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Effects of Rural-Urban Migration:

Introduction:1. Migration (human) is the movement of people from one place

in the world to another for the purpose of taking uppermanent or semipermanent residence, usually across a

political boundary.

2. A region that have studied that has e!perienced rural to

urban migration is "#o $aulo, %ra&il.

Growth of Favelas in So Paulo:1. 'ural to urban migration has caused the development of

favelas in "#o $aulo.

2. avelas, or shanty towns, are overcrowded slum settlements

where people live in handmade shelters and lack basic

services such as power, water and sewerage.

. "#o $aulo has been unable to meet the housing demands of

the rising population and this has resulted in the development

of over 1,*++ shantytowns where - of the population live.

. /hile certain favelas, such as 0ingapura and Monte A&ul,

have been supplied with basic water and electricity services,

the %ra&ilian government has yet to only deal with a fraction

of the favela communities in "#o $aulo.

. avelas are often forcibly moved by wealthy landowners,

resulting in favelas developing on such difficult locations as

hill slopes, areas prone to flooding and landfill sites.

*. he favelas are often centres of crime with regular shootouts

between criminals and police, resulting in annual murder

rates in e!cess of + per 1++,+++ inhabitants.

3. Anger among favelados towards the huge sums being spent

on %ra&il4s hosting of the 2+1 /orld 0up has resulted in

more violence, with ,1++ people killed in 2+1 in "#o

$aulo5s favelas alone.

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Traffic Congestion in So Paulo:1. 'ural to urban migration has increased traffic congestion in

"#o $aulo.

2. /ith the thousands of inward migrants arriving into "#o$aulo every month, over 1,+++ new cars are bought in the

city every day.

. Although one is under construction, "#o $aulo does not

currently have a ring road around the city, meaning that the

city4s traffic, over * million cars, has to go through the city

centre.

. raffic flows are interrupted for an average of four hours aday and one on particular occasion on May 6th2++7, 2**km

of traffic was at a standstill on "#o $aulo4s streets.

. he congestion problem is not helped by the fact that

transport in "#o $aulo is overwhelmingly road based,

accounting for 63- of travel compared with 2.2- air and less

than 1- rail.

*. /ith the average speed in the city being 8ust 13km9h, manybusinesses rely on motoboys, some the city4s 1 million

motorbike owners who work as couriers, doing deliveries

across the city.

3. raffic congestion has also led to serious air pollution in "#o

$aulo, with many adults and children e!periencing

pneumonia and other lung diseases from e!posure to the high

levels of 0o2.