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Early Medieval Art Castles, Cathedrals and Manuscripts

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Castles, Cathedrals and Manuscripts

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Page 1: Early Medieval Romanesque

Early Medieval ArtCastles, Cathedrals and Manuscripts

Page 2: Early Medieval Romanesque

Background - Where did we leave off?

after the center of Roman power is moved to Byzantium, by the 5th Century, the Eastern portion of the empire is successful, now known as the Byzantine Empire—and continues on for almost a 1000 years

meanwhile, the Western Roman empire weakens and falls victim to Barbarian invaders and is virtually powerless by the end of the 5th century

Page 3: Early Medieval Romanesque

often called the “Dark Ages”, this period in Western Europe saw the rise of common law, universities, present-day languages and national states

during these trying times the Church ruled as it was the only stable institution remaining

everyone lived their lives in service to the Church as preparation for eternity

The so-called Dark Ages?

Page 4: Early Medieval Romanesque

Charlemagne was crowned Emperor on Christmas day in the year 800 and became the first Holy Roman Emperor

his domain grew to include all of the former Roman territory except Britain, Spain, Southern Italy and Africa

Charlemagneout of the chaos arises the Carolingian dynasty, stable for 150 years

one of its greatest leaders was Charles the Great (aka Charlemagne), King of the Franks

Page 5: Early Medieval Romanesque

he ordered every monastery and abbey to establish a school where students could learn arithmetic, grammar and psalms

preserved ancient manuscripts

hired scholars from England and Ireland to rewrite old texts and make new ones

center of empire was Aix-la-Chapelle (present day Aachen)

Palace chapel of Charlemagne

Aachen, Germany.

792-805 CE

Page 6: Early Medieval Romanesque

strong government ended after his death in 814

again western Europe is in shambles

weak central government and the need for protection leads to the formation of Feudalism (land is the source of wealth and power)

Post-Charlemagne

Page 7: Early Medieval Romanesque

in this system, weak noblemen give up their land for powerful lords in return for protection and remain on the land as administrators

• the serfs, or poor peasants, remained to work the land (for payment of protection) and were allowed to keep only enough food to feed themselves

• groups of monks lived and studied behind the protected walls of monasteries

• many early monasteries were built of wood and did not survive

Page 8: Early Medieval Romanesque

Village Church, Ujue, Spain

11th Century

Page 9: Early Medieval Romanesque

Monastery of San Juan de la Pena, Spain c. 922

Page 10: Early Medieval Romanesque

Codex format (like the books we know today) invented as early as the 3rd Century BCE

papyrus scrolls still common up to 1st Century

until the development of the printing press in the 15th Century, Western books (Codices) were made by hand

The Codex

most people were illiterate

this was the work of monks who took pride in this work

Page 11: Early Medieval Romanesque

symbols used to identify the four Evangelists (Matthew-angel, Mark – lion, Luke – bull, John – eagle)

focus was on inner expressive qualities, feelings and ideas rather than formal and literal renderings

often decorated with miniature paintings done with silver, gold and rich colours

portrayed information in beautiful and complex ways

books written in Latin using beautifully designed letters

Page 12: Early Medieval Romanesque

Franco-Saxon Gospels, c. 850

St. John

Flat Space with few to no shadows

Complex, precise celtic knotwork used as a

border

Dramatic lines in robes

Page 13: Early Medieval Romanesque

St. John - Detail*Note the Bright Colours...

Page 14: Early Medieval Romanesque

Carolingian Manuscript

from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims

c. 830

St. Matthew

Even more Dramatic Drapery Lines!

Awkward Perspective and Some

background, but not realistic

Page 15: Early Medieval Romanesque

c. 870, gold and semiprecious stones

Lindau Gospels - Back

Cover

Extremely Expensive - not for the general

public!

Incredibly Ornate Knotwork

Page 16: Early Medieval Romanesque

The AnnunciationLeaf from a

Breviary or MissalGerman

12th CenturyColours and gold

leaf on vellum

*few shadows, reduced depth, symbolism

Page 17: Early Medieval Romanesque

by 11th Century, Romanesque style accepted throughout most of Western Europe

Feudal system reaches its peak during this period

constant disputes and open conflict as lords, noblemen and kings were constantly fighting each other to protect or add more land

Romanesque Art

Page 18: Early Medieval Romanesque

fortification of dwellings begins

by 12th Century the stone castle emerges as the symbol of authority

Castle of Penafiel, Spain c. 14th Century

Page 19: Early Medieval Romanesque

Romanesque Architecture

thick outer walls eliminated windows

Page 20: Early Medieval Romanesque

drafty rooms sparsely furnished and lacked decoration

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stairs were steep and passageways dark and narrow making movement difficult

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occasionally tapestries were hung to keep dampness out

the great hall was where meals were served

Page 23: Early Medieval Romanesque

only warmth came from fireplaces

Page 24: Early Medieval Romanesque

growth of trade and industry in the 13th Century brought about an economy based on money rather than land

cities sprang up, and castles became more and more obsolete

City WallsCity WallsRiver Adaja, SpainRiver Adaja, Spain

11th Century11th Century

2.4 km long2.4 km long8 towers8 towers9 gates9 gates

Shift to Fortified Cities

unsettling times still necessitated the use of protective walls

Page 25: Early Medieval Romanesque

as towns expanded in population, these walls forced buildings to become higher (as high as several stories)buildings also were built out over the foundations below

Page 26: Early Medieval Romanesque

at the center of every town stood a church

entire community joined in when a new church was needed

Church of Santa Maria, Spain12th to 13th centuries

Page 27: Early Medieval Romanesque

Church of Santiago de Compostela,

Spain11th to 13th centuries

• worshippers would embark on a difficult journey to

pilgrimage churches which were built larger and larger

• people believed that praying for a saint would assure plentiful harvests,

cures for diseases, and the promise of eternal salvation• soon churches and shelters were built along these routes

Page 28: Early Medieval Romanesque

Radiating Chapels

larger number of clergy involved led to construction of more altars

these chapels projected out from the buildings near the apse and were a common element of Romanesque structures

Santillana del Mar Collegiate Church, Apse exterior

Page 29: Early Medieval Romanesque

• the need for stone roofs led to rebirth of this Roman building technique: barrel vaults• the thick walls and lack of windows led to the term “fortresses of God”

The Barrel Vault

Page 30: Early Medieval Romanesque

Romanesque Church

San Sernin, Toulouse, France

c. 1080-1120

Page 31: Early Medieval Romanesque

• inside is spacious but dark and gloomy• no surprises; nave, side aisles, transept and apse are quickly

identified• not fancy or ornate• feels like a stone

castlePlan of

Romanesque Church

Page 32: Early Medieval Romanesque

• relief sculptures were commonly found on the tympanum (half round panel over the doorway of the church) and the capitals of the columns inside

West portal and tympanum, Leyre Monastery, Spain, 12th Century

Romanesque brought about a revival of the sculptor’s craft• churches used relief sculptures as a way to teach the illiterate

Page 33: Early Medieval Romanesque

• position of tympanum was ideal for worshippers gaze• shape of tympanum demanded larger figures

towards the center and smaller ones to the sides• popular subjects like the last judgment were well-

suited

Page 34: Early Medieval Romanesque

Last Judgment, Church of Santa Maria, Spain

Can you figure out which side is heaven and hell?

Page 35: Early Medieval Romanesque

Santa Maria façade,Spain

12th to 13th centuries

*multiple stories flank the facade

Page 36: Early Medieval Romanesque

Santa Maria façade detail

Page 37: Early Medieval Romanesque

Capital carvings from the cloister

Cathedral at PamplonaSpain

12th to 13th Centuries

*compact relief designs and vivid

narratives

Page 38: Early Medieval Romanesque

Cathedral at Pamplona

Page 39: Early Medieval Romanesque

Christ in MajestyWall painting from San

ClementeTahull, Spain, 12th Century

large paintings were also used to decorate churches during this period

paintings often designed to fit architectural elements

broad bands of colour for background