What does this image tell us?What does this image tell us?
What did the image tell us?What did the image tell us?
Urban AreasUrban Areas What will I understand by the end of this What will I understand by the end of this
unit?unit?I will understand what the process of I will understand what the process of
urbanisationurbanisation means. means. I will be able to identify the I will be able to identify the
characteristicscharacteristics and and patternspatterns of of urbanisation.urbanisation.
I will understand the I will understand the causescauses and and effectseffects of urbanisation. of urbanisation.
I will understand the I will understand the functionsfunctions of urban of urban environments.environments.
I will understand the concept of I will understand the concept of sustainable development sustainable development within a within a urban context. urban context.
I will be able to apply my knowledge at I will be able to apply my knowledge at a a locallocal, , nationalnational and and global scaleglobal scale..
How has How has the World’s the World’s
Urban Urban Population Population changed changed through through time?time?
Year Urban Population (000’s)
1950 736 796
1960 996 298
1970 1 331 783
1980 1 740 551
1990 2 274 554
2000 2 853 909
2005 3 164 635
2010 3 494 6072015 3 844 664
2020 4 209 669
2030 4 965 081
2040 5 708 869
2050 6 398 291
Source: United Nations Population Data Base
Why Study Urban Why Study Urban Environments?Environments?
Last year for the first time in human Last year for the first time in human history history 50%50% of the world’s population of the world’s population will live in will live in Urban AreasUrban Areas..
All population growth until at least All population growth until at least 20302030 will take place in urban areas. will take place in urban areas.
In In 20052005 only only 4.3%4.3% of the world’s of the world’s population lives in urban areas of population lives in urban areas of more than 10 million.more than 10 million.
Source: United Nations Population Data Base
Global Urban GrowthGlobal Urban Growth
Global Urban Annual Growth Global Urban Annual Growth RatesRates
Percentage Urban Percentage Urban PopulationPopulation
What are the causes of a global increase in urban population?
Where the Lights Shine Brightest.Where the Lights Shine Brightest. The World’s ‘Millionaire’ Urban Areas The World’s ‘Millionaire’ Urban Areas
2006.2006.Rank Urban
Population Urban Area Country
1 34,997,269 Tokyo Japan
2 18,660,221 Mexico City Mexico
3 18,252,339 New York USA
4 17,857,001 Sao Paulo Brazil
5 17,431,305 Mombai (Bombay) India
6 14,145,956 Dehli India
7 13,805,691 Calcutta India
8 13,047,115 Buenos Aires Argentina
9 12,759,367 Shanghai China
10 12,295,516 Jakarta Indonesia
11 12,018,068 Los Angeles USA
12 11,560,211 Dhaka Bangladesh
13 11,243,853 Osaka-kobe Japan
14 11,214,126 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
15 11,078,298 Karachi Pakistan
16 10,847,827 Beijing China
21 9,794,337 Paris France
27 7,619,014 London United Kingdom
272 1,390,572 Lyon France
What urban areas can you What urban areas can you identify on this image?identify on this image?
What characteristics do you What characteristics do you associate with an urban area?associate with an urban area?
Site and SituationSite and SituationThe site is the actual location of the The site is the actual location of the
urban area. Lyon is:urban area. Lyon is: 45 degrees, 46 minutes North45 degrees, 46 minutes North 4 degrees, 50 minutes East4 degrees, 50 minutes East
The situation is location of an urban The situation is location of an urban area relative to other places surrounding area relative to other places surrounding it (human and physical).it (human and physical).Use the following map to describe the Use the following map to describe the
location of Lyon.location of Lyon.
What characteristics do you What characteristics do you associate with an urban associate with an urban
area?area?
How does Roman Lyon How does Roman Lyon compare with Lyon of today?compare with Lyon of today?
Palmyra today. The location Palmyra today. The location factors that once made it a factors that once made it a
great city are no longer great city are no longer important.important.
Functions of Urban Functions of Urban EnvironmentsEnvironments
As settlements grow they develop a specific As settlements grow they develop a specific function or set of functions.function or set of functions.
FunctionsFunctions are collectively, the are collectively, the servicesservices, , goodsgoods and and amenitiesamenities available in a settlement. A available in a settlement. A large city will have many more functions than large city will have many more functions than a small village.a small village.
Low-orderLow-order functions provide convenience functions provide convenience goods likely to be required frequently, perhaps goods likely to be required frequently, perhaps every day. every day.
High-orderHigh-order functions will supply specialised or functions will supply specialised or long lasting goods. They will only be available long lasting goods. They will only be available in larger settlements.in larger settlements.
What functions are available in Lyon; Gerland? What functions are available in Lyon; Gerland?
Functions of Urban Functions of Urban EnvironmentsEnvironments
As an urban environment grows it will As an urban environment grows it will develop a huge variety of functions.develop a huge variety of functions.
At any one time the economic structure At any one time the economic structure of an urban area will consist of a of an urban area will consist of a complex mixture of functions of varying complex mixture of functions of varying strength.strength.
The strength of a particular function The strength of a particular function can be thought of as the percentage of can be thought of as the percentage of a city’s labour force employed in that a city’s labour force employed in that function.function.
What are Lyon’s main functions today, What are Lyon’s main functions today, or in the past?or in the past?
A check list of possible A check list of possible functions in urban functions in urban
environmentsenvironmentsDeveloped Countries Developing Countries
Mining Administration
Manufacturing / Industrial Marketing / Agricultural
Route Centre / Transport Route Centre / Transport
Retail / Wholesale Mining
Religious / Cultural Commercial
Trade / Commerce / Financial Religious
Administration Residential
Resort / Recreation
Residential
New Towns
Settlement HierarchySettlement Hierarchy
Urban GrowthUrban Growth
Many are regional or national Many are regional or national capitalscapitals and these attract service and these attract service industries linked to law, finance and administration. industries linked to law, finance and administration.
Companies locate their Companies locate their headquartersheadquarters in important cities. in important cities. They are important They are important transport centrestransport centres.. Good communications make them attractive to Good communications make them attractive to manufacturingmanufacturing
industries.industries. Many cities are at the coast and have Many cities are at the coast and have portport facilities. facilities. TradeTrade leads to growth of industries which process raw materials. leads to growth of industries which process raw materials.
These in turn attract commerce and finance.These in turn attract commerce and finance. The number and range of The number and range of jobsjobs attract people from other parts of attract people from other parts of
the country.the country. The large population provides a The large population provides a large marketlarge market for goods and for goods and
services such as shops, education and entertainment.services such as shops, education and entertainment. A growing market attracts yet more A growing market attracts yet more investmentinvestment to these cities. to these cities.
History of Lyon Jigsaw Activity – Function and Reasons for GrowthHistory of Lyon Jigsaw Activity – Function and Reasons for Growth
Models of Urban Structure in an Models of Urban Structure in an MEDCMEDC
Models of Urban StructureModels of Urban Structure
Urban Structure in a LEDCUrban Structure in a LEDC
Models of Urban Growth - Models of Urban Growth - ActivityActivity
Work in pairs / groupsWork in pairs / groupsEach group has a number of photos Each group has a number of photos
showing different zones within urban showing different zones within urban areas.areas.
For each photograph identify which For each photograph identify which urban zone is shown and give urban zone is shown and give reasons for your answer.reasons for your answer.
For each photograph give reasons for For each photograph give reasons for its location on the model.its location on the model.
Transport route, Rodovia Ayrton Senna da Silva, Sao Transport route, Rodovia Ayrton Senna da Silva, Sao PauloPaulo
FavelasFavelas
Global CitiesGlobal Cities
Watch this film on Watch this film on Global Cities..What issues does it raise for future What issues does it raise for future
development of urban environments?development of urban environments?In relation to urban areas what do you In relation to urban areas what do you
think sustainable development should think sustainable development should be?be?
Development Decisions -Development Decisions -Urban Planning GameUrban Planning Game
Follow the instructions provided in Follow the instructions provided in the game.the game.
Classroom Layout
Living in an Urban Living in an Urban EnvironmentEnvironmentWhat services do you use in your What services do you use in your
daily life?daily life?As a class, describe your typical day and As a class, describe your typical day and
identify the services that you use.identify the services that you use.Discuss the Triangle of Sustainable Discuss the Triangle of Sustainable
Development. For each of the Development. For each of the services you have listed, try to services you have listed, try to identify which of the three points it identify which of the three points it belongs to. NB some may fit within 2.belongs to. NB some may fit within 2.
The Triangle of Sustainable The Triangle of Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment
What is Sustainable What is Sustainable Development?Development?
There are many definitions of sustainable development, including this landmark There are many definitions of sustainable development, including this landmark one which first appeared in 1987:one which first appeared in 1987:
"Development that meets the needs of the present "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."generations to meet their own needs."
— — from the World Commission on Environment and Development’s (the Brundtland Commission)from the World Commission on Environment and Development’s (the Brundtland Commission)
Have you listed any needs that conflict with one another? For Have you listed any needs that conflict with one another? For example, if you listed clean air to breathe, but also listed a car for example, if you listed clean air to breathe, but also listed a car for transportation, your needs might conflict. Which would you choose, transportation, your needs might conflict. Which would you choose, and how would you make your decision? If within ourselves, we and how would you make your decision? If within ourselves, we have conflicting needs, how much is that multiplied when we look at have conflicting needs, how much is that multiplied when we look at a whole community, city, country, world? a whole community, city, country, world?
How do we decide whose needs are met? Poor or rich people? How do we decide whose needs are met? Poor or rich people? Citizens or immigrants? People living in urban areas or rural Citizens or immigrants? People living in urban areas or rural environments? People in one country or another? You or your environments? People in one country or another? You or your neighbour? The environment or business? This generation or the neighbour? The environment or business? This generation or the next generation? When there has to be a trade off, whose needs next generation? When there has to be a trade off, whose needs should go first?should go first?
People concerned about sustainable development suggest that People concerned about sustainable development suggest that meeting the needs of the future depends on how well we balance meeting the needs of the future depends on how well we balance social, economic, and environmental objectives--or needs--when social, economic, and environmental objectives--or needs--when making decisions today. making decisions today.
Studying the triangle raises a number of difficult questions. Studying the triangle raises a number of difficult questions. What happens to the environment in the long term if a large What happens to the environment in the long term if a large
number of people cannot afford to meet their basic household number of people cannot afford to meet their basic household needs today? needs today?
If you did not have access to safe water, and therefore needed If you did not have access to safe water, and therefore needed wood to boil drinking water so that you and your children would wood to boil drinking water so that you and your children would not get sick, would you worry about causing deforestation? not get sick, would you worry about causing deforestation?
If you had to drive a long distance to get to work each day, If you had to drive a long distance to get to work each day, would you be willing to move or get a new job to avoid polluting would you be willing to move or get a new job to avoid polluting the air with your car exhaust?the air with your car exhaust?
Sustainable Urban Sustainable Urban DevelopmentDevelopment Some definitions of sustainable development in urban Some definitions of sustainable development in urban
areas: areas:
"Sustainable community development is the ability to make development "Sustainable community development is the ability to make development choices which respect the relationship between the three "E's"-economy, choices which respect the relationship between the three "E's"-economy, ecology, and equity:ecology, and equity: EconomyEconomy - Economic activity should serve the common good, be self- - Economic activity should serve the common good, be self-
renewing, and build local assets and self-reliance.renewing, and build local assets and self-reliance. EcologyEcology - Human are part of nature, nature has limits, and - Human are part of nature, nature has limits, and
communities are responsible for protecting and building natural assets.communities are responsible for protecting and building natural assets. EquityEquity - The opportunity for full participation in all activities, benefits, - The opportunity for full participation in all activities, benefits,
and decision-making of a society."and decision-making of a society."
- Mountain Association for Community Economic Development - Mountain Association for Community Economic Development (MACED):(MACED): Hart Environmental Data Hart Environmental Data
"A community that believes today's growth must not be achieved at "A community that believes today's growth must not be achieved at tomorrow's expense."tomorrow's expense."- Governor's Commission for a Sustainable South Florida, initial report, - Governor's Commission for a Sustainable South Florida, initial report, October 1995October 1995
"... the deliberate effort to ensure that community development not only "... the deliberate effort to ensure that community development not only enhances the local economy, but also the local environment and quality of enhances the local economy, but also the local environment and quality of life."life."- Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development- Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development
Local Agenda 21Local Agenda 21BackgroundBackground
At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, the United Nations agreed that the best At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, the United Nations agreed that the best starting point for the achievement of sustainable development is at the starting point for the achievement of sustainable development is at the local local level. level. In fact, two thirds of the 2500 action items of Agenda 21 relate to local In fact, two thirds of the 2500 action items of Agenda 21 relate to local councils (e.g.Grand Lyon) and what they are required to do. councils (e.g.Grand Lyon) and what they are required to do. Each local authority has had to draw up its own Local Agenda 21 (LA21) Each local authority has had to draw up its own Local Agenda 21 (LA21)
strategy strategy The aims of the strategies have to be based on the needs of the local The aims of the strategies have to be based on the needs of the local
citizens.citizens. The principle of sustainable development must form a central part of the The principle of sustainable development must form a central part of the
strategies. strategies. It is believed that involvement of the whole community will ensure that It is believed that involvement of the whole community will ensure that
everyone’s needs are taken into account, and that conflicts between everyone’s needs are taken into account, and that conflicts between different needs can be resolved locally.different needs can be resolved locally.
Local Agenda 21Local Agenda 21ExamplesExamples
As part of Local Agenda 21 in As part of Local Agenda 21 in LiverpoolLiverpool, for example, the public , for example, the public and the city council have drawn up their own and the city council have drawn up their own indicatorsindicators to discover to discover the success of sustainable development. These indicators include the success of sustainable development. These indicators include the number of parks and people living close to them, education the number of parks and people living close to them, education standards and crime figures. standards and crime figures.
In In CheshireCheshire, the local authority has set up a transport task group , the local authority has set up a transport task group as part of its LA21. This aims to set up commuter plans to as part of its LA21. This aims to set up commuter plans to discourage people from travelling by car. discourage people from travelling by car.
KirkleesKirklees council, in West Yorkshire, has encouraged partnerships council, in West Yorkshire, has encouraged partnerships between themselves, businesses, charity groups and members of between themselves, businesses, charity groups and members of the public to help them to achieve a sustainable level of the public to help them to achieve a sustainable level of development.development.
LA21 Example of Local LA21 Example of Local IssuesIssues
Grand Lyon Agenda 21 Grand Lyon Agenda 21 AimsAims
The Action Plan for LA 21 Grand Lyon is based on five Sustainable Development The Action Plan for LA 21 Grand Lyon is based on five Sustainable Development StrategiesStrategies
Grand Lyon’s Local Agenda 21 action plan is designed to meet the aims of Grand Lyon’s Local Agenda 21 action plan is designed to meet the aims of sustainable development and has been a work in progress for many years. sustainable development and has been a work in progress for many years.
It is evaluated and revised every two years.It is evaluated and revised every two years. The action plan has been split into 100 smaller medium to long-term action The action plan has been split into 100 smaller medium to long-term action
programmes. They are based on the following sustainable development strategies;programmes. They are based on the following sustainable development strategies; Strategy 1 – To meet the needs of both social cohesion and economic Strategy 1 – To meet the needs of both social cohesion and economic
developmentdevelopment Strategy 2 - Continue to tackle the local effects of global warming.Strategy 2 - Continue to tackle the local effects of global warming. Strategy 3 - To improve the environment of the inhabitants of the city.Strategy 3 - To improve the environment of the inhabitants of the city. Strategy 4 - For Grand Lyon and its communes to work in partnership as leaders Strategy 4 - For Grand Lyon and its communes to work in partnership as leaders
in sustainable development. in sustainable development. Strategy 5 - To engage with, and mobilise the community to work towards the Strategy 5 - To engage with, and mobilise the community to work towards the
aims of sustainable development. aims of sustainable development.
Develop a LA21 strategy for Develop a LA21 strategy for LyonLyon
You are a team of LA21 officers You are a team of LA21 officers working for Grand Lyon.working for Grand Lyon.
You have been asked to suggest You have been asked to suggest sustainable development projects sustainable development projects that willthat willMeet the needs of the local community Meet the needs of the local community
in relation to one of five themes and;in relation to one of five themes and;Help to achieve Grand Lyon’s own LA21 Help to achieve Grand Lyon’s own LA21
objectives.objectives.
Develop a LA21 strategy for Develop a LA21 strategy for LyonLyon
You will work in five groups. Each You will work in five groups. Each group will focus on one of the group will focus on one of the following themes.following themes.Public SpacePublic SpaceTransportTransportWaste Management/PollutionWaste Management/PollutionCultural DiversityCultural DiversityBusiness and EconomyBusiness and Economy
Develop a LA21 strategy for Develop a LA21 strategy for LyonLyon
IDENTIFYING LOCAL NEEDSIDENTIFYING LOCAL NEEDS Each group will identify what the local Each group will identify what the local
community needs and wants for each theme.community needs and wants for each theme. This will be achieved by interviewing local This will be achieved by interviewing local
people (minimum of 10 people per group).people (minimum of 10 people per group). Each group will make up a questionnaire using Each group will make up a questionnaire using
a maximum of 5-6 questions.a maximum of 5-6 questions. Questions should aim to ask people what they like Questions should aim to ask people what they like
and don’t like about an issue, what they think and don’t like about an issue, what they think should be changed and what needs to be should be changed and what needs to be protected.protected.
Also known as a SWOT analysis (strengths, Also known as a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats).weaknesses, opportunities and threats).
Develop a LA21 strategy for Develop a LA21 strategy for LyonLyon
Each group should create a poster that Each group should create a poster that includes the following:includes the following:
Background to introduce their theme areaBackground to introduce their theme areaResults and analysis of their research – Results and analysis of their research –
what did people tell us?what did people tell us?A recommendation for a sustainable A recommendation for a sustainable
development project that meets the development project that meets the community’s needscommunity’s needs
A statement of how their project meets the A statement of how their project meets the aims of Grand Lyon’s LA21 strategy.aims of Grand Lyon’s LA21 strategy.
