Transcript
Page 1: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering
Page 2: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Dream comes trueWith

Genetic Engineering

Prepare by : Sumaiah Alghamdi- Norah Alhoshani

Nora alkahtani -Hind alsubaieSubmitted to :

Dr. Zinab qurni

Page 3: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Content • Introdiction• Example of genetic engineering

application• Reengineering a transmembrane protein • Gentically modified insect• Egg engineering• References

Page 4: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

What is the latest fashion?

Page 6: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

1-Fluorescent dresses ..cont • The researchers inserted

glowing proteins, borrowed from corals and jellyfish, into the silkworm genome near the gene for the silk protein fibroin. They then raised more than 20,000 transgenic silkworms, which expressed fibroin proteins with the fluorescent molecules attached, and collected their colorful cocoons.

Page 7: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

1-Fluorescent dresses ..cont

Page 8: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

2-Silkworms produce artificial spider silk

• A research has succeeded in producing transgenic silkworms using piggyBac capable of spinning artificial spider silks.

• PiggyBac is a piece of DNA known as a transposon that can insert itself into the genetic machinery of a cell.

• The genetically engineered silk protein produced by the transgenic silkworms has markedly improved elasticity and strength approaching that of native spider silk.

Page 9: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

2-Silkworms produce artificial spider silk

Page 10: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

3 -Fluorescent fish • Researchers in Hong Kong have developed a fish that

glows in the presence of estrogen-like chemicals called estrogenic endocrine disruptors

• Scientists inserted a green fluorescent protein gene into the genome of the medaka fish and positioned it next to a gene that senses estrogen

Page 11: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

4-Stronger dogs• Scientists in China say they are the

first to use gene editing to produce customized dogs. They created a beagle with double the amount of muscle mass by deleting a gene called myostatin.

• The dogs have “more muscles and are expected to have stronger running ability, which is good for hunting, police (military) applications,”

Page 12: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

5 -Blue rose • researchers in Suntory’s Institute for Plant Science

using advanced technology to reduce the levels of red/purple color and isolating the blue pigment gene from pansy and hybridizing to that of a rose, could this tinge of blue be created.

• The transgenic carnation and rose also contain selectable marker genes for herbicide resistance in carnation and antibiotic resistanc in rose.

Page 13: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

6 -Invisibility cloaks• Researchers using arrays of minuscule 'elements' that bend, scatter,

transmit or otherwise shape electromagnetic radiation in ways that no natural material can. And many metamaterials researchers are trying to make cloaking a reality, can used for military

Page 14: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

6 -Invisibility cloaks

Page 15: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Reengineering a

transmembrane protein

Gentically modified

insect

Egg engineerin

g

Page 16: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Reengineering a transmembrane protein to treat muscular

dystrophy using exon skipping

Page 17: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Introduction to Muscular dystrophy

Page 18: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Normal Dystrophin gene

Page 19: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Main areas of muscle weakness in different types of dystrophy

Page 20: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex (DGC)

• Dystrophin and its associated proteins localize to the muscle plasma membrane, acting as a linker between cell “skeleton” to connective tissue in muscle fibers.

• Mutations that disrupt the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) cause muscular dystrophy.

Page 21: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Sarcoglycan sub complex

• The sarcoglycan sub complex within the DGC is composed of 4 single-pass transmembrane subunits: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-sarcoglycan.

• Recessive loss-of-function mutations in

genes encoding α-, β-, γ-, and δ- sarcoglycan cause the limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) type 2D, 2E, 2C, and 2F, respectively.

Page 22: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD)

• The sarcoglycan complex is localized at the muscle membrane, and loss-of-function mutations in mice and humans result in the absence of plasma membrane–associated staining.

• LGMD 2C patients have mutations in SGCG, the gene encoding γ-sarcoglycan.

Page 23: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Exon skipping • Is a type of gene therapy by

using which blocks translation using antisense oligonucleotide.

• is a strategy in which an antisense oligo-nucleotide is used to coax cells into skipping an exon (region of genetic instructions), splice together remaining exons and produce a functional protein.

Page 24: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

SGCG, Mini_ Gamma

Mini-Gamma’s capacity to substitute for full-length γ-sarcoglyca.

Page 25: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Mini_ Gamma rescues Drosophila muscular dystrophy

• Full-length murine γ-sarcoglycan (mGSG) localized to the sarcolemma when expressed in Sgcd840 muscle ,indicating that the mGSG normally translocates in Drosophila muscle.

Page 26: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Mini_ Gamma rescues Drosophila muscular dystrophy

• Expression of murine MiniGamma showed the same distinct plasma membrane localization when expressed in Sgcd840 flies.

• Expression of MiniGamma in Sgcd840 hearts also showed plasma membrane–associated staining in the thin-walled heart tube structure.

Page 27: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Measure Drosophila heart function

• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was used to measure heart tube dimension during both contraction and relaxation.

• Sgcd840 flies had dilated heart tubes with significantly increased end systolic dimension (ESD) compared with WT

• Expression of Mini-Gamma in the heart tube was sufficient to restore ESD to WT dimensions.

Page 28: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Drosophila activity monitor

Page 29: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Gentically modified insect

Page 30: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Introduction

Insect responsible for economic and social harm worldwide through the transmission of disease to humans and animals, and damage to crops.

Their genetic modification has been proposed as a new way of controlling insect pests.

However, regulatory guidelines governing the use of such technology have not yet been fully developed.

Page 31: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Current Insect Control Strategies

•Indoor spraying.•Use of insecticide-treated bed nets

Insecticides

•Is the sterile insect technique in which laboratory-reared male insects

• Removal of breeding sites around human habitations.

Alternative Control Strategies

Page 32: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Genetic Modification of Insects

• Genetically modified (GM) insects are produced by inserting new genes into their DNA.

• Many genes have been identified that can alter the behaviour and biology of insects.

• When these genes are inserted into an insects genome they are called transgenes, by injecting DNA containing the desired genes into the eggs of insects.

Page 33: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Researchers use a wide variety of transgenes, derived from a variety of

organisms, to modify insects:Marker genes are used to make the insects fluoresce, these allowresearchers to distinguish them from the unmodified variety, whichis important for monitoring them in the environment.Lethal genes cause the insect to die, or make it unable toreproduce .

Refractory genes confer resistance to a particular pathogenrendering the insect unable to transmit the disease any longer.

Page 34: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Potential Control Strategies: Scientists have proposed two distinct strategies involving the

release of GM insects.

1. Population suppression: is a method in which insects are engineered to ensure that when they mate with wild individuals no viable offspring are produced or producing progeny that died before they can transmit disease.

2. Population replacement: strategies involve permanently replacing wild populations of insects with GM varieties( anti-pathogen gene) that have been altered to render them less able to transmit disease..

Page 35: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering
Page 36: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering
Page 37: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Paratransgenesis insect

Paratransgenesis was first conceived by Frank Richards (1996)

Paratransgenesis is a technique that attempts to eliminate a pathogen from vector populations through transgenesis of a symbiont of the vector. The goal of this technique is to control vector-borne diseases.

Engineer Triatominae  express proteins such as Cecropin A that are toxic to T. cruzi or that block the transmission of T. cruzi.

Page 38: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

INSECTS GENES CHARACTER MODIFIED

1. Anopheles SM 1 Disease causing ability destroyed

2. Culex Defensin Disease spreading ability is lost

3. Silkworm Spider flagelliform silk

Enhances quality of silk protein

4. Wolbachia Attacin and Cecopin

Infective capacity is lost

5. Xylella S 1 Disease causing capacity is absent

Introduced transgenes in insect

Page 39: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

How GM mosquito

work

Page 40: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

How GM mosquito

work

Page 41: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

How GM mosquito

work

Page 42: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Conclusion

The Potential Benefits of GM Insect StrategiesThey would target only a single insect pest

species, leaving beneficial insects unharmed.GM insects could reduce the need for

insecticides and any associated toxic residues in the environment.

When used in disease control programmes GM insects would protect everyone in the area.

Page 43: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Egg engineering

Page 44: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

EGG ENGINEERS

In a technical tour de force, Japanese researchers created eggs and sperm in the laboratory. Now, scientists have to

determine how to use those cells safely and ethically

Page 45: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Introduction

• Ince last October, molecular biologist Katsuhiko Hayashi has received around a dozen e‑mails from couples, most of them middle-aged, who are desperate for one thing: a baby. One menopausal woman from England offered to come to his laboratory at Kyoto University in Japan in the hope that he could help her to conceive a child.

• The requests started trickling in after Hayashi published the results of an experiment that he had assumed would be of interest mostly to developmental biologists. Starting with the skin cells of mice in vitro, he created primordial germ cells (PGCs), which can develop into both sperm and eggs. To prove that these laboratory-grown versions were truly similar to naturally occurring PGCs, he used them to create eggs, then used those eggs to create live mice. He calls the live births a mere ‘side effect’ of the research, but that bench experiment became much more, because it raised the prospect of creating fertilizable eggs from the skin cells of infertile women. And it also suggested that men’s skin cells could be used to create eggs, and that sperm could be generated from women’s cells.

Page 46: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

BACK TO THE BEGINNING

• In the mouse, germ cells emerge just after the first week of embryonic development, as a group of around 40 PGCs2. This little cluster goes on to form the tens of thousands of eggs that female mice have at birth, and the millions of sperm cells that males produce every day, and it will pass on the mouse’s entire genetic heritage. Saitou wanted to understand what signals direct these cells throughout their development.

• Over the past decade, he has laboriously identified several genes including Stella, Blimp1 and Prdm14 that, when expressed in certain combinations and at certain times, play a crucial part in PGC development 3–5. Using these genes as markers, he was able to

Page 47: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

BACK TO THE BEGINNING

select PGCs from among other cells and study what happens to them. In 2009, from experiments at the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, he found that when culture conditions are right, adding a single ingredient bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) with precise timing is enough to convert embryonic cells to PGCs2. To test this principle, he added high concentrations of Bmp4 to embryonic cells. Almost all of them turned into PGCs2. He and other scientists had expected the process to be more complicated.

Page 48: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Hayashi way

• Hayashi tried to use epiblast cells Saitou’s starting point but instead of using extracted cells as Saitou did, he tried to culture them as a stable cell line that could produce PGCs. That did not work. Hayashi then drew on other research showing that one key regulatory molecule (activin A) and a growth factor (basic fibroblast growth factor) could convert cultured early embryonic stem cells into cells akin to epiblasts. That sparked the idea of using these two factors to induce embryonic stem cells to differentiate into epiblasts , and then to apply Saitou’s previous formula to push these cells to become PGCs. The approach was successful.

• To prove that these artificial PGCs were faithful copies, however, they had to be shown to develop into viable sperm and eggs.

Page 49: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Cont.. The process by which this happens is complicated and ill

understood, so the team left the job to nature Hayashi inserted the PGCs into the testes of mice that were incapable of producing their own sperm, and waited to see whether the cells would develop6. Saitou thought that it would work, but fretted. “It seemed like a 50/50 chance, But, on the third or fourth mouse, they found testes with thick, dark seminiferous tubules, stuffed with sperm. The team injected these sperm into eggs and inserted the embryos into female mice. The result was fertile males and females

Page 50: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Cont..• They repeated the experiment with induced pluripotent

stem (iPS) cells mature cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryo-like state. Again, the sperm were used to produce pups, proving that they were functional — a rare accomplishment in the field of stem-cell differentiation, where scientists often argue over whether the cells that they create are truly what they seem to be. “This is one of the few examples in the entire field of pluripotent-stem-cell research where a fully functional cell type has been unequivocally generated starting from a pluripotent stem cell in a dish,” says Clark.

Page 51: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering
Page 52: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

Cont..

They expected eggs to be more complex, but last year, Hayashi made PGCs in vitro with cells from a mouse with normal colouring and then transferred them into the ovaries of an albino mouse. The resulting eggs were

fertilized in vitro and implanted into a surrogate .

Page 53: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

CLINICAL RELEVANCE Saitou and Hayashi have found that the offspring generated by their technique usually seem to be healthy and fertile, but the PGCs themselves are often not completely ‘normal’. For example, the PGCs can produce eggs that are fragile, misshapen and sometimes dislodged from the complex of cells that supports them1. When fertilized, the eggs often divide into cells with three sets of chromosomes rather than the normal two, and the rate at which the artificial PGCs successfully produce offspring is only one-third of the rate for normal in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Page 54: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

But the most formidable challenge will be repeating the mouse PGC work in humans. The group has already started tweaking human iPS cells using the same genes that Saitou pinpointed as being important in mouse germ cell development, but both Saitou and Hayashi know that human signalling networks are different from those in mice. Moreover, whereas Saitou had ‘countless’ numbers of live mouse embryos to dissect, the team has no access to human embryos. Instead, the researchers receive 20 monkey embryos per week from a nearby primate facility .

Yi Zhang, who studies epigenetics at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, and who has been using Saitou’s method, has also found that in vitro PGCs do not erase their previous epigenetic programming as well as naturally occurring PGCs. “We have to be aware

that these are PGC-like cells and not PGCsPGCs”,

Page 55: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

...Thanks

Page 56: What is  the latest fashion-Genetic Engineering

References

• http://phys.org/news/2010-09-scientists-genetically-silkworms-artificial-spider.html#nRlv

• http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/30670/title/Fluorescent-fish-find-pollution/

• http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.201300365/full• http://www.technologyreview.com/news/542616/first-gene-edited-dogs-reported-in-c

hina/• http://www.nature.com/news/exotic-optics-metamaterial-world-1.13516• http://www.jci.org/articles/view/82768•http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cells-egg-engineers-1.13582• file:///C:/Users/SAMSUNG/Downloads/postpn360-gm-insects.pdf• http://www.jbiol.com/content/8/4/40/figure/F2?highres=y • http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/10/12/5350• https://www.systembio.com/downloads/Manual_PiggyBac_Web.pdf


Top Related