early world religions -...

49
EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity (Islam will be in the next unit)

Upload: duongdien

Post on 19-Jul-2018

226 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

EARLY WORLD

RELIGIONS

Hinduism

Buddhism

Confucianism

Legalism

Daoism

Judaism

Christianity

(Islam will be in the next unit)

Page 2: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Religions of South Asia

Page 3: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Religion in the Subcontinent

Page 4: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Hinduism

Page 5: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

What is Hinduism?• One of the oldest religions

– About 1500 B.C.E. – Began in India

• Gave birth to Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism• Tolerance and diversity

– "Truth is one, paths are many“– “There is only one God, but endless are his aspects and

endless are his names”– “We are not human beings having spiritual experiences;

We are spiritual beings having a human experience!”

Page 6: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

What do Hindus believe?• Hinduism has no formal theology that defines God• It is henotheistic (acknowledging many but

worshiping only one)• Brahman—One impersonal Ultimate Reality

– Manifest as many personal deities

• Atman—The soul, Brahma trapped in matter • Samsara—Reincarnation – atman is continually born

into this world lifetime after lifetime• Karma—Spiritual impurity due to actions keeps us

bound to this world (good and bad)• Moksha—Ultimate goal of life – to release Atman

and reunite with the divine, becoming as one with Brahman

• Vedas—Truth: myths, rituals, chants

Page 8: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

What are the spiritualpractices of Hinduism?

• Yoga—seeking union with the divine:• Guru—a spiritual teacher, especially helpful for

Jnana and Raja yoga• Bhakti Yoga—worship, seeking union with the

divine through loving devotion to manifest deities• In the home (household shrines)• In the temples (priests officiate)

Page 9: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

How does Hinduism directlife in this world?

• Respect for all life – vegetarian• Human life as supreme:

– Four “stations” of life (Caste) - priests & teachers, nobles & warriors, merchant class, servant class

– Four stages of life – student, householder, retired, wandering philosopher

– Four duties of life – pleasure, success, social responsibilities, religious responsibilities (moksha)

Page 10: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Buddhism

Page 21: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Both

Reincarnation

Cyclical view of history

Belief in a state of enlightenment (Hindu

moksha, Buddhist nirvana)

Caste system

Animal sacrifice

The Middle Way

(Eightfold Path)

Four Noble

Truths

Hinduism

onlyBuddhism

only

Page 22: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Confucianism

Page 23: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

* 551 – 479 B.C.E.

* Born in the feudal state of Liu

* Became a teacherand editor of books

Page 24: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Li --> Rite, rules, ritual decorum (Binding force of an enduring stable society)

Ren --> humaneness, benevolence, humanity

Shu --> Reciprocity, empathy

Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you.

Yi --> Righteousness

Xiao --> Filial Piety (Respect your elders!)

Page 25: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

1. Ruler Subject

2. Father Son

3. Husband Wife

4. Older

Brother

YoungerBrother

5. Older

Friend

YoungerFriend

* Status

* Age

* Gender

Page 26: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One
Page 27: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

* The single most important Confucian work.

*Knowing what he knows and knowing what

he

doesn’t know, is characteristics of the person

who knows.

*Making a mistake and not correcting it, is

making another mistake.

*The superior man blames himself; the

inferior man blames others.

*To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

Page 28: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One
Page 29: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

* The emperor is the example of proper behavior --> “big daddy”

* Social relationships are based on “rites” or “rituals”

* Even religious rituals areimportant for SOCIAL, notreligious reasons

Page 30: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

INDIA1. Brahmin

CHINA1. Scholar-Gentry

2. Kshatriyas 2. Peasants

3. Vaishyas

4. Shudras

3. Artisans

4. Merchants

Untouchables Domestic Slaves

Page 31: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Legalism

Page 32: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

* 280? - 233 B.C.E.

* Late Warring States period

* Legalism became political philosophy of Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty

Page 33: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

1. Human nature is naturally selfish.

2. Intellectualism and literacy isdiscouraged.

3. Law is the supreme authority andreplaces morality.

4. The ruler must rule with a strong,punishing hand.

5. War is the means of strengtheninga ruler’s power.

Page 34: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

One who favors the principle that individuals should obey a powerful authority rather than exercise individual freedom.

Page 35: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Daoism

Page 36: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

*604 B.C.E. - ?

* His name means“Old Master”

* Was he Confucius’ teacher?

Page 37: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

1. Dao [Tao] is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life.

2. A believer’s goal is to become one with Dao; one with nature.

3. Wu wei --> “Let nature take its course.”--> “The art of doing nothing.”--> “Go with the flow!”

4. Man is unhappy because he lives according to man-made laws, customs & traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature.

Page 38: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

1. Rejecting formal knowledge andlearning.

2. Relying on the senses and instincts.

3. Discovering the nature and“rhythm” of the universe.

4. Ignoring political and social laws.

To escape the “social, political, & cultural traps” of life, one must escape by:

Page 39: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

* Masculine

* Active

* Light

* Warmth

* Strong

* Heaven; Sun

* Feminine

* Passive

* Darkness

* Cold

* Weak

* Earth;Moon

Page 40: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

How is a man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity??

Confucianism --> Moral order in society

Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order

Daoism --> Freedom for individuals andless government to avoid uniformity and conformity

Page 41: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Judaism

Page 42: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

JudaismMonotheistic, believing in one true God

Omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent

Unity and singularity of God as He is revealed though Torah

Sh’ma–cornerstone of all Jewish belief.

Deuteronomy 6:4 – “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.”

Israelites believed they were God’s “chosen people.”

They believed that God would lead them to “promised land.”

5

Page 43: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

JudaismBorn in grace, live in grace, and die in grace

Sin is not a fact of birth, it is a matter of choice

Olam Ha-Ba: “The World to Come”

Messiah will reign

Jewish temple will be rebuilt

Nation of Israel will be fully restored

World order of justice and compassion.

Page 44: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Teachings on Law and Morality

Jewish prophets, or spiritual leaders, preached code of ethics, or moral standards of behavior

Torah—laws that addressed all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal matters

Ten Commandments

5

Page 45: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Significant Jewish “Holy” Days

Shabbat – Sabbath–day of rest

Friday sundown through Saturday sundown

Prohibited: work, travel, commerce

Yom Kippur –"Day of Atonement" Atone for sins of past year – sins between man and God

On Yom Kippur, judgments of God are entered into “the

books” and then sealed

Rosh Hashanah –New Year, plan better life and

begin introspection

Passover –commemorate Israelites’ escape from

Egypt

Personal journey from slavery to freedom

Page 46: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

Christianity

Page 47: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

EARLY CHRISTIANITY

• Roots

– Judaism

– Teachings of John the Baptist, Jesus, and apostles

• Earliest converts were Jews who did not think they were breaking away from Hebrew Law

– Early Christians wished to be considered Jews

• Jewish religion officially recognized by Roman government and its adherents had certain privileges

Page 48: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

BELIEFS

• Based on belief that Jesus is the Christ/Messiah, the son of God– One of Trinity

• God the Father, Son, Holy Spirit

– Teachings• In Gospels

• 12 disciples

– Death at 33

• By believing in Jesus, his followers will go to Heaven at their death

• Bible is Word of God

• Holy days—Christmas & Easter

Page 49: EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS - staff.katyisd.orgstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistorypapgt/Documents/Classical... · EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism ... •Brahman—One

EARLY WORLD

RELIGIONS

Hinduism

Buddhism

Confucianism

Legalism

Daoism

Judaism

Christianity

(Islam will be in the next unit)