16th century From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This world map by Gerardus Mercator (1587) besides the classical continents Europe, Africa and Asia shows the Americas as America sive India Nova, New Guinea and other islands of Southeast Asia as well as a yet undetermined Terra Australis. The Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance Mona Lisa, by Leonardo Da Vinci, c. 15031506, one of the world's most well-known paintin gs. Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 15th century 16th century 17th century Decades: 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s Categories: Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century lasted from 1501 to 160 0. It is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the world's seas and opened worl d-wide oceanic trade routes. Large parts of the New World became Spanish and Portug uese colonies, and while the Portuguese became the masters of Asia's and Africa's Indi an Ocean trade, the Spanish opened trade across the Pacific Ocean, linking the Americ as with Asia. In Europe, the Protestant Reformation gave a major blow to the authority of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic Church. European politics became dominated by religious conf licts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking th e title of Caliph, while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by ma jor popularity of the once-obscure Shiite sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dyn asty of warrior-mystics, providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority-Sun ni Muslim world. China evacuated the coastal areas, because of Japanese piracy. Japan was suffering un der a severe civil war at the time. Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great extended the power of the Mughal Empire to cover m ost of the Indian sub continent. His rule significantly influenced arts, culture, and religio us tolerance in the region. Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measur ement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way Super Nova. These events directly challe nged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotl e, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. Contents 1 Events

1.1 Undated 1.2 1500s 1.3 1510s 1.4 1520s 1.5 1530s 1.6 1540s 1.7 1550s 1.8 1560s 1.9 1570s 1.10 1580s 1.11 1590s 2 Significant people 2.1 Exploration 2.2 Visual artists 2.3 Musicians and Composers 2.4 Literature 2.5 Science and Philosophy 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 See also 5 References 6 Decades and years Events Undated Polybius' "The Histories" translated in to Italian, English, German and French.[1] Mississippian culture disappears. Medallion rug, variant Star Ushak style, Anatolia (modern Turkey), is made. It is now ke pt at The Saint Louis Art Museum. Portrait of a Woman by Bartolomeo Veneto, traditionally assumed to be Lucrezia Borgia. She was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI. Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition that circumnavigated the globe in 151915 22. 1500s 1500: Guru Nanak The beginning and spreading of the 5th largest Religion in the World Sikhism. 1500: Spanish navigator Vicente Yez Pinzn encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas. 1500: Portuguese navigator Pedro lvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal. 1500: The Ottoman fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians at the Second Battle of L epanto. 1501: Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David. 1501: Safavid dynasty reunified Iran and ruled over it until 1736. Safavids adopt a Shia branch of Islam.[2] 1502: First reported African slaves in The New World 1503: Foundation of the Sultanate of Sennar by Amara Dunqas, in what is modern Sud an 1503: Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola. Considered to be the first battle i n history won by gunpowder small arms. 1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three or four y ears later. 1503: Nostradamus was born on either December 14, or December 21.

1504: A period of drought, with famine in all of Spain. 1505: Zhengde Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty. 1506: King Afonso I of Kongo wins the battle of Mbanza Kongo, resulting in Catholicism becoming Kongo's state religion. 1506: At least two thousand converted Jews are massacred in a Lisbon riot. 1506: Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid, Spain. 1506: Poland is invaded by Tatars from the Crimean Khanate. 1507: The first recorded epidemic of smallpox in the New World occurs on the island of Hispaniola and decimates the native Tano population.[3] 1509: The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice tra de. Gun-wielding Ottoman Janissaries and defending Knights of Saint John at the Siege of R hodes in 1522, from an Ottoman manuscript. Spanish conquistadors with their Tlaxcallan allies fighting against the Otomies of Metzti tlan in present day Mexico, a 16th century codex 1510s 150910: The 'great plague' afflicts various parts of Tudor England.[4] 1511: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Sultanat e of Malacca. 1512: Copernicus writes Commentariolus, and moves the sun to the center of the solar system. 1512: The southern part (historical core) of the Kingdom of Navarre is invaded by Castil e and Aragon. 1513: Machiavelli writes The Prince, a treatise about political philosophy 1513: The Portuguese mariner Jorge lvares lands at Macau, China, during the Ming Dy nasty. 1513: Henry VIII crush the French at the Battle of the Spurs. 1513: The Battle of Flodden Field in which invading Scots are defeated by Henry VIII's f orces. 1513: Sultan Selim I ("The Grim") orders the massacre of Shia Muslims in Anatolia. 1513: Vasco Nez de Balboa, in service of Spain arrives at the Pacific Ocean (which h e called Mar del Sur) across the Isthmus of Panama. He was the first European to do so. 1514: The Battle of Orsha halts Muscovy's expansion into Eastern Europe. 1514: The Battle of Chaldiran, the Ottoman Empire gains decisive victory against Safav id dynasty. 1515: The Ottoman Empire wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids after the Battle o f Chaldiran. 151617: The Ottomans defeat the Mamluks and gain control of Egypt, Arabia, and the Levant. 1517: The Sweating sickness epidemic hits Tudor England.[5] 1517: The Protestant Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Sa xony. 1518: Mir Chakar Khan Rind leaves Baluchistan and settled in Punjab. 1519: Leonardo da Vinci dies of natural causes at May 2. 1519: Wang Yangming, the Chinese philosopher and governor of Jiangxi province, desc ribes his intent to use the firepower of the fo-lang-ji, a breech-loading Portuguese culve rin, in order to suppress the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chen-hao. 1519: Barbary pirates led by Hayreddin Barbarossa raid Provence and Toulon in southe rn France. 1519: Charles I of Spain becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V, Holy Ro man Emperor (ruled until 1556). 151922: Spanish expedition commanded by Magellan and Elcano first to circle Earth

151921: Hernn Corts leads the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. 1520s Martin Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) 15201566: The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent marks the zenith of the Ottoman Em pire. 1520: The first European diplomatic mission to Ethiopia, sent by the Portuguese, arrive s at Massawa 9 April, and reaches the imperial encampment of Emperor Dawit II in She wa 9 October. 1521: Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman Empire. 1521: After building fortifications at Tuen Mun, the Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty China, but are expelled by Chinese naval forces. 1521: Philippines encountered by Ferdinand Magellan. He was later killed in battle in ce ntral Philippines in the same year. 1521: Jiajing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty. 1522: Rhodes falls to the Ottoman Turks of Suleiman the Magnificent.[6] 1523: Sweden gains independence from the Kalmar Union. 152425: German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire. 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of Nor th America between South Carolina and Newfoundland. 1524 - Ismail I, the founder of Safavid dynasty, dead and Tahmasp I became king. 1525: Spain and Germany defeat France at the Battle of Pavia, Francis I of France is ca ptured. 1526: The Ottomans defeat the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohcs. 1526: Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, rules India until 1857. 1527: Sack of Rome, which is considered the end of the Italian Renaissance. 1527: Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. 1529: The Austrians defeat the Ottoman Empire at the Siege of Vienna. 1529: Treaty of Zaragoza defined the antimeridian of Tordesillas attributing the Molucc as to Portugal and Philippines to Spain. 1529: Imam Ahmad Gragn defeats the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit II in the Battle of Shim bra Kure, the opening clash of the EthiopianAdal War 1530s Hans Holbein the Younger, c.15361537, Henry VIII, King of England and Ireland. Vasily III, Grand Duke of Moscow by Andr Thvet. 153132: The Church of England breaks away from the Roman Catholic Church and rec ognizes King Henry VIII as the head of the Church. 1531: The Inca Civil War is fought between the two brothers, Atahualpa and Huscar. 1532: Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. 1533: Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England. 1533: Elizabeth Tudor is born. 1534: Jacques Cartier claims Quebec for France. 1534: The Ottomans capture Baghdad. 1534: Affair of the Placards Francis becomes more active in repression of French Prot estants. 1535: The Mnster Rebellion, an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establi sh a theocracy ends in bloodshed. 1536: Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle. 1536: Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery and treason.

1536: Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal 1536: Foundation of Buenos Aires by Pedro de Mendoza 1537: Portuguese establishes Recife in Pernambuco, north-east of Brazil. 1537: William Tyndale's partial translation of the Bible into English is published, which would eventually be incorporated into the King James Bible. 1538: Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada founds Bogot. 1538: SpanishVenetian fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Preveza. 1539: Hernando de Soto explores inland North America. 1540s 1541: Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. 1541: An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain (Habsburg) is unsuccessful. 1541: Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana. 1541: Capture of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoma n Empire. 1541: Sahib I Giray of Crimea invade Russia. 1542: War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henr y VIII is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allie d to the French. 1543: Ethiopian/Portuguese troops decisively defeat the Muslim army at the Battle of Wayna Daga; Imam Ahmad Gragn killed. 1543: The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japa n. 1544: The French defeat an ImperialSpanish army at the Battle of Ceresole. 1544: Battle of the Shirts in Scotland. The Frasers and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship; reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive. 1545: Songhai forces sack the Malian capital of Niani 1545: The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent. 1546: Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica. 1547: Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehall on 28 January at the age of 55. 1547: Edward VI becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20 February at the age of 9. 1547: Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle o f Mhlberg. 1547: Grand Prince Ivan the Terrible is crowned tsar of (All)Russia, thenceforth becomi ng the first Russian tsar. 1548: Battle of Uedahara: Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japa n, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo. 1548: The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast; these Hai jin laws came during the Woko u wars with Japanese pirates. 1549: Tom de Souza establishes Salvador in Bahia, north-east of Brazil. An old Japanese painting depicting the battle of Kawanakajima during the Warring Stat es period (14671615). 1550s Hans Eworth, Queen Mary, c. 1555-1558 1550: Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and besiege Beijing. 15501551: Valladolid debate concerning the existence of souls in Amerindians 1551: Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes t he first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease. 1551: North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, b etween 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya.

1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan. 1553: Mary Tudor becomes the first queen regnant of England. 1553: Portuguese found a settlement at Macau. 1554: Portuguese missionaries Jos de Anchieta and Manuel da Nbrega establishes S o Paulo, southeast Brazil. 1555: The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company. 1556: Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni B attista Ramusio, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustr ation of Indian village Hochelaga. See[7] 1556: The Shaanxi Earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake. 1556: Georgius Agricola, the "Father of Mineralogy", publishes his De re metallica. 1556: Akbar the Great defeats the Sultan of Bengal at the Second battle of Panipat 1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate. 15561605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquest s. 1556: Mir Chakar Khan Rind captured Delhi with Emperor Humayun. 1556: Pomponio Algerio, radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of the R oman inquisition. 1557: Due to high debts, Habsburg Spain declares bankruptcy. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596. 1557: The Portuguese settle in Macau. 1557: The Ottomans capture Massawa, all but isolating Ethiopia from the rest of the wo rld. 1558 Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25. 15581603: The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance. 155883: Livonian War between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denm ark and Russia. 1558: After 200 years, the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France. 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrsis, the Italian Wars conclude. Suleiman the Magnificent 14941566. 1560s School of Franois Clouet, c. 15601561, Mary, Queen of Scots. 1560: Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba. 1560: Erzsebet Bathory is born in Nyirbator, Hungary. 1560: By winning the Battle of Okehazama, Oda Nobunaga becomes one of the pre-em inent warlords of Japan 1561: Sir Francis Bacon is born in London. 1561: Guido de Bres draws up the Belgic Confession of Protestant faith. 1562: Mughal leader Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into t he powerful Rajput Hindu caste. 156298: French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots. 1562: Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux in the French Wars of Religion. 1563: Plague outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan England. In London alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease. 1564: Galileo Galilei born on February 15 1564: William Shakespeare baptized 26 April 1565: Battle of Talikota fought between the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar and the Dec can sultanates. 1565: Mir Chakar Khan Rind died age of 97. 1565: Estcio de S establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. 1565: The Hospitallers defeat the Ottoman Empire at the Siege of Malta (1565). 1565: Miguel Lpez de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the P

hilippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred y ears. 1565: Spanish navigator Andres de Urdaneta discovers the maritime route from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, also known as the tornaviaje. 15661648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands. 1567: After 45 years' reign, Jiajing Emperor died in the Forbidden City, Longqing Emper or ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty. 1567: Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned by Elizabeth I. 15681571: Morisco Revolt in Spain. 15681600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan. 1569: Rising of the North in England. 1569: The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which l asts until 1795. 1570s Oda Nobunaga. Nicholas Hilliard, Sir Francis Drake in 1581 1570: Ivan the Terrible orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod. 1571: Pope Pius V completes the Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Tu rks. 1571: The Spanish-led Holy League navy destroys the Ottoman Empire navy at the Bat tle of Lepanto. 1571: Crimean Tatars attack and sack Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin. 1571: American Indians kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be Jamestown, Vir ginia. 1571: Spanish conquistador Miguel Lpez de Legazpi establishes Manila, Philippines as the capital of the Spanish East Indies. 1572: Brielle is taken from Habsburg Spain by Protestant Watergeuzen in the Capture o f Brielle, in the Eighty Years' War. 1572: Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcaba mba, Peru, and execute him in Cuzco. 1572: Catherine de' Medici instigates the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre which takes the lives of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny and thousands of Huguenots. The viol ence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside. 1572: First edition of the epic The Lusiads of Lus Vaz de Cames, three years after the author returned from the East. 1572: The 9 years old Taizi, Zhu Yijun ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty, known as Wanli Emperor. 1573: After heavy losses on both sides the Siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory. 1574: in the Eighty Years' War the capital of Zeeland, Middelburg declares for the Prote stants. 1574: After a siege of 4 months the Siege of Leiden ends in a comprehensive Dutch vic tory. 1575: Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress. 1576: Tahmasp I, Safavid king, died. 1576: Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers. 157780: Francis Drake circles the world. 1578: King Sebastian of Portugal is killed at the Battle of Alcazarquivir. 1579: The Union of Utrecht unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later Dutch Republic. 1579: The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands, a foundation for the later st ates of the Spanish Netherlands, the Austrian Netherlands and Belgium 1580s

Portrait of Ivan the Terrible George Gower, c. 1588, Queen Elizabeth I of England Wanli Emperor of Ming China 1580: Drake's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions, influences Phili p II of Spain to build up the Spanish Armada. English ships in Spanish harbours are imp ounded. 1580: Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II. The struggle for the throne of Portugal ends the Portuguese Empire. The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 yea rs, i.e. until 1640. 1582: Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar. 1582: Yermak Timofeyevich conquers the Siberia Khanate on behalf of the Stroganovs. 158485: After the Siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam. Accord ing to Luc-Normand Tellier, "At its peak, between 1510 and 1557, Antwerp concentrate d about 40% of the world trade...It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning th e Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Americas."[8] 15851604: The Anglo-Spanish War is fought on both sides of the Atlantic. 1587 - The reign of Abbas I marks the zenith of the Safavid dynasty. 1588: England repulses the Spanish Armada. 1589: Spain repulses the English Armada. 1590s 1591: Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow. 1591: In Mali, Moroccan forces of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur led by Judar Pasha defea t the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi. 15921593: John Stow reports 10,675 plague deaths in London, a city of approximately 200,000 people. 159298: Korea, with the help of Ming Dynasty China, repels two Japanese invasions. 15931606: The Long War between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Turks. 1596: Birth of Ren Descartes. 1598: The Edict of Nantes ends the French Wars of Religion. 1598: Abbas I moved Safavids capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1598. 15981613: Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles. 1599: The Mali Empire is defeated at the Battle of Jenn 1600: Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome. 1600: Battle of Sekigahara in Japan. End of the Warring States period and beginning of the Edo period. Significant people Title page of the First Folio, 1623. Copper engraving of Shakespeare by Martin Droesho ut. Spanish writer and playwright Miguel de Cervantes, painting by Jauregui, c.1610 Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of Sir Thomas More, 1527, oil on wood, 74.2 x 59 c m, The Frick Collection, New York John Calvin Michelangelo Buonarroti

Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Albrecht Drer Galileo Galilei Niccol Machiavelli Baldassare Castiglione. Portrait by Raphael. Nicolaus Copernicus Vasco de Gama Leonardo da Vinci, famous artist and inventor and scientist (1452 1519). Henry VII of England, founder of the Tudor dynasty. Introduced ruthlessly efficient mec hanisms of taxation which restored the kingdom after a state of virtual bankruptcy due to the effects of the Wars of the Roses (1457 1509). Ismail I (1487-1524) reunified Persia, established Safavid dynasty and declared Shia Isl am as the state religion. Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterd am) (October 27, 1466/1469, Rotterdam July 12, 1536 Basel was a Dutch Renaissance humanist and Catholic Christian theologian. Zygmunt I the Old, King of Poland, established a conscription army and the bureaucrac y needed to finance it (1467 1548). Gyrgy Dzsa, leader of the peasants' revolt in Hungary (1470 1514) Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter and sculptor (1475 1564). Raphael, Italian painter, (1483 1520) Martin Luther, German religious reformer (1483 1546). Giovanni Battista Ramusio (20 July 1485 10 July 1557), diplomat and secretary of cou ncil of Ten of Venice Italy, author of Delle Navigationi et Viaggi. Third volume (terzo vol ume) containing plan La Terra de Hochelaga showing village of Hochelaga. King Henry VIII of England, founder of Anglicanism (1491 1547). Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII. She was the first Queen of England to be e xecuted, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I. (c. 1501 - 1536) William Shakespeare, 15641616)[a] was an English poet and playwright, widely regar ded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramati st.[1] He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (1491 1556). Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland 24 Septem ber 1541 in Salzburg, Austria), Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist. King Francis I of France, considered the first Renaissance monarch of his Kingdom (149 4 1547). Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Conqueror and legal reformer (1494 1566). Abbas I, the strongest king of Safavid dynasty (1571-1629). King Gustav I of Sweden, restored Swedish sovereignty and introduced Protestantism i n Sweden (14961560). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the first to reign as King of Spain. Involved in almo st constant conflict with France and the Ottoman Empire while promoting the Spanish c olonization of the Americas (1500 1558). Cuauhtmoc, the last Tlatoani of the Aztec, led the native resistance against the Conqu istadores (1502 1525).

Michel Nostradamus, French astrologer and doctor, author of Les Propheties, a book of world prophecies (1503 1566). Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Somali Imam and general (1507 1543). Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 August 19, 1580), one of the most influential arc hitect of the Western architecture John Calvin, theologian, and reformer. Founder of Calvinism (1509 1564). Manus Domhnaill (Manus O'Donnell), King of Tr Chonaill in Ulster. Irish Renaissance prince (died 1564). Andreas Vesalius, anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). (15141564) Mary I of England. Attempted to counter the Protestant Reformation in her domains. Ni cknamed Bloody Mary for her Religious persecution (1516 1558). Andrea Amati, (c. 1520 c. 1578) was the earliest maker of violins whose instruments still survive today. John Knox (c. 1510 1572) was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Refo rmation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination. King Philip II of Spain. It was first said of his empire that "the sun did not set". Strong d efender of Catholicism and self-proclaimed leader of Counter-Reformation (1527 159 8). Ivan IV of Russia, first Russian tsar (15331584). William the Silent, William I of Orange-Nassau, main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish (15331584). Elizabeth I of England, central figure of the Elizabethan era (1533 1603). She was the granddaughter of the aforementioned Henry VII, daughter of Henry VIII and paternal ha lf-sister of Mary I. Though some within her court thought of her merely as a bastard, be cause her father executed her supposedly criminal mother Anne Boleyn, her reign is sti ll considered one of the greatest ever in England's history. Oda Nobunaga, daimyo of the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. First ruler of the Az uchi-Momoyama period (1534 1582). Toyotomi Hideyoshi, daimyo of the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. Second ruler of the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1536 1598). Edward VI of England, notable for further differentiating Anglicanism from the practices of the Roman Catholic Church (1537 1553). Lady Jane Grey, Queen regnant of England and Ireland. Notably deposed by popular re volt (1537 1554). Mary, Queen of Scots, First female head of the House of Stuart (1542 1587). Akbar the Great, third Mughal emperor, who led the Mughal Empire to its zenith (1542 1605) Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch politician and Grand Pensionary, played a pivotal role in organizing the Dutch revolt against Spain (1542 1619). Admiral Yi Sun-sin, Korean admiral, respected as one of the greatest admirals in world history. (1545 1598). Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit who traveled to Macau, China in 1582, and died in Beijing, (1 552 1610) King Henry IV of France and Navarre, ended the French Wars of Religion and reunited t he kingdom under his command (1553 1610). Michael the Brave, ruler of Walachia, national symbol of Romanians for uniting the thre e provinces under his rule in 1600 (1558 1601) Wanli Emperor, Emperor of China during the Ming Dynasty, aided Korea in the Imjin Wa r, (1563 1620) Sigismund III Vasa, the first and only monarch of the PolishSwedish union; his long rei gn in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth coincided with the apex of the Commonwea lth's prestige, power and economic influence (1566 1632). Exploration

See also: Exploration Vasco Nez de Balboa (c. 14751519) Spanish explorer. The first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and view the Pacific ocean from American shores. Pedro lvares Cabral, Portuguese navigator. The first European to arrive in Brazil in 22 April 1500 (c. 1467 1520). Jacques Cartier (14911557) French explorer. Discovered Canada. Francisco Vsquez de Coronado (c. 15101554) Spanish explorer. Searched for the Se ven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process Hernn Corts, Spanish Conquistador (1485 1547). Andrs de Urdaneta (c. 1498-1568) was a Spanish navigator, friar and circumnavigator. In 1565 he discovered the maritime path from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific. Sir Francis Drake (c. 15401596) English explorer. The first English captain to sail aro und the world and survive. Juan Sebastin Elcano (14761526) Spanish explorer. Completed the first circumnavi gation of the globe in a single expedition after its captain, Magellan, was killed. Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator. The first one to sail around the Cape of Good H ope (c. 1469 1524). Juan Ponce de Len (c. 14601521) Spanish explorer. He explored Florida while attem pting to locate a Fountain of Youth. Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese navigator who sailed around the world (1480 1521). Francisco de Orellana (15111546) Spanish explorer in 154142 sails the length of th e Amazon River. Francisco Pizarro (c. 14751541) Spanish explorer and conquistador. Conquered the I nca Empire. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) Spanish explorer. Explored Florida, mainly northwe st Florida, and discovered the Mississippi River. Yermak Timofeyevich (c. 15321585) - Russian cossack ataman. Conquered the Khanat e of Siberia Luis Vez de Torres (c. 15651607) Spanish or Portuguese navigator. Explored the Paci fic for the Spanish crown and crossed the strait that bears his name in northern Austral ia. Giovanni da Verrazzano (c. 14851528) Italian explorer for France. Explored the north east coast of America, from about present day South Carolina to Newfoundland. Visual artists See also: Artists of the Tudor court, Renaissance painting, Italian Renaissance painting, and Renaissance sculpture Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter and sculptor (1475 1564). Caravaggio, Italian artist (1571 1610). Albrecht Drer, German artist, (1471 1528) Hans Holbein the Younger, German artist, (1497 1543) Raphael, Italian painter, (1483 1520) Donato Bramante (1444 March 11, 1514) Titian, Italian painter, (c. 1485 1576) Paolo Veronese, Italian painter, (1528 April 19, 1588) Leonardo da Vinci famous artist and inventor and scientist (1452 1519). Qiu Ying, Chinese painter who belonged to the Wu School and used gongbi brush style (1494 1552) Pieter Bruegel the Elder, (c. 1525 September 9, 1569) Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568 January 13, 1625) Tintoretto (real name Jacopo Comin; September 29, 1518 May 31, 1594) Lucas Cranach the Elder (14721553) Lucas Cranach the Younger (15151586) El Greco (1541 April 7, 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Re

naissance Mimar Sinan (14891588) was a civil engineer and chief architect of the Ottoman Empi re Domenico Fontana (1543 June 28, 1607) was an architect Musicians and Composers See also: List of Baroque composers Andrea Amati (c. 1520 c. 1578) Felice Anerio (c. 15601614) Adriano Banchieri (c. 15571634) Giovanni Bassano (c. 15581617) William Brade (15601630) John Bull (c. 15621628) Giulio Caccini (c. 15451618) Dario Castello (c. 1560c. 1640) Emilio de' Cavalieri (c. 1550March 11, 1602) Jacques Champion (before 15551642) Manuel Rodrigues Coelho (c. 1555c. 1635) John Dowland (15631626) Giles Farnaby (15651640) Alfonso Fontanelli (15571622) Hans Leo Hassler (15621612) Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia (15651627) Joseph Lupo Peter Lupo (c. 1535-1608) Thomas Lupo (c. 1571-c. 1627) Ascanio Mayone (15651627) Giovanni Bernardino Nanino (c. 15601623) Johannes Nucius (c. 15561620) Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, (15251594) Jacopo Peri (15611633) Peter Philips (c. 15601628) Hieronymus Praetorius (15601629) Paolo Quagliati (c. 15551628) Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (15621621) Jean Titelouze (15631633) Lodovico Grossi da Viadana (15641627) Literature See also: Renaissance, 16th century in literature, 16th century in poetry, Elizabethan lit erature, Renaissance literature, Early Modern literature, and Dutch Renaissance and G olden Age literature Juan Martnez de Juregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet and painter, (1483 1541) Lus de Cames, Portuguese poet (c. 1524 1580). Baldassare Castiglione, Italian author (1478 1529) Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author (1547 1616). John Donne, English metaphysical poet (1572 1631) John Ford, English dramatist (1586 c. 1640). Thomas Heywood, English dramatist (c, early 1570s 1641) Ben Jonson, English dramatist (c.1572 1637) Jan Kochanowski, Polish poet (1530 1584) Fuzl, Azerbaijani poet (1483 1556) Thomas Kyd, English dramatist (1558 1594) Thomas Lodge, English dramatist (1558 1625) Niccol Machiavelli, Italian author (1469 1527)

Christopher Marlowe, English poet and dramatist (1564 1593). Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (1533 1592). Thomas More, English politician and author (1478 1535). Miyamoto Musashi, famous warrior in Japan, author of The Book of Five Rings, a treaty on strategy and martial combat. (1584 1645) Franois Rabelais, French author (c. 1493 1553). Mikoaj Rej, Polish writer (1505 1569). Pierre de Ronsard, French poet. Called the 'Prince of poets' of his generation. (1524 1 585). William Shakespeare, English playwright (1564 1616). Edmund Spenser, English poet (c. 1552 1599) Bk, Ottoman Turkish poet. He was known as "Sultan of poets" (1526 1600) Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist (1562 1635). Science and Philosophy See also: Scientific Revolution Mulla Sadra, (1571-1641), the single most important and influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years who introduced Transcendent Theosophy o r al-hikmah al-muta'liyah .[9][10] Sir Francis Bacon, (1561 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, and essayist. He is also known as a catalyst of the scientific revolution. Tycho Brahe, (1546 1601), Danish astronomer. Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher and astronomer/astrologer (1548 1600). Nicolaus Copernicus, (1473 1543) astronomer, developed the heliocentric (Sun-cente red) theory using scientific methods. Galileo Galilei (1564[11] 1642) was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astro nomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. Konrad Gessner (1516 1565) was a Swiss naturalist, bibliographer, Botanist, His thre e-volume Historiae animalium (15511558) is considered the beginning of modern zool ogy William Gilbert, also known as Gilberd, (1544 1603) was an English physician and a n atural philosopher. Johannes Kepler, (1571 - 1630), mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who play ed a major role in the scientific revolution. Gerardus Mercator (5 March 1512 2 December 1594), famous cartographer Emery Molyneux (died June 1598), was an Elizabethan maker of globes, mathematical i nstruments and ordnance. His terrestrial and celestial globes, first published in 1592, w ere the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman. Andreas Vesalius (Brussels, December 31, 1514 Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was a n anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anat omy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is ofte n referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. Edward Wright, (baptized 1561; died 1615), English mathematician and cartographer w ho determined the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection and produced the firs t maps in England according to this method Inventions, discoveries, introductions Related article: List of 16th century inventions. The Columbian Exchange introduces many plants, animals and diseases to the Old and New Worlds. Introduction of the spinning wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe. The letter J is introduced into the English alphabet. 1500: First portable watch is created by Peter Henlein of Germany. 1513: Juan Ponce de Len sights Florida and Vasco Nez de Balboa sights the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean.

151922: Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastin Elcano lead the first circumnavigatio n of the World. 15191540: In America, Hernando de Soto expeditions map the Gulf of Mexico coastlin e and bays. 1525: Modern square root symbol () 1540: Francisco Vsquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyon. 154142: Francisco de Orellana sails the length of the Amazon River. 1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve aro und the Sun 1545: Theory of complex numbers is first developed by Gerolamo Cardamo of Italy. 1558: Camera obscura is first used in Europe by Giambattista della Porta of Italy. 15591562: Spanish settlements in Alabama/Florida and Georgia confirm dangers of hu rricanes and local native warring tribes. 1565: Spanish settlers outside New Spain (Mexico) colonize Florida's coastline at St. Au gustine. 1565: Invention of the graphite pencil (in a wooden holder) by Conrad Gesner. Moderni zed in 1812. 1568: Gerardus Mercator creates the first Mercator Projection map. 1572: Supernova SN 1572 is observed by Tycho Brahe in the Milky Way. 1582: Gregorian calendar is introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIII and adopted by catholic countries. c. 1583: Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy identifies the constant swing of a pendulum, leadin g to development of reliable timekeepers. 1585: earliest known reference to the 'sailing carriage' in China. 1589: William Lee invents the stocking frame. 1591: First flush toilet is introduced by Sir John Harrington of England, the design publis hed under the title 'The Metamorphosis of Ajax'. 1593: Galileo Galilei invents a thermometer. 1596: William Barents discovers Spitsbergen. 1597: Opera in Florence by Jacopo Peri. See also Entertainment in the 16th century . References ^ Polybius: "The Rise Of The Roman Empire", Page 36, Penguin, 1979. ^ 16th Century Timeline (1501 to 1600) ^ "History of Smallpox Smallpox Through the Ages". Texas Department of State Healt h Services. ^ "A LIST OF NATIONAL EPIDEMICS OF PLAGUE IN ENGLAND 1348-1665". Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-04-25. ^ The Sweating Sickness. Story of London.. Accessed 2009-04-25. Archived 2009-05-0 3. ^ Life Span of Suleiman the Magnificent 1494-1566 ^ http://jacquescartier.org/plan-hochelaga/index.html ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Urban world history: an economic and geographical per spective". PUQ. p.308. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5 ^ Leaman (2007), p.146 ^ Mulla Sadra (Sadr al-Din Muhammad al-Shirazi) (1571/2-1640) by John Cooper ^ Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherw ise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.

Decades and years Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_century&oldid=502049 121" Categories: 2nd millennium16th centuryCenturiesEarly Modern period