Drip irrigation and fertigation

Presented by:-Pooja Panwar2015A128MBA(ABM)CCSHAU, Hisar MORE CROP PER

DROP

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economyand

Water is the Heart of Agriculture

Introduction

• Micro irrigation is one of the latest innovations for applying water and it represents a definite advancement in irrigation technology.

• Frequent application of small quantity of water directly, above or below the soil surface; usually as discrete drops, continuous drops, tiny streams, or as miniature sprays through mechanical devices called emitters or applicators, located at selected points along water delivery line.

• Types of micro irrigation systems include surface drip, subsurface drip and spray irrigation.

What is Irrigation?

Irrigation may be defined as the process of supplying water by artificial means to agricultural fields for crop production. If water available to the plants from rainfall is not sufficient, it is supplemented by irrigation water.

Necessity of Irrigation

Insufficient rainfall

Uneven distribution of rainfall Growing a number of crops during a year

Improvement of perennial crop

Development of agriculture in desert area

Types of Irrigation

Surface Irrigation

Subsurface irrigation

Sprinkler Irrigation

Drip Irrigation

Surface Irrigation

Surface irrigation is defined as the group of application techniques where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity.

Flood irrigation Basin irrigation Furrow irrigation

Subsurface Irrigation• Subsurface irrigation (or simply sub

irrigation) is the practice of applying water to soils directly under the surface. Moisture reaches the plant roots through capillary action.

Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkling is the method of applying water to the soil surface in the form of a spray which is somewhat similar to rain.Rotating sprinkler-head systems are commonly used for sprinkler irrigation

Drip Irrigation

• Also known as trickle irrigation.• Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method

which optimizes the use of irrigation water by providing it uniformly and directly to the roots of the plants rather than the entire land surface on which the crop is grown, through a closed network of plastic pipes and emitters.

• Rate of water application is very low and without any pressure. i.e., drop by drop.

TAAQUAT EK BOOND KI

Review of LiteratureScientist Name Year Research Article Name Result

R.A. Marathe,K. Dhinesh Babu, D.T. Chaudhari

2017 Response of Pomegranate to Drip Irrigation System in Light Textured Soils of Semi-Arid Regions

6 emitters fixed on 2 laterals placed on both side of plants 50 cm away from trunk along the row system provide to grow pomegranate on light textured soils.

E Fallahi, B Fallahi, M Kiester, S Mahdavi, B Shafii

2017 Water Application for Optimum Yield, Quality, and Mineral Partitioning in Apples under different irrigation systems

Fruit from trees receiving 40g N tree had better fruit colour than 80 g N tree.

Anureet kaur 2016 Comparative response of Bt cotton to water under drip and check basin methods of irrigation in semi-arid conditions of Punjab

highest water use efficiency accompanied by 25% higher seed cotton yield and 18% of saving in irrigation water as compared with check basin method of irrigation.

Scientist Name  Year   Research Article Name   Result

Name Singh and M C Sood 2016 Productivity of potato (solanum tuberosum) As Influenced by wide raised bed planting patterns Under drip irrigation

paired and triple row raised bed planting patterns also minimized the cost of drip installation by 35-40% against conventional planting with drip irrigation.

Sikarwar Pushpendra and Hardaha M.K. 

2016 Effect of fertigation levels on growth, quality and yield of polyhouse cucumber

Fruit length and girth were not affected by fertigation levels but fruit weight was affected.

K.V.R. Rao, A. Bajpai, S. Gangwar, Chourasia k. Soni

2016 Maximising water productivity of wheat crop by adopting drip irrigation

T3 and T4 treatments indicating the drippers spaced at 30 cm could be recommended to lower the cost of the drip system in wheat crop. 

S.R. Ughade U.V. Mahadkar

2016 Nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency of brinjal as influenced by planting density, irrigation and fertigation levels under drip irrigation

Maximum fertilizer use efficiency was recorded due to 80% RDF through drip irrigation.

Review of Literature

Scientist Name

 Year   Research Article Name   Result

Dilip Singh KachwayaJ. S. ChandelGhumare VikasBabita Khachi

2016 Effect of drip and furrow irrigation on yield and physiological performance of strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) cv.Chandler

In  drip irrigation 16–30 % increase in yield in case of 100 % Etc irrigation treatment over furrow irrigations treatment.

Warwick R. Adams, Ketema T. Zeleke

2016 Diurnal effects on the efficiency of drip irrigation

irrigating overnight or early morning, compared to in the afternoon, will result in higher water use efficiency.

Ahmed A.M. Al-Ogaidi, Aimrun Wayayok, M.K. Rowshon, Ahmad Fikri Abdullah

2016 The influence of magnetized water on soil water dynamics under drip irrigation system

The results revealed that using magnetized water is recommended especially inhomogeneous soil profiles.

Dilip Singh KachwayaJ. S. ChandelGhumare VikasBabita Khachi

2016 Effect of drip and furrow irrigation on yield and physiological performance of strawberry (Fragaria 3 ananassa Duch.) cv.Chandler

The results revealed that drip irrigation at 120 % gave significantly higher fruit yield compared with drip irrigation at 80 and 60 % ETc and furrow irrigation.

Review of Literature

Historical Development of Drip Irrigation

• Basic idea of drip irrigation came from experiments in Germany in 1860's.• An important breakthrough was made in Germany way back in 1920 when perforated pipe

drip irrigation was introduced.• During the early 1940's Symcha Blass, an engineer from Israel, observed that a big tree

near a leaking tap exhibited more vigorous growth than other trees in the area. This led him to the concept of an irrigation system that would apply water in small quantity literally drop by drop.

• In India drip irrigation was practised through indigenous methods such as perforated earthenware pipes, perforated bamboo pipes and pitcher/porous cups and was introduced in the early 70's at agricultural universities and other research institutions.

• In 1981, the Government of India constituted National Committee on the Use of Plastics in Agriculture (NCPA) under the Ministry of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.

• Later NCPA was re-named as National Committee on Plasticulture Applications in Horticulture (NCPAH) in 2001 in the Ministry of Agriculture under the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation with Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture as its Chairman.

• GOI is providing subsidy to farmers for the plasticulture applications in water management (drip and sprinkler) which is channelised through state directorate of horticulture/agriculture.

Ancient method of drip irrigation

Earthenware pitchers and porous cups have been used for growing vegetable crops in Rajasthan and Haryana.

Why should we use Drip Irrigation?

• To use water efficiently• No water to runoff or evaporation• It Reduces water contact with crop leaves,

stems and fruits.• Agriculture chemicals can be applied more

efficiently.

• Pumping set• Filters• Mainlines• Sub-main• Laterals• Drippers/emitters

Components of Drip Irrigation system

• Pumping set:To create a pressure about 2.5 Kg/sq cm to regulate the amount of water to be supplied.

• Filter :To filter the water in Order to remove the suspended impurities from water.

• Main lines:– It is a Distribution system in drip

irrigation. Rigid PVC and high density polyethylene pipes are used as main pipes to minimized corrosion and clogging.

– Pipes of 65 mm diameter and with pressure rating of 4 to 10 kg/sq. cm

• Sub Main:– It is usually connected to the main lines

through a control valve assembly.– The function of its to distributes water

uniformly to a number laterals.

• Drippers/emitters:

– It is fitted to a drip irrigation lateral and intended to emit water in the form of drops or continuous flow at emitter rates not exceeding 15 liters/hr.

– Drippers function as energy dissipated, reducing the inlet pressure head in the lateral, which generally range from 0.3 to 1.5 atmosphere .

Soil Type And Water Movement The application Of Water Is By

Drippers

21

Drip Irrigation system

Drip irrigation system

Working of Drip Irrigation system

Irrigation water requirement

Vm = Kc x Kp x Cc x Ep x AIn whichVm = Monthly Irrigation water requirement,Kc = Crop coefficientCc = Canopy factorKp= Pan evaporation factor (0.8)Ep = Normal monthly evaporation A = Area to be irrigated, m2

State Drip Sprinkler Total

Haryana 24524 548608 573133

Rajasthan 181943 1502329 1684272

Total 3308147 4315098 7623247

Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2015

Area Covered under Micro Irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler) as on 28 February 2015

(in hectares)

Micro irrigation: Current status and growth in India

2005 2010 2012 201501234567

Area under micro irrigation (mm hectares), 2005-2015

Area under micro irriga-tion (mn hectares), 2005-2015

3.09

4.94

6.14

7.73 59%41%

Micro irrigation by type,2012

Sprinkler irrigationDrip irrigation

56%44%

Micro irrigation by type,2015

Sprinkler irrigationDrip irrigation

Source - IndiaStat; Grant Thornton analysis

Advantages of Drip Irrigation

• Saving water up to 40 - 60%• Yield increase from 20 - 50%• Reduced labour cost• Highly uniform distribution of water• No soil erosion and evaporation• Less incidence of disease, pest and weed• Reductions in deep percolation, in surface runoff and in evaporation from

the soil.• Poor quality water can be more safely used• High returns per unit area and time• High water use efficiency • No need for a drainage system.• Fertilizers application• Over irrigation is avoided

Disadvantages of drip irrigation

• Requires very clean water.  The small openings or paths in an emitter can be clogged by soil particles, organic matter, minerals and sediment in the water and algae growth.

• The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable life. Longevity is variable.

• System is subject to damage by animals, rodents, insects, and machines.• Generally, not suited or recommended for close growing crops like grasses.• Requires a higher level of design and management than other systems.• May require higher initial and annual investment than other types of

irrigation.• Require skilled labour for operating the system

Application of Drip irrigation In farms, orchards

Drip irrigation in orchards

In Greenhouse and Polyhouse

Drip irrigation in polyhouse

For cultivation in roof gardens

In shopping malls and embankments

  In steep slopes

In residential gardens

FERTIGATION

Fertigation is a process, in which, fertilizer is dissolved, diluted and distributed along with water in drip or sprinkler irrigation system.

In other word, fertigation is the process of application of water soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizers through micro irrigation system.

Why we Need Fertigation?

Uneven growth in fertilizer consumption resulting in state-wise crop-wise variation in consumption.

Mining of nutrients from the soil at alarming rate (soil fertility depletion due to inadequate and imbalanced fertilizer use).

Decline in crop response to fertilizer. Stagnation in fertilizer production. Weakening relationship between fertilizer use and

food grain production. Increasing dependence on fertilizer imports.

Objectives of fertigation in micro irrigation

• Maximize profit by applying right amount of

water and fertilizer at right time.

• Minimize adverse environmental effects by

reducing leaching losses of fertilizers and

other chemicals below the root zone.

Fertigation Comparison

WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE,TNAU

Fertilizer injection• Modern fertigation equipment should be able to

regulate: - quantity applied - duration of applications - proportion of fertilizers - starting and finishing time• It is important to select an injection method that best

suits the irrigation system and the crop to be grown. • Each fertilizer injector is designed for a specified

pressure and flow range.

1. Fertilizer tank (By pass system)

2. Venturi Injector

3. Fertilizer injection pump

Fertilizer injection Devices

Fertilizer tank

In this system part of irrigation water is diverted from the main line of

flow through a tank containing the fertilizer in a fluid or soluble solid

form.

This is very simple and low cost device. A partial vacuum is

created in the system which allows suction of the fertilizers into

the irrigation system through ventury action.

Venturi pump

These are piston or diaphragm pumps which are driven by the

Water pressure of the irrigation system and such as the injection

rate is proportional to the flow of water in the system. A high

degree of control over the fertilizer injection rate is possible.

Fertilizer injection pump

Advantages

Relatively uniform fertilizer applications and distribution

Flexibility in timing of application Less fertilizers used and minimum nutrient loss Reduced costs, save labour and energy Even distribution of nutrients throughout the root

zone Reduced energy demand

Disadvantages

Potential contamination hazard from equipment malfunctions

Backflow prevention devices required Careful handling of liquid fertilizer required May require expert design and installation

Lacking the information

Selection of appropriate fertigation technology

Its rate of application

Amount to be applied and frequency of application

The fertigation material is either not available in desired form or available

at higher price

Lack of knowledge about chemical technique

Require safety measures

Constraints in Fertigation

Subsidies

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY), Dept of Agriculture, Haryana50% subsidy on installation of Sprinkler Irrigation System. • For judicious use of ground water 50% subsidy on installation

of sprinkler irrigation system is being provided to the farmers in the state with a max. limit of Rs 7500/ha.

For Drip Irrigation 50-60% subsidy is provided to farmers.35% of total cost of installation for small and marginal farmers provided by govt.25% of total cost of installation for other farmers in non DPAP/NE and H region provided by govt. 35-50% of total cost of installation DPAP/NE and H region provided by govt.

Conclusion

• Drip irrigation is a latest surface and sub-surface methods of irrigating water with higher water demands in arid region.

• It may not be applicable to all farms. Yet, when properly designed, installed and managed, drip irrigation may help achieve water conservation by reducing evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of irrigation such as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be more precisely applied to the plant roots.

• In addition, drip can eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with the foliage. It also results reduced energy costs.