education in ancient chinese civilization

8/8/2019 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION

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EDUCATION IN ANCIENTCHINESE CIVILIZATION

PREPARED FOR:

EN.AZMI

EDU 400 FOUNDATION

OF EDUCATION


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CHINESE THOUGHT (PHILOSOPHER)

CONFUCIANISM

CONFUCIUS (551 B.C- 479 B.C)

He traveled and taught people about

government & the ways of a gentlemen. More than 2000years confucianism was

the most important force in chinese life.

It affected education, government, andpersonal behaviour.

Confucius was The Ultimate SageTeacher, and is remembered for his wisesaying.

He taught his over 3000 student aboutphilosophy & music with a particularemphasis on ethics.

Believe that human are social beings

Believe that building moral characterwas more important than merelyteaching skill.

his aim was to educate a person to be

a good father, mother, son,

daughter,friend, & citizen.

Believe that every person should

strive for the continual development of

self until excellence is achieved.

Prospective civil servants took

examination based on confucian

canon.


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Confucius believe that the superior individual

develops FIVE CONSTANT VIRTUE :

RIGHT ATTITUDE

RIGHT PROCEDURE

RIGHT KNOWLEDGE

RIGHT MORAL

COURAGE

RIGHT PERSISTENCE


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TAOISM

LAO-TZU

Lao tzu set down his teachings in asmall volume known as TAO TECHING.

Taoism emphasizes the developmentof inner life where one can meet anydifficulty

The taoist ideal is a person whoavoids conventional social obligationsand lead a simple , spontaneous, andmeditative life close to nature.

Tao, which means the way or path. Taoism stresses that one must live in

harmony with the external world.

Believe that proper individuals wouldgive up to achieve social justice.

They oppose war and repressivegovernment and argue that the morethe laws there are, the more thievesand bandit multiply.

The best ruler would be the taoist

sage, who governs in the interest ofpeople as a whole & who is beyondgood and evil and above emotion.

Another major figure in thedevelopment of taoism was Chuang-tzu ( 399-295 b.c)

The tao, as chuang tzu saw it, means

detachment from the self and theworld.

Both life and death must be acceptedas a part of nature.

Individual should face life with greatindifference and with humor.


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RECOMMENDATION THROUGH OBSERVATION

IN THE HAN DINASTY In 136 BC during the reign of Emperor Wudi (156 BC-87 BC) the government

introduce a system which was named taixue .

Usually the students were provided with a free diet and mainly studied the

classical confusion book.

Following examination, those with good marks would directly be given

official title.

In this dynasty no system that testing a persons ability but the method was

through observation.

Who was intelligent will recommend to the superior by officials.


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IMPERIAL EXAMINATION AS THE MAIN

FORM OF EDUCATION Imperial examination or Keju in chinese became the method by which

talented people were recognize and selected for future positions in

civil service.

The imperial examination comprised two parts namely an arts examand the wushu exam.

In the ancient society, class consciousness was strong and many

people from lower classes would had have chance to reach high

office, not mention having any position in the official court.

Despite the significant effect of promoting Confucian culture andeducation it also influenced education system in many other countries

like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam and similarities can be found in the

personnel selection methods employed in France, A merica, and

Britain.


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ORIGINOF IMPERIAL EXAMINATION IN

SUI DYNASTY Many separate states were unified into a whole.

To enforce the centralization of power, the imperial realized the need

for a strong, well educated civil service, one that employee the best

talents in the land. To bring this into effect the most influential systemwas initiated an substituted for what had gone before

jiupinzhongzheng.

Although it was immature at outset, it inter-wove closely the three

essential for state official, those of learning, examination and

administration.


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RADICATION IN TANG DYNASTY

The Tang dynasty adopted the personnel selection system and graduallyrefined it.

Writing and study of classical books is the main subject of examination.

Most of prime minister during that feudal period were titled jinshi (goodwriter).

The candidates almost came from 2 sources :

- student of official school

- intelligent people (local county)

Te form & content of the exams varied from one another.

Candidates who passes the highest imperial examination held by theBoard of rites would have a promising future as court officer

The most successful scholar was then granted the title of zhuang yuan,the second bang yan, and the third tan hua.

Inclusion in the list of successful candidates not only relied on the examresult but sometimes also upon the recommendation in instruction of anotable person with authority


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INNOVATION IN EDUCATION SYSTEM

In the song ynasty (960-1276) sub ects raised by government had been

much less than that in the Tang ynasty, but the examination or in shi

as still ashionable.

ust o the prime ministers o high rank also had to pass the exam in thissub ect hich then as regarded as an exclusive sub ect o prime ministers.

1. The extension o matriculation as broadened.

2. The requency o exam as limited to a ixes once every three years.

3. o ar as content as concern, hile the earlier examination laid much

stress on the ancient texts, the great re ormer Wang nshi (1021-1086)

advocated an innovation hich as much more practical.

4. To prevent the practice o avoritism, examinees names ere closely

covered on their papers hich ere then exchanged among di erent

local examiners.


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In the Song Dynasty, few government schools were erected, but it was the

vogue for scholars to set up numerous private educational organizationsshu yuan.

The function of this kind of school was to cultivate talented people, to

encourage a devotion to learning, as well as to spread culture.

The four most reputed shu yuan were named Bailudong Institute of

Jiangxi. Central government managed to found schools called guozijian, and

strengthened their function to be the only road by which people could take

the exams.

The provincial and metropolitan examiners tested only eight-legged

essays and people easily realize that the quality of that sort of essay wasthe key to achieving a pass.


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Declination in the Qing Dynasty

Since the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) was dominated by Manchu ethnic

group, they gave their people priority over the Han people.

Manchu people attending the imperial examination were not tested but

required only to undertake some translation, yet the Han people were still

formed a majority of the examinees.

As the tight hold on affairs held by the Qing Dynasty became more and

more unpopular, the education system also needed fresh ideas and input as

it was a disservice to the country.

A trend appeared towards the way in which the positions of court officials

could be purchase and this sometimes even gave rise to unlawful pass to

the degraded system.


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NOOR AIMA BT ROSMISITI RAHAYU BT ZAINUDDIN

NORIHAN BT MOHD ZAINUN

PREPARED BY :

education in ancient chinese civilization

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