effect of foliar spraying of seaweed extracts on the pigment · pdf file ·...

An Asian Journal of Soil ScienceVolume 8 | Issue 2 | December, 2013 | 342-347

Effect of foliar spraying of seaweed extracts onthe pigment concentration of sugarcane

N. LEINDAH DEVI AND S. MANI

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM :

Received : 13.09.2013;Revised :01.10.2013; Accepted : 10.10.2013

SummaryThe experiment was conducted on sugarcane during the year 2012-13 to study the effects of foliar applicationsof different concentrations of seaweed extracts (prepared from Kappaphycus alvarezii and Glacilaria sp.)on pigment concentration of sugarcane. The foliar spray was applied three times (30, 75 and 110 days afterplanting) at each five concentrations 2.5%; 5%; 6.5%, 7.5% and 10% of both seaweed extracts. Foliarapplications of seaweed extract significantly responds to pigment concentration of sugarcane. Seaweedextract of Kappaphycus alvarezii promoted maximum photosynthetic pigments at 10% concentration,followed by 10% seaweed extract Glacilaria sp compared to all the treatments. Among the two seaweedextracts used, Kappaphycus alvarezii showed better results than the Gracilaria sp.

Key words : Seaweed extract, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Glacilaria sp., Sugarcane, Pigment content

How to cite this article : Devi, N. Leindah and Mani, S. (2013). Effect of foliar spraying of seaweed extracts on thepigment concentration of sugarcane. Asian J. Soil Sci., 8(2): 342-347.

Research Article

Corresponding author :N. LEINDAH DEVI, Department ofSoil Science and AgriculturalChemistry, Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, COIMBATORE (T.N.) INDIAEmail: [email protected]

Co-authors :S. MANI, Department of Soil Scienceand Agricultural Chemistry, TamilNadu Agricultural University,COIMBATORE (T.N.) INDIAEmail: [email protected]

IntroductionSeaweeds are macroscopic algae, growing in intertidal

and subtidal regions of the sea, serve as an excellent source offood, fodder, fertilizer and industrial raw material for theproduction of phycocolloids like agar, algin and carragenan(Chapman and Chapman, 1980). More than 15 million metrictonnes of seaweed products are produced annually, aconsiderable portion of which is used for nutrient supplementsand as biostimulants or biofertilizers in agricultural andhorticultural crop production (FAO, 2006). Applications ofchemical fertilizers certainly compensate the deficiency ofnutrients in soil. Seaweed extracts are marketed as liquidfertilizers and biostimulants since they contain many growthregulators such as cytokinins (Durand et al., 2003), auxin (Striket al., 2004), gibberellins (Wildgoose et al., 1978) and betaines(Wu et al., 1997). Seaweed liquid fertilizer is natural bioactivematerial and has a unique combination of N, P, K, trace elements,alginates and simple sugars that are in dissolved form. Theseare easily absorbed through roots and leaves, besides releasingtrace elements bound to the soil (Chapman and Chapman, 1980;Thivey, 1982). Seaweed extract of Hypnea musciformis whenapplied as foliar spray on Arachis hypogaea has shown an

increased in biochemical constituents (Kannathasan et al.,2008). Sargassum wightii increased the biochemicalconstituents of Vigna radiata (Sivasankari et al., 2006). Seaweedliquid fertilizers prepared from Sargassum myriocystum showedbiostimulating effect on Vigna mungo (Kalaivanan andVenkatesalu, 2012). Chlorophyll plays an important role indevelopment of the assimilating systems of plants. Itsconcentration varies with age and maturity, season andenvironment. Pigment ratios also vary in sun and shade leavesin response to nutrients and soil conditions (Emerson and Webb,1940). Chlorophyll is suggested to be adsorbed on plastidsimparting properties related to its biological functions. Acomprehensive account of factors affecting chlorophyll contentalong with the biochemistry of plant pigment appears (Aronoff,1950). The information available on seaweed sap extract onsugarcane pigment content is very meagre. Keeping this inview, present study was taken assess the effect of seaweedextracts on the pigment concentration of sugarcane.

Resource and Research MethodsPreparation of liquid seaweed extract and sett treatements :

The seaweed extract used in this study was obtained

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 343 Asian J. Soil Sci., (Dec., 2013) 8 (2) :

from Kappaphycus alvarezii and Glacilaria sp. of red algaebelonging to the family Solieraceae. The seaweed liquidfertilizer was prepared with different doses viz., 2.5%, 5.0%,6.5%, 7.5% and 10%. Setts were soaked in particular seaweedsaps for 2-3 min before planting and then setts were planted.

Experimental site :The field experiment was conducted during the year 2012-

13 at Sugarcane Research Station, of TNAU, Cuddalore, incoastal region of Tamil Nadu. The experimental site is locatedat latitude 11.46’N Longitude 79.48’E and 4.6 m above meansea level. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, soilreaction was neutral pH (7.55) and non saline (EC: 0.16 dS m-

1). The organic carbon content was low (0.46%). The soilavailable nitrogen (141kg ha-1) was low while the availablephosphorus (11.33 kg ha-1) and available potassium (200 kgha-1) were medium in status (Table A).

Plant sampling for the chlorophyll content :The fresh 3rd plant leaf was collected for the analysis of

chlorophyll content of different treatments. Chlorophyll wasextracted by 80% ethanol and further measured atspectrophotometer at wavelength 645nm and 663nm (Lal etal., 1952).

Statistical analysis :Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA)

following Randomized Block Design by using AgressSoftware. Differences were considered significant at 5%level of probability.

Research Findings and DiscussionThe physio-chemical properties of seaweed saps of

Kappaphycus alvarezii and Glacilaria sp. were analysed andpresented in Table 1. The colour of Kappaphycus alvareziiwas brown and Glacilaria sp. was dark brown. The pH ofKappaphycus alvarezii was slightly acidic in reaction (6.75)and Glacilaria sp. was strongly acidic in reaction (4.67). Theseaweed saps of Kappaphycus alvarezii contained higherlevels of total macro and micronutrient compared to Glacilariasp.

Table A : Pre sowing soil analysis-sugarcane trialSr. No. Parameters Values

1. pH (1:2.5) 7.55

2. EC (dS m-1) 0.16

3. CEC (cmol (p)+ kg-1 8.63

4. Organic carbon (%) 0.46

5. Available nitrogen (kg ha-1) 141.0

6. Available phosphorus (kg ha-1) 11.33

7. Available potassium (kg ha-1) 200.0

8. Available Zn (mg kg-1) 1.50

9. Available Cu ( mg kg-1) 2.62

10. Available Fe ( mg kg-1) 3.98

11. Available Mn ( mg kg-1) 9.40

12. Sand (%) 74.2

13. Silt (%) 11.4

14. Clay (%) 13.8

15. Textural class Sandy loam

Experimental design and treatments :The experiment was laid out with twelve treatments in a

Randomized Block Design with three replications. Thetreatments were, T

1- Recommended dose of fertilizer (100%

N,P,K) (control), T2- Recommended dose and water spray, T

3-

50% recommended dose + 6.25% Kappaphycus alvareziiextract (K sap), T

4- Recommended dose+2.5% K sap, T

5-

Recommended dose + 5.0%K sap, T6- Recommended

dose+7.5% K sap , T7- Recommended dose + 10% K sap, T

8-

Recommended dose+2.5% (Glacilaria extract) G sap, T9-

Recommended dose+5.0% G sap, T10

- Recommendeddose+7.5% G sap, T

11- Recommended dose +10% G sap, T

12-

50% Recommended dose + 6.25% K sap.

Table 1 : Chemical studies of seaweed sapChemical analysis ofseaweed sap

Kappaphycus sap Gracilaria sap

pH 6.75 4.79

EC (dS/m) 6.15 5.47

Organic carbon % 0.71 0.62

Total nitrogen % 0.103 0.038

Total phosphorus% 0.007 0.002

Total potassium% 11.099 5.968

Total calcium % 13.473 5.446

Total magnesium % 9.288 6.673

Cu (mg/g) 0.359 0.371

Zn (mg/g) 0.012 0.123

Mn (mg/g) 0.395 0.187

Fe (mg/g) 0.630 0.674

Effect of seaweed sap on chlorophyll a content ofsugarcane leaves :

Chlorophyll content status of the sugarcane plantmonitored at different stages of crop growth. In general, agradual and steady decline of chlorophyll content in third leafof the sugarcane crop from initial upto harvest was notedirrespective of the twelve treatments. The chlorophyll ‘a’content among K sap was higher compared to G sap sprayafter 60 DAP (Table 2). Among K sap spray chlorophyll ‘a’varied from 2.63 to 3.26 mg g-1 whereas in G sap sprays varied


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from 2.71 to 3.23 mg g-1. Similarly, at 120 DAP chlorophyll‘a’ showed positive impact of K sap compared to G sap (Table2). After 180 DAP chlorophyll ‘a’ content showed affirmativeimpact of K sap compared to G sap (Table 2). Among the Ksap concentrations, the values ranged from 5.15 mg g-1 to 6.37mg g-1 whereas in G sap the values ranged from 5.63 mg g-1 to6.16 mg g-1. Chlorophyll content in the sugarcane plantdecreased after 240 DAP in all the twelve treatments. Thechlorophyll ‘a’ content among K sap was higher compared toG sap spray after 240 DAP (Table 2). Among K sap spraychlorophyll ‘a’ varied from 436 to 5.22 mg g-1 whereas in G sapsprays chlorophyll ‘a’ varied from 4.45 to 4.73 mg g-1. Similar

to the 240 DAP chlorophyll content was slightly decreasedat the time of harvest. Chlorophyll ‘a’ content among K sapwas higher compared to G sap spray at harvest (Table 2).Among K sap spray chlorophyll ‘a’ varied from 4.09 to 4.45mg g-1 whereas in G sap sprays chlorophyll ‘a’ varied from4.14 to 4.30 mg g-1.

Effect of seaweed sap on chlorophyll b content of sugarcaneleaves :

Similar to chlorophyll a there was a gradual and steadydecline of chlorophyll content in third leaf of the sugarcanecrop from initial upto harvest was noted irrespective of the

Table 2 : Effect of seaweed sap on chlorophyll a content of sugarcane (mg g-1)Treatments 60 DAP 120 DAP 180 DAP 240 DAP Harvest

T1: RDF 2.99 3.42 5.26 4.37 4.10

T2: RDF+ water spray 3.07 3.51 5.64 4.41 4.12

T3: 50% RDF+ 6.25% K sap 2.63 3 5.15 4.36 4.09

T4: RDF+2.5% K sap 3.11 3.55 6.03 4.63 4.18

T5: RDF+5% K sap 3.12 3.58 6.14 4.67 4.26

T6: RDF+7.5% K sap 3.16 3.64 6.21 5.02 4.39

T7: RDF+ 10% K sap 3.26 3.72 6.37 5.22 4.45

T8: RDF+ 2.5% G sap 3 3.42 5.95 4.45 4.14

T9: RDF+5% G sap 3.01 3.44 5.96 4.64 4.20

T10: RDF+ 7.5% G sap 3.06 3.49 6.09 4.72 4.25

T11: RDF+10% G sap 3.23 3.69 6.16 4.73 4.30

T12: 50% RDF+6.25% G sap 2.71 3.19 5.63 4.45 4.14

SEd ± 0.0276 0.0239 0.2701 0.1150 0.0251

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.0571 0.0496 0.5601 0.2385 0.0520

C.D. (P=0.01) 0.0777 0.0674 0.7613 0.3241 0.0707

CV% 1.11 0.84 5.63 3.04 0.73

Table 3 : Effect of seaweed sap on chlorophyll b content of sugarcane (mg g-1)Treatments 60 DAP 120 DAP 180 DAP 240 DAP Harvest

T1: RDF 1.59 1.84 3.05 2.20 1.97

T2: RDF+ water spray 1.64 1.89 3.07 2.22 2.03

T3: 50% RDF+ 6.25% K sap 1.4 1.61 3.01 2.18 1.70

T4: RDF+2.5% K sap 1.66 1.91 3.53 2.32 2.09

T5: RDF+5% K sap 1.67 1.93 3.68 2.36 2.12

T6: RDF+7.5% K sap 1.7 1.96 3.96 2.51 2.15

T7: RDF+ 10% K sap 1.74 2.01 3.97 2.61 2.19

T8: RDF+ 2.5% G sap 1.6 1.84 3.10 2.23 2.06

T9: RDF+5% G sap 1.61 1.85 3.12 2.32 2.09

T10: RDF+ 7.5% G sap 1.63 1.88 3.18 2.33 2.11

T11: RDF+10% G sap 1.72 1.98 3.50 2.36 2.13

T12: 50% RDF+6.25% G sap 1.46 1.75 3.08 2.18 1.73

SEd 0.0287 0.0295 0.1616 0.0839 0.0118

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.0596 0.0613 0.3350 0.1740 0.0246

C.D. (P=0.01) 0.0810 0.0833 0.4554 0.2365 0.0334

CV% 2.17 1.93 5.90 4.43 0.71

EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAYING OF SEAWEED EXTRACTS ON THE PIGMENT CONCENTRATION OF SUGARCANE

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twelve treatments. After 60 DAP chlorophyll ‘b’ content atvaried from 1.4 mg g-1 to 1.74 mg g-1 among K sap and in G sapit varied from 1.46 mg g-1 to 1.72 mg g-1 (Table 3). After 120DAP, chlorophyll ‘b’ content was found to be high in the Ksap concentrations (1.61 mg g-1 to 2.01 mg g-1) as compared toG sap (1.75 mg g-1 to 1.98 mg g-1) (Table 4). Similar to 60 DAPand 120 DAP, chlorophyll ‘b’ content was found to be lofty inthe K sap concentrations (3.01 mg g-1 to 3.97 mg g-1) ascompared to G sap (3.08 mg g-1 to 3.50 mg g-1) (Table 3)after 180 DAP. Alike to chlorophyll ‘a’ after 180 DAP,chlorophyll ‘b’ content decreased upto harvest time. After240 DAP chlorophyll ‘b’ content at varied from 2.18 mg g-1

to 2.61 mg g-1 among K sap and in G sap it varied from 2.18mg g-1 to 2.36 mg g-1 (Table 3). At harvest chlorophyll ‘b’content at varied from 1.70 mg g-1 to 2.19 mg g-1 among Ksap and in G sap it varied from 1.73 mg g-1 to 2.13 mg g-1

(Table 3). The chlorophyll ‘b’ content was noticed higher inT

7 (100% RDF+10% K sap) and lowest in T

3 (50%

RDF+6.5% K sap) at all the growth stages.

Effect of seaweed sap on total chlorophyll “a+b” content ofsugarcane leaves :

The total chlorophyll content was found to be higher inK-sap spray treatments as compared to G sap spray. Amongthe K sap spray, after 60 DAP it varied from 4.03 mg g-1 to 5.00mg g-1 and in G-sap spray it ranged from 4.17 mg g-1 to 4.95 mgg-1. The highest total chlorophyll content of 5.00 mg g-1 wasrecorded in T

7 (RDF+10% K sap) and the lowest of 4.03 mg g-

1 in T3 (50% RDF + 6.25% K sap) (Table 4). At 120 DAP the

total chlorophyll content was higher in K sap concentrationsand it ranged from 4.61 mg g-1 to 5.73 mg g-1 whereas in G-sap

it varied from 4.94 mg g-1 to 5.67 mg g-1 (Table 4). Amongthe treatments T

7 (RDF+10% K sap) recorded (5.73 mg g-1)

maximum chlorophyll content as compared to other treatments.Similarly at 180 DAP total chlorophyll content was higher in Ksap concentrations and it ranged from 8.16 mg g-1 to 10.34 mgg-1 whereas in G-sap it varied from 8.71 mg g-1 to 9.66 mg g-1

(Table 4). Among the treatments T7 (RDF+10% K sap)

recorded (10.34 mg g-1) maximum chlorophyll content ascompared to all the treatments. The total chlorophyll contentwas found to be higher in K-sap spray treatments as comparedto G sap spray after 240 DAP. Among the K sap spray, itvaried from 6.54 mg g-1 to 7.83 mg g-1 and in G-sap spray itranged from 6.63 mg g-1 to 7.10 mg g-1 (Table 4). The highesttotal chlorophyll content of 7.83 mg g-1 was recorded in T

7

(RDF+10% K sap) and the lowest of 6.54 mg g-1 in T3 (50%

RDF + 6.25% K sap). The total chlorophyll content was higherin K-sap spray treatments as compared to G sap spray atharvest. Among the K sap spray, it varied from 5.79 mg g-1 to6.64 mg g-1 and in G-sap spray it ranged from 5.87 mg g-1 to6.43 mg g-1(Table 4). The highest total chlorophyll contentof 6.64 mg g-1 was recorded in T

7 (RDF+10% K sap) and the

lowest of 5.79 mg g-1 in T3 (50% RDF + 6.25% K sap).

The foliar application of seaweed extract increased thechlorophyll content may be due to presence of betalins (Levitt,1980 and Bluden, 1997) inducing of essential nutrients andincrease in associated enzymes activity (Thirumal Thangamet al., 2009) as well as high amount of Mg and Fe present inthe seaweed liquid concentration which influence thesynthesis of chlorophyll. Thus application of seaweed liquidextract of Kappaphycus alvarezii and Glacilaria sp. increasedthe chlorophyll concentration at 10% by 57% and 36%.

Table 4 : Effect of seaweed sap on total chlorophyll content of sugarcane (mg g-1)Treatments 60 DAP 120 DAP 180 DAP 240 DAP Harvest

T1: RDF 4.58 5.26 8.30 6.57 6.07

T2: RDF+ water spray 4.71 5.4 8.71 6.63 6.15

T3: 50% RDF+ 6.25% K sap 4.03 4.61 8.16 6.54 5.79

T4: RDF+2.5% K sap 4.77 5.46 9.56 6.95 6.27

T5: RDF+5% K sap 4.79 5.51 9.81 7.03 6.38

T6: RDF+7.5% K sap 4.86 5.6 10.17 7.53 6.54

T7: RDF+ 10% K sap 5.00 5.73 10.34 7.83 6.64

T8: RDF+ 2.5% G sap 4.6 5.26 9.05 6.68 6.20

T9: RDF+5% G sap 4.62 5.29 9.08 6.96 6.29

T10: RDF+ 7.5% G sap 4.69 5.37 9.27 7.05 6.36

T11: RDF+10% G sap 4.95 5.67 9.66 7.10 6.43

T12: 50% RDF+6.25% G sap 4.17 4.94 8.71 6.63 5.87

SEd ± 0.0447 0.0431 0.3229 0.1622 0.0281

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.0927 0.0894 0.6696 0.3364 0.0583

C.D. (P=0.01) 0.1261 0.1215 0.9101 0.4572 0.0793

CV% 1.18 0.99 4.28 2.85 0.55


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Enhanced chlorophyll contents at lower concentration ofseaweed liquid fertilizer have been reported for Vignaunguiculate (Sekaram et al., 1995), Vigna catajung(Anantharaj and Venkatesalu, 2001), Dolichos biflorus(Anantharaj and Venkatesalu, 2002), Vigna sinensis(Sivasankari et al., 2006), Cajanus cajan (Erulan et al.,2009), Brassica nigra (Kalidass et al., 2010), Abelmoscusesculentus (Sasikumar et al., 2011). Maximum chlorophyllcontents increased in the seaweed extract added plants ofthe present study is in line with the earlier reports ofThangam et al. (2003), Anantharaj and Venkatesalu (2001and 2002). Thirumaran et al. (2009) also pointed out theincreased of chlorophyll contents when the extracts ofCaulerpa was introduced as additives in Vigna catajungand Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Sivasankari Ramya et al.,2011). Amount of leaf chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b” andtotal chlorophyll (chl a+b) were reduced as the harvestwas nearer. This may be due to the presence of polyphenoloxidase enzyme which involved in the metabolism of phenoland peroxidase. Phenol and peroxidase has been reportedto function as chlorophyll degradation during senescenceand the activity increases with ageing process (ThirumalThangam et al., 2009).

Conclusion :The results evidence that it is clear that foliar

application of seaweed sap (Kappaphycus alvarezii andGlacilaria sp.) improvement pigment concentration insugarcane. From the different concentration of two seaweedsaps; Kappaphycus alvarezii with 100% NPK+ 10 % K sapwas found to be most effective. Therefore, Kappaphycusalvarezii is recommended for increasing the pigmentconcentration of sugarcane.

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