Megelski S; Rabolt J F; Chase D B

Raman spectra of as-spun PS fibres produced by electrospinning showed that high S/N data could be obtained on 50 micrometre diameter fibres in relatively short collection times (25 s). Using the same instrumental approach, 'real time' Raman spectra of the electrospinning liquid fibre jet at the origin of the jet and 1 cm downstream were obtained. The results showed that 'on-line' analysis of the solvent/polymer ratio and spectroscopic measurements of polymer orientation were possible and could lead to a more quantitative understanding of the development of the polymer microstructure during the electrospinning process. 19 refs.

Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research & DevelopmentUSA

Accession no.838295

Item 676Advanced Materials13, No.20, 16th Oct.2001, p.1577.TITANIUM DIOXIDE TUBES FROM SOL-GEL COATING OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBERSCaruso R A; Schattka J H; Greiner A

Electrospun poly(L-lactide) fibres were coated with amorphous titanium dioxide using a sol-gel coating technique. After removal of the organic material by thermal treatment, hollow titania fibres were produced. The sol-gel coating was able to reproduce the finer details of the fibre. It was shown, for example, that oval nodules that were indentations of the initial polymer were mimicked in the final inorganic structure of the titania fibres. This technique could be used to form inorganic

tubular structures with homogeneous wall thickness and secondary structure. 13 refs.

Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.; Marburg,Philipps UniversityEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.836268

Item 677Polymer42, No.25, 2001, p.9955.EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPINNING: THE ELECTRICALLY FORCED JET AND INSTABILITIESShin Y M; Hohman M M; Brenner M P; Rutledge G C

The electrospinning process, in which a fluid jet of material is subjected to a high electric field to produce submicron scale fibre diameters, has been studied theoretically and experimentally using both glycerol and a solution of polyethylene oxide in water as model fluids. It was shown that the use of operating diagrams of electric field verses flow rate were feasible, and that jet current which is also crucial to the process is dependent on fluid properties, applied electric field and arrangement of equipment. Convective instability, in which the jet fibre rapidly whips randomly about, is a key process in fibre formation and experimental evidence was shown to be in accord with theoretical dependence of the process on electric field, flow rate and exponential nature of the growth rate. 34 refs.

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; Chicago,UniversityUSA

Accession no.835229

Item 678Polymer42, No.19, 2001, p.8163.CONTROLLED DEPOSITION OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) FIBERSDeitzel J M; Kleinmeyer J D; Hirvonen J K; Beck Tan N C

Sub-micron polymer fibres may be produced by electrospinning using an electrostatically driven jet of polymer solution (or polymer melt). Electrospun fibres are typically collected in the form of non-woven mats, which can be used in a variety of applications including semi-permeable membranes, filters, composite reinforcement, and scaffolding used in tissue engineering. A characteristic feature of the electrospinning process is the onset of a chaotic oscillation of the electrospinning jet. Here this instability is dampened and the deposition of sub-micron polymer fibres on a substrate is controlled through use of an electrostatic lens element and collection target of opposite polarity. Using high-speed, high magnification imaging techniques real-time observations of the electrospinning

References and Abstracts

186 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

process have been made. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy have been used to analyse fibre mats and yarns electrospun from polyethylene oxide. 17 refs.

US,Army Research LaboratoryUSA

Accession no.826661

Item 679Polymer42, No.1, 2001, p.261.EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS AND TEXTILESDeitzel J M; Kleinmeyer J; Harris D; Tan N C B

A systematic investigation was conducted of the effects of two parameters of electrospinning, spinning voltage and solution concentration, on the morphology of the fibres formed. PEO/water solutions were used for the spinning. It was found that spinning voltage was strongly correlated with the formation of bead defects in the fibres and that current measurements could be used to signal the onset of the processing voltage at which the bead defect increased significantly. Solution concentration was found to have the greatest effect on fibre size, with fibre diameter increasing with increasing solution concentration according to a power law relationship. In addition, electrospinning from solutions of high concentration was found to produce a bimodal distribution of fibres sizes, reminiscent of distributions observed in the similar droplet generation process of electrospray. In addition, evidence was found that electrostatic effects influenced the macroscale morphology of electrospun textiles and could result in the formation of heterogeneous or three-dimensional structures. 23 refs.

US,Army Research LaboratoryUSA

Accession no.788857

Item 680Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition37, No.24, 15th Dec.1999, p.3488.ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBERS OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERHao Fong; Reneker D H

Nanofibres of a commercial SBS triblock copolymer (Kraton D1101) were electrospun from solution and collected either as a non-woven elastomeric fabric or on a layer of graphite that was evaporated onto a glass microscope slide. The resulting nanofibres were elastic, birefringent and most had diamteres around 100 nm. A few thin, beaded fibres were found among the smooth nanofibres. After staining with osmium tetroxide, the nanofibres were examined by TEM. Separated phases of styrene and butadiene blocks were observed. The single

phase domains were irregular in shape, but elongated along the axis of the fibre. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns showed a weak indication of molecular orientation along the fibre axis and the birefringence confirmed that such orientation was present. The single-phase domains grew larger in nanofibres that were held at room temp. (about 25C) for several days. Annealing at a temp. of 70C greatly accelerated the growth of the single-phase domains. The nanofibres softened and flattened on the evaporated graphite during annealing. 16 refs.

Akron,UniversityUSA

Accession no.764955

Item 681Polymer40, No.26, 1999, p.7397.PROCESSING ABD MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION OF POROUS BIOCOMPATIBLE PROTEIN POLYMER THIN FILMSBuchko C J; Chen L C; Chen Y; Martin D C

The process of electrostatic fibre formation, or electrospinning, is used to create biocompatible thin films for use in implantable devices. The morphology of the thin films is found to depend on process parameters including solution concentration, applied electric field strength, deposition distance and deposition time. The microstructure of the coatings is examined by transmission electron microscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering, with electrospun filaments being weakly oriented along the fibre axis. A shish kebab model foe the filament morphology is proposed. The electrospinning process is shown to be a means of creating porous thin films with structural gradients and controlled morphology that can enhance biocampatibility. 37 refs.

Michigan,UniversityUSA

Accession no.758993

Item 682Polymer40, No.16, July 1999, p.4585.BEADED NANOFIBERS FORMED DURING ELECTROSPINNINGFong H; Chun I; Reneker D H

The use of electrospinning to produce polymer fibres, with diameters in the region of 100 nm, from polymer (PEO) solutions was examined. The electrospun fibres often had beads in regular arrays. The viscoelasticity of the solution, charge density carried by the jet and the surface tension of the solution were found to be the key factors that influenced the formation of the beaded fibres. 18 refs.

Akron,UniversityUSA

Accession no.731966

Subject Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 187

Subject Index

AAATCC REVIEW, 80ABSORPTION BEHAVIORS AND

STATES OF WATER, 130AC POTENTIAL, 167AC POTENTIALS IN

ELECTROSPRAYING, 166ACRYLONITRILE-BASED

POLYMERS, 130ADSORPTION, 115 135ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL

MATERIALS, 72 100 110ADVANCED MATERIALS, 69 70

82 91 92 100 124 132 139 140 152 156 157 168 169 170 174 185

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES POLYMERS, 35 39

AFM-BASED VOLTAGE ASSISTED NANOELECTROSPINNING, 68

ALCOHOL MEMBRANE, 45ALGINATE, 94ALIGNMENT ELECTROSPUN

POLYSTYRENE, 78ALLOMETRIC LAW, 164ANISOTROPIC

ELECTROSPINNING, 69ANISOTROPY

MAGNETISATION, 69ANNEALING, 157 186ANTIBACTERIAL

MICROFIBERS, 62ANTIGLARE SUNGLASSES, 69ANTIMICROBIAL POLY

(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS, 84

APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS, 80

AQUEOUS MEDIA ELECTROSPINNING WHEAT GLUTEN FIBERS, 107

AQUEOUS POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) SOLUTIONS ELECTROSPINNING, 130

ARTIFICIAL ORGANS, 22ASPECTS OF

ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS, 89

ATACTIC POLYMERS, 162

ATACTIC POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL), 84

ATACTIC PVAL NANOFABRICS, 162

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, 58 63 68 80 83 92 98 100 106 128 131 137 151 152 156 161 168 180

ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL ELECTROSPINNING, 62

ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERISATION (ATRP), 58 62

ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERISATION. MICROFIBRES, 63

ATR-FTIR SPECTROSCOPY, 133 160

AXIS CONVENTIONS, 10AXISYMMETRIC INSTABILITY,

13 14

BBACTERIAL CELLULOSE

WHISKERS, 92BEADED ELECTROSPUN

FIBRES, 144BEADED FIBRE FORMATION,

152BEADED FIBRES, 148BEADED MICROFIBRES, 110BEADED NANOFIBERS, 110 186BEAD FORMATION, 72 126 138

151 159 165BEADING, 73BEAD MORPHOLOGY, 176BEADS SIZES, 61BEAD-TO-FIBER TRANSITION

IN ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE, 85

BENDING INSTABILITY, 14 15 16

BENDING ‘WHIPPING’ INSTABILITY, 13

BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE, 12BERRY NUMBER, 108BIASED AC

ELECTROSPINNING, 93BICOMPONENT FIBRES, 113BICOMPONENT NANOFIBERS

ELECTROSPUN, 139BIOCHEMICAL SENSOR, 171

BIOCIDAL ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS, 83

BIOCOMPATIBLE THIN FILMS, 186

BIODEGRADABLE ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 73

BIODEGRADABLE ELECTROSPUN MAT, 174

BIODEGRADABLE MEMBRANES, 41

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER, 22 40 42 172

BIODEGRADABLE TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS, 72

BIODEGRADATION, 160BIOHYBRID MATERIALS, 82BIOMATERIALS, 169 178 179BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE, 50BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS,

64 144 154 161 BIOMIMETIC

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, 169

BIOMIMETIC SCAFFOLDS, 93BIOMINERALIZATION, 161BIOPOLYMER-

HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITE COATINGS, 104

BIOPOLYMER NANOFIBERS, 44BIOPOLYMERS, 26BIOREACTORS, 20BIOSENSOR APPLICATIONS,

104BIOSENSORS, 69BLENDS OF POLY(LACTIC

ACID) AND POLY(GLYCOLIC ACID), 105

BLOCK COPOLYMER, 152 109BLOWING-ASSISTED

ELECTROSPINNING, 149BOMBYX MORI NANOFIBERS,

144BOMBYX MORI SILK, 155 179BONE REGENERATION, 60BONE SCAFFOLDS, 100BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING,

178BONE TISSUE REGENERATION,

74BONE TISSUE SCAFFOLD

APPLICATIONS, 105BPDA-PDA POLYIMIDE, 124

Subject Index

188 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

BRANCHED POLYESTERS, 172BUBBLE ELECTROSPINNING,

52BUTANE DIOL), 81 BUTYL RUBBER MEMBRANES,

129

CCALORIMETRY, 121CAPILLARY STRESSES, 13CAPROLACTONE (PCL)

NANOFIBRE MATS, 93 CARBON BLACK, 89CARBON COILS WET

ELECTROSPINNING, 120CARBON FIBRE/EPOXY

COMPOSITE, 58 65CARBON NANOFIBERS, 85 113

115 124 139 141 152 169 175CARBON NANOFIBERS

ELECTROSPINNING, 117CARBON NANOFIBER WEBS,

100CARBON NANOFIBRES, 45 53

69 171CARBON NANOTUBE-FILLED

NANOFIBER YARNS, 174CARBON NANOTUBES, 45 113

126 131 135 132 137 144 169 174 176 183

CATALYST SUBSTRATES, 20CATIONIC AMPHIPHILES, 81CDS NANORODS IN PVP FIBER

MATRICES, 145CELL ADHESION, 41CELL AGGREGATION, 20CELL ATTACHMENT, 20CELL CULTURE, 20 39 119CELL CULTURING, 105CELL GROWTH, 105CELL MORPHOLOGY, 105CELL PROLIFERATION, 170CELL PROPAGATION, 20 22CELL SEEDING, 20CELLULAR MATRICES, 20CELLULOSE ACETATE (CAC),

27CERAMIC NANOFIBERS, 128CERAMIC PRECURSOR

POLYMERS, 128CHAIN ENTANGLEMENTS, 75

152CHAR FORMATION, 152CHARGED JETS, 82 153 154CHAUCHY'S INEQUALITY, 138CHEMICAL ABSORBANCE

IN ELECTROSPUN

NONWOVENS, 75CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SCIENCE, 81CHEMISORPTION, 120CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS,

49 103 130 131 156 178CHITIN NANOFIBERS, 163CHITOSAN, 162CHITOSAN FIBRES

ELECTROSPINNING, 90CHITOSAN NANOFIBERS, 163

164CHITOSAN/PEO NANOFIBERS,

68CHROMATOGRAPHY, 154CMT-8102

ELECTROMECHANICAL UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE, 124

CO-AXIAL ELECTROSPINNING, 42 44 48 51 64 96 97 117 122

COAXIAL NANOFIBRES, 113COAXIAL SPINNING, 59COBALT, 69COCONTINUOUS CELLULOSE

ACETATE (CA)/POLYURETHANE (PU) COMPOSITE NANOFIBRES, 43

COCRYSTALLISATION, 103CO-ELECTROSPINNING, 106

110 132 170 173COG SPINNING DEVICE, 19COIL MORPHOLOGY, 120COLLECTOR MODIFICATIONS,

19COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS

ELECTROSPINNING, 116COMPUTER SIMULATION, 136CONDUCTING NANOFIBERS,

77CONDUCTING POLYMER

NANOFIBERS, 77CONDUCTIVITY, 8 16 43 72 123

126 142 155 156 167CONDUCTIVITY MODIFIER, 39CONFOCAL LASER

MICROSCOPY, 144CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING

MICROSCOPY, 75CONJUGATED POLYMERS, 151

157CONJUGATE

ELECTROSPINNING, 63 113CONTACT ANGLE, 14 133CONTACT ANGLE

MEASUREMENTS, 73 101 145 160

CONTINUOUS NANOFIBERS, 53 162

CONTINUOUS YARNS, 153CONTROLLABLE

ELECTRODES, 130CONVENTIONAL

ELECTROSPINNING, 167COPOLYIMIDE NANOFIBRE, 39COPOLYMERISATION, 133 184CORE APPARATUS, 17CORE-SHEATH NANOFIBRES,

106 109CORE-SHEATH STRUCTURE

IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS, 106

CORE-SHELL FIBRES, 170CORONA DISCHARGE

METHOD, 43CORONARY ARTERY GRAFT

SURGERY, 109CO-SOLVENT SYSTEM, 98COULOMB’S LAW, 9COUPLED ELECTROSPINNING,

68CREEP, 7CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY,

86CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY

POLYMORPHIC PHASE TRANSITIONS, 85

CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES, 127 128

CURE SYSTEM, 134CURRENT VOLTAGE

CHARACTERISTICS, 88CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, 54CYCLING TENSILE TESTING,

142CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE

SYSTEM, 10 78CYTOTOXICITY, 41CYTOTOXICITY TESTING, 133

DDARCY'S LAW, 131DEACETYLATION, 163DEBYE-HUCKEL-ONSAGER

EQUATION, 8DEGRADATION PROFILES, 62DELAMINATION, 116DEPOSITION PROCESS, 76DIAMETER REDUCTION, 81DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS, 63DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, 16DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY,

57

Subject Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 189

DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER (DSC), 45 86

DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY, 43 49 50 63 69 70 75 77 78 81 84 85 86 88 89 92 97 98 101 105 106 107 113 121 122 126 127 128 139 158 161 164 166 168 169 174 177 178 182

DIFFERENTIAL THERMOGRAPHY, 122

DIFFRACTION (XRD), 102DIFFRACTOMETRY, 85DIGITAL MAPPING, 57DIRECT FABRICATION, 148DISCONTINUOUS

NANOFIBERS, 53DISPLACEMENT

MEASUREMENTS, 71DMF, 106DMTA TESTS, 59DRUG CARRIERS, 62DRUG ENCAPSULATION, 20DRY-JET-WET-

ELECTROSPINNING, 122DSC (THERMAL PROPERTIES),

78DUAL COLLECTION RINGS, 155DUAL ELECTRODE MODE

ELECTROSPINNING, 40DYNAMIC MECHANICAL

ANALYSIS, 40 178

EEDAX, 101EDS, 102EDX, 69EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN

ELECTROSPINNING, 111EGGSHELL MEMBRANE, 165ELASTIC DEFORMATION, 137ELASTICITY, 123 ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBER

MEMBRANES, 173ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBERS,

64 148 186ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY,

78 81 122 129 133 141 143ELECTRICAL STRESSES, 14ELECTRIC BOND NUMBER, 12ELECTRIC CURRENT, 119 140

153ELECTRIC FIELD, 78 79 90 111

117 157 167ELECTRIC FIELD STRESSES, 13ELECTRIC FLUX, 9ELECTRIC STRESSES, 16

ELECTROACTIVE PAPER ACTUATOR, 71

ELECTROCONDUCTIVE TEMPLATES, 70

ELECTRODE GEOMETRY, 17ELECTRODYNAMIC FORCE, 8ELECTRO HYDRODYNAMIC

ATOMISATION, 93 145ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC

THEORY, 46ELECTRONIC NOSE, 24ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY

APPLICATIONS, 24ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 44 45

101 149ELECTROPHORESIS, 15ELECTROSPINNABILITY, 38 48

87 141ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF

POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERS, 122

ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 72

ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF PS SOLUTIONS, 128

ELECTROSPINNING AMORPHOUS POLYMERS, 78

ELECTROSPINNING APPARATUS, 10 16 17

ELECTROSPINNING BOMBYX MORI SILK, 179

ELECTROSPINNING BOMBYX MORI SILK FIBROIN, 173

ELECTROSPINNING BPDA-ODA POLY(AMIC ACID) SOLUTION, 59

ELECTROSPINNING CELLULOSE, 44

ELECTROSPINNING CELLULOSE ACETATE, 181

ELECTROSPINNING CELLULOSE-BASED NANOFIBERS, 106

ELECTROSPINNING DEVICE, 40ELECTROSPINNING

FLUORESCENT CONJUGATED POLYMER, 183

ELECTROSPINNING FOR BIOMEDICAL DEVICES, 46

ELECTROSPINNING GELATIN BLEND NANOFIBERS, 39

ELECTROSPINNING GLASSY POLYMERS, 40 ELECTROSPINNING HEXANOYL CHITOSAN/POLYLACTIDE BLENDS, 128

ELECTROSPINNING HYALURONIC ACID (HA) AND HA/GELATIN BLENDS, 135

ELECTROSPINNING HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE FIBERS, 138

ELECTROSPINNING IN NEAR-CRITICAL CO2, 107

ELECTROSPINNING JETS, 12 36 83 133

ELECTROSPINNING MACHINES, 56

ELECTROSPINNING NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS, 157

ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBERS, 155 168

ELECTROSPINNING NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS, 60

ELECTROSPINNING OF ALIGNED POLYMER NANOFIBERS, 93

ELECTROSPINNING OF CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES, 132

ELECTROSPINNING OF CERAMIC NANOFIBERS, 55

ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROCHROMIC CONDUCTIVE POLYMERIC NANOFIBRES, 121

ELECTROSPINNING OF EVOH FIBRES, 180

ELECTROSPINNING OF FLUORINATED POLYMERS, 126

ELECTROSPINNING OF GOLD POLYMER WIRES, 49

ELECTROSPINNING OF HYDROXYAPATITE FIBROUS MATS, 94

ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFABRICS, 83

ELECTROSPINNING OF PC(SHELL)/PU (CORE) COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS TEXTILE APPLICATION, 117

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYACRYLONITRILE SOLUTIONS, 79

Subject Index

190 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYAMIDE, 48 84

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ARYLENE SULFIDE SULFONE) NANOFIBERS, 93

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBERS, 90

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYCARBONATE AND TETRAPYRAZINOINDOLO-PORPHYRAZINE, 77

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY-CARBONATE NANOFIBERS, 172

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY-ESTER MACROMERS, 71

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYETHYLENE MICROFIBERS, 114

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE), 92

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 82

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYETHYLENE OXIDE (PEO), 101

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYISOBUTYLENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS, 73

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYLACTIC ACID, 175

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMERIC NANOFIBRES, 121

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 46

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENE, 108 154

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(TRIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (PTT), 172

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL), 38

ELECTROSPINNING OF POROUS SILICA, 144

ELECTROSPINNING OF SELF-ASSEMBLED INCLUSION COMPLEXES, 74

ELECTROSPINNING OF SODIUM ALGINATE, 110

ELECTROSPINNING PAN NANOFIBERS AS UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED FIBERS, 120

ELECTROSPINNING PAN POLYMER SOLUTION, 164

ELECTROSPINNING PH-RESPONSIVE BLOCK COPOLYMER NANOFIBERS, 70

ELECTROSPINNING POLYACRYLONITRILE/IRON ACETYLACETONATE, 41

ELECTROSPINNING POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS, 117

ELECTROSPINNING POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) POLYMER SOLUTION, 101

ELECTROSPINNING POLYAMIDES, 76

ELECTROSPINNING POLYCAPROLACTONE TISSUE ENGINEERING, 89

ELECTROSPINNING POLYCARBONATE NANOFIBERS, 163

ELECTROSPINNING POLYIMIDE, 40

ELECTROSPINNING POLYMER NANOFIBERS, 184

ELECTROSPINNING POLYMER SOLUTIONS, 167

ELECTROSPINNING POLYMETHYLMETHACR-YLATE, 128

ELECTROSPINNING POLYURETHANE FIBERS, 181

ELECTROSPINNING POLYVINYL ALCOHOL NANOFIBER MATES, 59

ELECTROSPINNING PROSTHETICS, 116

ELECTROSPINNING SILK FIBROIN, 39 78

ELECTROSPINNING SOLUTION, 24

ELECTROSPINNING TECHNOLOGY, 89

ELECTROSPINNING ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE ACETATE FIBERS, 170

ELECTROSPINNING ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE FIBERS, 71

ELECTROSPINNING ULTRAFINE POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) FIBERS, 167

ELECTROSPINNING WHEAT PROTEIN-POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) BLENDS, 75

ELECTROSPINNING ZWITTERIONIC COPOLYMERS, 54

ELECTROSPINZ, 17 18ELECTROSPRAY DEPOSITION,

75 132ELECTROSPRAYING, 3 5 10 11

13 16 41 67 73 93 111 153ELECTROSPUN ACRYLIC

NANOFIBER, 149ELECTROSPUN

ANTIMICROBIAL SCAFFOLDS, 54

ELECTROSPUN ARTELON MATS, 64

ELECTROSPUN ATACTIC POLYSTYRENE, 107

ELECTROSPUN BIOABSORBABLE NANOFIBER MEMBRANES, 182

ELECTROSPUN BIODEGRADABLE BIOCOMPATIBLE FIBERS, 40

ELECTROSPUN BIOPOLYMERS, 41

ELECTROSPUN BOMBYX MORI GLAND SILK, 120

ELECTROSPUN BUTYL RUBBER, 89 134

ELECTROSPUN CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES, 59

ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE ACETATE, 58

ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE MEMBRANE, 71

ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS, 123

ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN-COATED FIBERS, 60

ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN-P(LLA-CL), 49

ELECTROSPUN COPOLYIMIDE FIBRES, 38

ELECTROSPUN COPOLYMER MEMBRANE, 174

ELECTROSPUN CORE FIBERS, 158

Subject Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 191

ELECTROSPUN ESTANE FIBERS, 124

ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 35 70 78 82 83 123 144 153 160 162 169 171 184

ELECTROSPUN FIBERS NYLON 11, 41

ELECTROSPUN FIBERS POLY(ETHER) IMIDE, 57

ELECTROSPUN FIBRE MATS, 100 119 158 168 173 178

ELECTROSPUN FIBRES, 21 22 23 24 36 37 38 40 44 45 48 50 52 66 68 69 81 110 115 123 124 125 128 130 134 143 161 162 166 173 180 183 186

ELECTROSPUN FIBRES CHITOSAN/PVAL, 41

ELECTROSPUN FIBRES INTERNAL STRUCTURE, 59

ELECTROSPUN FIBRE WEBS, 131

ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS MATERIALS, 67

ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS MATS, 62 145 154

ELECTROSPUN FILAMENT, 82ELECTROSPUN FILTERS, 81ELECTROSPUN GELATIN

FIBERS, 86ELECTROSPUN

HYDROXYPROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE PHTHALATE (HPMCP), 75

ELECTROSPUN LINEAR POLYETHYLENEIMINE/SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE SCAFFOLDS, 105

ELECTROSPUN MAT, 105ELECTROSPUN MATERIAL FOR

VASCULAR GRAFT, 109ELECTROSPUN MATS, 92 104

134ELECTROSPUN MEMBRANES,

119 139 161 175 183ELECTROSPUN MICROFIBERS,

92ELECTROSPUN MWNT-G-PLLA

NANO-FIBERS, 74ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER, 84ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER

DIAMETER, 81ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER

MATS, 101ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS,

35 38 42 79 108 119 125 126 127 132 150 168 177 178 182 186

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS CARBON NANOTUBE/POLYCAPROLACTONE NANOCOMPOSITE, 110

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS PALLADIUM CATALYSIS, 42

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS POLYFERROCENYLSILANES, 57

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS SURFACE, 75

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRE MATS, 171

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES, 67 82 83 87 110 137 140 146 151 169 171

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES OF PA6, 87

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES, 183

ELECTROSPUN NANO-INTERLAYERS, 116

ELECTROSPUN NANO/MICROFIBERS, 67

ELECTROSPUN NONWOVEN MAT, 155

ELECTROSPUN NYLON, 65ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6/

FIBRILLAR SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITE, 94

ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 NANOFIBER, 65 164

ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 NONWOVEN MATS, 174

ELECTROSPUN NYLON 66 NANOFIBER MEMBRANES, 91

ELECTROSPUN PA6/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE, 87

ELECTROSPUN PAN NANOFIBERS, 139

ELECTROSPUN PAN NANOFIBRES, 136

ELECTROSPUN PB/PMP FIBROUS MEMBRANES, 51

ELECTROSPUN PCL, 179ELECTROSPUN PCL/CNF

SCAFFOLDS, 61ELECTROSPUN PCL

SCAFFOLDS, 173ELECTROSPUN PC

NANOFIBRE, 37ELECTROSPUN PDLLA FIBRES,

62ELECTROSPUN PELA FIBRES,

62ELECTROSPUN PELA

MEMBRANES, 62

ELECTROSPUN PELA-P MEMBRANES, 62

ELECTROSPUN PEO FIBRES, 39ELECTROSPUN PEO/TIO"

2

COMPOSITE FIBERS, 96 ELECTROSPUN

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, 180ELECTROSPUN PLGA

NANOFIBER, 138ELECTROSPUN PLLA-CL

NANOFIBER, 169ELECTROSPUN PLLA/MWNTS/

HA HYBRID NANOFIBER, 93ELECTROSPUN PMMA

NANOFIBRES, 92ELECTROSPUN

POLYACRYLAMIDOXIME NANOFIBERS, 88

ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITILE(PAN) NANOFIBERS, 38

ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE, 42 154

ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE FIBRES, 24

ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE MEMBRANES, 171

ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS, 38 127 141 156 166

ELECTROSPUN POLYALKYLTHIOPHENE, 91

ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS, 159

ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 MATS, 71

ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 NANOFIBERS, 165

ELECTROSPUN POLYANILINE-POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 169

ELECTROSPUN POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS, 120

ELECTROSPUN POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIBERS, 125

ELECTROSPUN POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBERS, 144

ELECTROSPUN POLYCAPROLACTONE FIBERS, 133

Subject Index

192 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

ELECTROSPUN POLYCARBONATE FIBRES, 176

ELECTROSPUN POLYCARBONATE (PC) NANOFIBERS, 37

ELECTROSPUN POLYCARBONATES, 176

ELECTROSPUN POLY (EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) (PCL) NANOFIBRES, 58

ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) SUBMICRON SCAFFOLDS, 50

ELECTROSPUN POLYETHERIMIDE NANOFIBER, 169

ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) (PEO) FIBRES, 126 185

ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (PET), 43

ELECTROSPUN POLYIMIDE, 152

ELECTROSPUN POLYIMIDE NANOFIBRES, 64

ELECTROSPUN POLY(LACTIC ACID) NANOFIBERS, 88

ELECTROSPUN POLY (LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID), 135

ELECTROSPUN POLY (L-LACTIC ACID-CO-SUCCINIC ACID-CO-1, 81

ELECTROSPUN POLY (L-LACTIDE) FIBRES, 185

ELECTROSPUN POLYMER COATINGS, 154

ELECTROSPUN POLYMER CUPS, 114

ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBERS, 48 182 185

ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC FIBERS, 159

ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC MATS, 40

ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC NANOWEBS, 151

ELECTROSPUN POLYMER JET FORMATION, 85

ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS, 124 169

ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBER SENSORS, 140

ELECTROSPUN POLYMERS, 165ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL

METHACRYLATE), 96

ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) FIBROUS MATS, 124

ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) THERMAL PROPERTIES, 96

ELECTROSPUN POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 43

ELECTROSPUN POLYPROPYLENE, 111

ELECTROSPUN POLYPROPYLENE WEBS, 112

ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE, 89

ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE-BLOCK-ISOPRENE FIBERS, 122

ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBRES, 128 136 156 168,176

ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE NANOFIBERS, 58 65

ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE, 120

ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE FIBRES, 145

ELECTROSPUN POLYURETHANE, 170

ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBERS, 141

ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL ALCOHOL MATS, 156

ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)(PVA) NANOFIBRES, 160

ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL DIFLUORIDE FIBRES, 24

ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYLIDENE DIFLUORIDE (PVDF), 36

ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) FIBERS, 103

ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE MEMBRANES, 54 149

ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL PHENOL, 181

ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE FIBRES, 49

ELECTROSPUN PRECURSOR YARNS, 68

ELECTROSPUN PRODUCTS, 5ELECTROSPUN PS-B-PI FIBERS,

114ELECTROSPUN PS FIBRES, 51ELECTROSPUN PVAL, 67

ELECTROSPUN PVDF FIBRES, 76 103

ELECTROSPUN PVP AND PEO/PVP NANOFIBRES, 94

ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBERS, 161

ELECTRO-SPUN SILK FIBROIN NANOFIBERS, 63

ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBROIN NANOFIBERS, 162

ELECTROSPUN STRUCTURED HYDROGELS, 158

ELECTROSPUN TEXTILES, 186ELECTROSPUN TYPE I

COLLAGEN NANO-FIBRES, 182

ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE FIBERS APPLICATION, 157

ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE SILK FIBROIN FIBERS, 141

ELECTROSPUN WEAK POLYELECTROLYTE FIBERS, 61

ELECTROSPUN ZEIN FIBRES, 48

ELECTROSTATIC FIBRE SPINNING, 178

ELECTROSTATIC FIELD MODIFICATIONS, 19

ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS, 11 13 19

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE, 15ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL,

10 16ELECTROSTATIC PROCESSING

TECHNIQUES, 184ELECTROSTATIC SPINNING, 4

66 174ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING,

163ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 71 133EMISSION SEM, 146EMULSION

ELECTROSPINNING, 39 109EMULSION POLYMERIZATION,

134ENERGY DISPERSIVE

SPECTROSCOPY, 75 173ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY

ANALYSIS, 49 83ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 160

ENZYME IMMOBILISATION, 119

EPDM POLYMER, 65E-POLYMERS, 39 125 142 150

160 164

Subject Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 193

EPR INVESTIGATION, 169ESEM, 92 106ETHYL CELLULOSE FIBRES,

147

FFABRICATION

NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS, 57

FEED RATE, 16 17 43FIBER ELECTROSPINNING, 163FIBER FORMATION, 152FIBERS COLOR CHANGE, 95FIBERS FROM

ELECTROSPINNING POLY(ACRYLIC ACID), 150

FIBERS OF ETHYL-CYANOETHYL CELLULOSE, 164

FIBER SPINNING, 177FIBRE CHARACTERISATION

(PHYSICAL, 145FIBRE DRAWING, 177FIBRE FORMATION, 141FIBRE MAT MORPHOLOGY, 173FIBRE MATS, 110FIBRE MORPHOLOGY, 37 45 46

74 83 93 105 118 122 129 139 156 170 173 181

FIBRE PROCESSING, 15FIBRES AND TEXTILES IN

EASTERN EUROPE, 65 137FIBROUS ARRAYS, 69FIBROUS MEMBRANES

ELECTROSPINNING, 130FIBROUS POLYOLEFIN

MEMBRANES, 51FIELD-DRIVEN SURFACE

BIOFUNCTION ALIZATION ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 114

FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS, 148 151

FIELD EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (FE-SEM), 67 168

FIELD EMISSION SEM, 75 81 91 102, 103 119 140 144 146 149 155 166

FILAMENTOUS FUNGI, 160FILTER MEDIA, 81FILTRATION, 20FILTRATION PROPERTIES

ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBERS, 117

FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS, 69FLAT POLYMER RIBBONS, 184

GRAPHITE NANOPLATELET, 156

GRAVIMETRIC TECHNIQUES, 137

HHAEMOSTATIC DRESSING, 22HAP MORPHOLOGY, 91HE CHENGTIAN'S

INEQUALITY, 163HIGH PERFORMANCE

POLYMERS, 96HIGH-STRENGTH MATS

ELECTROSPUN POLY (P-PHENYLENE BIPHE-NYLTETRACARBOXIMIDE) NANOFIBERS, 132

HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPINNING POLYETHYLENE MICROFIBERS, 101

HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH FIBRES, 21

HISTOLOGY, 178HOLLOW LINIO"

2 FIBRES, 86

HOMOPOLYMERS, 150HOOKE’S LAW, 6HPMCP, 76HYALURONIC ACID

NANOFIBERS, 149HYBRID ELECTROSPUN

SCAFFOLD, 49HYBRID FIBERS, 84HYBRID NANOFIBERS, 125HYBRID POLYMER FIBRES, 118HYBRIDS OF POLYVINYL

ALCOHOL (PVAL), 85HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES, 12HYDROGEN STORAGE, 136HYDROPHILIC POLYMER, 110HYDROPHOBICITY, 126 138HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, 9HYDROXIDE SOLUTION, 65HYDROXYAPATITE

BIOCOMPOSITE COATINGS, 116

HYDROXYAPATITE (HAP), 90HYSTERESIS, 7

IICE CRYSTALS, 72IMMOBILISATION OF LIPASE,

61IMMOBILIZATION CELLULASE

IN NANOFIBROUS PVA MEMBRANES, 153

FLIGHT PATH OF ELECTROSPUN, 99

FLUID ELASTICITY, 125FLUID INSTABILITIES, 13FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY,

55 60 95 118 157FLUORESCENCE

SPECTROSCOPY, 73 115FLUORESCENT ELECTROSPUN

POLYMER FILMS, 183FLUORESCENT PROTEINS, 75FLUORESCENT QUANTUM

DOTS, 73FLUOROHECTORITE (FH), 152FORSTER RESONANCE

ENERGY TRANSFER, 73FOURIER POWER SPECTRUM

METHOD, 120FOURIER-TRANSFORMED

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 85 95 99 118 145

FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) SPECTROSCOPY, 55 56 57 69 74 75 78 79 86 88 90 92 94 97 98 101 102 104 106 113 119 120 121 124 125 126 127 129 132 137 141 142 144 145 151 156 157 166 168 169 177

FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY, 99FT-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY,

103FUNCTIONAL TEXTILES, 20FUTURE MATERIALS, 91

GGAS-JET/ELECTROSPINNING,

76GAS SENSING APPLICATIONS,

143GAS SENSORS, 119GELATIN, 27GEL FRACTION ANALYSIS, 157GEL PERMEATION

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 81 97 121 166

GFRP-CFRP COMPOSITE BEAM, 90

GLOBAL ISSUES, 132GLYCIDYL-METHACRYLATE-

BASED ELECTROSPUN MATS, 56

GOLD FILMS, 124GRAESSLEY'S THEORY, 45GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION,

120

Subject Index

194 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 178

IMPACT OF SOLVENT ON ELECTROSPINNING, 92

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, 23

INFLUENCE MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 150

INFLUENCE OF SOLVENTS, 160INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,

117 149INSITU ELECTROSPINNING, 95INSITU FTIR MONITORING, 122IN SITU MEASUREMENTS, 83IN SITU PHOTO

CROSSLINKING, 157IN SITU POLYMERISATION, 153

158INSITU TENSILE TESTING, 147INTERFIBER BONDING, 169ION EXCHANGER

ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERS, 112

IRON ACETYLACETONATE ULTRAFINE NANOFIBERS, 42

IRON CATALYST, 149IRON NANOFIBRES, 69IR SPECTROSCOPY, 49 63 91 147

156ISOTACTIC POLY(1-BUTENE)

FIBROUS MEMBRANES, 92

JJET BENDING, 150JET INITIATION, 12

KKERATIN/POLYETHYLENE

OXIDE NANOFIBRES, 98

LLAB SCALE DEVICE, 127LASER MELTING DEVICE, 97LASER SENSORS, 71LATEX DISPERSION, 90LATTICEWORK FIBRE, 39LEAKY DIELECTRIC MODEL, 3LINEAR POLYACRYLAMIDES

ELECTROSPINNING, 83LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION, 136LIQUID CRYSTAL

POLARIZERS, 69

LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES, 101LITHIUM-ION SECONDARY

BATTERIES, 100LOCAL CONFINEMENT

RADIATIVE DECAY, 109LOW-FOULING

ULTRA-FILTRATION MEMBRANE, 73

LOW-TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPINNING, 72

MMACROMOLECULAR

ACTUATORS, 70MAGNETO-ELECTROSPINNING

AND BUBBLE-ELECTROSPINNING, 38

MATERIALS, 25MATHEMATICAL MODELS

ELECTROSPINNING, 80MAXWELL MODEL, 7MECHANICAL ACTUATORS, 77MECHANICAL DEFORMATION

PROCESS, 151MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING

MECHANISM, 23MECHANICAL PROPERTIES,

161MECHANICAL TESTING, 156

166MEDICAL APPLICATIONS, 22

155MEH SIDE GROUPS, 95 96MELT ELECTROSPINNING, 46

88 97 98 111 116 162MELT ELECTROSPINNIN

GPOLYMERS, 145MELT PROCESSING, 183MELT SPINNING, 27 99 102MELT SPINNING

TECHNOLOGY, 101MERCURY POROSIMETRY, 75

89 170 174METALLIZATION OF POLY

(GLYCIDYLMETHACR-YLATE), 125

METHACRYLATE-BASED COPOLYMERS, 98

MICROCRACKING, 116MICROFLUIDIC

ELECTROSPINNING, 77MICRO/NANOFIBERS, 144MICROPATTERNING, 92MICROSCOPIC POLYMER

CUPS, 153

MICROSCOPY, 183MICROSCOPY, SCANNING

ELECTRON, 57MICRO-TENSILE TESTING

METHOD, 64MICROTOMING, 151MIMETICS, 165MOBILE APPLIANCES, 24MODIFIED-KERATIN, 84MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY, 8MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND

LIQUID CRYSTALS, 77 96MOLECULAR IMPRINTING, 137MOLYBDOSILICIC ACID/

POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBER MATS, 176

MONTE CARLO METHOD, 151MONTMORILLONITE (MMT),

152MORPHOLOGY NANOFIBERS,

72MORPHOLOGY (SEM), 129MULTI-JET ELECTROSPINNING,

77 80 167MULTI-JET ELECTROSPINNING

HEAD, 137MULTIPLE NANOFIBERS, 167MULTI-SPINNERET, 146MULTI-SPINNERET

ELECTROSPINNING, 63MULTIWALL CARBON

NANOTUBES, 67 156MULTI-WALLED CARBON

NANOTUBE, 81 92MULTI-WALLED CARBON

NANOTUBES, 135MULTIWALLED CARBON

NANOTUBES, 147MULTI-WALLED CARBON

NANOTUBES, 88 96MULTIWALLED CARBON

NANOTUBES, 101

NNAFION SOLUTIONS, 68NANOCOMPOSITE FIBRE

MEMBRANES, 66NANOCOMPOSITE FIBRES, 119

133 147NANOFIBER DIAMETER, 96NANOFIBER FABRICATION, 79NANOFIBER GARLANDS, 180NANOFIBER MATS, 66 93 112NANOFIBERS, 130

Subject Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 195

NANOFIBER SPINNING PROCESS, 72

NANOFIBER YARNS, 63 67 68NANOFIBRE MORPHOLOGY,

82 98NANOFIBRE, 45 56NANOFIBRES SCAFFOLD, 169NANOFIBRE TEXTILES, 83NANOFIBRE WEBS, 117NANOFIBRILLAR SURFACES

ELECTROSPINNING, 79NANOFIBROUS MATS, 167 172NANOFIBROUS STRUCTURES,

165NANOFIBROUS SUGAR STICKS

ELECTROSPUN, 108NANOPARTICLE FILTRATION,

81NANOSCALE FIBERS, 66NANOSCALE MATERIALS, 20NANOSCALE PVAL FIBRE, 182NANO-SECONDARY ION MASS

SPECTROMETRY (NANO-SIMS), 37

NANOSIZE FIBRES, 118NANO/SUBMICRON-FIBRE, 100NANOTECHNOLOGY, 20NANO WOOL KERATIN

CRYSTALS, 57NATURAL BIOPOLYMER, 110NEEDLE DIAMETER, 96NERVE TISSUE ENGINEERING,

108NITROGEN ADSORPTION, 75NMR, 166NMR SPECTROSCOPY, 49 70NON-WOVEN MATS, 134 146

179NUCLEAR MAGNETIC

RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY, 81 85 121

NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6-MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITE, 184

NYLON-6 ELECTROSPUN FIBER WEBS, 153

NYLON 6/FIBRILLAR SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITE, 95

NYLON 6-MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITE, 183

NYLON 6 NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING, 65

NYLON 6 NANOFIBRES, 67 73 127

OOPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 69OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 83 91

92 96 103 128 129 132 142 147 150 160 168 174 179 186

OPTICAL SCANNING, 140 157OPTICAL SENSING, 175 180 183OPTICAL SENSORS, 143 184OPTIMUM ELECTROSPINNING,

162OPTIMUM MORPHOLOGY, 159OPTIMUM PARAMETERS, 146OPTIMUM SPINNING, 149ORIENTED YARNS, 82ORTHOGONAL

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD, 103

OSTWARD VISCOMETER, 124OXYGEN DEMAND TESTING,

160OXYGEN PLASMA

TREATMENT, 96

PPALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES,

166PAN/DMF CONCENTRATIONS,

76PAN NANOFIBRES, 147PASS SOLUTION, 72PATIENT CONSUMABLES, 22PBS NANOPARTICLES, 140PCL/HA NANOCOMPOSITE

FIBERS ELECTROSPINNING, 111

PDMS-BASED MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE, 77

PDMS/SIO2 HYBRID ELECTROSPINNING FIBERS, 56

PDS/NANO-HA BIOCOMPOSITE NANOFIBERS, 44

PEO MATRIX, 91PEO/POLYVINYL

PYRROLIDONE ELECTROSPUN, 56

PEO SHELL, 135PET AND NYLON 6

ELECTROSPUN FIBER WEBS, 131

PET ELECTROSPUN NANOMATS, 66

PHASE CONTRAST, 105PHOSPHOLIPID-MODIFIED

NANOFIBRES, 119PHOTOCROSSLINKABLE

LIQUID CRYSTAL MAIN-CHAIN POLYMERS, 77

PHOTOCROSSLINKING PROCESS, 41

PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 160

PHOTOGRAPHY, 69PHOTOLUMINESCENCE, 102

148PHOTOLUMINESCENCE

POLYETHYLENE OXIDE-ZNO, 99

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES, 125

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, 157

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE STUDIES, 129

PHOTOLUMINESCENT TIO2

/PPV HYBRID NANOPARTICLE-POLYMER FIBERS, 102

PHOTONIC APPLICATIONS, 144PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, 132PHYSICAL GELATION, 141PHYSISORPTION, 120PIGMENT AND RESIN

TECHNOLOGY, 109PLA NANOFIBER, 127PLASMA ETCHING, 171PLASMA RADIATION

GRAFTING, 145PLATEAU-RAYLEIGH

INSTABILITY, 10 13 14PLLA, 26PLLA/BETA-TCP HYBRID

MEMBRANE, 74PLLA/PEG NANOFIBERS, 101PMMA COAXIAL FIBRES, 158PMMA-CO-PMAA

NANOCOMPOSITES, 146PMMA MATRIX, 96POLARISED LIGHT

MICROSCOPY, 49 178POLARISED OPTICAL

MICROSCOPY, 63 145 157 166POLARIZED RAMAN

SPECTROSCOPY, 45POLYACRYLIC ACID

ELECTROSPINNING, 67POLYACRYLONITRILE-BASED

NANOFIBRES, 117POLY(ACRYLONITRILE)

CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE FIBERS SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRODES, 112

POLYACRYLONITRILE FIBRE, 151

Subject Index

196 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

POLY(ACRYLONITRILE) FIBRES, 139

POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS, 95 145 156

POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBER YARN, 79

POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBER YARNS, 146

POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBRES, 169 06 134 145

POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANE, 61

POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN), 26

POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) FIBRES, 162

POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) NANOFIBRES, 171 176

POLYAMIDE 6 NANOFIBER, 154POLYAMIDE FIBRES, 178POLYANILINE NANOFIBRES,

37 46POLYANILINE (PANI)

NANOWIRES, 37POLYARYLENE SULFIDE

SULPHONE (PASS), 72POLY(BIS(TRIFLUOROETHOXY)

PHOSPHAZENE) ELECTROSPINNING, 80

POLYBITHIOPHENE NANOFIBRES, 54

POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE NANOFIBRES, 65

POLYCAPROLACTONE, 105 178POLYCAPROLACTONE

ELECTROSPINNING, 180POLYCAPROLACTONE (PCL),

26 93POLYCARBONATE FIBERS, 105POLYCARBONATE

NANOFIBRES, 163POLYDIACETYLENE

SUPRAMOLECULES, 92POLY(DICYCLOPENTADIENE)

SUBMICRON, 131POLYELECTROLYTE

FUNCTIONALIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 131

POLYELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS, 132

POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) (PCL), 60 90

POLY-EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE (PCL) MICROFIBRES, 174

POLYESTERS, 166POLYETHER IMIDE, 61POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER, 60

166POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER BY

ELECTROSPINNING, 47POLYETHERSULFONE

NANOFIBRES, 76POLYETHERSULFONE

NANOFIBRES, 47POLYETHYLENE-CO-VINYL

ALCOHOL, 98POLYETHYLENE NANOFIBERS,

95POLYETHYLENE OXIDE/

CHITOSAN NANOFIBRES, 50POLYETHYLENEOXIDE

FIBERS, 91POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)

(PEO), 25 82POLYETHYLENE OXIDE (PEO)

NANOFIBERS, 88 104POLY(ETHYLENE

TEREPHTHALATE) AND POLYALIRATE, 88

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE NANOFIBRES, 47 80

POLY(GLYCOLIDE-CO-LACTIDE), 175

POLY HYDROGEL NANOFIBER, 60

POLYIMIDE FIBER MEMBRANES, 102

POLYIMIDE FIBRES, 171POLYIMIDE ULTRAFINE

FIBERS, 178POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA, 26POLY(LACTIDE) NANOFIBERS,

97POLY(L-LACTIC ACID)

NANOFIBER, 119POLY(L-LACTIDE-

CO-GLYCOLIDE) BIODEGRADABLE MICROFIBERS, 108

POLY-L-LACTIDE NANOFIBERS, 39

POLYMER BATTERIES, 132POLYMER CHAIN ALIGNMENT,

15POLYMER COLLOIDS, 148POLYMER COMPOSITES, 55POLYMER CONCENTRATION,

148POLYMER ELECTROLYTES

(PES), 82

POLYMER ELECTROSPINNING, 83

POLYMER-FIBER MATRICES, 140

POLYMER JETS, 36 154POLYMER MATS, 74POLYMER MEMBRANES, 41POLYMER MEMBRANES FOR

FUEL CELLS, 65POLYMER NANOFIBERS, 109POLYMER NANOFIBRE ION

EXCHANGERS (PNIE), 112POLYMER NANOFIBRE YARNS,

50POLYMER SCAFFOLDS, 93POLYMER SCIENCE, 35 36 37POLYMERS IN DEFENCE AND

AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS, 77

POLYMER SUPPLY MODIFICATIONS, 19

POLYMER TESTING, 144POLYMORPHISM, 76 87 103POLY(PHENYLENE VINYLENE)

(PPV) NANOFIBRES, 99POLYPROPYLENE (PP), 27POLYPYRROLE FIBERS SPUN,

141POLYPYRROLE NANOFIBERS,

129POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERS,

47POLYSTYRENE (PS), 25POLYSTYRENE (PS) FIBRES,

159POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS,

99 156POLYSTYRENE SURFACES, 111POLYSULFONE(PSU) FIBER

MESH, 133POLYSULFONE SPHERES, 66POLYURETHANE

NANOFIBERS, 49POLYURETHANE TISSUE

ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS, 66

POLYURETHANE UREAS, 154POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 77POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)

ELECTROSPINNING, 97POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)

FIBERS, 178POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)

NANOFIBRES, 150POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVAL),

47POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)

(PVOH), 25

Subject Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 197

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH) NANOFIBRES, 23

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FIBRES, 181

POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC) TUBE, 19

POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (KYNAR 761) NANOFIBRES, 51

POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE, 56POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE

ELECTROSPINNING, 52POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)

NANOFIBERS, 160POROUS MORPHOLOGY, 136POROUS STRUCTURE OF

ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 131POROUS SURFACE

MORPHOLOGY, 131PORPHYRINATED

NANOFIBERS COPOLYMERIZATION ELECTROSPINNING, 115

POST-DEPOSITION STRETCHING PROCESS, 50

P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE NANOFIBER YARNS, 121

PPV, 99PPV PRECURSOR ALCOHOL

SOLUTION, 99PRECURSOR

ELECTROSPINNING, 121PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 68PROTEINASE K, 62PROTEIN FIBERS, 165PROTON NMR, 77 152 155PSF FILMS, 65POLYANILINE FIBRES, 99SILK SYNTHETIC FIBRES, 129PVA/BORON POLYMER, 78PVAL SHELL, 135PVA/PEI ULTRA-FINE FIBERS,

105PVDF MEMBRANES, 55PVDF NANOFIBER, 75 132PVOH NONWOVEN MATS, 142PVP/MEH-PPV COMPOSITE

POLYMER FIBERS, 95PVP

(POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE) FIBRES, 23

PYROLYSIS, 85

QQUANTUM DOT

NANOCOMPOSITE, 91QUATERNISED CHITOSAN, 97

RRADIAL PERTURBATION, 14RAMAN ANALYSIS, 120RAMAN

MICROSPECTROMETRY, 175RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 68 69

76 91 92 129 141 149 152 155 156 165 174 185

RARE-EARTH MODIFICATION, 169

RAYLEIGH INSTABILITY, 123RAYLEIGH INSTABILITY

ELECTROSPINNING JET, 114RAYLEIGH'S THEORY, 170REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING,

148REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING

HYDROGEL NANOFIBERS, 147

RECOMBINANT HYBRID SILK, 179

REDOX ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION, 131

RESIDUAL SOLVENT RETENTION, 73

RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY, 137 142

RHEOMETRY, 115 166RIBBONS, 148ROBOTS, 91ROOM-TEMPERATURE IONIC

LIQUID, 82ROOM TEMPERATURE

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, 129

SSALT-INDUCED

ELECTROSPINNING METHOD, 73

SAMIA CYNTHIA RICINI SILK, 179

SAXS, 152SBS TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER,

186SCAFFOLDS, 184SCALING LAW, 153SCALING LAWS

ELECTROSPINNING POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS, 110

SCANNING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 67 88 92 97

SCANNING CALORIMETRY, 73 78

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 40 45 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 88 89 90 91 94 95 97 98 99 100 101 102 105 106 107 108 110 111 112 113 114 116 117 118 119 121 122 123 124 126 129 131 132 134 135 136 144 145 147 151 153 156 157 158 159 163 165 166 172 173 174 177 178 181 182 184 185

SCANNING ELECTRON OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 138

SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 126

SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY (SPM), 119

SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 74

SCION IMAGE ANALYSIS PROGRAM, 176

SDS-PAGE, 49SEC, 155SELECTED AREA ELECTRON

DIFFRACTION, 47 48 49 50 54 59 60 64 69 75 77 84 85 86 89 92 96 98 100 101 102 105 108 109 117 122 123 124 125 127 129 131 132 133 134 137 140 141 142 143 144 148 149 154 155 157 160 163 164 165 166 168 169 170 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 182

SELF-BUNDLING ELECTROSPINNING, 50

SELF-COMPLEMENTARY MULTIPLE HYDROGEN BONDING (SCMHB) GROUPS, 155

SEM (DIAMETER AND MORPHOLOGY), 79

SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES, 95

SEMI-DILUTE POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS ELECTROSPINNING, 97

SEMI-EMPIRICAL MODEL, 153SEM (SURFACE

MORPHOLOGY), 78SEM TECHNIQUES, 137 157SHEAR STRESS, 6SIC CORES, 116SIDE-BY-SIDE BICOMPONENT

ELECTROSPINNING, 173

Subject Index

198 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

SILK FIBROIN FIBERS, 128SILVER NANOPARTICLES, 56SINGLE LIGHT EMITTERS, 109SINGLE WALLED CARBON

NANOTUBES (SWNT), 23SIROFIL TECHNOLOGY, 52SIX FILAMENT YARN, 63SLIDING ANGLE, 121SMALL ANGLE X-RAY

SCATTERING, 114 122SMART MATERIALS AND

STRUCTURES, 90 106 146SMOOTH FIBRES, 148SODIUM ALGINATE

BLEND NANOWEBS ELECTROSPINNING, 84

SODIUM ALGINATE NANOFIBERS ELECTROSPINNING, 70

SOIL FILAMENTOUS FUNGI, 159

SOL-ELECTROSPINNING METHOD, 86

SOL-GEL COATING TECHNIQUE, 185

SOL-GEL ELECTROSPINNING, 147

SOLUTION ELECTROSPINNING, 114

SOLUTION PARAMETERS, 16SOLVENT IN

ELECTROSPINNING EFFECT, 136

SPECTROSCOPY, 71 74 100 106SPINAL CORD REPAIR, 79SPINNING PROCESS, 172SPIVAK-DZENIS MODEL, 80SQUID MAGNETOMETRY, 69STAINLESS STEEL MESHES,

154STEM CELL TECHNOLOGIES,

150STENT MANUFACTURE, 20STRESS-STRAIN TESTING, 158SUBMICROMETER FIBRES, 106SUBMICRON ELECTROSPUN

CELLULOSE FIBRES, 149SUB-MICRON FIBRES, 99 122FIBRES, 185SUBMICRON POLYSTYRENE

(PS) FIBRES, 90SULFONATED CARBON

NANOFIBRES, 65SUPER CAPACITORS, 24SUPERHYDROPHOBIC

FABRICS, 138SUPERHYDROPHOBICITY, 126

138 139

SUPERHYDROPHOBIC POLYMER FIBERS, 74

SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES, 112 126

SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS, 121

SUPERPARAMAGNETIC POLYMERIC NANOFIBRES, 164

SUPERPARAMAGNETIC SUBSTRATES, 124

SURFACE CHARGE, 9SURFACE MORPHOLOGY, 75

109 112 119 126 136 168 180SURFACE TENSION, 7 9 10 12 13

16 72 123 126 142 156 167SURFACTANT-POLYMER

SYSTEM, 142SUTURES, 122SYNDIOTACTIC 1,2-

POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS ELECTROSPINNING, 102

SYNTHETIC METALS, 35 139 140 141 148 149 169 175 176

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS, 25SYNTHETIC VASCULAR

GRAFTS, 4SYRINGE PUMP, 9 17

TTAPPING MODE ATOMIC

FORCE MICROSCOPY, 129TAYLOR CONES, 3 5 10 12 14 16

17 39 49 56 64 66 69 73 74 79 82 84 86 90 92 100 102 116 117 122 124 125 127 129 131 141 144 145 147 149 152 154 156 163 166 174 176 180 186

TENSILE DEFORMATION OF ELECTROSPUN NYLON-6, 130

TENSILE MEASUREMENTS, 81 88

TENSILE MECHANICAL TEST, 55

TENSILE MECHANICS, 92TENSILE TESTING, 63 64 71 78

92 97 103 105 107 113 116 119 127 129 132 133 144 146 155 168

TERPOLYMERS, 35TEXTILE MATERIALS, 111THERMAL ANNEALING, 69THERMAL CROSSLINKING, 71THERMAL DEGRADATION, 160

THERMAL EFFECTS ON ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYLACTIC ACID MELTS, 116

THERMAL IMIDISATION, 178THERMAL POST-TREATMENT,

24THERMAL RADIATIVE

CONDUCTIVITY, 67THERMAL RADIATIVE

PROPERTIES, 67THERMAL TREATMENT, 68THERMOGRAVIMETRIC

ANALYSIS, 56 68 71 85 88 107 121 122 125 144

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS, 109

THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER FIBRE MATS, 142

THERMORESPONSIVE WETTABILITY, 60

THIN FILMS, 77THIOLATED POLYVINYL

ALCOHOL ELECTROSPINNING, 71

THREE-POINT BENDING TESTS, 164

TIME-DEPENDENT TRANSFORMATION, 92

TIN OXIDE NANOFIBERS, 129TISSUE ENGINEERING, 37 39

52 60 64 66 73 75 78 88 93 94 132 150 155 158 170 180 182 184 185

TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS, 106 118

TISSUE ENGINEERING VIA ELECTROSPUN BIOMIMETIC NANOFIBERS, 79

TISSUE GROWTH SCAFFOLDS, 62

TISSUE ROAD MAP, 184TISSUE SCAFFOLDING, 20 22

116 126 174TISSUE SCAFFOLDING

MATERIAL, 105T-PEEL TESTS, 91TRANSMISSION ELECTRON

MICROSCOPY, 43 55 57 63 81 87 88 95 106 110 114 151 176 186

TRANSPARENT POLYMER MATERIALS, 84

TRICLINIC CELL STRUCTURE, 130

Subject Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 199

TWO-CAPILLARY SPINNERET, 157

TWO FLUID ELECTROSPINNING, 129 135

UUHMW POLYMERS, 95ULTRAFINE ELASTIC FIBRES,

181ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN

EGG ALBUMEN-PEO COMPOSITE FIBERS, 104

ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS, 142 157

ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBRES, 127

ULTRAFINE EPDM FIBRES, 52ULTRA-FINE FIBER

FABRICATION, 148ULTRAFINE FIBERS, 86 122 172ULTRA-FINE FIBERS

ELECTROSPINNING THERMOSET EPOXY RESIN, 107

ULTRAFINE FIBRE MATS, 122ULTRAFINE FIBRES, 59 62 70 71

100 105 117 118 122 174 175ULTRAFINE FIBROUS

CELLULOSE MEMBRANES, 181

ULTRAFINE FIBROUS MEMBRANES, 64

ULTRAFINE FIBROUS ZEIN MEMBRANES, 143

ULTRA-FINE FILAMENT, 63ULTRAFINE

POLYACRYLONITRILE, 126ULTRA-FINE POLYAMIDE-6

FIBRES, 140ULTRAFINE POLY(BUTYLENE

SUCCINATE) FIBERS, 137ULTRA-FINE

POLYELECTROLYTE, 150ULTRAFINE POLYIMIDE FIBRE,

59ULTRAFINE POLYSULFONE

FIBERS, 159ULTRAFINE POLY(VINYL

ALCOHOL) FIBRE, 142ULTRAPOROUS 3D POLYMER

MESHES, 72ULTRA-STRONG COMPOSITES,

20ULTRATHIN PAN FIBRES, 79ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE

SPECTROSCOPY., 122

UNIFORM FIBRES, 140UPWARD NEEDLELESS

ELECTROSPINNING, 167UV CIRCULAR DICHROISM

SPECTROSCOPY, 49UV CURING, 77UV IRRADIATION, 120UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY,

122 125 127 144 145 176

VVAPOUR PHASE

POLYMERIZATION, 129VASCULAR GRAFTS, 60VIBRATION

ELECTROSPINNING, 38 79 80VIDEOGRAPHY, 85VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR, 7VISCOELASTIC ELECTROSPUN

JETS, 61VISCOELASTICITY, 6 7 11VISCOSITY, 16 43 72 122 123 126

133 142 143 149 155 156 162 165 167 176 179

VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY, 77VOIGT-KELVIN MODEL, 7

WWATER ABSORPTION, 64 158WATER ADSORPTION, 64WATER ADSORPTION

ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE6/MONTMORILLONITE NANOFIBERS, 63

WATER CONTACT ANGLE, 80WET SPINNING, 122WETTABILITY, 111WIDE ANGLE X-RAY

DIFFRACTION, 70 92 98 122 127 128 135 151 158 161 166 168 174 182 186

WIDE-ANGLE X-RAY DIFFRACTION (WAXD), 75 124 132 141 168 174

WIDE ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING, 85 86 87 144 186

WIDE ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING (WAXS), 69 87

157 WOUND DRESSING APPLICATIONS, 84

WOUND DRESSING MATERIALS, 62

WOUND DRESSINGS, 20 94 102 122 132 143

WOUND HEALING, 180

XX-RAY DIFFRACTION, 49 65 71

66 74 77 78 79 86 88 89 91 97 100 101 103 105 106 111 116 123 125 126 129 139 144 147 149 152 155 158 166 169 176 177 182

X-RAY MAPPING, 56X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON

SPECTROSCOPY, 37 45 58 74 77 80 84 100 102 106 114 117 121 125 129 133 141 142 145 179

YYARN SPINNING

MECHANISMS, 67YBCO NANOFIBERS, 55YOUNG'S MODULUS, 131 140

144 151 156

ZZEIN, 27ZEIN FIBRES, 92ZEIN NANOFIBER MATS, 107

113

Subject Index

200 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

Company Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 201

Company Index

AAACHEN,UNIVERSITY OF

APPLIED SCIENCES, 158AIST, 50AJOU,UNIVERSITY, 138AKRON,UNIVERSITY, 36 62 64

69 78 82 91 112 120 132 156 158 166 169 170 171 177 180 185 186

ALABAMA,STATE UNIVERSITY, 61 111 126

ALABAMA,UNIVERSITY, 44 61 105 111

ALABAMA,UNIVERSITY AT BIRMINGHAM, 126

ALBANY,UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, 153

ALEXANDRIA,GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 181

AMERICAN AIR FILTER INTERNATIONAL, 182

AMHERST,MASSACHUSETTS UNIVERSITY, 156

ANHUI,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 164

ANKARA,UNIVERSITY, 78ARIZONA,STATE UNIVERSITY,

77 110ARTIMPLANT AB, 64AVEIRO,UNIVERSIDADE, 66

BBAR-ILAN,UNIVERSITY, 49BEIJING,CHINESE ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES, 60 76BEIJING,GRADUATE SCHOOL,

70 86BEIJING,INSTITUTE OF

CHEMISTRY, 70 86 111 164BEIJING,INSTITUTE OF

PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 100

BEIJING,RESEARCH & DESIGN INSTITUTE, 59

BEIJING,RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPAEDICS, 78

BEIJING,UNIVERSITY, 94

BEIJING,UNIVERSITY OF

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY,

35 37 40 41 59 66 74 78 95 98

100 108

BEIJING,UNIVERSITY

OF CHEMISTRY AND

TECHNOLOGY, 94

BEIJING,UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY & BUSINESS,

55

BELFAST,QUEEN'S

UNIVERSITY, 139

BIELLA, 45

BOLOGNA,UNIVERSITA, 36

BRATISLAVA,POLYMER

INSTITUTE, 177

BRITISH

COLUMBIA,UNIVERSITY, 57

BUDAPEST,RESEARCH

INSTITUTE FOR

TECHNICAL PHYSICS AND

MATERIALS SCIENCE, 105

BULGARIA,ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES, 43 56 94 97 142

BULGARIA,INSTITUTE FOR

NUCLEAR RESEARCH &

NUCLEAR ENERGY, 57

CCALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY, 113

181

CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY AT

DAVIS, 102 150

CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY AT

LOS ANGELES, 120 156 175

CANADA,NATIONAL

RESEARCH COUNCIL, 35 77

CANTERBURY,UNIVERSITY, 89

CARNEGIE MELLON

UNIVERSITY, 91

CASE WESTERN RESERVE

UNIVERSITY, 105 121 141

CCL BIOMEDICAL INC., 83

CENTRAL FLORIDA,UNIVERSITY, 61 138

CHALMERS,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 64

CHANGCHUN,INSTITUTE OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY, 172

CHANGCHUN,NORTHEAST NORMAL UNIVERSITY, 102 109 118 177

CHANG GUNG,UNIVERSITY, 61CHENGDU,SOUTHWESTERN

JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 62CHENG KUNG,UNIVERSITY, 61CHICAGO,UNIVERSITY, 185CHICAGO,UNIVERSITY OF

ILLINOIS, 167CHINA,CIVIL AVIATION

UNIVERSITY, 40CHINA,MINISTRY OF

EDUCATION, 153 164CHINA,NATIONAL CENTRE

FOR NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 70

CHINA,NATIONAL NATURAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, 140

CHINA,NORTHEAST NORMAL UNIVERSITY, 55 85 95 99 134 177 182

CHINA,TEXTILE INFORMATION CENTRE, 39

CHINA TEXTILE INSTITUTE, 155

CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 76 102 109 147 172

CHONBUK,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 71 85 120 125 127 129 131 134 142 143 144 146 159 160 162 170 172 174 176 177 178 179 181 182

CHONJU,NATIONAL UNIVER-SITY OF EDUCATION, 131

CHONNAM,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 101 115 163

CHOSUN,UNIVERSITY, 47 61CHRISTCHURCH,CROP & FOOD

RESEARCH, 89CHULALONGKORN,

UNIVERSITY, 43 59 86 96 98 100 105 110 118 123 126 128 133 140 143 148 156 157 159 165

Company Index

202 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

CHUNGBUK,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 110 146

CHUNGJU,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 112

CHUNGNAM,COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, 170

CHUNGNAM,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 59 66 71 84 135 140 158 160 163 167 169 170

CLEAN & SCIENCE CO.LTD., 182

CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY, 80CONNECTICUT,UNIVERSITY,

54 72 86 107 121 127CO-OP CHEMICAL CO.LTD., 177CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 44 45

57 75 112 114 116 122 123 132 149

CRACOW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 41

CROWN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 56

CSIC, 65

DDAEGU,GYEONGBUK

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 77

DAEGU,UNIVERSITY, 87DALIAN,FISHERIES

UNIVERSITY, 39DALIAN,INSTITUTE OF

CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 47DALIAN,NATIONALITIES

UNIVERSITY, 39DALIAN,UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, 111 136DANKOOK, UNIVERSITY, 146DAQING, NORMAL COLLEGE,

85DAYTON, UNIVERSITY, 140 183DAYTON,

UNIVERSITY,RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 116 184

DEAKIN, UNIVERSITY, 139DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY, 46 51

83 84 85 91 92 101 104 114 115 130 144 157 165 168 180 185

DONALDSON FILTRATION SOLUTIONS, 115

DONALDSON INC., 23DONGHUA,UNIVERSITY, 47 48

52 53 54 65 71 79 80 101 117 122 128 153 163 164

DRESDEN,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 71

DREXEL,UNIVERSITY, 44 57 68 75 76 93 127 144 145 148 155 156 160 161 162 173 175 176

DUKE UNIVERSITY, 68 93DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,&

CO.INC., 93DURHAM,DUKE UNIVERSITY,

40

EEAST CHINA,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 42EAST CHINA,UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 177

EASTMAN KODAK CO., 173EMORY UNIVERSITY, 182ENSCHEDE,UNIVERSITY OF

TWENTE, 142 144ETH ZURICH, 72ETS INGENIEROS

INDUSTRIALES DE MALAGA, 121

EVANSTON,NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, 167

EWHA WOMENS UNIVERSITY, 135 158

FFENG CHIA,UNIVERSITY, 50FINETEX TECHNOLOGY GLO-

BAL LIMITED, 23FREIBURG,ALBERT-LUDWIGS

UNIVERSITY, 77 177FUJIAN,NORMAL UNIVERSITY,

43 60FUKUI,UNIVERSITY, 88 97 98

GGAZI,UNIVERSITY, 78GEORGIA,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 78 112 114 118 153 182

GUANGZHOU,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 43 86 164

GUNMA,UNIVERSITY, 63GYEONGSANG,NATIONAL

UNIVERSITY, 83

HHALLE,MARTIN-LUTHER-

UNIVERSITAT, 88 106 151

HANNAM,UNIVERSITY, 146 178 181

HANYANG,UNIVERSITY, 77 92 136 137 140 146 149 151 152 169

HARBIN,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 53 111

HARBIN,NORTHEAST FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 53

HARBIN,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 53

HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, 174

HEFEI,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 56 91

HEILONGJIANG,PROVINCIAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE, 109

HEILONGJIANG,UNIVERSITY, 85 99 102

HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 133 152

HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY, 65 67

HEWLETT-PACKARD CO, 175HILLS INC., 99 100HIROSHIMA,UNIVERSITY, 81HONG KONG,POLYTECHNIC

UNIVERSITY, 49 57 67HUNGARY,ENGINEERING

PHYSICS & MATERIALS SCIENCE INSTITUTE, 116

HYDRO-QUEBEC, 74HYOSONG CO., 140

IIFP RESEARCH AB, 106INCHEON,UNIVERSITY, 167INCHON,INHA UNIVERSITY,

170INEST GROUP, 77 113INHA,UNIVERSITY, 71 74 81 92

135 136 137 138 140 160 161 162 176

INJE,UNIVERSITY, 138ISFAHAN,UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, 70 79 94 120 127 134 145

ISRAEL,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 130 154

ISTANBUL,TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 44

IZMIR,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 56

Company Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 203

JJAPAN,ADVANCED

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 138 JAPAN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AGENCY, 38

JAPAN VILENE CO.LTD., 38 81JIANGNAN,UNIVERSITY, 64JIANGXI,MEDICINE COLLEGE,

124JIANGXI,NORMAL

UNIVERSITY, 38 42 64 124 132 156

JILIN,UNIVERSITY, 39 59 73 87 95 102 109 125 135 141 144 145 148 161 168 176

JIMEI,MIDDLE SCHOOL, 99JINING,MEDICAL COLLEGE, 53JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,

81

KKANAZAWA,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 75KANGNUNG,NATIONAL

UNIVERSITY, 147 148 149KANGWON,NATIONAL

UNIVERSITY, 75KATO-TECH LTD., 127KEIMYUNG,UNIVERSITY, 51 78KHON KAEN,UNIVERSITY, 53KING MONGKUT'S INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, 156 159KING MONGKUT'S INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY LADKRABANG, 118

KING MONGKUT'S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NORTH BANGKOK, 51 78

KING MONGKUT'S UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THONBURI, 104

KOCHI,WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY, 75 132

KOC,UNIVERSITY, 166 181KOREA,ADVANCED

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 42

KOREA,ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 163

KOREA,INSTITUTE OF ENERGY RESEARCH, 71 160

KOREA,INSTITUTE OF MACHINERY & MATERIALS, 79 93 118 130 146

KOREA,INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 103 136 149 152

KOREA,RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 176 182

KOREA,SEJONG UNIVERSITY, 120

KOREA,UNIVERSITY, 92 141KRAFT FOODS, 121 149KUMOH,NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, 119KUMOH,NATIONAL

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 160

KYOTO,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 36 63

KYOTO,UNIVERSITY, 52 63KYOTO,UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, 43KYUNGIL,UNIVERSITY, 87KYUNGPOOK,NATIONAL

UNIVERSITY, 37 48 87 110 151

LLAWRENCE BERKELEY

NATIONAL LABORATORY, 103

LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF POLYMER RESEARCH, 147

LIVERPOOL,UNIVERSITY, 66LNK CHEMSOLUTIONS, 122LODZ,INSTITUTE OF

CHEMICAL FIBRES, 137LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL

LABORATORY, 121 123 149LOUISIANA,STATE

UNIVERSITY, 147LOUVAIN,UNIVERSITE

CATHOLIQUE, 37LOWELL,MASSACHUSETTS

UNIVERSITY, 73 107 134 143 163

LUBBOCK,TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY, 155

LUND,UNIVERSITY, 137

MMAHIDOL UNIVERSITY, 96 148MALAGA,UNIVERSITY, 110 113MANASSAS,GEORGE MASON

UNIVERSITY, 83MARBURG,MAX

PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR TERRESTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, 82

MARBURG,PHILIPPS, 42

MARBURG,PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY, 38 39 69 77 82 90 126 131 150 151 160 170 178 185

MARBURG,ZENTRUM FUER MATERIALWISSENSCHAF-TEN, 69

MARTIN-LUTHER-UNIVERSITAT HALLE, 49 147

MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL, 178

MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 58 59 88 115 124 125 136 139 146 152 162 164 174 185

MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY, 37 47 61 82 89 90 130 145 146 147 155 162 166 169 170 171 172 173 175 176 180 183 184

MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FUR KOLLOID- & GRENZFLAECH, 35 67 100 114 185

MELBOURNE,UNIVERSITY, 131MENICON CO.LTD., 98MICHIGAN-

DEARBORN,UNIVERSITY, 91MICHIGAN,STATE

UNIVERSITY, 80MICHIGAN,UNIVERSITY, 186MILAN,POLYTECHNIC, 91MINNESOTA,UNIVERSITY, 69MISSOURI,UNIVERSITY

OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 46

MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO., 43

MONASH,UNIVERSITY, 50MONS HAINAUT,UNIVERSITY,

58MONTREAL,UNIVERSITY, 35

74 103MOSCOW,STATE UNIVERSITY,

166

NNAGOYA,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 98NANJING,NORMAL

UNIVERSITY, 37NANJING,SOUTHEAST

UNIVERSITY, 39 63 68 69 107 113

NANYANG,TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 36 103

Company Index

204 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

NARA,MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 49

NARESUAN UNIVERSITY, 118NASA,LANGLEY RESEARCH

CENTER, 179NATIONAL CHENG KUNG

UNIVERSITY, 79NEBRASKA-

LINCOLN,UNIVERSITY, 38 64 122

NEVADA,UNIVERSITY, 106 119NEW JERSEY,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 40 90NEW JERSEY,UNIVERSITY OF

MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY, 80

NEW YORK,STATE UNIVERSITY, 105 116 127 131 161 175 177 183

NEW YORK,STATE UNIVERSITY AT BINGHAMTON, 159

NEW YORK,UNIVERSITY, 182NEW ZEALAND,CROP AND

FOOD RESEARCH CENTRE, 57

NIIGATA,UNIVERSITY, 144 155 173

NORTH CAROLINA,AGRICULTURAL & TECH.STATE UNIV., 83 117

NORTH CAROLINA,STATE UNIVERSITY, 35 41 43 44 65 67 73 83 88 100 101 114 163 184

NORTH CHINA,INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 69

OOHIO,STATE UNIVERSITY, 73OSAKA,UNIVERSITY, 119

PPACIFIC NORTHWEST

NATIONAL LABORATORY, 149

PADOVA,UNIVERSITA, 41PATRAS,UNIVERSITY, 92PEKING,UNIVERSITY, 70 74PENN STATE ERIE, BEHREND

COLLEGE, 40PENNSYLVANIA,STATE

UNIVERSITY, 80 129 147 148 149 166

PENNSYLVANIA,UNIVERSITY, 159 175 183

PERNAMBUCO,UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL, 99

PHILIP MORRIS USA, 75 93 107 110 123

PHILIPPS-UNIVERSITAT, 141PITTSBURGH,UNIVERSITY, 39

50PLOVDIV,UNIVERSITY, 43POLARTEC, LLC, 23PUERTO RICO,UNIVERSITY, 76

148 169PUNE,NATIONAL CHEMICAL

LABORATORY, 41PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 55 128PUSAN,CATHOLIC

UNIVERSITY, 138PUSAN,NATIONAL

UNIVERSITY, 96PUSHCHINO,INSTITUTE

OF THEORETICAL & EXPERIMENTAL BIOPHYSICS, 83

QQUEBEC,UNIVERSITY, 74

RRAISIO CHEMICALS, 143RALEIGH,NC STATE

UNIVERSITY, 87RAMKHAMHAENG,

UNIVERSITY, 86 105 126 140 143

RHODE ISLAND,UNIVERSITY, 80

ROURKELA,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 66

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 83

RUTGERS,UNIVERSITY, 80 105

SSABANCI,UNIVERSITY, 56 112

121 125 166 181SABIC, 35SAMSUNG ADVANCED

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 96

SAMSUNG SDI CORPORATE R & D CENTRE, 96

SAO CARLOS,UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL, 98

SELCUK,UNIVERSITY, 78

SEOUL,CHUNG-ANG UNIVERSITY, 153

SEOUL,KONKUK UNIVERSITY, 151

SEOUL,KOREA UNIVERSITY, 129

SEOUL,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 78 131 135 153 158

SEOUL,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY, 163

SEOUL,SEJONG UNIVERSITY, 169

SEVILLA,UNIVERSIDAD, 110SEVILLE,UNIVERSITY, 113SHANDONG,UNIVERSITY, 86SHANGHAI,DONGHUA

UNIVERSITY, 38 45 49 50 61 67 138 139 141 151 152 154 163

SHANGHAI,INSTITUTE OF CERAMICS, 70

SHANXI,UNIVERSITY, 124SHEFFIELD,UNIVERSITY, 70SHENZHEN,GRADUATE

SCHOOL, 52SHIGA

PREFECTURE,UNIVERSITY, 42 127 173

SHINSHU,UNIVERSITY, 101 124 159 160

SHIRATORI NANOTECHNOLOGY CO.LTD., 168

SICHUAN,UNIVERSITY, 47 48 72 76 93

SINGAPORE,INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH & ENGINEERING, 36 103 109

SINGAPORE,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 66 81 108 109 121 132 133 139 148 169

SKC CO.LTD., 103SLOVAK,TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY, 177SMALL BUSINESS TRAINING

INSTITUTE, 74SMITHERS RAPRA

TECHNOLOGY LTD., 77SOFIA,INSTITUTE OF

MICROBIOLOGY, 56SOFIA,INSTITUTE OF

POLYMERS, 56 57 58 60 102 164

Company Index

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 205

SOFIA,TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 60

SOGANG,UNIVERSITY, 71SOOCHOW,UNIVERSITY, 58 87SOONGSIL,UNIVERSITY, 110SOUTH DAKOTA,SCHOOL OF

MINES & TECHNOLOGY, 95 127 164

SOUTH DAKOTA,SCHOOL OF MINES & TECHNOLOGY, 86

SOUTH VEHICLE GROUP, 111SOUTHWEST

JIAOTONG,UNIVERSITY, 103SPIDER-WEB® FILTERS, 23STELLENBOSCH,UNIVERSITY,

139 153ST.LOUIS,WASHINGTON

UNIVERSITY, 60 81STONYBROOK TECHNOLOGY

& APPLIED RESEARCH INC., 149 161 175 177 182

STONY BROOK,UNIVERSITY, 48 50 135 149

SUNG KYUN KWAN,ADVANCED INSTITUTE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY, 96

SUNG KYUN KWAN UNIVERSITY, 51 83 96 106 129

SUN KYUN KWAN UNIVERSITY, 141

SUZHOU,UNIVERSITY, 39 63 72SWEDEN,INSTITUTE FOR

FIBER AND POLYMER RESEARCH, 64

SWEDISH INSTITUTE FOR FIBRE & POLYMER RESEARCH, 137

SYSTRAN FEDERAL CORP., 183SZCZECINSKA,POLITECHNIKA,

35

TTA INSTRUMENTS-WATERS

LLC, 105TAIWAN,CENTRAL

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 50

TAIWAN,NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY, 40 110

TAMPERE,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 48 72 133 152

TECHNION-ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 56 95 132 167

TEHRAN,MALEK ASHTAR UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 85

TEHRAN,SHARIF UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 79

TEHRAN,UNIVERSITY, 85 88TEIJIN LTD., 143TENNESSEE,UNIVERSITY, 36

104 114TENNESSEE,UNIVERSITY AT

KNOXVILLE, 68 155TEXAS,A & M UNIVERSITY, 46TEXAS,PAN AMERICAN

UNIVERSITY, 64 96 124TEXAS,UNIVERSITY, 41 46 103TEXAS,UNIVERSITY AT

DALLAS, 105THAILAND,NATIONAL

METAL & MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY CENTER, 156

THAMMASAT,UNIVERSITY, 123 156

TIANJIN,HOSPITAL, 119TIANJIN,POLYTECHNIC

UNIVERSITY, 157TIANJIN,RESEARCH

INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY, 47

TIANJIN,UNIVERSITY, 55 62 64 90 104 106 117 119 142 149 153 156 159

TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 75 132

TOKYO,UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, 179

TONGJI,UNIVERSITY, 41 42 55 97 107 116 117 122 128 137 139 142 151

TORINO,POLITECNICO, 84 98TORONTO,UNIVERSITY, 50TSINGHUA,UNIVERSITY, 46 47

52 74 110 137TSING HUA,UNIVERSITY, 78

123 165TUFTS UNIVERSITY, 129 136

161 162 179TURKISH ATOMIC ENERGY

AUTHORITY, 78TVER,TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY, 166TWENTE,UNIVERSITY, 109 151

UUDUMALPET,GOVERNMENT

ARTS COLLEGE, 129 131UNITED AIR SPECIALISTS INC.,

116UNIVERSAL TECHNOLOGY

CORP., 183US,AIR FORCE RESEARCH

LABORATORY, 120 183US,ARMY,NATICK SOLDIER

SYSTEMS CENTER, 134 155 171 182 183

US,ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY, 84 143 146 184 186

US,ARMY SOLDIER & BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL COMMAND, 145 184

VVIRGINIA,COMMONWEALTH

UNIVERSITY, 46 64 79 93 105 107 109 141 153 167 174 178 180 181 183 184

VIRGINIA,POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY, 47 54 66 125 133 150 154 155 157 166 172 173

VIRGINIA TECH, 54 175VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH

CENTRE OF FINLAND, 48

WWASHINGTON,UNIVERSITY,

149 151 157 168WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE, 92WICHITA,STATE UNIVERSITY,

169WORCESTER,POLYTECHNIC

INSTITUTE, 85 89 94 97 99 108 109 154 165

WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, 184

WUHAN,UNIVERSITY, 108

XXIAN,FOURTH MILITARY

MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 84XIANGTAN UNIVERSITY, 80XIAN JIAOTONG,UNIVERSITY,

84

Company Index

206 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

YYALE,UNIVERSITY, 40YAMAGATA,UNIVERSITY, 38YAMANASHI,UNIVERSITY, 68

121YEUNGNAM,UNIVERSITY, 77

84 108 162YOKOHAMA,KEIO

UNIVERSITY, 168YONSEI,UNIVERSITY, 78

ZZAGAZIG,UNIVERSITY, 120ZAGREB,SVEUCILISTE, 150ZAGREB,UNIVERSITY, 59ZHEJIANG,UNIVERSITY, 51 54

70 108 115 119 130 131 136ZHONGYUAN,UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, 69

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