Early American Early American Government and Government and

RevolutionRevolution

America: A British America: A British ColonyColony Colony – a group of people ruled by the Colony – a group of people ruled by the

government of another countrygovernment of another country Salutary Neglect – British government left Salutary Neglect – British government left

us alone for almost 200 years and us alone for almost 200 years and Americans began governing themselvesAmericans began governing themselves

British citizens left to settle in America – British citizens left to settle in America – government & laws were set up similar to government & laws were set up similar to Britain but because Britain was so far Britain but because Britain was so far away citizens began governing themselvesaway citizens began governing themselves

Class Discussion QuestionClass Discussion Question: Would you : Would you follow the your parent’s rules if they were follow the your parent’s rules if they were out of town? What would you do different?out of town? What would you do different?

The 13 Colonies in 1775

English Colonies – New English Colonies – New EnglandEngland

Unrest in EnglandUnrest in England King Charles I insisted that people should worship his King Charles I insisted that people should worship his

wayway Puritans- member of an English religious groupPuritans- member of an English religious group

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration Great Migration- Puritans left in 1630s to the Great Migration- Puritans left in 1630s to the

Americas because of persecution.Americas because of persecution. The leader of the Great Migration was John The leader of the Great Migration was John

Winthrop.Winthrop. Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony

Commonwealth - a community in which people Commonwealth - a community in which people work together for the whole.work together for the whole.

Winthrop was the governor of the colony.Winthrop was the governor of the colony. Settlers had a supposed “agreement” with God Settlers had a supposed “agreement” with God

to have a holy city.to have a holy city.

New England Colonies

English Colonies – New English Colonies – New EnglandEngland Colonial New England TownsColonial New England Towns

New England farmers lived in towns and also worked in New England farmers lived in towns and also worked in fields.fields.

Each town had a meetinghouse where they made laws Each town had a meetinghouse where they made laws and determine fees for workers.and determine fees for workers.

The New England WayThe New England Way The meetinghouse was also used for church services, The meetinghouse was also used for church services,

stricter than today. stricter than today. The Puritans believed that the Bible was the source of The Puritans believed that the Bible was the source of

truth and disapproved of dancing and playing games. truth and disapproved of dancing and playing games. Challenges to PuritansChallenges to Puritans

Dissenter- someone who challenges the generally Dissenter- someone who challenges the generally accepted views of a Church or society. accepted views of a Church or society.

Puritans got mad because of Williams because he said Puritans got mad because of Williams because he said the King had no right to sell Indians land. the King had no right to sell Indians land.

Quakers faced PersecutionQuakers faced Persecution Quakers believed that you found God through your soul Quakers believed that you found God through your soul

and that neither the Bible nor ministers were needed.and that neither the Bible nor ministers were needed. Quakers were hanged and tortured for their beliefs. Quakers were hanged and tortured for their beliefs.

Economy based on shipping, fishing, and timber.Economy based on shipping, fishing, and timber.

English Colonies – Middle English Colonies – Middle ColoniesColonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and DelawareDelaware

New York was first New Netherlands until New York was first New Netherlands until England took over New Amsterdam England took over New Amsterdam

New Jersey part of original New YorkNew Jersey part of original New York Pennsylvania founded by William Penn for Pennsylvania founded by William Penn for

QuakersQuakers Would become place of freedom for all religionsWould become place of freedom for all religions

Known as the “Bread Colonies” for production Known as the “Bread Colonies” for production of wheat and other grainsof wheat and other grains

Farming, lumber, and furs key to these coloniesFarming, lumber, and furs key to these colonies

Middle Colonies

English Colonies – Southern English Colonies – Southern ColoniesColonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and GeorgiaSouth Carolina, and Georgia

Georgia was a colony originally for common Georgia was a colony originally for common criminals and used as a buffer for other criminals and used as a buffer for other colonies from Spanish and Native American colonies from Spanish and Native American attacks attacks

Tobacco was cash crop at first and cotton Tobacco was cash crop at first and cotton wouldn’t be key until the early 1800s wouldn’t be key until the early 1800s

Large plantations and slavery ruled the Large plantations and slavery ruled the SouthSouth

The Southern Colonies

Types of Government in Types of Government in Colonial AmericaColonial America

2 Systems of government formed:2 Systems of government formed: House of Burgesses - VirginiaHouse of Burgesses - Virginia

Jamestown – established 1607Jamestown – established 1607 Indirect or representative democracyIndirect or representative democracy By 1619, each of the 22 areas surrounding the By 1619, each of the 22 areas surrounding the

Jamestown colony elected 2 representatives to the Jamestown colony elected 2 representatives to the House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

Mayflower Compact – MassachusettsMayflower Compact – Massachusetts Plymouth Colony – established 1620Plymouth Colony – established 1620 Direct democracyDirect democracy Members signed the compactMembers signed the compact Still active today in New England in the form of Still active today in New England in the form of

Town Hall meetingsTown Hall meetings Both are examples of Locke’s Social Contract Both are examples of Locke’s Social Contract

TheoryTheory

House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact

Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact""In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten,

the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."

Colonial GovernmentsColonial Governments By 1733 all 13 colonies had established By 1733 all 13 colonies had established

governmentsgovernments All had a governor & legislatureAll had a governor & legislature Most legislatures were bicameral (2 houses)Most legislatures were bicameral (2 houses) Colonists began to separate themselves from Colonists began to separate themselves from

England & rule themselvesEngland & rule themselves Mid 1700s – Britain began to tighten control of the Mid 1700s – Britain began to tighten control of the

colonists under King George III – needed money to colonists under King George III – needed money to pay debts from the pay debts from the French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War

Wanted to maintain control of resources & marketsWanted to maintain control of resources & markets Class Discussion: Class Discussion: Do you think England had a Do you think England had a

right to tax the colonists?right to tax the colonists?

The French and Indian The French and Indian WarWar

French empire collided w/ British empireFrench empire collided w/ British empire Competing over the Ohio River ValleyCompeting over the Ohio River Valley

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763

• Britain claimed land Britain claimed land east of the east of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

• Proclamation Line: Proclamation Line: banned all banned all settlement west of settlement west of Appalachian Mts. (to Appalachian Mts. (to ease tensions w/ ease tensions w/ N.A.)N.A.)

• Increased Increased Independent SpiritIndependent Spirit

King George III

British PoliciesBritish Policies 1. Mercantilism1. Mercantilism

Policy of encouraging exports and Policy of encouraging exports and discouraging imports – pushes discouraging imports – pushes imperialismimperialism

Navigation Acts – would not allow Navigation Acts – would not allow Americans to ship things to other Americans to ship things to other nations which would ensure a British nations which would ensure a British monopolymonopoly over colonies over colonies

Writs of AssistanceWrits of Assistance British Action:British Action:

Designed to crack Designed to crack down on colonial down on colonial smugglingsmuggling

Search warrants Search warrants that allowed British that allowed British officials to search officials to search any place, seize any place, seize anything at any anything at any timetime

Colonial Response:Colonial Response: Outraged the Outraged the

merchants of merchants of BostonBoston

1660: The Navigation 1660: The Navigation ActsActs

British Action:British Action: Designed to keep Designed to keep

trade in England and trade in England and support support mercantilismmercantilism

Colonists could only Colonists could only trade goods with trade goods with EnglandEngland

All colonial ships All colonial ships must stop in a British must stop in a British harbor before going harbor before going to another country to another country

Colonial Response:Colonial Response: Ignored them Ignored them

(profitable to trade (profitable to trade with other with other countries)countries)

Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect (relaxed (relaxed enforcement for enforcement for continued loyalty)continued loyalty)

British Policies Cont.British Policies Cont. 2. Taxes2. Taxes

Used to pay war debts from the French & Used to pay war debts from the French & Indian WarIndian War

1765 Stamp Act – tax on virtually everything 1765 Stamp Act – tax on virtually everything paper (newspapers, wills, cards, etc) paper (newspapers, wills, cards, etc)

Virtual Representation – colonists had no Virtual Representation – colonists had no representation in parliament so argued “no representation in parliament so argued “no taxation without representation” – British taxation without representation” – British government argued the colonies were a part government argued the colonies were a part of the British empire and parliament made of the British empire and parliament made laws for the good of the empire therefore laws for the good of the empire therefore the colonists were virtually representedthe colonists were virtually represented

Stamp ActStamp Act

British Policies Cont.British Policies Cont. Colonists began boycotting goods under the Colonists began boycotting goods under the

Stamp Act until repealedStamp Act until repealed Townshend Acts – 1767 – a tax on all importsTownshend Acts – 1767 – a tax on all imports ““Boston Massacre” in 1770Boston Massacre” in 1770 Tea Act 1773 – led to the Boston Tea PartyTea Act 1773 – led to the Boston Tea Party After the Boston Tea Party, King George III After the Boston Tea Party, King George III

enacted the Coercive Acts – 1774enacted the Coercive Acts – 1774 Colonists called these The Intolerable ActsColonists called these The Intolerable Acts Restricted colonists rights including fair trial by juryRestricted colonists rights including fair trial by jury Allowed soldiers to search homesAllowed soldiers to search homes Allowed quartering of soldiersAllowed quartering of soldiers

Class Discussion: Class Discussion: Why would quartering Why would quartering soldiers make colonists angry?soldiers make colonists angry?

Boston MassacreBoston Massacre

Propaganda Poster Propaganda Poster

What side is this cartoon supporting? How are the colonists being treated according to the political cartoon?

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

1st Continental Congress1st Continental Congress Colonists response to the Coercive ActsColonists response to the Coercive Acts September 1774 – 12 colonies sent delegates September 1774 – 12 colonies sent delegates

to Philadelphiato Philadelphia Georgia did not – governor was loyal to the King Georgia did not – governor was loyal to the King

& colonists wanted support of British soldiers to & colonists wanted support of British soldiers to fight Creeksfight Creeks

Sent a letter to King George III demanding Sent a letter to King George III demanding restoration of their rights. restoration of their rights.

Representatives voted a ban on all trade with Representatives voted a ban on all trade with England till the Intolerable Acts were England till the Intolerable Acts were repealed. Also, colonies to start training repealed. Also, colonies to start training soldiers.soldiers.

This is the 1st time colonies acted togetherThis is the 1st time colonies acted together British response – sent more soldiers which British response – sent more soldiers which

set off the Revolutionary Warset off the Revolutionary War

Carpenter Hall

Site of the 1st Continental Congress

Between War and PeaceBetween War and Peace Parliament did not repeal the Intolerable Parliament did not repeal the Intolerable

Acts, but added more restrictionsActs, but added more restrictions Colonist began to get ready to fight and Colonist began to get ready to fight and

formed militias.formed militias. Militias- an army of ordinary citizens.Militias- an army of ordinary citizens. Colonial militias were called Colonial militias were called MinutemenMinutemen

because they needed to be ready to fight in because they needed to be ready to fight in a minute’s notice.a minute’s notice.

Patrick Henry’s famous speech “Give me Patrick Henry’s famous speech “Give me liberty, or give me death!”liberty, or give me death!”

Minutemen

Paul Revere’s RidePaul Revere’s Ride Colonists started a spy network to get Colonists started a spy network to get

information on the British.information on the British. English spies found out that Minutemen English spies found out that Minutemen

were hiding guns and ammo at Concord were hiding guns and ammo at Concord and headed there on April 18, 1775and headed there on April 18, 1775

Paul Revere and his Paul Revere and his Midnight Ride warned the Minutemen that the British are coming.

Revere was captured in Lexington, but let Revere was captured in Lexington, but let go without his horse thus ending his ride. go without his horse thus ending his ride.

The Redcoats are The Redcoats are Coming!Coming!

Battles of Lexington & Battles of Lexington & Concord Concord Regarded as the first battles of the Revolutionary Regarded as the first battles of the Revolutionary

WarWar Lexington – 70 minutemen waited for 750 British Lexington – 70 minutemen waited for 750 British

– resulting in 18 American casualties and 1 – resulting in 18 American casualties and 1 British casualtyBritish casualty

Concord – minutemen began firing on the British Concord – minutemen began firing on the British – 250 British casualties & 100 American – 250 British casualties & 100 American casualties casualties

Shot heard around the world! British retreated to Boston and the Revolutionary British retreated to Boston and the Revolutionary

War began April 19, 1775.War began April 19, 1775. Americans divided on two sides.Americans divided on two sides.

Loyalists- colonists who supported the British (Tories)Loyalists- colonists who supported the British (Tories) Patriots- colonists who supported freedom from British Patriots- colonists who supported freedom from British

rulerule

The Battle at Lexington

Second Continental Second Continental CongressCongress May 1775 – Philadelphia – deliberated on next stepsMay 1775 – Philadelphia – deliberated on next steps

January 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes January 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes Common Common SenseSense – influenced many colonists to join the side for – influenced many colonists to join the side for independenceindependence It is only common sense that we be independentIt is only common sense that we be independent

Taxation without representationTaxation without representation Ability to self rule – Self DeterminationAbility to self rule – Self Determination Economically hurt colonies – Mercantilism & Navigation ActsEconomically hurt colonies – Mercantilism & Navigation Acts King George III is 3000 miles away – Salutary NeglectKing George III is 3000 miles away – Salutary Neglect

Revolutionary propaganda – ideas spread deliberately to Revolutionary propaganda – ideas spread deliberately to help a causehelp a cause

By 1776, more than half of the members of Cont. By 1776, more than half of the members of Cont. Congress agreed with Paine on breaking away from Congress agreed with Paine on breaking away from EnglandEngland

Halifax Resolves – April 12, 1776 - North Carolina Halifax Resolves – April 12, 1776 - North Carolina becomes the first colony to call for independence (pg. becomes the first colony to call for independence (pg. 783 in book)783 in book)

Independence Hall

Site of the 2nd Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention

Common Sense and Thomas Common Sense and Thomas PainePaine

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence Thomas Jefferson wrote the documentThomas Jefferson wrote the document

Influenced by Thomas Paine – reasons for Influenced by Thomas Paine – reasons for independenceindependence

Influenced by John Locke – Natural RightsInfluenced by John Locke – Natural Rights Influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau – All men are Influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau – All men are

created equalcreated equal 4 parts4 parts

Preamble – IntroductionPreamble – Introduction Declaration of Rights – explained rights that all people Declaration of Rights – explained rights that all people

should haveshould have List of Grievances – all that King George III did to the List of Grievances – all that King George III did to the

colonistscolonists Formal Declaration of IndependenceFormal Declaration of Independence

Approved on July 4, 1776Approved on July 4, 1776 A nation is born with war to followA nation is born with war to follow

Declaration of Declaration of Independence Independence

Fighting For IndependenceFighting For Independence Revolution was unavoidableRevolution was unavoidable 11stst Battles – NY & NJ Battles – NY & NJ British plan – separate the New England British plan – separate the New England

statesstates Well led troops, well equipped & well trainedWell led troops, well equipped & well trained Enough moneyEnough money Large Navy & extra help through German Large Navy & extra help through German

mercenaries - Hessiansmercenaries - Hessians Americans – defending their homesAmericans – defending their homes

No navyNo navy Little experience, not equipped Little experience, not equipped Well led – General George WashingtonWell led – General George Washington No clothing/uniforms/foodNo clothing/uniforms/food

Hessians Fighting in Hessians Fighting in AmericaAmerica

Carrying Out the WarCarrying Out the War Colonists – surprise attacks & ambushesColonists – surprise attacks & ambushes British – wait for supplies & unpopular warBritish – wait for supplies & unpopular war Turning Point of warTurning Point of war – Battle of Saratoga – Battle of Saratoga

Surrender of 6,000 British soldiersSurrender of 6,000 British soldiers More importantly was that the More importantly was that the FrenchFrench

joined the American effortjoined the American effort Valley Forge – tough winter before the Valley Forge – tough winter before the

French joinedFrench joined

Battle of Saratoga

Difficult ChoicesDifficult Choices 1/3 of Americans supported the war1/3 of Americans supported the war 1/3 were indifferent1/3 were indifferent 1/3 were Loyalists1/3 were Loyalists African Americans – controversial to African Americans – controversial to

allow them to fight – slaves were allow them to fight – slaves were recruited in the endrecruited in the end

Native Americans – urged to attack Native Americans – urged to attack settlers by the Britishsettlers by the British

Women – active in the war by helping in Women – active in the war by helping in numerous ways but still could not numerous ways but still could not participate in the new nation politicallyparticipate in the new nation politically

War’s EndWar’s End British couldn’t win the loyalty of British couldn’t win the loyalty of

SouthernersSoutherners Spain entered the war on American sideSpain entered the war on American side Surrender at Yorktown, Virginia in Surrender at Yorktown, Virginia in

October 1781October 1781 Treaty of Paris, 1783 – Officially ended the Treaty of Paris, 1783 – Officially ended the

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution