SUMMITED BY:- GAURAV SHARMA

ROLL NO. :- 14PUR002

Infrastructure planning and management

INTRODUCTION

•Billions of people are still striving to access the most basic human needs which are

food, shelter, safe drinking water and sanitary systems.

•According to the human rights, adequate water is a right to everyone.

•Generally, governments are responsible to provide water to meet basic human needs

and to improve the water supply system to meet standards of reliable, efficient, and

equitable management .

World Bank Water Statistics

•Every year insecure water and a lack of basic sanitation kills a minimum of 1.6 million

children under the age of 5.

•Up until 1990 1.1 billion people in the world did not have access to an improved source

of drinking water

•84%(924000000) of the population who did not have access to an improved source of

drinking water live in rural areas.

•5 times more rural than city dwellers lack safe water.

Rainwater, oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, ponds and springs are natural sources of water. Dams, wells, tube

wells, hand-pumps, canals, etc, are man-made sources of water.

Rain Water:

Rain water collects on the earth in the form of surface water and underground water.

Surface Water:

Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds and streams is called surface

water. The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on mountains. Rivers flow into the sea.

Underground Water:

Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil on to the non-porous rocks below. This is underground water.

Sometimes due to high pressure, this water sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be obtained by digging wells,

sinking tube wells, etc.

water conflict between india and pakistan

•The water dispute between India and Pakistan is serious not only because of water, but

also due to the political rivalry between the two countries.

•The water dispute between them started soon after the partition of the subcontinent in

1947. Until the Indus Water.

water conflict between india and bangladesh

•Just 20 years ago, the river flowed fast and strong, sustaining the lives of millions of

people. But the Teesta has now been reduced to a trickle in northern Bangladesh, say

affected villagers, many of whom have been staging protests in the capital Dhaka and

elsewhere.

India-China: A Water War over the Brahmaputra

•the Brahmaputra River have been doing the rounds ever since China’s announcement

about the construction of three dams on the river last in 2011.

•China’s per capita water reserve is approximately 2300 cubic metres – one-fourth of the

world’s average. China is, therefore, considered as the 13th most ‘water-poor’ country in

the world with 80 per cent of its cities severely water stressed.

•China is keen to divert 150 billion cubic meters (BCM) of water and ‘push’ the waters to

irrigate northern China. Of this, 50 BCM would be diverted from the Brahmaputra. In

October 2013, India asserted the need for a water sharing with China.

(i) Cauvery water dispute between Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.

(ii) The Krishna water dispute between Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

(iii) The Tungabhadra water dispute between Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

(iv) The Aliyar and Bhivani river water dispute between Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

(v) The Godavari river water dispute between Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,

Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Karnataka.

(vi) The Narmada water dispute between Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and

Rajasthan.

(vii) The Mahi river dispute between Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

(viii) The Ravi and Beas river water dispute between Punjab, Haryana, Himachal

Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi.

Inter-state River Water

(ix) The Satluj-Yamuna Link canal dispute between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.

(x) The Yamuna river water dispute between Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal

Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi.

(xi) The Karmanasa river water dispute between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

(xii) The Barak river water dispute between Assam and Manipur.

INRODUCTION

A scarce natural resource, water is fundamental to life, livelihood, food security

and sustainable development. India has more than 18 % of the world’s population,

but has only 4% of world’s renewable water resources and 2.4% of world’s land

area. There are further limits on utilizable quantities of water owing to uneven

distribution over time and space. In addition, there are challenges of frequent floods

and droughts in one or the other part of the country. With a growing population and

rising needs of a fast developing nation as well as the given indications of the impact

of climate change, availability of utilizable water will be under further strain in future

with the possibility of deepening water conflicts among different user groups.

The present scenario of water resources and their management in India has

given rise to several concerns, important amongst them are;

I. Large parts of India have already become water stressed. Because demand for water

,population growth, urbanization and changing lifestyle.

(ii)Mismanagement of water resources has led to a critical situation in many parts of the

country.

(iii) There is wide temporal and spatial variation in availability of water, which may

increase substantially due to a combination of climate change, causing deepening of

water crisis and incidences of water related disasters, i.e., floods, increased erosion

and increased frequency of droughts, etc.

(iv) Climate change may also increase the sea levels. Effect upon ground water aquifers /

surface waters and agriculture and industry in such regions.

(v) safe water for drinking water availability of between different regions and

different people in the same region and also the intermittent and unreliable water

supply system has the potential of causing social unrest.

(vi) Groundwater, though part of hydrological cycle and a community resource, is still

perceived as an individual property .over-exploitation in several areas by it.

(vii) Water resources projects, though multi-disciplinary with multiple stakeholders,

are being planned and implemented in a fragmented manner without giving due

consideration to optimum utilization, environment sustainability and holistic benefit to

the people.

(viii) Inter-regional, inter-State, intra-State, as also inter-sectoral disputes in sharing

of water, strain relationships and hamper the optimal utilization of water through

scientific planning on basin/sub-basin basis.

(ix) Natural water bodies and drainage channels are being encroached upon, and

diverted for other purposes. Ground water recharge zones are often blocked

(x) Growing pollution of water sources, especially through industrial effluents, is

affecting the availability of safe water besides causing environmental and health

hazards.

(xi) Access to water for sanitation and hygiene is an even more serious problem for

polluting the water sources.

(xii) Low consciousness about the overall scarcity and economic value of water

results in its wastage and inefficient use.

(xiii) The lack of adequate trained personnel for scientific planning, utilizing modern

techniques and analytical capabilities incorporating information technology

constrains good water management.

(xiv) A holistic and inter-disciplinary approach at water related problems is missing.

(xv) The public agencies in charge of taking water related decisions tend to take

these on their own without consultation with stakeholders, often resulting in poor and

unreliable service characterized by inequities of various kinds.

(xvi) Characteristics of catchment areas of streams, rivers and recharge zones of

aquifers are changing as a consequence of land use and land cover changes,

affecting water resource availability and quality.

DEMAND AND ANALYSIS OF WATER IN INDIA

Domestic Water Demand

With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and

industrial sectors, the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could

increase substantially. We assume that the average domestic water demand would

increase from 85 liters per capita per day (lpcd) in 2000, to 125 and 170 lpcd by 2025

and 2050, respectively.

We estimate the livestock water demand to increase from 2.3 BCM in 2000 to 2.8 and

3.2 BCM by 2025 and 2050, respectively.

National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (India)

an analysis using the global trends show that, with the present economic growth rates, the per capita industrial water demand could increase from 42 m3 /person in 2000, to about 66 and 102 m3 /person by 2025 and 2050, respectively or the total industrial water demand to increase to 92 and 161 BCM by 2025 and 2050, respectively. The BAU scenario too assumes these growth rates.

Industrial Water Demand

In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions

with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are

basic or alkaline. Pure water has a pH very close to 7.

STANDARD OF WATER ACCORDING TO PH VALUE

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the

growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed

soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.

IRRIGATION

Types of Irrigation Systems in India

1. Well Water Irrigation system:

Wells are mainly found in U. P., Bihar,

Tamil Nadu etc. there are various types

of wells—shallow wells, deep wells,

tube wells, artesian wells etc.

2. Tank Water Irrigation system:

In the Deccan, reservoirs are made by constructing

dams. This system is greatly adopted in the States

of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka etc.

In Northern India also, tanks are constructed for

storing water. From all these tanks, water is carried

to the fields through canals.

3. Inundation Irrigation system:

Canal irrigation is playing a vital role in Indian agriculture. It canal near about 42% of

total irrigated land. In many places during the rainy season, there is flood in the rivers.

The flood water is carried to the field through canals. These canals are found in W.B.,

Bihar, Orissa, etc.

4. Perennial canals Irrigation System:

In order to supply water throughout the year,

reservoirs are constructed for storing water. From

these reservoirs, water can be supplied to the fields

whenever there is demand for it. So this system of

irrigation ensures supply of water in all season.

This type of perennial canal is found mostly in

Punjab, U.P., and Tamil Nadu

5. Multi Purpose River Valley Projects :

•In recent years, multi-purpose river valley projects are helping agriculture. The most

important are

•the Damodar Project and the Mor Project in West Bengal,

•the Mahanadi (Hirakud) Project in Orissa,

•the Kosi Project in Bihar, and

•the Bhakra Nangal Project in Punjab.

WATER PRICE AS PER LAND USE ACTIVITY

REFERENCES

• PRESERVE ARTICLES

• NATIONAL WATER POLICY

• NATIONAL WATER FRAMEWORK LAW

• TIME OF INDIA ARTICALS

• UDPF GUIDE LINE BOOK

• DRAFT NATIONAL WATER POLICY (2012)

• INTER STATE WATER DISPUTES IN INDIA: INSTITUTIONS AND

POLICIES

• NATIONAL WATER POLICY (2012)

• RESEARCH REPORT 123

• INDIA’S WATER FUTURE TO 2025–2050:

• BUSINESS-AS-USUAL SCENARIO AND DEVIATIONS

• INDIA’S WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND FROM 2025-2050:

• BUSINESS- AS- USUAL SCENARIO AND ISSUES

• Integrated Water Resources Management

• National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development

• National University of Educational Planning and Administration

• World Bank

• Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission

• MINISTRY OF DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

• Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Google search