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EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for innovation’ 22-23 January 2015 – Brussels, Belgium

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Page 1: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for innovation’22-23 January 2015 – Brussels, Belgium

Page 2: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level:Challenges for innovation’

Friday 23 January 2015, Brussels - Belgium

Session 3: Overcoming obstacles to on-farm biosecurity improvements.

9:00 – 9:20 Costs and benefits of biosecurity measures – George Gunn, Scotland’s Rural College Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC)

9:20 – 9:50 Concrete examples of joint initiatives for implementation and improvement of biosecurity:

• Bovine tuberculosis in France - Célia Lesage ,GDS Dordogne (FESASS)• Poultry sector in the United Kingdom - Daniel Pearson, Aviagen Ltd.

(AVEC Poultry)• Improved biosecurity on Spanish pig farms by innovative rodent control

- Carlos Piñeiro, PigCHAMP Pro Europa S.L. (U.E.C.B.V.)

9:50 – 10:30 Breakout sessionsThree breakout sessions on actions to overcome obstacles and to stimulate innovation

10:30 – 11:00 Coffee break

11:00 – 11:45 Breakout sessions (continuation)

11:45 – 12:15 Reporting from the breakout sessions

Session 4: Relating the workshop outcomes to future activities

12:15 – 12:30 EIP-AGRI and Horizon 2020 - Pilar Gumma Solernou and Jean-Charles Cavitte, DG Agriculture and Rural Development

12:30 – 13:00 Plenary session to discuss the group work and follow up in view of future EIP-AGRI activities

13:00 – 13:15 Summary and next steps - Jean-Charles Cavitte, DG Agriculture and Rural Development

13:15 – 14:00 Lunch and end of the workshop

Page 3: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

Costs and Benefits of Biosecurity Measures

Professor

George J Gunn

Epidemiology Research Unit

Inverness, Scotland

UK

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Introduction

• Head of SRUC Epidemiology Research Team in Inverness; Director of EPIC; SRUC Professor of Population Medicine & Zoonoses; University of Glasgow Professor of Epidemiology

• One of five leaders of European project on BVD control & economics (2003-2006)

• Led several UK level projects on BVD and Biosecurity and Behaviour (2001 – 2010)

• One of five leaders (risk) of European project on developing Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) tests (2007-2010)

• Director of virtual Centre of Expertise on Animal Disease Outbreaks (EPIC) (2011- 2016)

Page 5: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Evolution

• Research evolved out of outbreak investigation for

Veterinary Investigation Service

• BVD V potentiating pneumonia; enteritis and

reproductive problems in dairy and beef herds

• Worked with Swedes, Danes and Norwegians on

their BVD schemes. MSc at Guelph, Canada

• Wrote original BVD programme for CHeCS and

remain on technical committee

• Research very applied ….. How to instigate change

exploring control; prevalence; economics; behaviour

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Prevalence

Control

People BehaviourBrulisauer 2010

Humphry 2012

Economics

Santarossa 2005

Gunn 2004

Humphry 2004

Saatkamp 2001

Heffernan 2008

McCormick 2009

Lindberg 2006

Stott 2009

Varo 2008

Weldegebriel 2009

Toma 2008

Stott 2008

Gunn 2008

Gunn 2005

Gunn 2002

Stott 2003

Duncan 2012

Gunn 2012

Heffernan 2009

Gunn 1994

Toma 2012

Booth 2013

WP6.1

BVD example

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1.Prevalence

3. Disease Control

4. People BehaviourBrulisauer 2010

Humphry 2012

2. Economics

Santarossa 2005

Gunn 2004

Humphry 2004

Saatkamp 2001

Heffernan 2008

McCormick 2009

Lindberg 2006

Stott 2009

Varo 2008

Weldegebriel 2009

Toma 2008

Stott 2008

Gunn 2008

Gunn 2005

Gunn 2002

Stott 2003

Duncan 2012

Gunn 2012

Heffernan 2009

Gunn 1994

Toma 2012

Booth 2013

WP6.1

BVD example

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Vital Elements for Disease Control

• 1.Prevalence

• 2. Economics

• 3. Disease Control

• 4. People Behaviour

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Risk

Communication

Risk

Assessment

Risk

Management

Hazard

Identification

Review

Risk Analysis - Generic

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Risk Communication

4. Human Behaviour

Risk

Assessment

2. Economics

Risk

Management

3. Control

Hazard

Identification

1. Prevalence

Review

Risk Analysis - Generic

Page 11: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Knowledge

exchange for BVD

control

Cost-benefit

comparison for

BVDV control

options

BVD Risk

Management

Estimate size of

BVD disease

risk

Review range

of disease

risks

Risk Analysis & Management of BVD

Page 12: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Knowledge

exchange for BVD

control

Cost-benefit

comparison for

BVDV control

options

BVD Risk

Management

Estimate size of

BVD disease

risk

Review range

of disease

risks

Scottish

Government-

funded

prevalence study

Risk Analysis & Management of BVD

Page 13: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

BVD V prevalence

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14

Whole sentinel group BVD seronegative

1-5 animals BVD seropositive

More than 5 animals BVD seropositive

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Number of seropositive youngstock

Den

sit

y

13%

26% 61%

seronegative

low seroprevalence

high seroprevalence

BVDV seroprevalence in

young stock on

Scottish beef suckler

herds

Distribution of spot

test results taken

from young stock

Proportion of

seroprevalence

categories

Exposure Assessment - BVDV

Page 15: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Knowledge

exchange for BVD

control

Cost-benefit

comparison for

BVDV control

options

BVD Risk

Management

Estimate size of

BVD disease

risk

Review range

of disease

risks

Scottish Government-

funded cost-benefit study

Risk Analysis & Management of BVD

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Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

Farm Level BVD Costs

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BVD Ten Year Outbreak Losses- Beef Herd no Intervention

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Year

£

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Beef herd breakdown of losses

Total Cost = £38 per cow p.a.

Calf Immune

Suppression (7%)

Other Calf Losses

(5%)

PI Calves

(18%)

Abortions

(9%)

Reproductive Loss in

Cows (17%)

Reproductive

Loss in

Heifers (28%)

PI Cows &

Heifers (16%)

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Economic evaluation dairy herd

• 8% (4% - 11%) gross margin

• Cost of BVD outbreak over 10 years in large herd with low death rate for PI s and high milk price = £99K

• Range of £47K to £133K

• Cost of £33 per cow p.a.

Page 20: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Knowledge

exchange for BVD

control

Cost-benefit

comparison for

BVDV control

options

BVD Risk

Management

Estimate size of

BVD disease

risk

Review range

of disease

risks

UK Government-

funded (DEFRA)

biosecurity study

Risk Analysis & Management of BVD

Page 21: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

Longitudinal Surveyfor

Control Options

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22

kilometres

0 5 10

N

kilometres

0 5 10

N

kilometres

0 5 10

N

kilometres

0 5 10

N

2001 2002

2004 2003

BVD review of

progress in

Orkney 2010

Page 23: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Knowledge

exchange for BVD

control

Cost-benefit

comparison for

BVDV control

options

BVD Risk

Management

Estimate size of

BVD disease

risk

Review range

of disease

risks

DEFRA/QMS

funded BVD

longitudinal

study

Risk Analysis & Management of BVD

Page 24: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

Risk Management Programme

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Page 26: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Knowledge

exchange for BVD

control

Cost-benefit

comparison for

BVDV control

options

BVD Risk

Management

Estimate size of

BVD disease

risk

Review range

of disease

risks

Meat industry

(QMS) funded

disease priority

study

Risk Analysis & Management of BVD

Page 27: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

Review Process

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28

Perspectives on control of bovine viral

diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Europe – today

and in the future. OIE Scientific and Technical

Review 25 (3)

Lindberg A., Brownlie J., Gunn G.J., Houe

H.,Moennig V., Saatkamp H.W., Sandvik T.,

Valle P.S. (2006)

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Farmer Behaviour linked to problems with BVD Risk Management on Farms

29

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Vets’ opinions on what barriers are:• “Lack of understanding of BVD; ignore warnings; no

biosecurity”

• “Farmers are unaware of BVD infections in their herds until

screened for and they are not aware of secondary issues i.e.

poor production, fertility and increased pneumonia cases.”

• “Replacement policy is key. PI's need to be removed; In 95% of

farms a correctly implemented vaccination protocol will lead to,

and maintain freedom from disease.”

• “Over reliance on vaccination only as control of BVD. Need for

cohort sampling and awareness of ongoing cost of BVD even in

vaccinated herds.”

Page 32: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Farmers and biosecurity: determinants

of behaviour

Luiza Toma1, Alistair W. Stott1, Claire Heffernan2, Sian

Ringrose1, George J. Gunn3

Page 33: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Background

• Work commissioned by DEFRA - ‘An integrated approach

to biosecurity on UK cattle and sheep farms; evaluating

existing measures for endemic diseases against exotic

threats - Extension’ (2009-2010)

• Quantitative analysis of determinants of biosecurity

behaviour of cattle and sheep farmers in England, Wales

and Scotland

33

Page 34: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

SEM results (cont.)

Overall the structural equation model explains 64% of the variance in biosecurity behaviour.

Factors significantly influencing farmers’ biosecurity behaviour are• perceived importance of specific biosecurity strategies;

• organic certification of farm;

• KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BIOSECURITY MEASURES;• attitudes towards animal welfare;

• PERCEIVED USEFULNESS OF BIOSECURITY INFORMATIONSOURCES;

• perceived effect on business during the past five years of severe outbreaks of animal diseases;

• membership in a cattle/sheep health scheme;

• attitudes towards livestock biosecurity;

• INFLUENCE ON DECISION TO APPLY BIOSECURITY MEASURES;• Age/experience;

• Herd size.

Page 35: EIP-AGRI Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: … Workshop ‘Biosecurity at farm level: challenges for ... Biosecurity at farm level: Challenges for innovation ... benefits of biosecurity

Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

What about poultry?

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Catcher (chicken) survey

• At least 30% of catchers did not know what wasmeant by biosecurity although ~80% could describethe procedures

• Disinfection of vehicles at the farm gate, use of cleanPPE, disinfection of footwear on entering/leavingpoultry house (max ~50% compliance)

36

Sparks et al., 2011

• Disinfection of forklift

when leaving farm or

factory (>90%)

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Campylobacter study

• Campylobacter positive:• 47.1% pre-thin,

• 79.9% post-thin (P<0.0001)

• Analysis indicates that prior to thinning fewer negative farmsand fewer positive farms (P=0.046) (Sparks et al., 2014)

• Canadian data: <50% compliance unless observed bycamera (Racicot et al., 20120)

37

• Medical hand-hygiene compliance

rates (Erasmus, 2012)

– Intensive Care Units = 40-50%

– Non-ICU wards = 50-60%

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Economics of biosecurity

• For the Campylobacter study…

• Campylobacter-negative farms (at thin) had better (p<0.01) FCRs than farms that were positive (1.666 vs 1.690)

• Causal or is absence of Campylobacter indicative of better biosecurity overall and hence reduced disease challenge?

• Either way it equates to £20/1000 birds or typically £600+/house (typical margin for a chicken farm = 2p/bird)

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Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting

What about exotic diseases?

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0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

1938

1941

1944

1947

1950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

num

ber

of

hold

ing

s

Foot and mouth disease Classical swine fever Swine vesicular diseaseNewcastle disease Avian Influenza

Numbers of holdings affected by diseases of

the former OIE List A in GB in 1938 to 2007

and major disease control measures introduced

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Exotic Disease Threats?

Described by: Prevalence x Impact

• Calculated for diseases identified at cattle and sheep industry workshops

• Data gathered from existing sources

• Validated with industry workshops

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Horizon scanning matrix

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Horizon scanning matrix

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SBV Risk - A normal year

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Arbovirusrange limit analysis

BTV -8bluetongue v 8

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Conclusions 1

• There are a few main points from my presentation that I would like to emphasise again.

• Farmers and veterinarians often reject the concept of risk analysis but although it is something we all do every day

• We already have a great deal of information about BVD V infection with excellent tests and proven control methods

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Conclusions 2

• We can all benefit from the structured

framework offered by risk analysis

• It is a valuable way of organising results

from complementary studies and identifying

the most important knowledge gaps

• We have presented BVD V infection in

Europe as an example of this

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Conclusions 3 - the major points:

• Frequent review with farmers /other stakeholders essential

• Understanding stakeholder behaviour and biosecurity critical

• Reinforced need for fantastic knowledge exchange effort

• Farmers behave differently in different countries – find out the issues for country/region

• Our Centre of Expertise for Animal Disease Outbreaks EPIC is going to develop this integrated research

approach for important infectious diseases

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Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting