EGG

EGG STRUCTURE & COMPOSITION

1.Egg yolk

2.Albumen (white egg)

3.Shell membrane

4.Egg Shell

Egg Yolk (31%):

1. Latebra : The junction between discus germinal disk with egg yolk

2. Germinal Disk: Blastoderm stage of ovum cell

3. Concentric Ring of egg yolk

4. Vetelinne membrane : transparent membrane around egg yolk

Albumen (58%):

Chalazae (3% of albumen): smooth thin layer that conjunction with egg yolk and chalazae,Inner thin layer (21% of albumen)Solid and thick of white egg (55%)Outer thin layer, conjunction with egg membrane shell

Egg Shell Mebrane :

Fibrous & harsh

Compose of protein that similar as well as hair or feather

Consisted of :

- Inner shell membrane

- Outer shell membrane

Inner shell is thin down than

outer shell

Egg shell (11%):

1.Hard, to coverage the content of egg and to protect the embryo from physical & chemicals defect

2.Containing cuticle:

- thickness : 10 – 30 micro meter

- inhibit of microorganism penetration

from the pore

- to protect infiltration of other agent

from outer egg shell.

Egg shell (11%):

3. The pores content be variant : around 7000-17.000/egg, these function include:

- respiratory: the embryo may breathe during incubation process - evaporate process - infiltration of outer liquor - the tickness depend on genetic factor, environment, temperature and diseases. 4. Pigment shell found in spongy layer5. It consisted of: 94% Potassium Carbonate, 1%

Magnesium Carbonate, 1% Calcium Phosphate, other organic component 4%

Egg Composition

Chemical Composition :

% Moisture Protein Fat Ash

Egg 100 65,5 11,8 11,0 11,7

Albumine 58 88 11,0 0,2 0,8

Egg Yolk 31 48 17,5 32,5 2,0

Egg Shell 11 1,6 3,3 0,03

Composition of Egg yolk

Protein of egg yolk : - ovovetelin : 2,4 gr (75%) as

phosphoprotein / protein containing P - ovolivetin : 0,7 gr (25%), sulfur

content is highEgg yolk : - Glyceride

- Lecithin - Cholesterol* Pigment of egg yolk : Xantophyle

Composition of albumen

Protein :

- Ovo albumen: 75%

- Ovoconalbumen : 3%

- Ovoglobulin: 2%

- Ovo mucoid

- Ovomucin

Vitamin : riboflavin/ slightly green

Composition of Eggshell

Consisted of: Shell dan shell membraneOuter layer: cuticleProtein : collagen/ similarly with bone protein and cartilageCa CO3 : 94%Mg CO3 : 1%Ca PO4 : 1%Organic matter : 4 %shell Membrane :

- 4-5 % of the weight of egg shell - containing: protein, water & mineral - Protein : ovocreatine, with sulfur content about 1,5 – 3

kali higher than sulfur content in albumen

Composition of Water Fowl Egg

Duck, Goose, Manila Duck (Entok)

Moisture content slightly lower

Fat content is higher

Ducks need slightly higher temperature for embryo development

Handling of Egg

Select the consumption egg and fertile eggFertile Egg:

- temperature > 26,7°C. The develop embryo blood spot vascular

system as bee nest form (Hacch spot) its not consumable.

- If the temperature is not stable, the embryo will be death because of contamination

* Dirty egg: wash with warm water 43-51,7°C, dried as soon as possible, water should free from Fe (max :3 ppm)

Damage Egg

1. Reduce of weight of egg: - evaporation - Size of air sac - Temperature & humidity during storage frozen evaporate penetration of microorganism ventilation porosity of egg shell (evaporation, contamination of m.o.)

2. Pengenceran

- Putih telur tebal turun : serat gliko protein ovomucin pecah - Ukuran yolk bertambah : perpindahan air, krn tekanan osmose3. Kehilangan CO24. Turunnya Berat jenis telur : air cell bertambah5. Kenaikan PH - Baru : 7,6 – 8,2 - Lama : naik, krn kehilangan CO2 (= peningkatan konsentrasi ion Hidrogen) - CO2 cenderung membentuk keseimbangan antara

konsentrasi dalam telur dengan udara sekitarnya)6. Dekomposisi bakterial : Naik , bila lembab dan temperatur

tinggi Pseudomonas : bau busuk, pigmen yg menyebar melalui

albumen

HATCHERY

EQUIPMENT: IncubatorSetter = Incubator that useful for 17 days incubationHatcher = Incubator that useful for 17-21days incubationRegulator : Adjustable temperature

Hatchery term:

Fertile Egg: egg belong to matting hen & by 21 days incubation process, it be hatch to d.o.c

Fertile Egg: blastula egg, it means when ova position the egg in blastoderm stage.

Fertile Egg: egg belong to matting hen with cockerel around 30 hours before (fertility Max : 2-6 days after matting), spermatozoa be able to life in oviduct up to 11-14 days 6-10 days after matting, the eggs still fertile

Infertile Egg: consumption egg, egg belong to unmating hen.

Hatchery term:

Fertility

Hatchability

Mortality during hatchery process

Candling : observation of egg on 6-7 days and 13-14 days to observe the embryo condition

Egg Index: length/wide X 100%

HATCHERING:- Natural - Artificial

Hatchering Process : 1. Settering 2. Hatchering

Successfull hatchering proccess depend on:

- Temperature - Humidity - Sanitation - Ventilation - Controlling

Hatchery Process

1. Collecting eggs

- selection of eggs

- Fumigation : to protect invasion of

m.o.

- Fumigation material : Formalin 40 %, Potassium Permanganat ( per 100 cubic : 35 cc formalin & 17,5 gr KMnO4)

2. Holding Room

- Cool room for temporary storage (3 days) - Temperature 18°C, humidity 80% - If too longer storage: temperature 15° C, to inhibit metabolism process in egg - Reducing hatchability 1% /day (3 -10 day), after 10 days, hatchability reduce up to 3%/day. - Turning to 45°/twice daily

3. Pre heat

Adaptation Room: to prevent embryo from shock condition

Approximately 6 hrs in room temperature

4. Setter:

- Duration length : 18 days - Temperature 97° – 99° F - Take parallel places with 45° angle - humidity: 86 % - low humidity (82-85%) : crawl feather - high humidity(87-88%) : difficulty to hatch, because of linkage mucous - Turning egg : automatically, every 1 hrs, to keep embryo develop completely. - Provide air fan with rating: 1425 -1450 rpm (to

distribute the warm air

5. Transfer

Moving from setter stage to hatchery incubator

Candling of egg with TL 40 Watt lamp

Infertile egg (clear chick), take out from incubator

When transfer of fertile eggs, hatchery room must be fumigated with KMnO4 (triple doses)

6. Hatchering

3 days (days 19th-21th hari)Fumigation every day with double dosesIncreasing humidity of hatchery room by 0,2° FColoring (Blower) : by formalin 200cc and add some water 400° cc brawniest on d.o. and it keep up to 5-7 days

7. Pool Chick

DOC (Day Old Chick) do to: - sexing - De beaking - Marek Vaccination (layer) sub cutanaeus around cervical area - Selection : take out abnormally form of beak,

blindness, smooth & smaller wing, crawl feather, botak, un symmetric legs, dried leg, omphalitis, wet feather)

- The good quality of d.o.c. were placed in cartoon then ready for market.

Importance Factors during Hatchery

Temperature : high death embryoHumidity :

- Low : dehydration too dried death embryo/ light weight of d.o.c - High : to prevent linkage water, reduce hatchability

Ventilation: - Embryo need O2 & produce CO2 - Embryo sensitive to CO2 excess

Wider of Air Sacc/Air cellon candling days 7th, 14th & 18th

Candling of Eggs

Dimulai sejak fertilisasi sel mengalami pembelahan terus berlangsung bila suhu >82 F

Blastoderm menyebar pada permukaan yolk

Sel I menyusun lap ektoderm

Mengalami invagination dengan arah ke bawah membentuk lap entoderm

Antara ekso derm dan entoderm terdapat mesoderm

Development of Chicken Embryo during Hatchery Process

Ectoderm skin, beak, feather, nail, nervous system, mouth line, vent

Mesoderm muscles, skeletal, blood, excretory organ & Reproduction

Entoderm respiratory tract, secretary organ & digestive tract.

Day 1st

After 3 hrs primitive streak faster development avoid new organ

Hours 16th-24th : defferentiation of head and to create foregut

Composing a few blood streams

Composing neural fold (in head) neural grove caecum

Days 2nd

Anterior brainHours 44th : formality of hearth and activated itBlood system:

1. For embryo body 2. For vitelline, pass from the hearth to: - embryonic secretory cell - yolk Sacc : yolk folder, source of nutrient - Amnion (days 2nd&3rd) containing amnion liquor,

surrounding embryo covered - Allantoin - Serosa : terbentuk pada waktu yg sama gn amnionskt

ekstra embrionic membran & menempel membran sel akhirnya berfusi dengan allantois.

Day 4

Complete organ of embryo performed & to developEmbryo form be appearance & it different with mammalian Allantoids be developed surrounding egg content and to be performed as chorionicAllenton capillary connected with cell membrane & the Allenton for breathing function and as an embryo excretory.Allenton circulation : as a vehicle of nutrient from albumen & Ca for embryo skin all bone embryoDevelopment of leg and wing, a part of body, tail starting appearance, brain has covered, development of spinals nerve up to the spinal root, optical lens & hole of ear apparently.

Day 6-18

Day 6 : Wing & leg appearance

Day 8 &9 : feather seed has performed

Day 13 : embryo color performed

Day 16: the beak, toes performed

Feed supplay from albumen finished then be continued from egg yolk

Day 19

Egg yolk enter to the bodyThe beak attached to the air sacFunctioning of lungsEmbryo position: the head under the right wing facing to the air sacThe legs position fold to the head position (the head in between of two legs)Mandible going to bones for making piping.Neck muscle growth faster & strengthen for energy supporting.Allenton was not function any more cell function. Dried, any blood stream attached to the egg cell.

Day 20 – hatchery process

Day 20 : piping of egg shell

Day 21 : hact.

Development of Chicken Embryo during Hatchery Process

Development of Chicken Embryo during Hatchery Process