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DIS & REHABILITATION IN INDIAN CONTEXT

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Page 1: Dr.vijay prasad

DIS & REHABILITATION

IN INDIAN CONTEXT

Page 2: Dr.vijay prasad

Centuries ago the person with disabilities were considered as sub-human, unspeakable objects, menace to the society and objects of ridicule. On many occasions they were abandoned in the woods and also they were killed at birth by drowning. The birth of child’s is considered a bad omen to the community and was to get rid of it in some manner.

Some people believe that it is a result of their Karma (having disabled child/person as punishment to the parents for the sins they have committed in their last birth) is a result of black magic, spells, evil eye etc.

Page 3: Dr.vijay prasad

Our society is witnessing rapid socio-economic changes in its traditional structure. The increased pace of industrialization and urbanization is leading to erosion of joint family structures which had provided a place of security and a modicum of care to all members of family.

The Persons with Disabilities face dual challenge of marginalization on account of normal socio-economic changes as well as on account of their physical and mental condition. They often start life with little access to opportunities and continue in the same state through out their lives. Hence, there is a need for disability rehabilitation, which protects their rights and provides them equal opportunity to participate fully in the society and enhance their dignity and self-respect.

“The truth of a theory is in your mind, not in your eyes” Albert Einstein

Introduction

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Disability rehabilitation in India has a long past but short scientific history which started only after International Year for the Disabled Person (IYDP) in 1981. The declaration was made by the general assembly of the United Nations.

Arise! Awake! And stop not till the goal is reached – Swami Vivekananda

Page 5: Dr.vijay prasad

WHAT IS DISABILITY

Disability is part of human diversity. Disability can result from accident, illness, congenital or genetic disorders. 

A disability may be visible or hidden, may be permanent or temporary and may have a minimal or substantial impact on a person’s abilities. 

A disability may affect mobility, ability to learn, or ability to communicate easily.

“We must remember disabilities are another manifestation of human diversity”. -Kofi Annan ( UN secretary general )

Page 6: Dr.vijay prasad

CONCEPT OF DISABILITY

Disability is a multidimensional concept, relating to the body functions and structures of people, the activities they do, the life areas in which they participate, and the factors in their environment that affect these experiences

(WHO 2001a).

In any society, disability is a normative, cultural, and legal construct more than a physical factor. Disability is a general feature of humanity with disparity in its causes and characteristics in different societies,

(Mini, 2001)

You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty -

Mahatma Gandhi

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DEFINITION OF DISABILITY:

"A person who in his / her society is regarded as disabled, because of a difference in appearances and / or behaviour.

(Helander, 1989).

Man is the artificer of his own happiness - Henry David

Page 8: Dr.vijay prasad

Impairment Any loss of abnormality of psychological or anatomical structure or function. (Organ level)

DisabilityAny restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. (Action level)

HandicapA disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal, depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors, for that individual. (Societal level) World Health Organization (WHO)

International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) in 2001.

“It is not enough to give handicapped life they must be given a life worth living”. Hellen Keller

Page 9: Dr.vijay prasad

The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA)1992.Defines a disabled person as someone who has a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.

Disability as " Any restriction or lack of abilities to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for human being". It excludes illness / injury of recent origin (morbidity) resulting into temporary loss of ability to see, hears, speak or move.

The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), 1991-2001.

Harmonising speech and action is the criterion for character building – Sri Ramakrishna

Page 10: Dr.vijay prasad

TYPES OF DISABILITIES

Blindness / low vision Leprosy-cured Hearing impairment Locomotor disability Mental retardation Mental illness and

Multiple disabilities:

(Cerebral palsy, deafblindness, autism, specific learning disabilities)

Great minds have purposes, others have wishes – W Irving

Page 11: Dr.vijay prasad

Mental illness are “ disorders of the mind that result in partial or complete disturbance in the person’s thinking, feeling and behaviour which very often results in recurrent or persistent inability or reduced abiility to carry out activities of dialy living, self care, education, employment & participatioon in social life.

These disoreders would include:Schizophrenia, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, BPAD / Severe depression & Alcohol addication of at least three years duration with proof of treatment.

Mental illness

If the mind is not under control, it is no use living in a cave because the same mind will bring all disturbances there. – Bhagwad Gita.

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Hallucination, Delusions , Memory disturbance: Impairment

Cannot work, or cannot take care of personal needs : Disability

Unemployment: Handicap

“Person with Disability" means a person suffering from not less than forty per cent of any disability as certified by a medical authority.

The best way to predict the future is to invent it. Alan Kay.

Page 13: Dr.vijay prasad

Data collection concerning disability in India is from 1872 -1931After half a century gap, in 1981, the data collection has again been started. But the question on disability was not included in the 1991 census.

Again in 2001 census, information on disability for five types of disabilities (seeing, speech, hearing, movement and mental) was collected.

Over one billion of population about 5 - 6% Indian population is suffering from disability.

Incidence of Disability more in weaker / poorer sections of society / rural areas.

(NSSO 1991- 2001).

When the rich man is pricked by a thorn the whole city knows; when the poor man is bitten by a snake none knows – Lebanese Proverb

THE INCIDENCE /PREVALENCE RATE OF DISABILITY

Page 14: Dr.vijay prasad

WHAT IS REHABILITATION

Rehabilitation is the study and application of bio-psychosocial principles to persons who have physical, sensory, cognitive, developmental or emotional disabilities.

Rehabilitation is the application of all measures aimed at reducing the impact of disabling and handicapping conditions and enabling disabled and handicapped people to achieve social integration.

(Lindsay, D & Mc. Lellan 1997).Rehabilitation is “the combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for training and re-training the disabled individual to the highest possible level of functional ability and enabling the disabled individual to achieve social integration”.

( W.H.O )

Most of the important things in the world have been accomplished by peoplewho have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at all – D. Carnegie

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AIMS OF REHABILITATION

PWD’s are empowered enabling them to more towards enablement in the continuum of enablement – disablement.

The great end of life is not knowledge but action – Thomas Huxley

Disability Rehabilitation

Prevention, early detection, early intervention in medical, therapeutic, and social area, education, skills training, employment, leisure, social and cultural activities, sports and games, removal of physical, psychological and social barriers.

Page 16: Dr.vijay prasad

To develop services for meeting medical, psychological and social needs of persons with disabilities.

To improve social emotional relationships between handicapped and non-handicapped in order to make these relationships more compatible and more enriching.

You may give gifts without caring but you cannot care without giving. – Frank Clark

OBJECTIVE OF REHABILITATION

Page 17: Dr.vijay prasad

Reducing the disability and an acquiring new strategies and skills through which the impact of the disability could be minimized.Altering the environment including the behaviour of non-disabled people, so that impairment and disability no longer confer a handicap.

No one can insult you without your consent!

PURPOSE OF REHABILITATION

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Biomedical Rehabilitation Model

Educational Rehabilitation Model

Social Rehabilitation Model

Economic Rehabilitation Model

Community Based Rehabilitation Model

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Model

MODELS OF REHABILITATION

Page 19: Dr.vijay prasad

BIOMEDICAL REHABILITATION MODEL

Medical rehabilitation had its origins in the treatment given to soldiers in the first World War. Since this time, both medicine and rehabilitation have developed but medical advances have greatly outstripped those of rehabilitation.

Basic Health Measures: Sanitation and hygiene, provision of adequate nutrition,immunization programmes and public health education

Desirable Health Measures:

Genetic counseling, family planning and health education

In the small matters trust the mind, in the large ones the heart” Sigmund Freud

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Disability prevention

Prenatal diagnosis, neonatal screening, health surveillance and medical and surgical treatment of associated impairments and diseases is very important.

Early intervention

Early identification and early intervention can foster optimum growth and development of children with disabilities. By availability of services at the earliest possible stage, severe invalidity can be prevented as a consequence of which the disabled is enabled to return speedily to normal living.

“The cure for curiosity is curiosity. There is no cure for curiosity”. Dorothy parker

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EDUCATIONAL REHABILITATION MODEL

Education of disabled, children and adults both formal and non-formal.The education of all children with disabilities has now become increasingly the responsibility of the educational authorities. Children with special needs can benefit from education involving specific methods needed to teach these children.

In focusing the strategy of “Compulsory education for all (SSA), the development of special education services needs to be enhanced.

Education is the only medium of inclusion and mainstreaming of persons with disabilities.

Appreciation is wonderful thing it makes what is excellence in others belongs to us as well. Voltaire

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SOCIAL REHABILITATION MODEL

Social developmental approach

Aims at developing positive societal attitudes and awareness of the problems of disability for providing effective services for the disabled.

Social services approach

Aims directly at providing social and rehabilitation services for the disabled. Institutional and continuous care and treatment may be required for severely disabled individuals.

Nothing is either bad or good but thinking makes it so. Shakespeare.

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ECONOMIC REHABILITATION MODEL

Provision of vocational training in order to promote economic rehabilitation.

Various facilities for the vocational rehabilitation of the disabled have been established by governmental, as well as by non-governmental organizations.

Vocational rehabilitation involves vocational training for placement in non-sheltered and sheltered workshops, vocational training for self-employment and assistance for placement in suitable jobs in the labour market.

He is rich who has such property that he desired nothing beyond. Cicero

Page 24: Dr.vijay prasad

COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION MODEL

Community awareness and creative innovation in all aspects of development for rehabilitation of persons with disabilities.

Community based rehabilitation is to rehabilitate the disabled persons to achieve total development through the combined effort of the individual, the family, the community and various social services organization.

“Expect the best, plan for the worst, and prepare to be surprised”. – Denis Waitley

Page 25: Dr.vijay prasad

The main aim of community Based Rehabilitation is to help the persons with disability to gain equal rights as that of normal persons and make them an integral part of the society.

Definition of CBR

“Community based rehabilitation is a strategy for improving service delivery for providing more equitable opportunities and for promoting and protecting the human rights of disable people . Thus the concept ideally meant fulfilling almost all the needs of all categories of disabled people everywhere”.

W.H.O.

Everybody thinks of changing humanity and nobody thinks of changing himself”Leo Tolstoty,

Page 26: Dr.vijay prasad

CBR

In the last two decades, community based Rehabilitation (CBR) has been promoted as the most viable and practical solution for the massive problem of disability in India. A large number of CBR projects were generously supported by the Government and international agencies.

We should be too big to take offense and too noble to give it.  Abraham Lincoln,

All these efforts in last two decades have contributed to popularize the philosophy of CBR and in raising the hope of the millions of people with disabilities. Hopes for the efficacy of CBR, lies in the fact that a strong sense of community has always remained strength of Indian society.

( Dalal & Kumar, 2000 )

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COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION MODEL

Prevention of disability

Early identification

Early intervention

Special Education and

Vocational training/ placement

Integration in the main stream of society

Rehabilitation of the disabled, empowerment of disabled as well as community development.

The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitude of mind. William James

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PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION

Psychiatric rehabilitation refers to the rehabilitation of psychiatrically disabled individuals. The Psychiatric rehabilitation long-term commitment to the patient and is directly concerned with:

The practical problems in the life of the patients,

The past, present and future of the patient, and

It involves the active inter-professional participation in planning coordination and execution of therapeutic and helps.

Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, and today is a gift. That is why we call it as present.B.G. Dyson .

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Rehabilitation facilities and services are a link between the hospital and the community; between the patient and the family; and the training that changes the patient from a dependant sick person to an independent productive social person

PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION

Hosp

ital

Fam

ily

Patient

COMMUNITY

Independent Living

Treat the other man's faith gently; it is all he has to believe with.His mind was created for his own thoughts, not yours or mine.

Henry S. Haskins

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In India, disability rehabilitation is primarily considered to be a responsibility of the family.

Large and extended Indian families provided essential physical, emotional and economic support to its members with disabilities.

Being cohesive and stable social units, families provided an identity and a sense of security to its members, irrespective of their physical disabilities.

The economic and caste status of the family and its networks, also determined the quality of the well being of its members with disabilities.

The sense of belonging was the most cherished goal and any threat of isolation.

FAMILY BASED REHABILITATION

(Pande N, Dhawan N, et al. 2000).

Children are completely egoistic; they feel their needs intensely and strive ruthlessly to satisfy them.Sigmund Freud

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Rehabilitation services in India of persons with disabilities began in an organized manner as a movement after independence, particularly with influence of urbanization and industrialization.

The nodal ministry to plan the rehabilitation services for the disabled persons is the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment Govt., of India. The medical rehabilitation component is being taken care of by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Adversity is the crucible in which friendship is tested – Mahatma Gandhi

DISABILITY REHABILITATION SERVICES IN INDIA

Page 32: Dr.vijay prasad

INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS

The UN resolution37/52 of 3rd December 1982 is a very significant UN instrument, aimed at achieving full participation and equality and protection of rights of persons with disabilities, which followed the International Year of Disabled Persons in 1981.

The Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002) were observed immediately after the UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983-1992).

Recently Biwako Millennium Framework for Action towards in inclusive, barrier-free and rights-based society for persons with disabilities in Asia and the Pacific was adopted in the 58th session for resolution 58/4 on 22nd May, 2002 in Japan.

It is better to have enough ideas for some of them to be wrong them to be always right by having no ideas at al. Albert Einstein

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Self- help organization of persons with disabilities

and related family and parent

associationswomen with disabilities

Biwako Millennium Framework for ActionTraining and employment, including self-employment

Access to built Environments

and public transport;

Early detection, early intervention and education;

Access to information and communications, including information, communications and

assistive technologies

Poverty alleviation through capacity-building,

social security and sustainable livelihood

programmes

Page 34: Dr.vijay prasad

Government of India has introduced various programmes and schemes for the welfare of the persons with disabilities. The constitution of India (1950) itself affords protections to the rights of persons with disabilities through Article 15 and 41. Under the constitution the disabled have been guaranteed fundamental rights equally as non-disabled persons.

First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.Mahatma Gandhi

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

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Rehabilitation is high on the agenda of the Government of India. A number of schemes, programmes and projects are implemented supported by an infrastructural network of the Disability Division in the Ministry.

Desire- ask, believe- receive. -Stella

APPROACH TO REHABILITATION

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THE INFRASTRUCTURE INCLUDES

1. National Institutes

2. Various legislative support through Central Acts (MHA,RCI,PWD, NT)

3. National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation (NHFDC)

4. Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO)

5. Composite Regional Centres for PWD (CRCs) - 5

6. Regional Rehabilitation Centres (RRCs) for Spinal Injured - 4

7. Office of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities (CCPD)

8. District Disability Rehabilitation Centres (DDRCs)-85 to provide comprehensive rehabilitation services to Persons with disabilities.

9. Indian Spinal Injury Centre (ISIC)

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NATIONAL APEX LEVEL INSTITUTIONS IN VARIOUS AREAS OF THE DISABILITIES

Rehabilitation Council of India

NIVH: Dehradun

Service Delivery

Human resource Development

Research and Development

Development of Models of Services

Consultancy services to voluntary organizations

Documentation and Dissemination

Extension and outreach programmes

NIOH: Kolkatta, WestBengal

NIMH: Secunderabad- AP

AYJNIHH -Mumbai

IPH: New Delhi

NIEPMD- Muttukadu, Tamilnadu.

NIRTR:Cuttack and Orissa.

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE & EMPOWERMENT (MSJ& E)GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

“Vision without action is merely a dream. Action without vision just passes time. But vision with action can change the world”. - Joel Arthur Barker

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1. The Mental Health Act, (1987)

2. The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, (1992)

3. The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities Protection of Rights and Full Participation) PWD Act, (1995).

4. The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999.

Bringing out legislations by enacting the following Central ActsGOI

Page 39: Dr.vijay prasad

Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, “Mentally ill Persons” means a person who is in need of treatment by reason of any mental disorders other than mental retardation.

The MHA, 1987

1. Treatment and institutionalization of the mentally ill, 2. Protection and management of their properly.

As the MHA was not applicable for mentally retarded, a legal vacuum prevailed in the area of protection of the persons with mental retardation till the Persons with Disability Act 1995.

Mental Health Act, (1987). Ministry of Law & Justice Government

of India

Page 40: Dr.vijay prasad

To regulate and introduce uniformity in the human resources development in the country.

RCI Responsible for regulating training policies and programmes for various categories of professionals in the area of disability.

Entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining a Central Rehabilitation Register (CRR) for all professionals/ personnel and promote research in rehabilitation and special education.

Act 1992Act 1992

The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MSJ&E)

Government of India

Page 41: Dr.vijay prasad

The persons with mental retardation were governed by the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912, in the 1987; the Lunacy Act was replaced by Mental Health Act.

PWD Act 1995 has come into enforcement of February 7, 1996.

PROVISIONS

Education, Employment and vocational training, Job reservation, Research and manpower development, Development of barrier-free environment, Rehabilitation, Unemployment allowance &Establishment of homes for persons with severe disability etc.

PWD ACT, 1995 THE PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

(EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, PROTECTION OF RIGHTS AND FULL PARTICIPATION) ACT, 1995.

BENEFICIARIES

Blindness, low visionLeprosy curedLocomotor disabilityHearing impairmentMental retardation &Mental illness

Page 42: Dr.vijay prasad

OBJECTIVES

To enable and empower persons with disabilities to live as independently and as fully as possible within and as close to the community to which they belong.

To strengthen the facilities to provide support to persons with disability to live within their own families. To extend support to registered organizations to provide need based services during the period of crisis in the family of persons with disability.

To deal with the problems of persons with disability who do not have family support.

To promote measures for the care and protection of persons with disability in the event of death of their parent or guardian.

THE NATIONAL TRUST FOR WELFARE OF PERSONS WITH AUTISM, CEREBRAL PALSY, MENTAL RETARDATION AND

MULTIPLE DISABILITIES ACT, 1999. ENACTED BY PARLIAMENT IN THE FIFTIETH YEAR OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA

PROGRAMMES

Conductive environment

Counseling and guidance

Residential hostels

Individual and group homes

Respite care, family care,

Day care services

Self-help groups

Local level committees

to grant approval for Guardianship.

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EDUCATIONAL & TRAINING PROGRAMMES:

SPECIAL EDUCATION

VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT

SPECIAL EDUCATION:

1. National Policy for Children (NPC) 1974: The National Policy for Children (1974). (Article 41 (COI) “Right to Education and Work”), came in and the measures were intended to cover all children including those who came from weaker sections of society and those who were handicapped. Integrated education for the disabled commenced with central funding in 1974.

When you make a world tolerable for yourself, you make a world tolerable for others. Anais Nin

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The Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IDEC, 1974)

Financial support, free aids and transport allowances were provided by the central Govt for children studying in integrated schools.

National policy on Education (NPE, 1986)

This policy called for the universialization of primary education.

Mild disabilities will be in regular schools: Severe disabilities will be in special schools.

The teachers’ training programme would be reoriented to include education to children with disabilities.

Intelligence is to be used; wisdom is to be attained. J Chiang

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National Institute of Open School (NIOS)

National Institute of Open School is a Programme of open education which include children with intellectual impairment. Those with borderline intelligence can study at their own pace with reduced curriculum content. Vocation oriented education is also planned.

Positive anything is better than negative nothing – Elbert Hubbard

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NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION

Surpass government run special schools in both quantity and quality of services. They receive 90% of all government sanctioned funds for the disabled. Most special schools are residential so they may serve population from remote rural areas and from states with limited services. Another feature of special schools is that they are categorical, e.g., schools with mentally retarded typically to not take students who are non-ambulatory.

The free thinking of one age is the common sense of the next.Matthew Arnold

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VOCATIONAL TRAININGPWD’S

17 Vocational Rehabilitation Centres (VRC’s) in major cities.

Training in

CUTTING AND TAILORING.

Happiness is a direction, not a place. Sydney J. Harris

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EMPLOYMENT

Placement Services are provided by35 special employment exchanges and 51 special offices in regular employment.

Individual with disabilities are entitled to scholarships, travel concessions, conveyance allowance, income tax exemption, government accommodations, prosthetic devices and bank loans based on the severity of the disability.

To increase employment opportunities, the government has mandated that 3% of all classes C and D jobs, i.e., clerk, assistant, messenger and orderly in state, public and private sectors be reserved and equally allocated to individuals with physical, hearing and visual disabilities.

Life is an exciting business, and most exciting when it is lived for others. Helen Keller,

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OTHER MINISTRIES

MINISTRY OF HEALTH & WELFARE

MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

MINISSTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING

MINISTRY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

“If today technology is yesterday’s magic what innovative and creative things are you doing today to bring more excellence”.

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PREVENTION

COUNSELIING &

PSYCHOTHERAPY

SCREENING &

IDENTIFICATION

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION

RESEARCH &

DEVELOPMENT

COGNITIVE TRAINING

BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION

REHAB / CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST

FUNCTIONS OF REHAB / CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTDisability Rehabilitation

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CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION

In India, rehabilitation of psychiatric patients is still new area of mental health service. Rehabilitation of psychiatric patients has been a neglected area for the researchers in India. This is due to scarcity of rehabilitation centres (like day care centres, half way home etc.,) and greater reliance on medical model of treatment.

(Singh, T. B & Chadda et. Al, (2001).

“Your vision will become clear only when you look into your heart who looks outside dreams who looks inside awareness”.

Carl Jung

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OTHER ISSUES OF REHABILITATION

Lack of financial resources. The lack of financial resources causes difficulty in regular continuation of medication and subsequent relapse of the illness. The lack of job opportunities also interferes with the rehabilitation.

While in some cases long term stay in hospital also interferes in rehabilitation, because long-term hospital stay may produce the secondary negative symptoms in a patient.

The field of rehabilitation is also preferred less by the Psychiatrists.

Hitesh C. Sheth (2005). Common Problems in Psychosocial Rehabilitation. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation.  10(1), 53.60.

Best man is he who most tries to perfect himself and the happiest man is he who most feels that he is perfecting himself - Socrates

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CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Journal Rehabilitation Council of India, Volume2, Number 1-2 / January- December 2006.

S. No

CURRENT ISSUES FUTURE DIRECTION

1Non availability of incidence and prevalence figures for various disabilities.

Incidence and Prevalence

2 Inadequate early identification and preventive measures Early identification and prevention

3 Dearth of appropriate, standardized,

field tested, low cost screening / assessment.

Development of Screening / assessment materials

4 Dearth of appropriate, standardized,

filed tested, low cost training materials.

Development of training materials

Being entirely honest with oneself is a good exercise.Sigmund Freud

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S. No

CURRENT ISSUES FUTURE DIRECTION

5Scarcity of trained professional / para professional/ nonprofessional workers.

Training of para-professional /non-professional workers.

6 Inadequate educational opportunities

Education management

7 Inadequate vocational training and placement

Vocational training and placement

8 Inadequate knowledge about treatment outcome

Treatment outcome research

CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Journal Rehabilitation Council of India, Volume2, Number 1-2 / January- December 2006.

We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lost infinite hope Martin Lutheran King

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Quality of services

Early identification

Intervention

Education

Vocational training

Employment opportunities and

The availability of aids and appliances.

DISABILITY REHABILITATION is very important process in which helps to changes the attitude of the people towards the persons with disabilities and HELP them to be in the MAIN STREAM and PRODUCTIVE MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY.

CONCLUSION

In the last analysis, what we are communicates far more eloquently than anything we say or do.  Stephen R. Covey,

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Don’t think

It’s a Brain wash

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Just think

How we will help them....!

Thanks