EFFECTIVENESS OF BANANA PEEL (MUSA ACUMINATA) EXTRACT AS AN

ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDE

A Research Proposal

Presented to

Rolando S. Delgado

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Research of

The Grade 9 STE

By

GRAZIELLA G. LEONORAS

EFFECTIVENESS OF BANANA PEEL (MUSA ACUMINATA) EXTRACT AS AN

ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Insecticides are chemicals used to control insects by

killing them or preventing them from engaging in behaviors

deemed undesirable or destructive. They are classified based on

their structure and mode of action. Many insecticides act upon

the nervous system of the insect (e.g., Cholinesterase (ChE)

inhibition) while others act as growth regulators or endotoxins.

Insecticides are commonly used in agricultural, public

health, and industrial applications, as well as household and

commercial uses (e.g., control of roaches and termites). The

most commonly used insecticides are the organophosphates,

pyrethroids and carbamates. The USDA (2001) reported that

insecticides accounted for 12% of total pesticides applied to

the surveyed crops. Corn and cotton account for the largest

shares of insecticide use in the United States.

It is applied in various formulations and delivery systems

(e.g., sprays, baits, slow-release diffusion) that influence

their transport and chemical transformation. Mobilization of

insecticides can occur via runoff (either dissolved or sorbed to

soil particles), atmospheric deposition (primarily spray drift),

or sub-surface flow (Goring and Hamaker 1972, Moore and

Ramamoorthy 1984). Soil erosion from high intensity agriculture,

facilitates the transport of insecticides into waterbodies

(Kreuger et al. 1999). Some insecticides are accumulated by

aquatic organisms and transferred to their predators.

Insecticides are designed to be lethal to insects, so they pose

a particular risk to aquatic insects, but they also affect other

aquatic invertebrates and fish.

An insecticide contains chemical content named tannin, in

which it is highly present in Banana (Musa Acuminata) peels.

Tannins are phenolic compounds that precipitate proteins. It is

any of a group of pale-yellow to light-brown amorphous

substances in the form of powder, flakes, or a spongy mass,

widely distributed in plants and used chiefly in tanning

leather, dyeing fabric, making ink, and in various medical

applications. It can be used as a medicine because of its

styptic and astringent properties. We already know that these

tannins can be used to treat tonsillitis, pharyngitis,

hemorrhoids, and skin eruptions. A tannin is an astringent,

bitter plant and has a polyphenolic compound that binds to and

precipitatesproteins and various other organic compounds

including amino acids and alkaloids. The tannin compounds are

widely distributed in many species of plants, where they play a

role in protection from predation, and perhaps also as

pesticides, and in plant growth regulation. (Katie E. Ferrell;

Thorington, Richard W., 2006) This tannin compound in bananas

will be the main chemical compound to be used as an insecticide.

On the other hand, Musa acuminata is a species of wild

banana native to Southeast Asia. It is the progenitor of modern

edible bananas, along with Musa balbisiana.First cultivated by

humans at around 8000 BC. (Chandramita Bora, 2011). It is one of

the earliest examples of domesticated plants.

Musa acuminata belongs to sectionMusa (formerly Eumusa) of the

genus Musa. It belongs to the familyMusaceae of the

orderZingiberales.(GRIN online database, 2011). It is divided

into several subspecies.

Musa acuminata was first described by the

ItalianbotanistLuigi Aloysius Colla in the book

MemoriedellaRealeAccademiadelleScienze di Torino (1820).

Although other authorities have published various names for this

species and its hybrids mistaken for different species (notably

Musa sapientum by Linnaeus which is now known to be a hybrid of

Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana), Colla's publication is the

oldest name for the species and thus has precedence over the

others from the rules of the International Code of Botanical

Nomenclature. Colla also was the first authority to recognize

that both Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana were wild ancestral

species, even though the specimen he described was a naturally

occurring seedless polyploid like cultivated bananas.

Presently, insects are now one of the major problems of the

farmers in the society. They kill the crops in the farm, or

these insects are eating the farmed crops. The main solution to

this problem is by the use of insecticides and one of these will

be an insecticide made from a banana peel extract.

In this context, the researcher is motivated to find out

the use of a Banana peel extract as an alternative insectide in

farms.

Statement of the Problem:

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a Banana

peel (Musa acuminata) extract in terminating insects for the

year 2014-2015 specifically it sought answers to the following

questions:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of a Banana (Musa

Acuminata) peel extract in terminating insects?

2. What is the level of commercialized insecticides in

terminating insects?

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of

effectiveness of Banana (Musa Acuminata) peel extract and a

commercialized insecticide in eliminating insects?

Hypothesis:

The following hypotheses were formulated to this study:

1. There is no significant difference in the level of

effectiveness of Banana (Musa Acuminata) peel extract and a

commercialized insecticide in eliminating insects of a

different species.

2. There is no significant relationship between the

effectiveness level of Banana (Musa Acuminata) peel extract

and a commercialized insecticide in eliminating insects.

Significance of the Study:

This study would be most useful and significant to the

following:

(1) Farmers who are a victim of insects. The outcome of

this study will provide them more knowledge to the insects they

are facing today. The findings will pinpoint the effectiveness

of a banana peel extract as their homemade insecticide with a

lesser expense from their pocket.

(2) Farmers who spent a lot of money to the commercialized

insecticides. This normally happens throughout every year in a

farmer’s life. Commercialized insecticide costs a lot of money

in which a regular farmer could not sustain to buy from their

own pockets, but with banana peel extract, this would help

farmers have a higher income with lesser expenses for keeping

their farmed goods healthy.

(3) Households who problems insects on their home. The

result of this study will help households upon eliminating

unneeded insects to their houses without buying any expensive

insecticide.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Banana (Musa Acuminata)

Peel Extract

Commercialized Insecticide

Mortality Rate of Insects

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram: Diagram showing the relationships of

the variables in the study.

The independent variables are the Banana Peel extract and the

commercialized medicine in which it influences the dependent

variable, the insects.

The insects offer a great opportunity for the effectiveness

of a Banana Peel extract in terminating their kind is greatly

increased. Banana Peel extract are far more satisfying when used,

benefited, and exists as an insecticide.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study is only limited to determine the effectiveness

of Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel Extract at Leonoras’s residence,

Saintsville Subdivision, Iloilo.

This study is only limited to determine the effectiveness

of Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel Extract as an alternative

insecticide. There are 10 ants, flies, and 10 mosquitoes in each

set. Set A will be tested using the banana peel extract and set

B will be tested using a commercialized insecticide.

The study was limited to the use of independent variables

such as the banana peel extract and the commercialized

insecticide.

The independent variable of the study is the banana peel

extract and commercialized insecticide, while the dependent

variable of the study is the mortality rate of different

insects. The banana peel extract comes from the variety of Musa

Acuminata while the insects are from the varieties of Culicidae,

Dipteraand Formicidae.

This study will be conducted on the year 2015 at Leonoras’s

residence, Saintsville Subdivision, Zarraga, Iloilo.

Definition of Terms

Banana Peel

- the skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off

and discarded) that contains a certain compound called

Tannin.

- In this study, banana peel refers to an alternative

insecticide to be used for eliminating insects such as

mosquitoes, flies, and ants.

Extract

- Is the proportion of a plant or substance removed by

solvents and used in chemical preparations it maybe in

solid, powder or liquid form.

- In this study, extract is also the agent in eliminating

insects.

Effectiveness

- Adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing the intended

or expected result.

- In this study, effectiveness refers to the efficiency

level of a Banana Peel Extract as an alternative

insecticide.

Alternative

- Other possibility: something different form, and able to

serve as a substitute for something else. (Encarta

Dictionary, 2009)

- In this study, alternative refers to a substitute

insecticide for mosquitoes, flies, and ants using banana

peel extract.

Insecticide

- An agent or a chemical substance used for killing

insects.

- In this study, insecticide refers to the use of banana

peel extract as a substitute in killing or terminating

insects such as ants, mosquitoes and flies.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and studies

Different related literature and studies were made by the

different authors. In this chapter are the following related

literature and studies were collected.

Review of Related Readings

According to the African Journal of Food Science and

Technology, banana peels can be alternative wine vinegar. The

banana wine vinegar which complied with the standard ranges of

brewed vinegar after complete fermentation. The aroma of the

vinegar produced was appreciated by the consumers who were

acquainted with vinegar. (African Journal of Food Science and

Technology, 2014)

In the Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, banana

pulp and banana peel have been successfully used to treat tomato

fungus in an agricultural setting. Also, tannins present in ripe

banana peel act as tanning agents in leather processing.

(Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2013)

Pineapple and banana peelsethanol yields were significantly

higher than plantain peel ethanol yield. The findings of this

study suggest that wastes from fruits that contain fermentable

sugars can no longer be discarded into our environment, but

should be converted to useful products like bio-ethanol that can

serve as alternative energy source.(International Journal of

Environmental Science and Development,2013)

Banana peels particles can be effectively used as a

replacement for asbestos inbrake pad manufacture in automobiles.

(Idris, 2013)

Another, banana peel is also used in treating warts,

treating poison ivy rashes, bruises, mosquito bites, and it even

helps in combatting alcohol addiction by drinking the water in

the boiled banana peels. (Journal of Pharmacognosy and

Phytochemistry, 2012)

The banana peels will be a natural insecticide, which can

be non-toxic to humans and pets and safe for the environment.

(Permasofty, 2012)

Reader’s Digest once suggested that aphid-infected

lawns and gardens should bury dried-up banana peels since it

kills or terminates the insects found in anybody’s lawn.

(Reader’s Digest, 2012)

Banana peels can be a good source of wine through its

compound called tannin that is common as a tanning agent and as

a food preserver. (Idise, 2012)

According to the Indian Journal of Biotechnology, banana

peels can be used for the production of Amylase through the use

of Aspergillusniger. (Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 2012)

Banana peels can be ensiled but it lacks the appropriate

amounts of easily fermentable carbohydrates that are needed for

good quality preservation, they should be ensiled together with

a feed rich in fermentable carbohydrates.(Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences, 2012)

Banana peel, an underutilized source of phenolic compounds

is considered as a good source of antioxidants for foods and

functional foods against cancer and heart disease. The peel of

the fruit contains various antioxidant compounds such as

gallocatechin and dopamine. (Food and Nutrition Sources, 2011)

In the Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, banana peel

is said to be a source of valuable components, the nutritional

composition, and antioxidant components. Banana peel is rich in

Dietaryfibre, proteins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated

fatty acids and potassium, good source of carotenoids, relief

from pain, swelling, itching, bruising, wrinkles and sunburn.

(Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, 2011)

According to theResearch Journal of Pharmaceutical,

Biological and Chemical Sciences, materials that contain

cellulose can be used to treat heavy metal waste and one of the

biomaterial that proved to be as heavy metals sorbent was

bagasse. Cellulose can be used as an adsorbent for the carboxyl

and hydroxyl functional group which becomes the active binding

site of the metal. Other biomaterials containing cellulose is a

banana peel and banana stem. (Research Journal of

Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2011)

According to Delana Brooks, banana peels can be used to

relieve itching from a poison ivy and mosquito bites. (Brooks,

2011)

In the Asiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resources, the

banana peels and beet waste can produce ethanol. (Asiatic

Journal of Biotechnology Resources, 2011)

According to Songklanakarin Journal of Science and

Technology, banana peel is a good source of dietary fibre.

(Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 2011)

Banana costs one-third of the annual insecticidal imports

in Costa Rica, since these insecticides were used to repel or

kill the parasites on a banana. (Alan et. al, 2008) Banana peels

were suggested by Priya Johnson to be a natural insecticide,

since it does not bring harm to the plants, instead, it gives a

lot of benefits for the plant—especially when it is used to

eliminate aphids. (Johnson, 2010)

According to Anderson, banana peels can be an alternative

fertilizer and a good insecticide to the plants found in the

lawns. This will create a good and big help to the household

with more plants since there are no more insects found in the

plants, and it will also give potassium to the soil, making the

soil fertilized. (Anderson, 2009)

Banana peels can also be used in smoking through its

substance, bananadine. It is a psychoactive tryptamine

chemically related to LSD and DMT and it has carbon atoms.

Banana peelings have a number of positive attributes,

which make them suitable as animal feed and as an alternative

complementary feed during periods of forage shortage. They have

high moisture content, which helps animals to stay hydrated.

Banana peelings are also a good source of minerals, especially

in potassium (Anhwange, 2008) and have a fiber content

(HappiEmagaet al, 2011). In comparison to many grass species,

that has NDF fractions (NRC, 2001), banana peelings have a lower

fiber content, which gives an improved digestibility and

subsequently an elevated intake compared those of grasses

(Nambi-Kasozi, 2008).

Review of Related Studies

In cartoon shows, banana peels are commonly present when

characters in the show are about to slip, and some scientists

wondered if this is true. A scientific research was conducted

about this matter and states that it is possible to slip when

stepping on a banana peel-since the banana peel decreases the

friction of the shoe sole by one-fifth of it. (J. Ballini, 2014)

According to Liesl Clark, banana peels can also be natural

alternative sources of shoe polish, teeth whitener, and a tomato

plant fertilizer. It also has compounds that can be used as

insecticides. (L. Clark, 2013)Banana peels are also good in

depression, sleeping better, lowering cholesterol, and being

safe from cardiovascular diseases. (Dr. Haider, 2013)

Studies have found that banana peels contain more tannin

compared to the fruit itself. Tannins are in great use for food

preservation, and an element of an insecticide. (H. M., 2013)

Also, researchers found out that the fruit peels have collected

all the insecticidal residue when they are compared to the fruit

inside it. (H. M., 2013)

A study once concluded that banana peels, a waste material,

have good potential as an adsorbent to remove toxic metals like

Co2+ and Ni2+ from water. (Universal Journal of Chemistry, 2013)

According to a study, banana peel can be an energy juice

drink through the banana peel’s compound who can act as an

alternative energy juice drink. (T. Garcia et. al, 2013)

A main problem of the society is the price hike of gasses

and banana peels are just a trash in every body’s household. A

study in the year 2012 revealed that banana peels can also be a

good source of methane gas. (G. Ayate, 2012)

Most insect bites and stings cause small reactions that are

confined to the area of the bite—localised reactions. They are

usually treated at home but with preventions like using natural

insecticides like banana peels, which will kill insects without

damaging the environment. (Liesl Clark, 2012)

According to Ivy Morris, dried banana peels will destroy

ant colonies by killing their queen, by eating the banana peel

which makes the queen to swell up and die.

According to a scientific research, banana peels are not

just used in polishing silverware, leather shoes, and the leaves

of house plants but some scientists have also discovered that

banana peels can also be a water purifier and that it can

perform better than in purifying metals. (American Chemical

Society, 2011)

According to a study, bio-absorbent made from banana peels

and stems have ability to absorb copper metal. (Hasanah et.al,

2012) Also, banana peels have the ability to remove chromium in

water.Chromium is toxic, corrosiveand irritant. (J. Memon, 2008)

According to a study, banana peels can be an energy source

of vinegar through its content, the malic acid whereas it is

used as a main ingredient in making substances taste sour.

According to a study, banana peels can be a bio-plastic.

Through its starch and cellulose – whom really needed in making

a plastic.This bio-plastic will help environment to remain its

clean state, since it will lessen the present pollutions found

in the society.

Banana peels can also be an alternative commercial linen

paper and alternative toothpaste, according to Precious Cabrido

and M.J.A.C., since the peels has this property who can be used

in making papers, and banana peels are also a healthful one

since it contains soluble fiber, vitamin B6, potassium etc. and

that it can protect and maintain the health of the teeth every

day.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Purpose of the Study

This chapter presents methods and procedures that were used

to attain valid and relevant results for the study.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect

of Banana Peel (Musa acuminata) extract as an insecticide.

This study used the experimental method; scientific method

of research relating to scientific experiments: involving or

based on scientific experiments. This method is based on

experience and evidence.

The specific experimental design used in the study was the

single-group design in which a group of subjects are

administered to a single treatment.

The researcher used complete randomized sampling design in

gathering their samples. This design in which a group of test

plants or animals is studied only once and subsequent treatment

is applied to determine the effect.In this study, the following

process were conducted, extraction of Banana (Musa acuminata)

Fruit Peel to determine the percentage yield, determine the

presence of tannin of Banana Fruit Peel by the use of extracting

the juice from the fruit peel, acclimatization period of 1 week

and spraying of extract for 3 days to determine the mortality

rate of Banana Fruit Peel Extract to the insects. Necessary

information was obtained from thesis books, dictionaries,

journals, encyclopedias and internet for online searching.

Data Gathering Procedure

Collection and Preparation

The peel of the Banana fruit was collected from Zarraga

Public Market, Zarraga, Iloilo. The preparation of Banana (Musa

acuminate) Peel extract, acclimatization period for one week,

preparation of the materials, finding the total mortality number

of insects, experimentation proper and collection of data was

performed at Saintsville Subdivision, Zarraga, Iloilo.

Extraction, weighing, and determination of tannin in Banana peel

was held at STE department, Zarraga National High School,

Zarraga, Iloilo.

T-test was used as a statistical method in gathering and

determining the effectiveness of banana peel as an eco-friendly

insecticide.

The fresh peels of banana were washed thoroughly with water

and cut into pieces. The thin pieces were washed and were

subjected to extraction.

The test conducted using insects with three different

species, to furthermore know the effectiveness of banana peels

as an alternative insecticide.

20 fire ants, 20 house spiders and 20 cockroaches procured

from a local area in Zarraga specifically in Saintsville

Subdivision, Zarraga, Iloilo, was used in the study and divided

randomly into two groups for each species, with each group

containing 10 insects of the same species. Group A received

Banana (Musa acuminata) peel extract while Group B received

commercialized insecticide.

The researcher made a letter to the adviser, to inform and

ask permission to conduct the experiment needed in their study.

Letters were sent to the principal and head of the STE

Department, to their research adviser and to the veterinarian.

The researcher also sent a letter to the homeowner (Leonoras

Family) to conduct the research experimentation, at Saintsville

Subdivision, Zarraga, Iloilo. Likewise, the researcher also

asked the consent of her parents through sending those letters.

When the researcher was finally ready to conduct the

experiment, they gathered their materials needed to be used. The

researcher used ant, cockroach and spider as the subject of the

study that will be treated and tested by the concentration of

banana peel extract, specifically the researcher used fresh

peels. Necessary information was obtained from thesis books,

dictionaries, encyclopedia, journals, and internet for online

searching.

Percentage Yield

3kg fresh Banana peel were washed and subjected to

extraction process.

The 3kg fresh peels of banana were placed in a bowl and

used mortar & pestle and a blender. Cheese cloth was used for

filtration and extraction. Gentle suction was applied to

complete the collection of banana peel extract. The residue and

spoiled peels will be discarded.

After acquiring the peel extract of banana, percentage

yield was determined by dividing the weight of the extract by

the weight of sample and multiplying it by 100%.

Data analysis

T-test was used to determine the significant difference

between the mortality rates of banana peel extract insecticide

with the commercialized insecticide.

Materials:

20 fire ants (Solenopsismandibularis), 20 house spiders

(Palystescastaneus)20 cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana) –

There were 20 fire ants, 20 house spiders and 20 cockroaches

taken as the subjects in this study. The fire ants were sprayed

with banana peel extract and were observed to know the effect of

the banana peel extract to their health.

Banana Peel (Musa acuminata) Leaf extract. The 100%

concentration level was used to test an alternative insecticide.

Commercialized insecticide – The commercialized insecticide was

used for comparison in the effectiveness of the banana peel

extract.

Sprayer – This device was used as an instrument to spray the

banana peel extract as an insecticide to the insects used as a

subject.

Blender – The blender was used to blend the Banana peel.

Cheese Cloth – Used to filter the banana peel extract to get the

pure concentration.

Gloves – The gloves were used to protect the hands of the

researcher during the experiment and to avoid contaminations in

some procedures and for some safety precautionary measures.

Mortar & Pestle – The mortar & pestle were used to extract the

banana peel.

Plastic Bottle – The plastic bottle is used as a container to

put the different concentrations of the banana peel extract.

Cage – The cage is used to prevent the insects to escape during

the experiment.

Procedures:

Preparation for Banana Peel Extract

First, gather the fresh peels of Banana, next chop it into

small pieces. Extract the peels using the blender and the mortar

& pestle. Filter the leaf using the cheese cloth. 100%

concentration would not be added by water.

Preparation of Insects

First, the researchers grouped the 20 ants, 20 spiders and

20 cockroaches into four sets (Set A and Set B) with each set

containing10 insects. The researcher conditioned the insects

with their natural food and 200ml of water three times a day for

5 weeks and put them on cage. In the pre-treatment of the

different concentration of banana peel extract to the insects,

the researcher examined the insects if it is alive. Then record

the result. After a day, the researcher sprayed Set A with 100%

concentration of banana peel extract, Set B with 100%

concentration level of commercialized insecticide. The

researcher used sprayer to spray the banana peel extract to the

insects. After a day, the researcher checked the insects and

seeks the result of the banana peel extract as an insecticide as

well as the commercialized insecticide and recorded the amount

of insects killed in each sets.

Statistical Tool

The statistical tool used in this study is T Test:

Formula:

Where,

x1¯ = Mean of first set of values

x2¯ = Mean of second set of values

S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values

S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values

n1 = Total number of values in first set

n2 = Total number of values in second set.

The formula for standard deviation is given by:

Where,

x = Values given

x¯ = Mean

n = Total number of values.

The researcher was able to interpret the data. T Test is

often called Student's T test in the name of its founder

"Student". T test is used to compare two different set of

values. It is generally performed on a small set of data. T test

is generally applied to normal distribution which has a small

set of values. This test compares the mean of two samples. T

test uses means and standard deviations of two samples to make a

comparison.

Procedural Design

Collection and Preparation of Banana (Musa

Acuminata)PeelExtract.

Preparation of Materials

Preparation of Insects (Solenopsismandibularis

Palystescastaneus, Periplaneta Americana)

Preparation of Insects (Solenopsismandibularis

Palystescastaneus, Periplaneta Americana)

Preparation of Set-Ups

Testing of Set-Ups

Observations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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FACILITIES

(i) Special Literature – Inter library for journal

articles and books worldwide.

ESTIMATED COSTS

Research Budget

Item Amount

1.) Digitalizing and making the research proposal (700

Cash)

2.) Communication (Internal and External) e.g., postage,

ethics permission (1 peso per letter) 150 Cash made on

continued basis

3.) Research Proper (materials needed)

a.) Cage – 1500 Cash made for the worker and for the

materials

b.) Insecticide – 300 Cash made for 1 Liter

insecticide.

c.) Others – 400 Cash made for other materials

needed.

4.) Total Cash Needed – 3050 Php

Source of Funding

Researcher’s Fund

TRAVEL PLAN

The researcher will travel at any locations needed in the

subject of the research.

G. Confidentiality and Intellectual Property

It is possible that this research will gain new knowledge

commercially, but identities of the subjects will remain

strictly confidential. The ideas of the research were all from

the researcher and there are no ideas copied by the researcher

from other persons. The researcher exerted her efforts through

asking other persons and through online browsing if her research

was already done by others.

The researcher is now sure that her research proposal is

original and not copied from others.

APPROVALS

This research will use insects as the subjects, and so,

before commencing the research, ethics approval and approval of

the Bureau of Animals to undertake research involving

cockroaches, mosquitoes and ants will be sought from the

Research Animals Committee of the Bureau of Animals.

SUBMISSION OF RESEARH PROPOSAL/DETAILS OF PROPOSED RESEARCH

Two copies of this proposal that has the details of the

proposed research will be submitted to Zarraga National High

School. Two copies of this research proposal will also be sent

to the research adviser and to the adviser of the Science

Technology & Engineering Department while one copy be remained

to the researcher.