early republic “washington’s steps to success” unit 6 1
TRANSCRIPT
Early Republic
“Washington’s Steps To Success”
UNIT 6
1
Step-1, The President’s Title
• inauguration, the ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office
• precedent, an act or a decision that sets an example for others to follow
2
Step-1, The President’s TitleOne precedent Washington set was what to
call the President
• Some suggested:
- President Washington
- His Highness the President of the United
States and Protector of the Rights of the
Same
• Washington’s choice:
- President of the United States3
Step-2, The First Cabinet• Cabinet, the heads of government
departments
• The original five executive departments as created in 1789
1- State Department
2- Treasury Department
3- War Department
4- Attorney General
5- Postmaster General4
Step-2, The First Cabinet• The cabinet was created to advise the
President and direct departments
• Washington chose well known leaders
• The two most well known were:
1- Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson
2- Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton
5
Step-3, Federal Court System
• Judiciary Act, a 1789 law that created the structure of the Supreme Court and set up a system of district and circuit courts
6
Step-3, Federal Court System• Make up of the Court
- one Chief Justice
*- five associate justices
- John Jay was the first Chief Justice
- district and circuit court decisions could be appealed to the Supreme Court, the highest in the land
* Today we have 8 associate justices7
Step 4, Reduce the National Debt
- national debt, is the total amount of money that a government owes to others
- bond, a certificate that promises to repay the money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date
8
Step-4, Reduce National Debt• Hamilton’s Plan
- pay off national debt
- pay off state debts
• Buy bonds issued by both state and federal
• Passed new bonds to pay off old
• As economy improved, government could pay off debts
• Bankers and investors welcomed Hamilton’s plan 9
Step-4, Reduce National Debt• Debating Hamilton’s Plan
speculator, someone who invest in a risky
venture in hope of making large profit
• worried it would reward speculators
• loss of investor trust
• should not make big profit from war
• most southern states had paid off their debts
10
Step 5, Plan to Build the Economy
- Bank of the United States, bank set up using tax dollars
11
Step 6, TAXES
tariff, tax on foreign goods brought into the country from another place
12
Bank of the United States
• Encourage economic growth
- deposited money from taxes
- issued paper money to pay off debt
- made loans to farmers and businesses
13
Tariff on Foreign Goods
• Make foreign goods more expensive
- protect American goods from foreign competition
- Southern farmers protested
- the tariff passed was lower than what Hamilton had wanted
14
Causes and Results of the Whiskey Rebellion
Causes• To raise money for the
Treasury, Congress approved a tax on all liquor made and sold in the United States.
• Backcountry farmers grew corn. It was easier to get their product to market if they turned their corn into whiskey first. They hated the tax on whiskey. They rebelled, marching in protest and tarring and feathering tax collectors
Results• Washington called up the
militia and sent them to put down the rebellion. The rebels fled back to their farms.
• The national government had shown that it would act firmly in times of crisis.
• It also showed that violence would not be tolerated.
15
American Opinions of the French Revolution
The French Revolution• In 1789, the French rebelled against their king. • The peasants and the middle class paid heavy
taxes, while nobles paid none.• Reformers wanted a constitution to limit the
king’s power and protect basic rights.
16
American Views Favoring the French Revolution
• Americans knew what it meant to struggle for liberty.
• France had been their first ally.• Americans admired the Marquis de
Lafayette, who had fought with them in the American Revolution.
• Jefferson: The French had the right to use violence to win freedom
17
American Views Against the French Revolution
• The revolution turned violent. The king, queen, and tens of thousands of others were executed.
• Hamilton and Adams: Democracy can’t be created through widespread violence.
18
Washington Wanted to Keep the Nation Neutral
• Following the French Revolution, wars broke out between France and England.
• Washington had to decide on a foreign policy—the actions that a nation takes in relation to other nations
19
• Washington knew the United States had signed a treaty with France that made the two countries allies. He worried that the United States could not honor the treaty and still remain neutral, or not take sides.
• After much debate, Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation, which stated that the United States would not support either side in the war. It forbade Americans from aiding either side.
20
Difficulties Over Neutrality
• Warring European nations seized American ships.
• John Jay negotiated a treaty with Great Britain. Jay’s Treaty said:– Britain had to pay damages for seized American
ships.– Britain agreed to give up its forts in the West.– Americans had to pay debts owed to British
merchants.
21
• Many Americans protested Jay’s Treaty because it did nothing to protect the rights of neutral American ships.
• When Washington retired, in his Farewell Address he advised Americans to stay out of European affairs.
22
Political Parties Emerge
23
Many Americans Distrusted Political Parties
• Americans had seen how factions, or opposing groups within parties, worked in Britain.
• Members of factions were often more interested in personal gain than in public good.
• Political parties could be a threat to national unity. They could lead to “jealousies and false alarms.”
24
The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
• ISSUES
1- Manufacturing or farming
2- Federal or state power
3- Strict or loose interpretation of the
Constitution
4- Britain or France
25
Hamilton’s Views1-Thought the government should encourage
manufacturing and trade.2- Favored cities and merchants.3- Federal government should have greater
power than state governments. 4-A strong federal government would
increase commerce and keep the peace.
26
5-Preferred a loose interpretation of the Constitution.
6-Believed the Constitution gave Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its duties.
7-The Bank of the United States was necessary.
8- Wanted close ties with Britain.
27
Jefferson’s View Point
1-Thought farmers were the backbone of the nation.
2-Feared manufacturing would concentrate power in the hands of a few wealthy Americans.
3-A small federal government would protect individual freedom.
4-A strong federal government might take over powers the Constitution gave to the states.
28
5-Preferred a strict interpretation. Any power not specifically given to the federal government belonged to the states.
6-The Bank of the United States was unconstitutional, or not permitted by the Constitution.
7-Wanted close ties with France.
8- laissez faire- economic term which means “let alone”.
29
Why Political Parties Developed• Hamilton and Jefferson clashed in private.• Jefferson and James Madison decided to organize the
supporters of their views. They met with leading New York politicians.
• Leaders in other states organized to support either Hamilton or Jefferson. Jefferson’s supporters called themselves Democratic Republicans. Hamilton’s supporters were called Federalists.
• Newspapers began to take sides.• The two political parties took part in the election of
1796.30
Federalists VS. Republicans• Were led by Alexander
Hamilton• Believed wealthy and well
educated should lead nation
• Favored strong central government
• Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade
• Favored loose interpretation of Constitution
• Were pro-British• Favored national bank• Favored protective tariff
• Were led by Thomas Jefferson
• Believed people should have political power
• Favored strong state governments
• Emphasized agriculture• Favored strict
interpretation of Constitution
• Were pro-French• Opposed national bank• Opposed protective tariff
31
The Election of 1796
• Republican candidates:
- Thomas Jefferson for President
- Aaron Burr for Vice-President
• Federalists candidates
- John Adams for President
- Thomas Pinckney for Vice-President
32
THE WINNERS
• PRESIDENT- John Adams
• VICE-PRESIDENT- Thomas Jefferson
33
The Second President
• How did John Adams handle the conflict with France?
• Why did the Federalist party split?
• How did the Alien and Sedition acts raise the issue of the rights of states?
• What role did Congress play in the election of 1800? 34
WHAT WILL OUR
NEW COUNTRY
LOOK LIKE?
35
John Adams and the Conflict With France
• France objected to Jay’s Treaty. The French said it favored Britain.
• French ships began to seize American ships.
• Adams sent diplomats to Paris to discuss the rights of neutral nations.
• The French foreign minister sent three agents to offer the Americans a deal. The agents asked for a $250,000 bribe and a $10 million loan to France before they would talk.
36
• Adams told Congress. Because he called the French agents X, Y, and Z, the incident became known as the XYZ Affair.
• The country would not pay the bribe, but Adams refused to ask Congress to declare war on France.
• Instead, Adams strengthened the navy by building frigates, fast-sailing ships with many guns.
37
The Federalist Party Splits
Hamilton and his Federalist supporters wanted a war with France.
• War with France would weaken the Republican party.
• War would force the United States to build up its military forces. This would increase federal power.
Adams and his Federalist supporters wanted to avoid war with France.
• Adams wanted to keep the country out of European affairs.
• He sent American diplomats to France. The new French leader agreed to stop seizing American ships.
38
The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights
During the crisis with France, Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition acts.
Alien Act
• The President could expel any alien thought to be dangerous to the country.
• The number of years immigrants had to wait to become citizens was raised from 5 to 14.
39
Sedition Act
• Sedition means stirring up rebellion against a government.
• Under this law, citizens could be fined or jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.
40
• Jefferson and the Republicans opposed the Alien and Sedition acts.
• Jefferson argued that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, a law passed by the federal government.
• Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions supporting Jefferson’s view.
41
Kentucky and Virginia resolutions• These resolutions claimed that each state “has
an equal right to judge for itself” whether a law is constitutional.
• If a state decides a law is unconstitutional, the state can nullify that law within its borders.
• These resolutions raised the issue of states’ rights.
• Does the federal government have only those powers listed in the Constitution?
• If so, the states possess all other powers.
42
Congress and the Election of 1800
• Republicans backed Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President. Federalists supported John Adams.
• Republicans won the popular vote.
• In the electoral college, Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes.
• After four days and 36 votes, the House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.
43
A Republican Takes OfficeJefferson wanted to make the government more
democratic, which means ensuring that all people have the same rights.– He made his inauguration a low-key affair instead of
a fancy one.– He preferred quiet dinners to formal parties.
44
– To show that the President was an ordinary citizen, he wore casual clothes and greeted people by shaking hands instead of bowing.
– He promised that although his party, the Republicans, were in the majority, he would not treat the Federalists harshly. In his inaugural address, he said, “The minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect.”
45
Jefferson’s Economic Policies• Jefferson believed that one way to lessen
government power was to reduce the federal budget.
• Jefferson believed in the economic idea known as laissez faire, a policy in which the government plays as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
• Instead the economy relies on a free market where goods and services are exchanged with little regulation.
46
Jefferson Reduced the Power of the Federal Government
• Tries to cut federal budget and reduce federal debt
• Promotes laissez-faire policies in economic affairs
• Decreases the size of government departments
• Reduces the size of the army and navy
• Asks Congress to repeal the whiskey tax
47
Jefferson Reduced the Power of the Federal Government
• Retains the Bank of the United States
• Continues to pay off state debts using federal money.
• Allows many Federalists to keep their government jobs
48
Chief Justice Marshall and the Supreme Court
• John Adams had appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall was a Federalist.
• Marshall found the courts to be weaker than other branches of government.
• When William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison, the case came before the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 said the Supreme Court could decide cases against federal officials.
49
• In the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison, Marshall wrote that the Constitution didn’t give the Supreme Court the right to hear such a case, and Congress could not give it the right. Therefore, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
• The decision in Marbury v. Madison set a precedent. It gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review —the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws that it considered unconstitutional.
50
The Louisiana Purchase
• Why was control of the Mississippi River important to the United States?
• How did the United States purchase Louisiana?
• What were the results of the explorations of Lewis and Clark and of Zebulon Pike?
51
Control of the Mississippi River• Farmers west of the Appalachians shipped their
crops on the Mississippi to New Orleans. From there, ships carried the produce to Atlantic ports.
• Spain controlled New Orleans. Sometimes they threatened to close the port.
• In the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans.
52
• In 1800 Spain gave Louisiana back to France. Napoleon wanted to grow food in Louisiana.
• Events in Haiti, a French colony in the Caribbean, ruined his plans. Enslaved Africans in Haiti revolted and declared their independence.
• To gain control of Louisiana, Jefferson decided to buy Louisiana.
53
Louisiana Purchase• By a treaty signed on Apr. 30, 1803, the United
States purchased from France the Louisiana Territory, more than 2 million sq km (800,000 sq miles) of land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
• The price was 60 million francs, about $15 million; $11,250,000 was to be paid directly, with the balance to be covered by the assumption by the United States of French debts to American citizens.
54
The United States Buys Louisiana
• Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to buy New Orleans and West Florida from Napoleon.
• Livingston and Monroe met with the French foreign minister. After some time, he asked them if they would like to buy all of Louisiana.
55
• Surprised, Livingston at first offered $4 million. Eventually, he and Monroe agreed to $15 million.
• No one was sure the purchase was constitutional. In the end, Jefferson decided that he did have the authority to buy Louisiana. The Senate approved the treaty, and the Louisiana Purchase went into effect.
56
The Expedition of Lewis and Clark
Purpose of the expedition, or long journey of exploration
• to map a route across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean
• to study the territory’s geography—land, climate, plants, and animals
• to learn about the Indian nations who lived there
57
The journey• Lewis and Clark left from St. Louis and crossed
the plains by way of the Missouri River. Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, and her husband agreed to accompany the party as translators.
• The Shoshones showed Lewis and Clark the best route over the Rockies. Lewis and Clark crossed the Continental Divide, the high mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides of the continent.
• The party built canoes and floated down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
• The return trip back to St. Louis took another year. 58
The Expedition of Zebulon Pike
Purpose of the journey was
• to explore the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River, and parts of present-day Colorado and New Mexico.
59
The Expedition of Zebulon Pike
The journey
• From Colorado and New Mexico, Pike entered Spanish territory. Spanish troops arrested Pike and his men and took them into Mexico.
• The party was later escorted through Texas back to the United States.
60
New Threats From Overseas
• What were the benefits and risks of overseas trade?
• How did the British and French violate the neutrality of American ships?
• Why did Jefferson decide to impose an embargo?
61
Benefits and Risks of Overseas Trade
Benefits
• Yankee traders built up a profitable trade, for example, trade with India, with China, and in the Pacific Northwest
62
Benefits and Risks of Overseas Trade
Risks
• One great risk was pirates. Pirates from the Barbary States on the north coast of North Africa attacked vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. To protect American ships, the rulers of those states demanded a yearly tribute, or bribe.
63
• When Jefferson refused to pay, one of the Barbary States, Tripoli, declared war on the United States. Jefferson blockaded the port of Tripoli. American marines launched a surprise attack. The ruler of Tripoli agreed not to interfere with American ships.
64
The British and French Violate the Neutrality of American Ships
• Britain and France went to war again in 1803.• American merchants traded with both sides.• Neither side wanted Americans to trade with
the other side. The French seized American ships bound for England. The British seized American ships bound for France.
65
The British and French Violate the Neutrality of American Ships
• The British also stepped up impressment, the practice of forcing people into service. They seized young men from English villages and both English and American-born sailors from American ships.
• Angry Americans called for war.
66
Jefferson and the Embargo• Hoping to hurt France and Britain by cutting off
supplies, Jefferson proposed an embargo, or ban on trade.
• He persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act, which hurt Britain and France but hurt Americans even more.
• Merchants protested against the embargo. Some turned to smuggling, importing or exporting goods in violation of trade laws.
67
• Jefferson used troops to enforce the embargo.
• Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had failed.
• Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Nonintercourse Act, which said Americans could trade with all nations except Britain and France.
68
The Road to War
• Why did conflicts between white settlers and Native Americans increase during the early 1800s?
• What was the goal of Tecumseh’s Native American confederation?
• Why did the War Hawks push for war against Britain?
69
Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans
• Between 1790 and 1810, 900,000 settlers moved west of the Appalachians. They built farms on Indian lands and hunted animals the Indians needed for food.
• Settlers ignored treaties that the United States government had signed with Indian nations.
70
Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans
• Fighting often broke out between Native Americans and settlers. In 1791 Indians drove settlers from Ohio.
• American forces under General Anthony Wayne defeated the Miamis and other Indian nations at Fallen Timbers, in present-day Ohio.
71
Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans
• In 1795, the Miamis and other Indian nations signed the Treaty of Greenville, in which they gave up land that would later become part of Ohio. In return, they received $20,000 and the promise of more money if they kept the peace.
72
Tecumseh’s Confederation
• What Tecumseh and his brother, “The Prophet”, believed
• They could keep settlers from taking more Indian land.
• By returning to the old ways, Indians could gain the power to resist white invaders.
73
Tecumseh’s Confederation
• What the Prophet did
• Built a village for his followers along Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana Territory.
74
Tecumseh’s Confederation
What Tecumseh did • Worked to organize Indian nations between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains into a confederation, or league.
• Called for unity against the settlers.
75
Tecumseh’s Confederation
• What the United States did
• Troops under Governor William Henry Harrison marched against Prophetstown. The Prophet led a surprise attack on Harrison’s troops. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, both sides suffered heavy losses. Harrison’s troops defeated the Prophet’s forces.
76
Why the War Hawks Pushed for War with Britain
• The British were supplying guns and ammunition to Native Americans on the frontier. They encouraged Indians to attack settlements.
• President Madison said that if either the British or French would stop seizing American ships, the United States would stop trading the other nation. France agreed to stop, so the United States traded with France but not with Britain.
77
• The War Hawks were members of Congress from the South and the West who called for war. They were stirred by nationalism, or devotion to one’s country. They said Britain was treating the United States as if it were a British colony.
• One War Hawk, Henry Clay, hoped that in a war the United States could conquer Canada.
78
• Other War Hawks said that in a war with Britain, the United States could seize Florida from Britain’s ally, Spain.
• To cut off American trade with France, British warships blockaded American ports. Finally in June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain.
79
The War of 1812
80
The United States Was Not Prepared for War
• The United States Navy had only 16 ships. The British had a huge fleet.
• The United States Army was small and ill equipped. Many officers knew little about warfare.
• The government relied on volunteers, who were poorly trained and had little experience in battle. Many deserted.
81
The War of 1812 in the West
• The invasion of Canada
• General William Hull led American troops into Canada. The Canadians made it look like their forces were large and included experienced British troops. The Americans retreated.
82
The War of 1812 in the West
• Battle of Lake Erie Captain Oliver Hazard Perry designed and built his own ships. Perry’s fleet met a British fleet on Lake Erie. The Americans won the battle.
83
The War of 1812 in the West
• Battle of the Thames General William Henry Harrison’s troops pursued a British force and their ally Tecumseh toward Canada.
The Americans won a victory at the Battle of the Thames.
Tecumseh died in the battle.
84
The War of 1812 in the West
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Andrew Jackson and American troops defeated the Creeks.
The Americans won the battle.
85
The War of 1812 in the East
Bladensburg, Maryland
British troops marching toward Washington, D.C., met American troops about 30 miles from Washington.
The British scattered the Americans.
86
The War of 1812 in the East
• Washington, D.C. • The British set fire to the White House and other buildings, then set off for Baltimore.
87
The War of 1812 in the East
• Baltimore, Maryland • The British bombarded the harbor but were unable to take Fort McHenry. They withdrew. Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” about this battle
88
The War of 1812 in the East
• New Orleans • The British attacked the city. Andrew Jackson led a strong force of frontiersmen and Choctaw Indians. Citizens of New Orleans, including African Americans, joined his forces. British losses were heavy. The American forces won a victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
89
New Englanders Protest the War
• The British blockade hurt New England’s sea trade.
• New Englanders feared that the United States might win land in Florida and Canada, which would become new states. That would make the South and the West more influential than New England.
• Delegates from New England states met at the Hartford Convention, in Hartford, Connecticut. They threatened to leave the Union if the war continued. 90
New Englanders Protest the War
• While the Hartford Convention was still meeting, news of a peace treaty arrived.
• The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. It was named after the city in Belgium where it was signed.
• In the treaty, Britain and the United States agreed to go back to the way things were before the war.
91