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Practical Necropsy Guide

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Page 1: Elanco Necropsy Guide

Practical Necropsy Guide

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Introduction

This guide is intended to aid beef cattle veterinarians as they discuss

the value of performing necropsies with their clients. Beef cattle

veterinarians can use this guide with clients to increase their

understanding of proper necropsy techniques and resulting methods

of diagnosis.

This guide has three parts:

• The first is a collection of images comparing normal organs with

common cattle health abnormalities.

• The second is a review of practical necropsy procedures.

• The third is a set of guidelines for proper tissue sampling techniques

and submission procedures.

This guide is not intended to be a fully comprehensive reference and should only be used in conjunction with veterinary consultation.

1

Elanco Animal Health Practical Necropsy Guide

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Eyes

Conjun ctivitis — variety of causes, including:IBR, mycoplasma, foreign bodies and other irritants

Corneal lesion, diffuse corneal edema, starts atperiphery Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)

Normal eye

Corneal lesion, central corneal ulcer with neovascularization — pinkeye

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Oral cavity, ulcers — BVD ( )

Muzzle, shallow ulcers typical of viral diseases— BVD, MCF, blue tongue and rinderpest

Oral cavity, ulcers, hard and soft palate — BVD

Normal oral tissues

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Oral Cavity

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Oral Cavity

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Tongue, extensive ulcers (ruptured vesicles) —vesicular disease

Oral cavity, raised proliferative lesions, oftenwith irregular edges, hard palate — papularstomatitis

Pharynx, retropharyngeal cellulitis (A )caused by a penetrating wound (B ) — ballinggun injury

Notes

A

B

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Esophagus, trauma ( ) — penetrating wound,resulting purulent peri-esophageal abscess

Normal esophagus, normal postmortem changewith mild anterior congestion and posteriorpallor resulting from postmortem bloat

Esophagus, bloat line at thoracic inlet; othersupportive evidence includes: history, pallorand edema of hindlimb musculature

Esophagus

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Esophagus

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Esophagus, shallow erosions — BVD

Esophagus, extensive linear ulcers — BVD

Notes

Pharyngeal mucosa removed from underlyingstructures, ulcers — BVD

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Upper Respiratory Tract

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Larynx, necrotic laryngitis ( ) — calf diphthe-ria

Larynx, laryngeal edema — allergic reaction;look for pulmonary edema or congestion

Larynx, chronic laryngitis, small ulcer onepiglottis (circled)/laryngeal polyp ( )

Normal larynx

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Upper Respiratory Tract

Normal trachea, congestion, with intactmucosal lining — can be normal postmortemchange

Trachea, tracheitis, adherent fibrinonecroticpseudomembrane — IBR

Normal trachea

Nasal cavity (nasal septum removed), fibrinopurulent rhinitis — IBR

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Upper Respiratory Tract

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Trachea, tracheitis, adherent fibrinonecroticpseudomembrane — IBR

Trachea (cross section), edema in dorsalmucosa ( ) — “honker” syndrome

Notes

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Lungs

Sampling procedures for lungs• Include tissue as indicated by clinical signs or • gross lesions• Fresh sample size: 4 cm cubes of affected tissue• Fixed sample size: 1 cm thick or less of affected • tissue

Bronchopneumonia, acute (shipping fever, typicalof pneumonic pasteurellosis) ( )

Fibrinous pleuropneumonia; consolidated lung ( ) with pleural fluid (oval) and fibrinous pleuri-tis; solid line denotes sternum

Normal lungs

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Lungs

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Subacute shipping fever with fibrinous pleuritis( )

Fibrinous pleuropneumonia (cut section)

Bronchopneumonia, advanced, progressive,early abscesses in older part of lesion ( )

Bronchopneumonia, chronic with abscesses (1 ), emphysema (2) and atelectasis (3)

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Lungs

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Chronic pneumonia with atelectasis Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP); entire lungoverinflated; individual lobules slightly firm

Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) (cut section);interlobular edema and emphysema commonlyseen with AIP

Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP)

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Lungs

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Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP); note emphysema ( )

Embolic pneumonia (multifocal lesions through-out lung) ( ) — hematogenous spread of bac-teria from lesions such as endocarditis and liverabscesses

Aspiration pneumonia (gangrenous), necroticlesion ( )

Parasitic pneumonia — note lung worms(Dictyocaulus viviparus) in opened bronchi ( )

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Lungs

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Pulmonary granuloma — tuberculosis ( ) Lymph node, granuloma — tuberculosis

Notes

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Normal heart Normal heart

Heart, endocarditis ( ) — blackleg Heart, pericarditis — blackleg

Heart

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Heart

Heart, fibrinous pericarditis (pericardial sacreflected) — Haemophilus somnus and otherbacteria

Heart, dilated right ventricle, rounded appearance — right heart failure

Heart, eosinophilic myositis (note pale areas inendocardium and myocardium)

Heart (cross section), beef measles, tapewormcysts of Taenia bovis ( )

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Heart

Heart (cross section), myocarditis —Haemophilus somnus

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Notes

Heart, myocarditis — Haemophilus somnus,lesions most frequently located in papillarymuscle ( )

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Liver

Normal liver Normal liver, postmortem changes; superficialdiscoloration is common; incise lesion todetermine significance

Liver, abscesses Liver, nutmeg liver/accentuated lobular patterncommonly associated with chronic congestion,often due to heart failure

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Liver

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Liver (cross section), thrombophlebitis, sec-ondary to liver abscesses

Liver, focal hemorrhage or necrosis; bacillaryhemoglobinuria; necrotic lesion extends deepinto tissue

Liver, distended, thickened bile ducts — liverflukes ( )

Liver (dark pigmented tracts) — liver flukes

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Urinary System

Kidney, acute pyelonephritis — ascending bac-terial infections

Kidney, renal infarcts ( )

Normal kidney

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Urinary System

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Kidney, pale moist cortex — tubular necrosis,usually due to toxins such as aminoglycosides

Kidney, hemoglobin stained due to hemolysis

Bladder, urethral calculus

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Urinary System

Normal bladder

Bladder, urinary calculi and cystitis Penile urethra, calculusKidney, early hydronephrosis

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Gastrointestinal

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Normal rumen; postmortem changes, looseningof rumen lining

Rumen — chronic rumenitis; note shortenedpapilli and scarring ( )

Rumen, inflammation — rumenitis, mycotic;may be secondary to acidosis

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Gastrointestinal

Rumen, ulcers on rumen pillar Rumen, erosions — BVD

Abomasum, chronic ulcer ( )Omasum, mycotic lesion may be secondary toacidosis

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Gastrointestinal

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Abomasum, small ulcers — (BVD) Abomasum, parasites — Ostertagia spp.

Notes

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Gastrointestinal

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Normal small intestine, typically thin-walledand pale

Small intestine, hemorrhagic enteritis —Salmonellosis; note thickened mucosa andbloody contents

Small intestine, inflammation — Salmonellosis;note enlarged lymph nodes ( )

Normal mesenteric lymph nodes

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Gastrointestinal

Gall bladder and small intestine, fibrinous casts( ) — Salmonellosis

Small intestine, acute enteritis

Small intestine, Peyer’s patch necrosis — BVD Small intestine, Peyer’s patch necrosis — BVD

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Gastrointestinal

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Small intestine, parasites — nodular worm,Oesophagostomum ( )

Small intestine, proliferative enteritis (Johne’s),not seen in animals less than two years of age

Notes

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Normal mesenteric lymph nodes

Gastrointestinal

Normal large intestines

Spiral colon, hemorrhagic mucosa — coccidiosis

Large intestine, inflammation — coccidiosis

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Gastrointestinal

Large intestine, inflammation — coccidiosis

Notes

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Musculoskeletal

Hindlimb — blackleg ( )

Normal hindlimb musculature

Hindlimb muscle — blackleg ( ); normal onright

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Musculoskeletal

Hindlimb muscle, myodegeneration with cavitation — injection site

Hindlimb muscle, severe myodegeneration —injection site; walled off area can retain signifi-cant antimicrobial levels for prolonged periods ( )

Muscle, scar — injection site; muscle tissue isreplaced by scar tissue and fat

Notes

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Musculoskeletal

Normal joint; note clear, tenacious joint fluid ( )

Hock joint, acute synovitis; note excess cloudyfluid with fibrin ( )

Stifle joint, synovitis with large fibrin clots

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Brain

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Normal brain

Brain, meningitis with congested vessels andcloudy meninges

Brain, polioencephalomalacia with flattenedcerebral gyri and cerebellar coning ( )

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Brain

Brain, laminar cortical necrosis ( ) — polioencephalomalacia (formalin-fixed tissue)

Brain, brain stem hemorrhage ( ),Haemophilus somnus (fresh tissue)

Brain, laminar cortical necrosis ( ) — polioencephalomalacia (fresh tissue)

Brain, brain stem hemorrhage ( ),Haemophilus somnus (formalin-fixed tissue)

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Brain

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Brain, abscess ( )

Notes

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Practical Necropsy Procedures

This section is intended to illustrate a set of practical procedures for

performing necropsies on feedlot cattle.

Understand and follow the requirements of your animal disposal

service, especially regarding the proper technique used in opening

the animal’s hide for thorough examination, as well as the specific

policy for picking up animals whose cranium has been opened.

Procedures

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Procedures

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Examine conjunctiva and cornea.Note inflammation, opacity and ulceration.

Examine oral cavity.Note lesions, such as ulceration.

Start with the calf’s left side down. Do an overall external examination.

Record animal I.D.

1

3

2

4

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Reflect both right legs. Thoroughly exposepelvis to mandible. Make cut on ventral midlineto maximize hide value.Note hemorrhages, inflammation and injectionsites.

Reflect abdominal wall and omentum.Note fluid, fibrin, inflammation and location of viscera.

5 6

Cut near the sternum (A ) and several inchesbelow the spine (B ) with the cuts ending justdorsal and ventral to the trachea.

Alternative methods include the careful use of a sharp axe.

Knife method for rib reflection. Cut through costochondral junction and through intercostal muscles to reflect two ribs at a time by twisting and breaking (works best in younger animals).

7 8

Procedures

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A

B

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Procedures

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Cut diaphragm and reflect rib cage. Examine pericardial sac in situ.Note presence of exudation, adhesions and extentof involvement.

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Free tongue, esophagus, larynx and trachea.Examine pharyngeal area.

Cut ventral to the spine and dorsal to the sternum to free thoracic organs.

Open entire length of esophagus. Open larynx and trachea.Note mucosal integrity and differentiate inflamma-tory changes from agonal and postmortem changes(see page 8-9 for differential diagnosis photos).

10

11 12

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Palpate and cut through lung tissue. See pages 10-14 for differential diagnosis.

Insert knife at the base of the heart, cutting tothe apex, exposing both ventricles.Note alteration in chamber size, discoloration, inflammation and hemorrhage.

Incise papillary muscles.Note myocardial and valvular changes.

13 14

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Incise and palpate liver.Note evidence of discoloration, enlargement, changes to bile ducts and consistency (see pages 18-19).

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Procedures

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Procedures

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Incise right kidney (caudal to liver).Locate and incise left kidney. Avoid cuttingintestines.Note areas of discoloration.

Examine mucosa of several segments of smallintestine.Note mucosal thickening, discoloration and exudation (see pages 26-28).

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Incise mesenteric lymph nodes.Note enlargement.

Incise spiral colon and cecum.Note mucosal thickening, discoloration and exudation.

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Incise reticulum (A), omasum (B) and abomasum (C).Note inflammation, ulceration and contents.

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Determine rumen pH.Note inflammation and contents.

Examine rumen lining. Incise various muscles, depending on case history and other observations. Evaluate injection sites.

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Procedures

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Procedures

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Expose stifle and other joints as deemed necessary.Note fluid amount and type.

Brain removal.*Make first cut A, 1/3 of the distance betweenthe eye and the poll. Cut B laterally from firstcut to the foramen magnum. Cut C immediatelyposterior to the foramen magnum.

Pry open cranium and cut through meninges.

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* Understand and follow the requirements * of your animal disposal service regard-* ing the proper technique used in * opening the animal’s cranium for * thorough examination.

Remove and examine brain only when indications of Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders are indicated or there are no other significant necropsy findings.

*Use appropriate care in brain examination in areas where rabies is a possibility.

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Cut spinal nerves and remove brain.

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Cut brain into longitudinal halves and cross-section as appropriate.See pages 34-36 for differential diagnosis.

Replace organs into body cavity and close.

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Procedures

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Sampling

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• If in doubt regarding sampling procedures, contact your diagnostic

laboratory

• Take samples from regions of tissue that include lesion margins

• It is better to submit too many samples to your diagnostician than

too few

Communicate directly with your animaldisposal services to provide them with theinformation they require for each animal to be picked up*:

• Age of animal• Cause of death• Time and date of death

*Some animal disposal services will not pick up an animal if the brain has been examined and/orremoved for diagnosis.

Guidelines for gaining the most information from a necropsy:

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Intestinal sections• Size: 10-20 cm sections • Best, but not required, to tie off/close ends

Other tissues• Size: 4 cm cubes• Sample affected tissues • Sample tissues from other appropriate • organs

Brain*If indicated by history, place 1/2 brain inWhirlPakTM or other sealable container

Rumen content• If indicated by history• pH can be determined on site with pH strips

Shipping guidelines• Properly label and seal WhirlPaks • Use insulated container protected by • cardboard box • Include multiple frozen packs• Only freeze samples if necessary for • extended storage beyond 3 to 4 days

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WhirlPak is a trademark of Nasco, Inc.

Sampling

Fresh Samples

*Some animal disposal services will not pick up an animal if the brain has been examined and/or removed for diagnosis.

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Sampling

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Intestinal sections • Size: multiple 2 to 3 cm sections • Do not tie off/close ends

Major organs and other tissues• Size: 1 cm thick or less• Include tissues as indicated by clinical

signs or gross lesions

Brain• If indicated by history, place 1/2 brain* in

WhirlPak or other sealable container

Proper packaging• Properly label each container• 10% buffered formalin solution• Formalin volume must be 10X tissue

volume• In most instances, multiple tissue

samples can be combined in a single container

Shipping guidelines• Seal in unbreakable containers• Double-bag the package contents with

absorbent material to ensure fluid containment• Include completed submission form for lab

(seal in separate plastic bag to keep dry)• Include complete case history• Include contact and billing information

(contact name, address, phone, fax, account number)

• If not shipping immediately, hold for two ormore days. Pour off majority of formalin prior to shipping.

Fixed Samples

*Some animal disposal services will not pick up an animal if the brain has been examined and/or removed for diagnosis.

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Acknowledgements

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Elanco Animal Health respectfully thanks the following individuals for their professional contributions to this project:

Bob Glock, DVM, PhDRoger Panciera, DVM, PhD

Dan Scruggs, DVM, PhDTed Clark, DVM, MVSc, Canada

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This practical necropsy guide is brought to you by Elanco Animal Health.

Elanco and the diagonal color bar are trademarks of Eli Lilly and Company. Micotil® is a trademark for Elanco’s brand of tilmicosin. Tylan® is a trademark for Elanco’s brandof tylosin. Rumensin® is a trademark for Elanco’s brand of monensin sodium.

TMTMTMTM

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