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Educational Technology Educational Technology Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow James Lehman James Lehman Educational Technology Educational Technology Purdue University Purdue University

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Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyYesterday, Today, and TomorrowYesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

James LehmanJames LehmanEducational TechnologyEducational Technology

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyPastPast

Today’s LessonHistory

RootsRoots

� Educational technology as we know it today Educational technology as we know it today has roots in at least three once-separate has roots in at least three once-separate disciplines:disciplines:– Systematic instructional designSystematic instructional design– Educational mediaEducational media– Educational computingEducational computing

� Most of this presentation centers on the latter, Most of this presentation centers on the latter, although they are intertwined.although they are intertwined.

Educational Technology - PastEducational Technology - Past

InstructionalDesign

EducationalMedia

EducationalComputing

Instructional Design RootsInstructional Design Roots

� Instructional design was founded on the Instructional design was founded on the pioneering work of individuals such as pioneering work of individuals such as Edward L. Thorndike (at right).Edward L. Thorndike (at right).

� Thorndike developed one of the first Thorndike developed one of the first “scientific” theories of learning. His was the “scientific” theories of learning. His was the original expression of the stimulus-response original expression of the stimulus-response framework of learning that gave rise to framework of learning that gave rise to behaviorism. behaviorism.

Theoretical PerspectivesTheoretical Perspectives

� The field has been influenced by three major The field has been influenced by three major theoretical perspectives over the last century:theoretical perspectives over the last century:– BehaviorismBehaviorism

– CognitivismCognitivism

– ConstructivismConstructivism

� Although behaviorism came first, famous Although behaviorism came first, famous educator John Dewey, a contemporary of educator John Dewey, a contemporary of Thorndike, is often credited as the founder of Thorndike, is often credited as the founder of constructivist thought in education.constructivist thought in education.

Designing InstructionDesigning Instruction

� The growing understanding of the process of The growing understanding of the process of human learning in the 20human learning in the 20 thth century supported century supported the notion that instruction could be the notion that instruction could be systematically designed to produce learning.systematically designed to produce learning.

� Concepts such as individualized instruction, Concepts such as individualized instruction, instructional task analysis, and the use of instructional task analysis, and the use of objectives to describe what students should objectives to describe what students should learn arose as early as the 1920s and 1930s.learn arose as early as the 1920s and 1930s.

Shifting ParadigmsShifting Paradigms

� The behavioral view of learning The behavioral view of learning dominated instructional design through dominated instructional design through the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the influential work of B.F. Skinner.influential work of B.F. Skinner.

� In the 1960s, the cognitive view of In the 1960s, the cognitive view of learning came to the forefront as work learning came to the forefront as work by people like Robert Gagnby people like Robert Gagné began to é began to displace behavioral thinking.displace behavioral thinking.

Shifting ParadigmsShifting Paradigms

� In the 1980s, a constructivist perspective of In the 1980s, a constructivist perspective of learning began to exert significant influence learning began to exert significant influence on the field.on the field.

� Beginning then, more student-centered Beginning then, more student-centered approaches, such as discovery learning, approaches, such as discovery learning, problem-based learning, situated cognition, problem-based learning, situated cognition, and social learning became the subject of and social learning became the subject of increasing attention in the field. increasing attention in the field.

Educational Media RootsEducational Media Roots

� Media have been of interest in education Media have been of interest in education since the late 19since the late 19 thth and early 20 and early 20 thth centuries centuries when visuals and real objects emerged as a when visuals and real objects emerged as a way to help people learn.way to help people learn.

Educational Media RootsEducational Media Roots

� The training effort during World War II,The training effort during World War II, and subsequent developments, and subsequent developments, helped to link instructional design with helped to link instructional design with mediated and mechanical delivery systems.mediated and mechanical delivery systems.

� \WWII training relied heavily mediated \WWII training relied heavily mediated instruction, a model for later education.instruction, a model for later education.

Educational Media RootsEducational Media Roots

� Films, and later radio, TV, and computers Films, and later radio, TV, and computers were the object of much excitement because were the object of much excitement because of the belief that media that could promote of the belief that media that could promote learning.learning.

� However, until recently, all media were However, until recently, all media were separately developed and managed.separately developed and managed.

Educational Computing RootsEducational Computing Roots

� Most developments in computing occurred in Most developments in computing occurred in about the last half of the 20about the last half of the 20 thth century. century.

� However, precedents were set earlier.However, precedents were set earlier.– Abacus, circa 3000 B.C.Abacus, circa 3000 B.C.– Pascal’s adding machine, 1642Pascal’s adding machine, 1642– Jacquard’s loom, 1801Jacquard’s loom, 1801– Babbage’s analytical engine, Babbage’s analytical engine, 11834834– Hollerith’s electric tabulator, 1889Hollerith’s electric tabulator, 1889

Educational Computing RootsEducational Computing Roots

� Early computers developed around the Early computers developed around the middle of the 20middle of the 20 thth century included: century included: – ABC Computer, developed by Atanasoff and Berry ABC Computer, developed by Atanasoff and Berry

at Iowa Stateat Iowa State– IBM/Harvard Mark I and II developed by AikenIBM/Harvard Mark I and II developed by Aiken– ENIAC, developed by Mauchly and Eckert at ENIAC, developed by Mauchly and Eckert at

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania– EDVAC, developed by von Neumann also at PennEDVAC, developed by von Neumann also at Penn– Colossus, a British computer secretly built during Colossus, a British computer secretly built during

WWII to break German codes.WWII to break German codes.– UNIVAC I, the first commercial computerUNIVAC I, the first commercial computer

ENIACENIAC

Computing - pastComputing - past

� First generation computers used vacuum First generation computers used vacuum tubes. tubes.

� The 2The 2ndnd generation used transistors. generation used transistors. � The 3The 3rdrd generation relied on integrated generation relied on integrated

circuits. circuits. � Today’s 4Today’s 4 thth generation models use very large- generation models use very large-

scale integrated circuitry.scale integrated circuitry.

Computing - pastComputing - past

� In 1971, Ted Hoff at Intel Corporation In 1971, Ted Hoff at Intel Corporation developed the first microprocessor, a developed the first microprocessor, a computer on a single silicon chip.computer on a single silicon chip.

� In 1972, handheld calculators began to In 1972, handheld calculators began to appear, Pong - the first video game was appear, Pong - the first video game was invented, and Wang developed a word invented, and Wang developed a word processing system.processing system.

� In 1973, Xerox PARC researchers invented In 1973, Xerox PARC researchers invented the mouse and graphical user interface.the mouse and graphical user interface.

Computing - pastComputing - past

� In 1975, a company called MITS began In 1975, a company called MITS began marketing the Altair personal computer marketing the Altair personal computer kit. IBM introduced the laser printer.kit. IBM introduced the laser printer.

� In 1977, led by upstart Apple Computer, In 1977, led by upstart Apple Computer, the first ready-to-run personal the first ready-to-run personal computers were released. Microsoft computers were released. Microsoft was founded.was founded.

� In 1979, the first spreadsheet, Visicalc, In 1979, the first spreadsheet, Visicalc, was released and became the first was released and became the first “killer app” for personal computers.“killer app” for personal computers.

Computing - pastComputing - past

� In 1981, IBM made the movement In 1981, IBM made the movement “legitimate” by releasing the first IBM-PC. “legitimate” by releasing the first IBM-PC. Microsoft, led by Bill Gates, was chosen Microsoft, led by Bill Gates, was chosen to provide the operating system.to provide the operating system.

� In 1982, the computer was chosen Time In 1982, the computer was chosen Time Magazine “Man of the Year.” TCP/IP became Magazine “Man of the Year.” TCP/IP became the standard for ARPANET.the standard for ARPANET.

� In 1983, Apple released the Lisa. Though a In 1983, Apple released the Lisa. Though a commercial flop, it led to the subsequent commercial flop, it led to the subsequent Macintosh.Macintosh.

Computing - pastComputing - past

� In 1984, Apple released the Macintosh In 1984, Apple released the Macintosh computer with a now-famous Orwellian ad computer with a now-famous Orwellian ad during the Super Bowl. The CD-ROM was during the Super Bowl. The CD-ROM was developed by Sony and Philips.developed by Sony and Philips.

� In 1985, Microsoft released the first version of In 1985, Microsoft released the first version of Windows.Windows.

� In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee at CERN In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee at CERN developed the World Wide Web.developed the World Wide Web.

� In 1992, Windows 3.1 was released. It In 1992, Windows 3.1 was released. It established Windows as the dominant OS.established Windows as the dominant OS.

Computing - pastComputing - past� In 1993, Apple introduced the Newton, the first In 1993, Apple introduced the Newton, the first

popular PDA. Mosaic, the first popular web popular PDA. Mosaic, the first popular web browser, was released by NCSA.browser, was released by NCSA.

� In 1994, Netscape’s first browser was released.In 1994, Netscape’s first browser was released.� In 1995, Windows 95 was released, completing In 1995, Windows 95 was released, completing

Microsoft’s transition to a Mac-like GUI.Microsoft’s transition to a Mac-like GUI.� In 1996, the number of Web hosts passed In 1996, the number of Web hosts passed

10,000,000.10,000,000.� In 2000, the number of Web hosts passed In 2000, the number of Web hosts passed

100,000,000.100,000,000.

Education - pastEducation - past

� The first experiments in the use of computers The first experiments in the use of computers for education date back to the late 1950s and for education date back to the late 1950s and early 1960s, well before PCs. These early early 1960s, well before PCs. These early efforts focused on the computer as a efforts focused on the computer as a “teaching machine” useful for drill and “teaching machine” useful for drill and practice and content tutorials. practice and content tutorials.

� Patrick Suppes from Stanford is Patrick Suppes from Stanford is sometimes credited with being the sometimes credited with being the “father of CAI” for his early work in this field.“father of CAI” for his early work in this field.

Education - pastEducation - past

� The largest early effort was PLATO, The largest early effort was PLATO, developed by Donald Bitzer and associates at developed by Donald Bitzer and associates at the University of Illinois beginning in the early the University of Illinois beginning in the early 1960s. Authoring tools and many packages 1960s. Authoring tools and many packages developed for PLATO were ultimately ported developed for PLATO were ultimately ported to personal computers.to personal computers.

� TICCIT, guided by Victor Bunderson at BYU, TICCIT, guided by Victor Bunderson at BYU, was another large-scale early project. It was was another large-scale early project. It was notable for approaching CAI from an notable for approaching CAI from an instructional design perspective.instructional design perspective.

Education - pastEducation - past

� When PCs first emerged, emphasis was When PCs first emerged, emphasis was placed on teaching children to program. This placed on teaching children to program. This was largely due to the lack of prepared was largely due to the lack of prepared software and availability of programming software and availability of programming languages. languages.

� It spawned a “computer literacy” movement, a It spawned a “computer literacy” movement, a term coined by Arthur Luehrmann, which term coined by Arthur Luehrmann, which focused mainly on knowledge of focused mainly on knowledge of programming.programming.

Education - pastEducation - past

� As educational programs began to As educational programs began to appear, much emphasis shifted to appear, much emphasis shifted to computer assisted instruction and many of computer assisted instruction and many of the ideas first developed by PLATO and the ideas first developed by PLATO and TICCIT.TICCIT.

� Another school of thought emphasized Another school of thought emphasized student development of understanding student development of understanding using education friendly computer using education friendly computer languages such as Logo, developed by languages such as Logo, developed by Seymour Papert and associates at MIT.Seymour Papert and associates at MIT.

Education - pastEducation - past

� In 1980, Robert Taylor of Teachers’ College, In 1980, Robert Taylor of Teachers’ College, Columbia, placed computer uses in education Columbia, placed computer uses in education into three categoriesinto three categories– Tutor: the computer acts like a human tutor (e.g., Tutor: the computer acts like a human tutor (e.g.,

CAI as represented by PLATO and other projects)CAI as represented by PLATO and other projects)

– Tool: the computer aids in the performance of Tool: the computer aids in the performance of everyday work (e.g., word processing)everyday work (e.g., word processing)

– Tutee: the computer “learns” what it is taught (e.g., Tutee: the computer “learns” what it is taught (e.g., programming via Logo or other tools)programming via Logo or other tools)

Education - pastEducation - past

� In more recent years, the emphasis in In more recent years, the emphasis in educational computing has shifted to subject educational computing has shifted to subject matter integration, using the computer as a matter integration, using the computer as a tool to support teaching and learning in tool to support teaching and learning in specific disciplines. Teaching specific disciplines. Teaching aboutabout technology takes a back seat to teaching and technology takes a back seat to teaching and learning learning withwith technology. technology.

Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyPresentPresent

Today’s LessonTrends

Educational Technology TodayEducational Technology Today

� Today, instructional design, educational Today, instructional design, educational media, and educational computing are robust media, and educational computing are robust fields of endeavor.fields of endeavor.

� They influence formal and informal education, They influence formal and informal education, the training sector, and segments of society.the training sector, and segments of society.

Educational Technology TodayEducational Technology Today

� What are some educational technology What are some educational technology trends that we can see today?trends that we can see today?

Discipline Convergence

InstructionalDesign

EducationalMedia

EducationalComputing

InstructionalDesign

EducationalMedia

EducationalComputing

Discipline Convergence

EducationalTechnology

Discipline Convergence

ID Theory BaseID Theory Base

� Behavioral perspectiveBehavioral perspective

� Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective

� Constructivist perspectiveConstructivist perspective

ID Theory BaseID Theory Base

� Behavioral perspectiveBehavioral perspective

� Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective

� Constructivist perspectiveConstructivist perspective

ID Theory BaseID Theory Base

� Behavioral perspectiveBehavioral perspective

� Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective

� Constructivist perspectiveConstructivist perspective

or an eclectic viewor an eclectic view

ID EmphasisID Emphasis

� Pre-designed education and training Pre-designed education and training materialsmaterials

� Just-in-time education and training, Just-in-time education and training, learning objects, rapid prototyping, and learning objects, rapid prototyping, and collaborative construction of materialscollaborative construction of materials

Media ConvergenceMedia Convergence

Media ConvergenceMedia Convergence

Media ConvergenceMedia Convergence

Media ConvergenceMedia Convergence

Computing DevelopmentsComputing Developments

� Today’s PCs are a significant advance over Today’s PCs are a significant advance over the first models. the first models.

� Moore’s Law, originally postulated in 1965, Moore’s Law, originally postulated in 1965, predicted that the number of transistors on a predicted that the number of transistors on a integrated circuit would double every 18 integrated circuit would double every 18 months. Though Moore forecast it would hold months. Though Moore forecast it would hold true through 1975, it is still holding true today.true through 1975, it is still holding true today.

Computer SizeComputer Size

NetworkingNetworking

� In 1969, ARPANET, the forerunner of the In 1969, ARPANET, the forerunner of the Internet, began with 4 hostsInternet, began with 4 hosts

� By 1987, there were 10,000 hostsBy 1987, there were 10,000 hosts� By 1992, there were 1,000,000By 1992, there were 1,000,000� By 1996, there were 10,000,000By 1996, there were 10,000,000� Today, there are 250,000,000+Today, there are 250,000,000+

Software - presentSoftware - present

� Software has improved dramatically since the Software has improved dramatically since the introduction of the PC.introduction of the PC.

� Text-based operating systems have given Text-based operating systems have given way to the GUI, originally invented at Xerox way to the GUI, originally invented at Xerox PARC, popularized by the Apple Macintosh, PARC, popularized by the Apple Macintosh, and now embodied in Windows.and now embodied in Windows.

� Voice recognition is here but not yet Voice recognition is here but not yet widespread.widespread.

Software - presentSoftware - present

� A wide array of powerful productivity tools for A wide array of powerful productivity tools for the PC (e.g., word processors, databases, the PC (e.g., word processors, databases, spreadsheets, desktop publishing software) is spreadsheets, desktop publishing software) is now available.now available.

� Educational software has improved greatly in Educational software has improved greatly in quality, and many titles are available.quality, and many titles are available.

� The Web has made huge quantities of The Web has made huge quantities of information as well as software readily information as well as software readily available.available.

Computers in Schools TodayComputers in Schools Today

Computers in SchoolsComputers in Schools

� There are about 14 million computers in K-12 There are about 14 million computers in K-12 schools in the U.S. The student-to-computer schools in the U.S. The student-to-computer ratio fell from about 40:1 in 1985 to less than ratio fell from about 40:1 in 1985 to less than 4:1 today. The ratio of students to Internet 4:1 today. The ratio of students to Internet connected classroom computers is about 8:1.connected classroom computers is about 8:1.

� Dell is the largest single brand (46%), Dell is the largest single brand (46%), followed by Apple Macintosh (27%), followed by Apple Macintosh (27%), HP/Compaq (18%), and Gateway (10%). HP/Compaq (18%), and Gateway (10%). Apple, while still strong in the K-12 market, Apple, while still strong in the K-12 market, has slowly been losing market share.has slowly been losing market share.

Computers in SchoolsComputers in Schools

� Nationally, annual K-12 technology spending Nationally, annual K-12 technology spending is $5+ billion, down slightly from a high of is $5+ billion, down slightly from a high of nearly $7 billion several years ago.nearly $7 billion several years ago.

� Per pupil expenditures: Per pupil expenditures: – $71 -- hardware$71 -- hardware– $17 -- software$17 -- software– $9 -- outside services$9 -- outside services– $6 -- staff development$6 -- staff development

Computers in SchoolsComputers in Schools

� About 99% of schools, and 87% of About 99% of schools, and 87% of instructional rooms, are connected to the instructional rooms, are connected to the Internet. Internet.

� Schools with higher percentages of poor and Schools with higher percentages of poor and minority students lag behind other schools but minority students lag behind other schools but only slightly.only slightly.

� Newer technologies are increasing: laptops Newer technologies are increasing: laptops (54% of schools), wireless networks (45%), (54% of schools), wireless networks (45%), and instructional whiteboards (30%).and instructional whiteboards (30%).

Computers in SchoolsComputers in Schools

� Half of schools report that 90% or more of teachers Half of schools report that 90% or more of teachers use computers daily, and 74% of students use it at use computers daily, and 74% of students use it at least an hour a week.least an hour a week.

� Better performing schools have somewhat more tech-Better performing schools have somewhat more tech-savvy teacherssavvy teachers

Above AverageAbove Average Below AverageBelow Average

Teacher BeginnerTeacher Beginner 15%15% 23%23%

Teacher IntermediateTeacher Intermediate 61%61% 55%55%

Teacher AdvancedTeacher Advanced 16%16% 12%12%

Teacher Use of InternetTeacher Use of Internet 80%80% 72%72%

Distance LearningDistance Learning

� About 25% of schools report having distance About 25% of schools report having distance learning programs for students.learning programs for students.

� 28 states have now established state virtual 28 states have now established state virtual schools; 12 states have at least one virtual schools; 12 states have at least one virtual charter school.charter school.

� While hard data are not available, it appears While hard data are not available, it appears that online course management systems are that online course management systems are spreading from higher ed to K-12.spreading from higher ed to K-12.

Why Use Technology in Education?Why Use Technology in Education?

� MotivationMotivation– Attention, engagement, controlAttention, engagement, control

� Unique instructional capabilitiesUnique instructional capabilities– Finding information, visualizing, linking learnersFinding information, visualizing, linking learners

� Support for new instructional approachesSupport for new instructional approaches– Cooperative learning, problem solving, shared intelligenceCooperative learning, problem solving, shared intelligence

� Increased teacher productivityIncreased teacher productivity– Record keeping, better materials, freeing timeRecord keeping, better materials, freeing time

� Required skills for an information ageRequired skills for an information age– Information literacy, visual literacy, technology literacyInformation literacy, visual literacy, technology literacy

Source: Roblyer, M. D. (2004). Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching.

Horizon TechnologiesHorizon Technologies

Laptop ComputersLaptop Computers

� Laptop computers offer more flexibility that Laptop computers offer more flexibility that desktops; 54% of schools are now using desktops; 54% of schools are now using laptops.laptops.

Handheld ComputingHandheld Computing

� Handheld devices, like Palm Pilots and Handheld devices, like Palm Pilots and Pocket PCs, are proliferating and growing in Pocket PCs, are proliferating and growing in sophistication. About 8% of schools provide sophistication. About 8% of schools provide them for teachers, and about 4% use them them for teachers, and about 4% use them with students.with students.

Wireless ConnectivityWireless Connectivity

� IEEE 802.11 – wireless LANs support fairly IEEE 802.11 – wireless LANs support fairly wide range (up to hundreds of feet) and wide range (up to hundreds of feet) and reasonably fast connections (11 Mbs for b reasonably fast connections (11 Mbs for b and 54 Mbs for g). and 54 Mbs for g).

� Bluetooth – emerging wireless standard for Bluetooth – emerging wireless standard for short-range connectivity to a variety of short-range connectivity to a variety of devices, such as printersdevices, such as printers

BroadbandBroadband

� DSL and cable modems, for example, provide DSL and cable modems, for example, provide much faster connectivity to network resources much faster connectivity to network resources than standard 56K telephone modems. About than standard 56K telephone modems. About 45% of homes and 84% of schools report 45% of homes and 84% of schools report having broadband Internet connections. having broadband Internet connections.

Web TechnologiesWeb Technologies

� DHTMLDHTML� XMLXML� JavaJava� C# (part of Microsoft’s .NET)C# (part of Microsoft’s .NET)� Open sourceOpen source

Speech and Writing RecognitionSpeech and Writing Recognition

� Current generation speech recognition Current generation speech recognition programs, Dragon NaturallySpeaking and programs, Dragon NaturallySpeaking and IBM ViaVoice, are pretty good when trained IBM ViaVoice, are pretty good when trained by an individual.by an individual.

� AT&T and others are developing generic AT&T and others are developing generic speech recognition technologies that require speech recognition technologies that require no training.no training.

� Tablet PCs boast decent handwriting Tablet PCs boast decent handwriting recognition.recognition.

Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

� Virtual reality systems give the user the Virtual reality systems give the user the illusion of operating within a three-illusion of operating within a three-dimensional environment that responds to the dimensional environment that responds to the user’s motion within it.user’s motion within it.

Distributed IntelligenceDistributed Intelligence

� An increasing range of appliances and An increasing range of appliances and objects are becoming equipped with a objects are becoming equipped with a computer processor and so be capable of computer processor and so be capable of “smart” interaction with people. Some people “smart” interaction with people. Some people refer to this as ubiquitous computing.refer to this as ubiquitous computing.

Electronic Ink / Paper / BooksElectronic Ink / Paper / Books

� eBooks, portable devices that can hold eBooks, portable devices that can hold downloaded books, are already available.downloaded books, are already available.

� Electronic ink or paper is a developing Electronic ink or paper is a developing technology in which microcapsules, technology in which microcapsules, embedded within a thin film that can be embedded within a thin film that can be mounted in tablet or possibly even something mounted in tablet or possibly even something like normal paper, can display print in like normal paper, can display print in response to electrical signals.response to electrical signals.

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

� Nanotechnology, involving manipulation at Nanotechnology, involving manipulation at the molecular level, is among the most highly the molecular level, is among the most highly touted of coming technologiestouted of coming technologies– Chip development (Intel predicts a 1-billion Chip development (Intel predicts a 1-billion

transistor, 20 GHz chip by 2007)transistor, 20 GHz chip by 2007)

– NanotubesNanotubes

– Miniature machines, such as robotsMiniature machines, such as robots

– Materials assemblyMaterials assembly

Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyThe FutureThe FutureDistributed Learning

Predicting the FuturePredicting the Future� Predicting the future can be a notoriously Predicting the future can be a notoriously

tricky proposition. A few examples:tricky proposition. A few examples:– ““Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.”Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.”

» Lord Kelvin, President, Royal Society, 1895Lord Kelvin, President, Royal Society, 1895

– ““Everything that can be invented has been Everything that can be invented has been invented.”invented.”

» Charles Duell, U.S. Office of Patents, 1899Charles Duell, U.S. Office of Patents, 1899– ““I think there is a world market for maybe five I think there is a world market for maybe five

computers.”computers.”» Thomas Watson, Chairman, IBM, 1943Thomas Watson, Chairman, IBM, 1943

Source: Time magazine, July 15, 1996

Predicting the FuturePredicting the Future

� Given the trends and horizon Given the trends and horizon technologies discussed, how do technologies discussed, how do you think these will affect education you think these will affect education and training in the future?and training in the future?

Education - futureEducation - future

Education - futureEducation - future

� Some experts argue that with the emergence Some experts argue that with the emergence of multimedia software and the delivery of multimedia software and the delivery vehicle of the Internet, schooling as we know vehicle of the Internet, schooling as we know it has become obsolete. They suggest we it has become obsolete. They suggest we should do away with schools as they now should do away with schools as they now exist.exist.

� This is one extreme position.This is one extreme position.

Education - futureEducation - future

� Others argue that computer technology is just Others argue that computer technology is just a flash in the pan, the latest in a long line of a flash in the pan, the latest in a long line of educational technology innovations that have educational technology innovations that have promised more than they delivered. They promised more than they delivered. They suggest we should forget about technology suggest we should forget about technology and get back to schooling as usual.and get back to schooling as usual.

� This is another extreme position.This is another extreme position.

Education - futureEducation - future

� It is possible to envision a more moderate It is possible to envision a more moderate future that lies between these extremes.future that lies between these extremes.

FUTURE

Education - futureEducation - future

� Computers and, increasingly, smaller Computers and, increasingly, smaller computing devices will become commonplace computing devices will become commonplace tools for teachers and students. They will tools for teachers and students. They will connect wirelessly and become an integral connect wirelessly and become an integral part of the teaching and learning process.part of the teaching and learning process.

� The greatest emphasis will be given to using The greatest emphasis will be given to using technology tools for real work on authentic technology tools for real work on authentic tasks.tasks.

Education - futureEducation - future

� In a few years, increased processing and In a few years, increased processing and storage capacity along with software storage capacity along with software advances are likely to make voice interfacing advances are likely to make voice interfacing with computing devices more widespread, with computing devices more widespread, perhaps even commonplace.perhaps even commonplace.

� Full multimedia capability, including routine Full multimedia capability, including routine access to and storage of video, will also be access to and storage of video, will also be possible.possible.

Education - futureEducation - future

� With access to huge stores of multimedia With access to huge stores of multimedia information, education will focus less on information, education will focus less on information delivery and more on finding, information delivery and more on finding, evaluating, and using information.evaluating, and using information.

� The teacher’s role will increasingly shift from The teacher’s role will increasingly shift from the “sage on the stage” to the “guide on the the “sage on the stage” to the “guide on the side.”side.”

Education - futureEducation - future

� With improving technology and increasing With improving technology and increasing networking, education will become available networking, education will become available anytime and anywhere.anytime and anywhere.

� Higher education, of necessity, will work to Higher education, of necessity, will work to reach growing non-traditional audiences.reach growing non-traditional audiences.

� K-12 is likely to embrace distributed learning K-12 is likely to embrace distributed learning support of education much as colleges do support of education much as colleges do today, and distance education will meet niche today, and distance education will meet niche needs in the K-12 setting.needs in the K-12 setting.

Education - futureEducation - future

� Life-long learning will become the norm, and Life-long learning will become the norm, and technology will be one tool that helps technology will be one tool that helps educators reach those who need continuing educators reach those who need continuing education.education.

� Pressures from the private sector may Pressures from the private sector may jeopardize some higher education institutions jeopardize some higher education institutions or even drive marginal ones out of business. or even drive marginal ones out of business. But, larger institutions will likely persist.But, larger institutions will likely persist.

Education - futureEducation - future

� Given the prevalence of the Internet as a Given the prevalence of the Internet as a resource and delivery system, instructional resource and delivery system, instructional design will increasingly focus on it and on the design will increasingly focus on it and on the design of systems and learning environments design of systems and learning environments that help individuals access available that help individuals access available resources and training just-in-time, use resources and training just-in-time, use granular modules to flexibly meet differing granular modules to flexibly meet differing needs, and facilitate people working together needs, and facilitate people working together to solve problems.to solve problems.

Education - futureEducation - future

� Computers and allied technologies are Computers and allied technologies are unlikely ever to replace traditional face-to-unlikely ever to replace traditional face-to-face teaching and learning. There is much to face teaching and learning. There is much to be said for face-to-face mentoring and be said for face-to-face mentoring and acculturation.acculturation.

� But, technology probably will change the face But, technology probably will change the face of the teaching and learning landscape that of the teaching and learning landscape that we know today.we know today.

Education - futureEducation - future

� It is incumbent upon educators today to begin It is incumbent upon educators today to begin preparing for the changing education preparing for the changing education paradigms of tomorrow.paradigms of tomorrow.

The EndThe End