dr. susan capalbo, director big sky carbon sequestration partnership montana state university
DESCRIPTION
Overview for the Big Sky Carbon Partnership for Western Regional Air Partnership meeting April 5, 2006. Dr. Susan Capalbo, Director Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership Montana State University. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Overview for the Big Sky Carbon Partnership
for Western Regional Air Partnership meeting
April 5, 2006
Dr. Susan Capalbo, Director
Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Montana State University
What is Carbon Sequestration?Capture and storage of CO2 and other
Greenhouse Gases that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere
Capture can occur:– at the point of emission– when absorbed from air
Storage locations include:– underground reservoirs– dissolved in deep oceans– converted to solid
material– trees, grasses, soils, or
algae
SIP – ASME Project Review Sept 27, 2005
7
Reductions from DOE/FE Sequestration Program
Reductions unrelated to sequestration, but include coal• Repowering• Retrofit• Vision 21
Reductions shared with EPA and USDA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2002 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Sequestration = StabilizationCould Account For > 60% of Reduction Gap in 2050
GH
G E
mis
sio
ns
Red
uct
ion
s (M
MT
CE
)
Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002EPA special studiesDOE/FE/NETL Sequestration Benefits Model
2012 Program Benefits70 MMTCE/year
2050 Program Benefits1205 MMTCE/year
Advanced Sequestration
Value-Added Sequestration
Non-CO2 GHGs
Forestation and Agriculture
Efficiency and Renewables
Sequestration = StabilizationCould account for >60% of reduction gap in
2050
SIP – ASME Project Review Sept 27, 2005
7
Reductions from DOE/FE Sequestration Program
Reductions unrelated to sequestration, but include coal• Repowering• Retrofit• Vision 21
Reductions shared with EPA and USDA
Sequestration = StabilizationCould Account For > 60% of Reduction Gap in 2050
GH
G E
mis
sion
s R
educ
tions
(MM
TCE
)
Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002EPA special studiesDOE/FE/NETL Sequestration Benefits Model
2012 Program Benefits70 MMTCE/year
2050 Program Benefits1205 MMTCE/year
Advanced Sequestration
Value-Added Sequestration
Non-CO2 GHGs
Forestation and Agriculture
Efficiency and Renewables
SIP – ASME Project Review Sept 27, 2005
7
Reductions from DOE/FE Sequestration Program
Reductions unrelated to sequestration, but include coal• Repowering• Retrofit• Vision 21
Reductions shared with EPA and USDA
Sequestration = StabilizationCould Account For > 60% of Reduction Gap in 2050
GH
G E
mis
sion
s R
educ
tions
(MM
TCE
)
Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002EPA special studiesDOE/FE/NETL Sequestration Benefits Model
2012 Program Benefits70 MMTCE/year
2050 Program Benefits1205 MMTCE/year
Advanced Sequestration
Value-Added Sequestration
Non-CO2 GHGs
Forestation and Agriculture
Efficiency and Renewables
7 Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
Southeast
SouthwestWest Coast
Plains
IllinoisBasin
Big Sky
Midwest
A Growing Case for Carbon Sequestration
GCCI goal to lower GHG intensity– 18% improvement by 2012
CO2 Regulation at state, regional, National levels
– Mandatory CO2 requirements in MA, NH, OR– Other states and regions considering action– Recent legislation introduced by Sen. Hagel (3 bills,
inc. S.388-voluntary) and Senator Byrd (S.745)
Renewed emphasis on U.S. coal– Electric power generation– Feedstock for hydrogen economy– FutureGen
Carbon Sequestration provides a means to achieve economic growth and environmental goals
Be effective and cost-competitive
Provide stable long-term storag
Be acceptable to the public
Criteria for Successful Technologies to Sequester Carbon
…and the challenges of carbon sequestration
Cost of cutting carbon emissions is immediate, but the benefits are deferred and thinly spread
GHG buildups are a global “externality,” not regional Absence of non-voluntary carbon emissions reduction
policy or mandate Connecting public anxiety about climate change with
willingness to pay
The Big Sky Partnership Region Contains Substantial Energy Resources
Nearly 40% of total U.S. coal reserves are in the Big Sky region
Huge water resources to support hydroelectric power Many areas of high potential to support wind power Natural gas reserves may also be tapped in the future Nuclear power – part of the energy mix Biomass and bioenergy alternatives, ethanol options Canadian heavy oils, tar sands
Overview
Partnership Goal: Develop infrastructure to support and enable future carbon sequestration field tests and deployment (regional orientation)
Coalitions that represent regional interests and serve as driving force for carbon sequestration projects
Phase I: 2003-2005 scoping/screening effort Phase II: (i) Deployment of sequestration field
validations and (ii) economic assessments of sequestration options and opportunities for CO2 emission offsets
Context: “Wealth of sinks,
wealth for future energy supplies”
Examining geological and terrestrial sinks
Energy security, economic growth
Potential for new energy generation using coal, natural gas, and other biofuels/renewables
Marriage of good science-based technologies with good economics
Composition of Partnership
Research Institutions (universities, labs, others)– including MSU, SDSMT, UI, UWYO, ISU, BSU,
PNWD/PNNL, LANL, INL State, federal agencies (includes USDA, USGS, NASA) Industry members including major power producers Carbon trading entities (NCOC) Outreach Education partners, including Governors’
office in WY, MT, WA Tribal Nations and Councils International Collaborators (includes Canada, Norway,
India)
Partners
Partners are collaborating to lay foundation for efficient and environmentally sound sequestration
opportunities Partner Contributions:– sharing data, infrastructure and expertise– involvement in pilot projects and scaling up activities– providing matching funds for Energy Forums and pilot activities– involvement in outreach/education activities– serve on Partnership Advisory and Technical Committees
Partner Benefits: – access to regional and national level developments with respect to
geological and terrestrial sequestration and other strategies to reduce and/or offset CO2 emissions
– access to restricted data and info on regional sources, sequestration options, economic analysis, and regulatory assessments
– involvement with regional energy and policy assessments– opportunity to help design sequestration strategies that “work”
for industry and the region– connections with DOE and regional Carbon programs
Organization of the Partnership
Two focal areas: geological and terrestrial sequestration opportunities
Five technical teams: – Carbon atlas/GIS – Geological pilots, including MMV– Terrestrial pilots, including MMV & carbon
markets– Economic and risk analysis– Education, outreach, regulatory compliance
issues
Building the Geological
Carbon Atlas Compiled data from 117,304
active wells in WY and MT
Developed GIS model to calculate sequestration volumes (based on depth, temperature, pressure, density, and thickness)
Characterized sequestration volumes for 283 formations in57 plays
Developed maps of each formation within all
plays
Elevation (ft)High: 1670
Low: -12388
D isp lays the su rfaces o f the E arth w ith in the boundaries of the P rovince 33 and the tw o poten tia l form ations for ca rbon sequestration w ith in the P lay 3307: N ew castle (b lue) and M uddy (green).
The surface and th ickness of the M uddy S andstone as in terpolated from w e ll da ta.
North
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Montana
Wyoming
South DakotaBillings
Casper
Sheridan
Rapid City
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Montana
Wyoming
Col stripB illings
Casper
Sheridan
¯
Muddy Sandstone 3307
0 30 60 90 12015MilesLegend
A Coal Plants
! Cities
Pipelines
Carbon Dioxide
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Processing Product
Wells
Province
State boundary
(points displayed with 1/2 mile diameter)
Note: All depths and sequestration volumes are based on wells within Wyoming and Montana only.
Cost ($) Volume (MMT)#### 0 - 800 0.00#### 800 - 1300 251,234 133.37#### 1300 - 1800 374,798 510.10#### 1800 - 2300 559,133 681.98#### 2300 - 2800 834,128 393.17#### 2800 - 3300 1,244,372 339.51#### 3300 - 3800 1,856,386 262.73#### 3800 - 4300 2,769,402 105.40
Depth (m)
Carbon Atlas: Geologic Sinks
Used Century Model to examine terrestrial carbon flux (based on climate, soil, land use)
Evaluated management scenarios for continuous grassland and conventionally-tilled cropland
Estimated current annual soil carbon fluxes in Big Sky states
Building the Terrestrial Carbon Atlas
Summary Data for Carbon Atlas
Data Type Description
Served by Big
Sky
GHG Sources Emission point locations Yes
GHG Inventory State-level source & sink emission summaries Yes
GHG Livestock County-level livestock emission summaries Yes
Terrestrial Sinks Actual/potential soil sink estimates (CENTURY) Yes
Soil SSURGO/STATSGO & Soil Texture Grids Yes
Climate Monthly precipitation/temperature 1900–present
Yes
Climate Divisions
NCDC climate division boundaries Yes
Ag Management Cropland areas (various tillage/rangeland) Yes
Political State/County Boundaries Yes
Infrastructure Transportation/Pipelines/Powerlines Partial
Geologic Sinks Oil/Gas Provinces & Plays Yes
Wells Oil & Gas wells Yes
Infrastructure data layers such as gas pipelines are not served due to homeland security issues.
Geologic Sequestration Potential Evaluate the geologic sequestration
potential regional sedimentary and volcanic basins– Favorable and worthy of further
consideration– Unfavorable– Insufficient information to classify
Identify potential pilot-scale sequestration site(s)
Geological Sequestration Efforts – Phase II
Demonstration projects– basalt/mafic pilot scale injection (form
solid phase carbonates)– carbonate aquifer assessment
(develop carbonate alkalinity)– deep coal bed exchange (separate and
sequester from flue gasses)
Transfer results to the Nation – national mafic/basalt atlas
Basalts and Sequestration
Significant basalt formations in the region– 164,000 km2 – Columbia River Basalt
Group– 64,000 km2 – Snake River Plain
Chemical makeup favorable for mineralization reactions
Deeper aquifers contain non-potable water
Large Basalt Provinces and Power Plants in the United States
Columbia River Basin:Sequestration Example
164,000 km2 of the Pacific Northwest
15% porosity
10 interflow zones
Hydrostatic pressure 100 atmospheres
Storage capacity of more than 100 Gt of CO2
100 years of U.S. Carbon emissions
Supercritical CO2 Pressure Cell Experiments with Columbia River Basalt
Time, days
0 50 100 150 200 250
CO
2 P
ress
ure,
psi
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800Reactor 1Reactor 3
Rocky Coulee BasaltCoarse grain (0.85 to 2.0 mm)T=~100°C
Test TerminatedCalcite PrecipitationConfirmed by XRD Repressurized
to1456 psi
Long-term experiments showing transition fromcalcite to ankerite, Ca(Fe, Mg, Mn)(CO3)2
Basalt Field Pilot
• 3000 MT of CO2 transported by rail from refinery
• Utilize existing deep well infrastructure to minimize drilling costs for injection and monitoring
• Target is Grande Ronde basalt formation (1100 m depth)
• Post injection core sampling to verify mineralization reactions
• Validate supercomputer simulations of CO2 dispersion, dissolution, and trapping in basalt using suite of geophysical, hydrologic, and tracer methods
1616
Supercomputer Simulation of CO2 Injection in Grande Ronde Basalt
Flood Basalts Cover More Than 1 Million km2 of the Earth’s Surface
Conclusions: Sequestration in Basalts
Large basalts providences globally distributed
economic opportunity costs of Using basalts are minimal
Conducive mineralogy for sequestration
Rapid conversion of CO2 to carbonate
High porosity and permeability
Five largest basalt provinces could sequester 10,000 years of world CO2 emissions
Big question: how does this compare to costs of other sequestration and mitigation options
Pilot Demonstration:Carbonate Petroleum Reservoir
Regionally abundant carbonate rocks (dolomites and limestones) are highly reactive with CO2
CaMg[CO3]2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 4HCO3-
Reactions should result in permeability and porosity increases
Depth to Top of Madison Formation
• EOR opportunities in the Region– High oil/gas prices make EOR attractive– Source of CO2? IGCC?– Infrastructure to transport pipelines
Pilot Design: Enhanced Coal Bed Sequestration
Recent work shows Powder River basin coals can adsorb twice as much CO2 as Uinta basin coals
Study various gas injection strategies– Economic evaluation– Reservoir simulation
Attention will be given to impact of coal swelling on permeability changes
0 200 400 600 800 1000CO 2 p re ssu re , p sia
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.020
0.024
Str
ain
, D
L/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
Ad
sorb
ed
CO
2, m
L/g
P ow der R iver basin coa l
U in ta basin coal
1/1/
84
1/1/
86
1/1/
88
1/1/
90
1/1/
92
1/1/
94
1/1/
96
1/1/
98
1/1/
00
1/1/
02
1/1/
04
1/1/
06
1/1/
08
1/1/
10
1/1/
12
1/1/
14
1/1/
16
1/1/
18
1/1/
20
D ate
0
2000
4000
6000
Mcf
d
Sim ulation caseContinuous C O 2Cyclic C O 2/m ix (N 2-C O 2)Continuous m ix (N 2-C O 2)H istorica l data
Begin h istorica l N 2 in jection(1 Feb 1998)
End h istorical data (30 Apr 2001)
Begin fu ture in jection(1 Jan 2002)
• market – based storage and verification protocols
Terrestrial Pilots and Activities: cropland
forestland
rangeland field test sites and
design carbon portfolios in conjunction with industry, tribal members, and landowners
Terrestrial Sequestration Efforts
Phase II Carbon Market Efforts Implement pilot forestry, agroforestry, and cropland
carbon sequestration projects in conjunction with landowners, and national and international carbon trading companies
All pilot projects will be marketed through Nat Source via CCX and/or other emerging markets
Two 12,500 ton portfolios (tribal & private landowners)
Seating a Technical Standards Committee for the purpose of setting project standards for the portfolio projects
Components of an Economic/RiskAssessment Framework
Economic input on cost (from private sector)
Legal and regulatory issues
Monitoring, Measurement and Verification
Common units for comparison – spatial, temporal metrics
End product – regional supply curve(s) for Carbon
Price
Forestry
Geologic
Regional Carbon Supply CurvePrice($/hectare/year)
Carbon (MMT)
Crop soils
Supply
Forestry
Geological
Importance of Phase II Economic Component
Critical to addressing the feasibility of scaling up of the sequestration activities
Useful for addressing long term financial viability of power plants under carbon-constrained scenarios
Used to address tradeoffs among alternative sequestration options
Phase II Public Outreach & Education Activities
Energy Future Coalition
Annual Energy Forum & Report
State Legislative Symposia
Partnership Recognition/Media Network
National Outreach Working Group
Capacity Building
Susan M. Capalbo, Director Montana State University
Big Sky Partnership OfficeAngie Solvie – Program
[email protected]: 406-994-3755
Bob Smith, Associate DirectorUniversity of [email protected]
Pamela Tomski, Associate DirectorEnTech Strategies