KamiTumbuh sendiri

ECOLOGICAL MANGROVE RESTORATIONThe majority of mangrove restoration/replanting projects in Indonesia have experienced high or even complete mortality.

Restoration and rehabilitation* of existing or former mangrove forest

areas is extremely important today. In fact, given the importance of

mangrove forest ecosystems, and the current threat to these coastal

forests, this is an imperative. But actual planting of mangroves is

rarely needed as mangroves annually produce hundreds or

thousands of seeds or seedlings per tree, which under the proper

hydrologic conditions can recolonize former mangrove areas

(returned to normal hydrology) very rapidly.

There are many different techniques and methods utilized in restoring mangroves. Because some of these have resulted in identifiable successes or failures, we wish to present herein a summary description of several preferred methods for planning and implementing mangrove restoration...

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Only utilize actual planting of propagules, collected seedlings, or cultivated seedlings after determining through steps 1-5 above that natural recruitment will not provide the quantity of successfully established seedlings, rate of sta bilization, or rate of growth of saplings established as

quantitative goals for the restoration project.

6

21

MHWS Mean High-water Spring Tide

Distribution &Growth of Heritiera littoralis

Understand the normal hydrologic patterns that control the distribution and successful establishment and growth

of targeted mangrove species.Work together with communities, NGO’s and local government to understand both the autecology (individual species ecology) and community ecology of the

mangrove species at the site, in particular the patterns of reproduction, propagule distribution, and successful seedling establishment.

Work together with communities, NGO’s and local government to assess the modifications of the previous mangrove environment that

occurred that currently prevent natural secondary succession.

Select appropriate mangrove restoration sites through application of steps 1-3 above that are both likely to succeed in restoring a

sustainable mangrove forest ecosystem, and are cost effective given the available funds and manpower to carry out the projects,

including adequate monitoring of their progress towards meeting quantitative goals established prior to restoration. This step includes resolving land ownership/use issues necessary for ensuring long-term

access to and conservation of the site.

5

1,23,4

mangrovedisused shrimp pond

dike walltidal creek

Design the restoration program at appropriate sites selected in Step 4 above to initially restore the appropriate

hydrology and utilize natural volunteer mangrove propagule recruitment for plant establishment.

The Ecological Mangrove Restoration Method is property of Roy Robin Lewis III and Mangrove Action Project.

Illustrated manuals on the method are downloadable at: www.mangroveactionproject.org/

Scientific papers available at: www.mangroverestoration.orgMangrove Action Project - 2007

Design, Layout and Photography: Ben BrownIllustrations by: PA Triyanto, KUILU-CUSO, Ben Brown

Produced in Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

1) Brugueira gymnorrhiza; 2) Rhizophora mucronata; 3) Brugueira parviflora;4) Avicennia marina (a) newly germinated, (b) plumule elongating; 5) Aegiceras corniculatum (a) fruits, (b) single young fruit and, (c) germinating fruit. - from Ecology of Indonesian Seas

40 cm

Measured substrate height

from nearby mangrove forest40 cm below the

Mean High Tide mark

Mean High Tide

(MHT)40 cm

40 cm

This photo, from Bunaken National Marine Park in North Sulawe-si depicts the 5th of 6 unsuccessful attempts by the government to restore 25 hectares of disused shrimp ponds over a ten year period. Adherence to “blind” planting methods, without regard to the hydrological and ecological needs of various mangrove species, has led to repeated failure. In this case we witness indis-criminate planting of Ceriops tagal seedlings both on dike walls and in trenches without regard to substrate height requirements.

Mangrove Nursery in Bali: This JICA/Dept of Forestry project sucessfully restored over 300 hectares of mangroves in Bali and Lombok, but the costs associated with the project are extremely high and not likely replicable without exorbinant external sup-port. The high costs of nursery development, management and planting significantly add to project overhead. Promotion of self-regeneration is the way to achieve cost-effective restoration.

Hundreds of thousands of Rhizophora apiculata seedlings were planted around Simeulue Island, Aceh, after the 2004 tsuanami and 2005 earthquake. Tectonic uplift had raised shorelines between 50 cm to 1.5 meters, making it difficult to determine the appropriate zone for mangrove planting. Here, nature herself has indicated that both R. apiculata and Sonneratia alba are appropriate restora-tion species, but planted R. apiculata are nearly all dying within six months of planting, likely due to rearing and handlings of seed-lings. It is better to support nature in natural revegetation.