World HistoryRenaissance through the

Russian Revolution

GHSGT Review

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The Renaissance

• Culture, philosophies, art and architectural influences of Ancient Greece & Rome were reborn into European societies

• Knights from the crusades and traders brought spices, silk and written documents from Muslim and Byzantine libraries

• Wealthy Italian merchants came to influence the politics and development of arts in northern Italian towns

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The Medici family• Cosimo de Medici was the

wealthiest European at the time (family banks)

• In 1434, he used his money to influence the ruling council and essentially became dictator of the city of Florence for 30 years

• His son, Lorenzo the magnificent continued to rule Florence

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Humanism• Scholars start studying Greek and Roman

philosophers and apply the classical ideas to Renaissance society

• Focused on human potential and achievement

• They did not try to make the classical ideas agree with the teachings of the Church

• Encouraged the study of history, literature and philosophy

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Donatello• Carved sculptures that

had natural postures and facial expressions

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Leonardo da Vinci

• Painter, sculptor, artist, inventor, scientist• A true “Renaissance Man”• The Mona Lisa• The Last Supper• His notebook contained sketches from

detailed scientific observations and ideas of his inventions

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Raphael

• Used perspective in his paintings• The Madonna and child • The School of Athens

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Michelangelo• Painter, sculptor, architect and poet• Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica• Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel• Statue of David

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Renaissance Writers

• Petrarch--Father of Humanities• Giovanni Boccaccio—Decameron

– used humor to illustrate people’s personality (flaws)

• Machiavelli—The Prince– A political leader should not be concerned with

what is morally right, instead what is politically effective

– Be as strong as a lion and as shrewd as a fox12

Northern Renaissance

• Monarchs of Northern Europe become patrons of the arts

• The Northern Renaissance movement in art and literature develops unique characteristics

• Did not want to replicate the perfect classical beauty of the Italian renaissance

• Realism and social reform

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Christian humanism• Believed the Church had failed to inspire

people to live a Christian life• Goal: Reform society• Promoted education of men and women• Erasmus

– Wrote the Praise of Folly– Poked fun at most everyone in society– He believed all people should study the Bible to

improve society

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• Thomas Moore– Wrote Utopia– His version of a better society– An imaginary land where there

was no greed, corruption, or war

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The Printing Press

• 1440 Johann Gutenberg develops a method to be able to print books quickly and inexpensively

• The Bible was the 1st book to be printed this way

• Books became more easily accessible to common people

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Martin Luther starts the Protestant Reformation

• 1521, German Monk, Martin Luther posted the 95 thesis (Complaints) on the door of a Catholic Church in Germany

• He protested the selling of indulgences• He believed that salvation could only be

achieved through faith in God (not good deeds)• He also thought people should interpret the

Bible for themselves• His actions started the Protestant Reformation

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Influential People of the

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther John Calvin

King Henry VIII

Queen Elizabeth I

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John Calvin

• Believed in the idea of predestination• God knew from the beginning of time who

would be saved (only a few elect people)• People interpret the Bible for themselves• He believed the ideal government was a

theocracy (ruled by the religious leaders)• His teaching become the basis for a new

religion: Calvinism19

English Reformation

• King Henry VIII wanted the Catholic Church to grant him a divorce so he could marry and hopefully have a son

• The Pope refused, so the King formed a reform parliament to pass laws to end the Pope’s power in England

• The Act of Supremacy in 1534 recognized the King as the Head of the Church

of England

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Queen Elizabeth I

• Henry VIII died, and the nations switches back and forth from Protestant to Catholic and his children become the monarch

• In 1558, Elizabeth, Henry’s protestant daughter became Queen

• The queen has parliament set up the Church of England (Anglican) as the only legal church of the nation

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Counter Reformation• Catholic leaders responded to the Protestant

Reformation by reforming the Catholic Church• Jesuit—Catholic missionaries dedicated to

education and converting Christians to Catholicism

• Council of TrentChurch’s interpretation of the Bible was

finalChristians needed good works and faith for

salvationIndulgences were acceptable expressions

of faith22

The Age of Exploration• European rulers began to pay for explorations to find

a sea route to Asia so they could get spices cheaper.• Portugal was the first country that sent explorers to

search for the sea route to Asia. • Sailors used tools such as the astrolabe to navigate

using the stars

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Portugal leads the way• Bartholomew Dias sails around the

western coast of Africa, reaching the southern tip

• (Africa's Cape of Good Hope)• Vasco da Gama and his crew became the

first to sail around Africa and through the Indian Ocean to India.

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Christopher Columbus• When Portugal refused to finance Christopher

Columbus' idea to sail west to find the shortcut to the Indies,

• Columbus convinced Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to finance it.

• On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew reached the island of Hispaniola.

• Although Columbus believed he had reached Asia, he had actually discovered the entire continent of North America and claimed it for Spain.

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Columbian exchange

• Columbus’ voyage to the New World introduced new items to the Spanish

• Columbus took some of those items back to Europe (The Old World)

• Columbus also introduced items from the Old World to the New World

• Diseases were also traded between the two hemispheres

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Spain quickly colonized North & South America

• Ponce de Leon discovered Florida (St. Augustine)

• Hernando Cortes crushed the Aztec empire in Mexico and claimed it for Spain.

• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in South America.

• Other explorers such as Francisco Coronado and Hernando de Soto claimed other portions of North America for Spain.

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa even claimed the entire Pacific Ocean for Spain.

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France & England• Meanwhile, France began to explore North

America. • Explorations by Samuel de Champlain and

Jacques Cartier resulted in French claims of much of Canada and the north Atlantic coast.

• English sea dog Sir Francis Drake to plunder Spanish settlements and steal gold from Spanish sea vessels.

• In 1588, the British Army defeated the Spanish Armada.

• Allowing Britain to start colonies in the New World

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Triangular Trade

• The Spanish quickly realize that using the Native Americans for forced labor is not effective

• The Dutch start importing slaves from Africa• The trade of slaves, sugar, rum, etc is

called the triangular trade• The worst part of the journey for African

slaves was called the Middle Passage

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Scientific Revolution

• Beginning in the mid 1500’s, it was a new way to think about the world using observation

• It also meant being willing to question what most people accepted as being true

• Copernicus—developed a scientifically-based Heliocentric theory

• The SUN was the center of the universe (Helio-sun, Helio-Hot)

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• Galileo-uses a telescope to observe the planets—helped to prove Copernicus’ theories

• Kepler—laws of planetary motion Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits (ovals)

• Newton—law of universal gravitation same forces govern motions on earth and in the universe

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Enlightenment• Stressed reason and the power of a

person to solve problems mid 1700’s• Locke—social contract theory—people

have the right to overthrow an abusive government that tries to take away people’s natural rights

• Rousseau—a legitimate government gets its power from the consent of the governed (people give government its power)

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Revolutions

• England (1689) William and Mary become the protestant monarch of England in a bloodless revolution Glorious Revolution

• England becomes a constitutional monarchy—the monarch’s power is limited by the English Bill of Rights and by Parliament

• American Revolution (1776)• (More to come)

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• French Revolution (1789)—the people of France overthrow the King and Queen in a violent revolution to set up a democratic government

• Revolution in Haiti (1791)—African slaves living in the French colony of Haiti revolt—led by Toussaint L’Overture

• Latin America (1808-1825)—colonies fight for their independence from Spain

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Napoleon• Uses his fame as a

military leader to take control of the French government (Coup d'état)

• He becomes the Emperor of France

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• He conquers most of Europe and made it part of his empire

Napoleon’s fall from power

• He is finally defeated by the British at

the Battle of Waterloo• He is exiled (twice)

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Europe’s reaction to Napoleonic Wars

• Congress of Vienna tries to restore a balance of power and give areas that Napoleon had conquered back to their rightful rulers

• Countries of Europe start to feel strong pride—nationalism

• People see democracy as the best way to create fairness and equality

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Causes of World War I (1914-1918)

• 1. nationalism (especially in the Balkans)• 2. alliances• 3. building up military• 4. imperialism (colonies)• Austrian arch-duke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist

(teenager)• This starts the Great War

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What war was like• Trench warfare—border

between France and Germany

• Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, barbed wire

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Versailles Treaty• Organized by Italy (Orlando), France

(Clemenceau), England (Georges) & USA (Wilson)

• Wilson’s 14 Points (part of the Treaty)no secret treaties & reduce militariescolonies should eventually be able to govern themselves(Mandate system, self determination)League of Nations

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Russian revolution

• The absolute leader of Russia is Czar Nicholas II

• The peasants of Russia were not treated well and revolt

• In 1917, the czar is overthrown by the Bolsheviks

• A violent civil war erupts• The Royal family is executed

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• Vladimir Lenin becomes leader of communist Russia

• Russia starts to recovery economically after World War I

• Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin becomes the new leader of Russia

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Vladimir Lenin

Russia under Stalin

• Stalin becomes the absolute leader of Russia and forms a totalitarian government (total control of everything)

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• Stalin used the police force to kill or imprison those who were against his leadership

• 8 million-13 million Russians died/were killed

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Russian gulag (Prison)

• Stalin set up a 5 Year Plan to encourage industrial production, but it reduced products being made for the people to use

• Russians were forced to work on collective farms to raise crops for the government to use & distribute

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