The preparation of dye-sensitized solar cell(dssc) from TiO2 and Tamarillo Extract

The Preparation of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell(DSSC) from TiO2 and Tamarillo ExtractDiah Susanti, Maula Nafi, Hariyati Purwaningsih, Rindang Fajarin, George Endri KusumacontentAbstractIntroductionExperimentResultsConclusionReferenceAbstractEnergy crisis is what being faced by every country today. Many efforts have been devoted to overcome the problems. One of several offered solutions is to develop solar cells. The natural ingredients could be utilized as dyes for DSSC. In this research, tamarillo extract was employed as the dye for TiO2-based DSSC. A large active surface area enabled more dye and electrolyte to be stored inside the material so that photon adsorptions from solar energy became more effective and resulting in higher efficiency.introductionGratzel and ORegan in 1991 who first introduced an attractive and low cost SC namely Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) which based on TiO2 material(ruthenium polypyridine dye).DSSC is consisted of an anode of conductive glass coated with a conductor noble metal, such Pt and Pd/Au, which acts as a counter electrode and photocatalyst, a cathode of semiconductor materials, such as TiO2 porous film and ZnO, on a conductive glass substrate contained a monolayer of dyes and an electrolyte of certain organic solvent containing a redox couple, such as I-/I3-3.TiO2 is a semiconductor having three polymorphisms including tetragonal rutile, tetragonal anatase and orthorhombic brookite.Anatase phase has wider energy band gap of 3.2 eV.Dye also plays an important role in enhancing DSSC performance since it should be able to harvest the sunlight and transfer it into electrical energy.Natural dye are extracted from fruits and vegetables which contain Anthocyanin. This is a blue, red or violet pigment found in plants and able to absorb visible lights.Extracted from black rice, capsicum, erythrina variegata flower, rosa xanthinaexperimental3.5g TiO2 anatase + 15ml ethanol TiO2 paste.TiO2 paste is spin coated on FTO conductive glass at 500rpm for 30seconds and 2000rpm for 90seconds.The TiO2 -coated FTO was then calcined at 5500C, 6500C and 7500C each for 60 and 120 minutes.To prepare the dye, 250 g of tamarillo fruit skin, fruit pulp and mix of fruit skin-pulp each was juiced in a fruit juicer. Each juice was mixed with 15 ml distilled water, 21 ml ethanol and 4 ml acetic acid.Tamarillo fruit

Electrolyte solution was prepared by mixing 0.8g KI 0.5M into 10ml acetonitrile and added by 0.127 g I2.The counter electrode (anode) was prepared by sputtering the FTO conductive glass with Pd/Au metal target for 15 minutes.TiO2-coated FTO was immersed into dye solution for 2 hours so that dye was absorbed inside TiO2 active areas.Dye sensitized solar cell

RESULTSResult of UV-Vis spectrophotometer measurement of the dyes from tamarillo skin, pulp and mix of skin-pulp in the visible light spectrum of 450 750 nm.

SEM images of TiO2 nanomaterial which has been coated on top of FTO conductive glass after calcined at (a) 5500C for 60 minutes (b) 5500C for 120 minutes (c) 6500C for 60 minutes (d) 6500C for120 minutes (e) 7500C for 60 minutes (f) 7500C for 120 minutes

The table shows crystalline size and active surface area. Higher the surface area higher the absorptivity.

Calcination Temperature (0C)Calcination Time (minutes)Crystalline size ()Active Surface Area (m2g-1)55060608.848.587550120608.837.29865060608.859.262650120608.847.89475060608.88.135750120608.776.724(a) Voltage vs. time curve and (b) Current density vs. time curve of DSSC comprised of TiO2 -coated FTO after calcined at (a) 5500C for 60 minutes (b) 5500C for 120 minutes (c) 6500C for 60 minutes (d) 6500C for 120 minutes (e) 7500C for 60 minutes (f) 7500C for 120 minutes.

conclusionDSSCs have been successfully prepared from TiO2 nano material of anatase structure and tamarillo fruit extract as a dye with the highest efficiency of 0.043% (Voc = 542.5 mV and Ioc = 0.356 mAcm-2 ) resulted from TiO2 coated FTO calcined at 6500C for 60 hours due to the highest active surface area.Despite of the low efficiency, this work has showed the potency of tamarillo fruit extract as a dye ingredient for DSSC application.referencesORegan B, Grtzel M.,. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 1991; 353: 73740Hao S, Wu J, Huang Y, Lin J., Natural dyes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell. Sol. Energy 2006; 80: 20914 Na-Phattalung S, Smith MF, Kim K, Du MH, Wei SH, Zhang SB, Limpijumnong S., First-principles study of native defects in anatase TiO2 Phys. Rev. B 2006; 73(12), 125205: 1-6. Nakata K, Fujishima A., Invited Review: TiO2 photocatalysis: Design and applications, J Photochem. Photobiology C: Photochem. Rev. 2012; 13: 169 89.Grtzel M., Review: Dye Sensitized Solar Cell, J Photochem. Photobiology C: Photochem. Rev. 2003; 4: 145-53