Ecdyzoan Phyla

Figure 12_01

Phylum Nematoda

• Round worms

• >10,000 named species, >100,000 predicted

• Free living & parasitic

Caenorhabditis elegans

Nematodes are Everywhere!

“If all the matter in the universe except the nematodes were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable, and if, … we could then investigate it, …mountains, hills, vales, rivers, lakes and oceans represented by a thin film of nematodes. The location of towns would be decipherable…”

N A Cobb, 1914

Nematode Gross Anatomy

Nematode Gross Anatomy

Nematode Gross Anatomy

Nematode Gross Anatomy

Reproductive Modes

• Sexual

• Hermaphroditic mode– Hermaphrodites & males

• Dioecious mode– Males and females

• Internal fertilization

• Internal & external development of eggs

Cell Lineages of C. elegans

• 959 somatic cells in adult hermaphrodite– will produce ~400 eggs

• 1031 somatic cells in adult male• Both start off with about 1090 cells• In hermaphrodite ~131 cells die by apoptosis

C. elegans

Plant Parasites

• Globodera rostochiensis – potato family (Solanaceae) parasite

• Regulated by 106 countries – agricultural products & soil can not be shipped without passing inspections for this parasite

BURROWING NEMATODE QUARANTINE

PEST:

Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis STATE WITH REGULATION: Louisiana

STATES REGULATED:

Entire states of FL, HI, and the Commonwealth of Puero Rico.

MATERIALS REGULATED:

Soil, sand and plant parts produced below soil level except: soil-free aquatic plants, air plants grown in soil-free media, air layered plants root-wrapped in original soil-free moss, dormant bulbs and corms if free from roots and soil, soil-free edible fleshy roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes, and industrial sand and clay.

RESTRICTIONS:

Regulated materials may not be moved from regulated states into Louisiana unless each shipment or lot is accompanied by an official certificate of the state or commonwealth of origin, stating that:  based on an official survey it has been determined that the burrowing nematode does not exist on the property or premise on which the related materials originated or were grown  or that the regulated materials in the shipment have been produced from seed, or from plant parts free from burrowing nematode, and grown above ground in sterile soil or other otherwise protected from nematode infestation until shipped.

This information was obtained from:

Federal & State Quarantine Summaries (AAN Publication A-2-40330/7.97)

published by: American Association of Nurserymen in cooperation with: National Plant Board, US Department of AgricultureAnimal & Plant Health Inspection Service

   

Plant Parasites

• Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode

Plant Parasites

• Bursaphelenchus xylophilus – pine wilt disease

Aug 20, 2003 Aug 25, 2003 Sept 2, 2003

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus – pine wilt nematode

Insect Parasitic Nematodes

COMMODITY INSECT PEST NEMATODE SPECIES

Artichokes Artichoke plume moth S. carpocapsae

Berries Root weevils H. bacteriophora

Citrus Root weevils S. riobravis

Cranberries Root weevils H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae

Cranberry girdler S. carpocapsae

Mushrooms Sciarids S. feltiae

Ornamentals Root weevils H. bacteriophora, H. megidis

Wood borers S. carpocapsae, H. bacteriophora

Fungus gnats S. feltiae

Turf Scarabs H. bacteriophora

Mole crickets S. riobravis, S. scapterisci

Billbugs H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae

Armyworm, Cutworm,  Webworm

S. carpocapsae

CURRENT USE OF NEMATODES AS BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES

Ascaris

• A. lumbricoides – human • A. suum – porcine

Mr & Mrs Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris mouth

Elephantiasis - Filariaisis

• Wuchereria bancrofti

• Brugia malayi

Life Cycle of Filiarial Nematode Parasite

Dirofilariasis - heartworms

• Dirofilaria immitis

Dracunculiasis - Guinea worm

Trichinosis – Trichinella spp

Hookworms

Hookworm Lifecycle

Phylum Nematomorpha

• Larva parasitize terrestrial and aquatic arthropods

• Larva resemble priapulids

• Adults resemble nematodes

Larval nematomorph

Phylum Nematomorpha

Nematomorph worm parasitism videos

Phylum Kinorhyncha

• 179 species

• Sediment dwellers

Phylum Priapulida

• 16 species

• Marine

• 12-15 cm

Phylum Loricifera

• Discovered 1983

• ~100 species

• Interstitial, marine dwellers

• ~0.5mm

Phylum Onychophora

Phylum Onychophora

Onychophoran Anatomy

Onychophoran Range

Phylum Tardigrada

Tardigrad Anatomy

Obvious Phylogenic Relationships