Download - War in the Waikato

War in the WaikatoWar in the WaikatoTHIS IS A LAYERED ACTIVITY WITH AT LEAST 4 ENGAGEMENTS WITH

THE SAME CONTENT

1. DO NOW: Read TEXT P 6 bottom, then P7 and 8. Make notes of key ideas in the margin as you go

2. From P 14 write down the names of the major Battle sites

3. Write heading from P 16, read text in box, jot down key ideas in own words

4. Watch video and write DOWN page but in FOUR columns

5. PEOPLE IDEAS PLACES EVENTS

6. Fill in and copy template notes for homework. Return to me Monday

7. Watch Powerpoint and associate image with P I P E

8. Take down key ideas from Powerpoint

9. Write paragraph

10.Write essay!

Waikato PARAGRAPH ________ ______ replaced Gore-Browne as Governor in October 1861 and went

about pursuing both peace and war. His target was the K__________ in the ________ region who he, and the settlers, saw as the major threat to Pakeha authority in New Zealand. Grey used propaganda concerning possible Kingitanga attacks on ________ to persuade Britain to send imperial troops to New Zealand.

In July, 1863 Grey ordered all Maori north of the Mangatawhiri stream to swear an oath of allegiance to the Crown. Two days later colonial troops invaded the Waikato.

Governor Grey was able to mobilise about 18___ troops in total during this phase of the wars. Kingite Maori, alongside their Maori allies numbered approximately 4 000.

The Colonial forces worked their way down the Waikato river attacking fortified pa such as M_________, R_________ and capturing the important Kingitanga settlements of Ngaruawahia and Rangiaowhia. The final stage of the Waikato campaign saw General C________ focus his troops on the Tauranga area where Kingite supporters were based. British forces were slaughtered at Gate Pa before securing a victory at Te Ranga in the final battle of the war.

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato

Grey's Peace Grey's Peace PolicyPolicy

Grey set up Grey set up runangarunanga or new institutions to or new institutions to give the chiefs local give the chiefs local administrative administrative powers. When the powers. When the Maori chiefs did not Maori chiefs did not use it to sell land it use it to sell land it lost its appeal. lost its appeal.


Grey also tried flattery and gifts, his Grey also tried flattery and gifts, his 'flour 'flour and sugar'and sugar' policy , but pensions and gifts policy , but pensions and gifts could not solve the problems of a declining could not solve the problems of a declining population, social disruption and poverty .population, social disruption and poverty .


War PolicyWar Policy At the same time Grey prepared for war. At the same time Grey prepared for war. He was uneasy about the formidable, He was uneasy about the formidable,

independent, central tribes. The limited independent, central tribes. The limited support the King Movement had given to support the King Movement had given to the Taranaki war had demonstrated its the Taranaki war had demonstrated its military muscle. military muscle.


He built roads into the Waikato and He built roads into the Waikato and planned for gunboats on the Waikato planned for gunboats on the Waikato River. He kept the troops from the River. He kept the troops from the Taranaki War, supplementing them with Taranaki War, supplementing them with an extra 3000 men. an extra 3000 men.


Grey and Cameron made careful preparations Grey and Cameron made careful preparations for the invasion of the Waikato.for the invasion of the Waikato.

Armed and armored steamers were acquired for Armed and armored steamers were acquired for the Waikato river.the Waikato river.

The Great South Road and protective forts were The Great South Road and protective forts were built.built.

A supply organization was built.A supply organization was built. A military telegraph linked Auckland to the front.A military telegraph linked Auckland to the front. Three extra regiments and other reinforcements Three extra regiments and other reinforcements

were 'prised' out of the Imperial Government were 'prised' out of the Imperial Government

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato Cameron's revelation Cameron's revelation

to London that Grey's to London that Grey's allegedly imminent allegedly imminent 'Maori Rebellion' had 'Maori Rebellion' had not persuaded the not persuaded the settlers to spend any settlers to spend any money on their own money on their own defence came too late defence came too late to stop the flow of to stop the flow of imperial imperial resources. resources.


Numbers of Numbers of imperial troopsimperial troops rose from rose from about 8000 in July 1861 to about 12000 in about 8000 in July 1861 to about 12000 in May 1864. About 3/4's of these troops May 1864. About 3/4's of these troops were available for the Waikato war.were available for the Waikato war.

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato The Colonial Government contributed a few The Colonial Government contributed a few

hundred hundred colonial regularscolonial regulars the the Forest RangersForest Rangers and the and the Colonial Colonial Defence ForceDefence Force cavalry cavalry and a substantial number of and a substantial number of militiamilitia and and volunteers from Auckland.volunteers from Auckland. These were gradually replaced by Military These were gradually replaced by Military settlers - The Waikato militia - mainly men settlers - The Waikato militia - mainly men from the Australian and Otago goldfields from the Australian and Otago goldfields on the promise of confiscated Maori land.on the promise of confiscated Maori land.


Events Leading to WarEvents Leading to War Grey decided the Waitara should be Grey decided the Waitara should be

returned to its Maori owners. But first he returned to its Maori owners. But first he occupied the occupied the Tataraimaka blockTataraimaka block which had which had been seized by Taranaki tribes. The angry been seized by Taranaki tribes. The angry AtiawaAtiawa unsuccessfully ambushed unsuccessfully ambushed government troops at government troops at OakuraOakura. The . The Waitara Waitara was officially returned in May was officially returned in May 1863. 1863.


Grey blamed the Kingites for the Oakura Grey blamed the Kingites for the Oakura ambush. He also claimed they had a plot ambush. He also claimed they had a plot to invade Auckland.to invade Auckland.

On 11 July 1863 he ordered the invasion On 11 July 1863 he ordered the invasion of Waikato. of Waikato.


Causes of Conflict in the WaikatoCauses of Conflict in the Waikato The long-term cause was the basic The long-term cause was the basic

antagonism of Maori and Pakeha. The antagonism of Maori and Pakeha. The settlers and even the missionaries settlers and even the missionaries welcomed war. They wanted to subjugate welcomed war. They wanted to subjugate Maori nationalism. Their argument was Maori nationalism. Their argument was that the that the 'rule of Pakeha law should prevail'.'rule of Pakeha law should prevail'.

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato GreyGrey, like , like Gore Gore

BrowneBrowne, wanted to , wanted to establish British establish British authority more authority more effectively. Grey effectively. Grey saw the Oakura saw the Oakura ambush as a ambush as a rejection of British rejection of British authority. authority.


The settlers and financiers coveted the The settlers and financiers coveted the rich lands of the Waikato. rich lands of the Waikato.

War in the WaikatoWar in the WaikatoThe Opposing Armies The Opposing Armies

The British ForceThe British Force:: InIn 1864 1864 Grey had 14000 men. Of Grey had 14000 men. Of these, 4000 were these, 4000 were colonial colonial forcesforces, 9000 were , 9000 were Imperial Imperial soldierssoldiers, a few hundred were , a few hundred were pro-British pro-British QueenitesQueenites (Arawa). (Arawa).

Total mobilisation is estimated Total mobilisation is estimated

at 18 000 men. They were at 18 000 men. They were commanded by commanded by Lieutenant- Lieutenant- General CameronGeneral Cameron. It. It was one was one of the best prepared and of the best prepared and organised British campaigns. organised British campaigns.


The Maori ForceThe Maori Force: : With limited written With limited written evidence estimates of their strength have evidence estimates of their strength have varied greatly. Cycles of varied greatly. Cycles of concentration and concentration and dispersaldispersal were characteristic. On three were characteristic. On three occasions forces of 1000-2000 men occasions forces of 1000-2000 men assembled for up to three months. Total Maori assembled for up to three months. Total Maori mobilisation is estimated as 4000 warriors. mobilisation is estimated as 4000 warriors.

This would only have been possible with a high This would only have been possible with a high degree of co-operative action. degree of co-operative action.

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato Leaders were Leaders were Rewi Rewi

ManiapotoManiapoto of Ngati of Ngati Maniapoto, Maniapoto, Wiremu Wiremu TamehanaTamehana of of Ngatihaua, and Ngatihaua, and Tikaokao Tikaokao of Ngati of Ngati Maniapoto. Maniapoto.


Proclamation of WarProclamation of War On 9 July 1864, Grey issued a Proclamation On 9 July 1864, Grey issued a Proclamation

calling on all Maori living north of the calling on all Maori living north of the Mangatawhiri Mangatawhiri river to take the oath of allegiance river to take the oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or retire beyond the river.to Queen Victoria or retire beyond the river.

Those who resisted were liable to have land Those who resisted were liable to have land confiscated. This did not reach the Waikato until confiscated. This did not reach the Waikato until after Cameron's troops had crossed the after Cameron's troops had crossed the Mangatawhiri. Mangatawhiri.


INVASIONINVASION The invasion commenced with a small victory at The invasion commenced with a small victory at KoheroaKoheroa

in July 1863.in July 1863. But the advance was then held up for 3 months But the advance was then held up for 3 months by a Defensive line of modern pa at by a Defensive line of modern pa at MeremereMeremere.. when Cameron finally assembled enough when Cameron finally assembled enough men to men to protect his communications and protect his communications and take Meremere the take Meremere the Maori simply Maori simply abandoned it. abandoned it.

From this point on though Cameron's main advantage From this point on though Cameron's main advantage began to make itself feltbegan to make itself felt a large and constant flow of resources.a large and constant flow of resources.


The FightingThe Fighting The Maori force used The Maori force used guerilla tacticsguerilla tactics, ,

killing settlers in outlying districts, and killing settlers in outlying districts, and attacking communication lines. attacking communication lines.

Cameron had to tie up three-quarters of Cameron had to tie up three-quarters of his men in protecting communications. his men in protecting communications.

The Maori aim was to block Pakeha The Maori aim was to block Pakeha progress into the Waikato. progress into the Waikato.


The Sequence of FightingThe Sequence of Fighting MeremereMeremere: : A Maori force of about 1500 A Maori force of about 1500

men constructed a pa and held up the men constructed a pa and held up the British advance for 14 weeks, then British advance for 14 weeks, then dispersed. dispersed.

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato RangiririRangiriri::Cameron was able to mount a Cameron was able to mount a

continuous offensive and he caught the Maori continuous offensive and he caught the Maori army only 1/2 assembled at army only 1/2 assembled at RangiririRangiriri, the , the second Maori defensive line, on 20 November.second Maori defensive line, on 20 November. Cameron's army was able to take a lightly Cameron's army was able to take a lightly held part of the fortifications but seven assaults held part of the fortifications but seven assaults against the rest failed with 13 casualties.against the rest failed with 13 casualties. The Maori partly evacuated, although 18 were The Maori partly evacuated, although 18 were taken prisoner.taken prisoner.

Its capture opened up the Waikato. Its capture opened up the Waikato.


NgaruawahiaNgaruawahia: : was occupied by the British was occupied by the British on 9 December. Cameron offered terms on 9 December. Cameron offered terms which were rejected. which were rejected. however Ngaruawahia held no however Ngaruawahia held no military or economic significance, military or economic significance, and and Maori did not submit.Maori did not submit. instead they fortified their third and instead they fortified their third and greatest Waikato line - greatest Waikato line - PaterangiPaterangi..


PaterangiPaterangi: : was by-passed by a brilliant was by-passed by a brilliant British maneuver. This allowed Cameron British maneuver. This allowed Cameron into the heartland of the Waikato. into the heartland of the Waikato. RangiaowhaiRangiaowhai was burned and sacked. was burned and sacked.


Paterangi was an awesome moden pa Paterangi was an awesome moden pa with extensive trench systems; Cameron with extensive trench systems; Cameron realised storming it was impossible so he realised storming it was impossible so he outflanked it in February 1864. outflanked it in February 1864.

This allowed Cameron into the heartland of the Waikato. This allowed Cameron into the heartland of the Waikato. He marched 1200 troops around it He marched 1200 troops around it

at night and sacked the nearby at night and sacked the nearby Maori town of Maori town of RangiaowhiaRangiaowhia

He then withdrew to await the Maori He then withdrew to await the Maori response. response.

TamihanaTamihana knew the superiority of British troops in knew the superiority of British troops in regular warfare and so withdrew from the regular warfare and so withdrew from the Paterangi Paterangi line.line.


The Paterangi operations gave the British The Paterangi operations gave the British one of the three main agricultural one of the three main agricultural heartlands of the Waikato tribes.heartlands of the Waikato tribes.

They also represented the first They also represented the first permanently damaging defeat permanently damaging defeat suffered by Maori in the New suffered by Maori in the New Zealand Wars. Zealand Wars.

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato OrakauOrakau: : Rewi Rewi

ManiapotoManiapoto, forced , forced into a defensive stand into a defensive stand on a un- suitable site, on a un- suitable site, resisted five assaults resisted five assaults before attempting an before attempting an audacious breakout. audacious breakout.


End of Waikato WarEnd of Waikato War CameronCameron decided against advancing decided against advancing

further into the rugged hill country of the further into the rugged hill country of the Ngati Maniapoto. War came to an Ngati Maniapoto. War came to an indecisive end in 1864. indecisive end in 1864.

War in the WaikatoWar in the Waikato The Waikato Wars had no satisfying climax so two were The Waikato Wars had no satisfying climax so two were

inventedinvented One was Orakau which was said to have crushed theOne was Orakau which was said to have crushed the

King MovementKing Movement in fact further modern pa defended the in fact further modern pa defended the remaining economic heartland's of Waikatoremaining economic heartland's of Waikato

they were never taken and became the they were never taken and became the new new aukati aukati between what became known between what became known as the as the King King CountryCountry and the Pakeha and the Pakeha sphere. sphere. The second occurred at Tauranga, where the WaikatoThe second occurred at Tauranga, where the Waikato

fighting spilled over in 1864fighting spilled over in 1864

An introductionThe decision by Governor Grey to invade the Waikato in 1863 was taken because he wanted to assert his authority over the challenge from the Kingitanga. The Kingite challenge had been demonstrated with their involvement in the Taranaki War. Settler desire for land was another factor - covetting as they did the fertile Waikato valley. His flour and sugar policy at the same time as he created the infrastructure for war further demonstrated his strategy and reasoning. The immediate consequences were the progressive battles that made up the Waikato War which Kingitanga lost. Furthermore laws were passed that confiscated land. The raupatu legitimised by the law added insult to the injury caused by defeat.

Explain the factors that contributed to the decision made by Governor Thomas Gore Browne to pursue the purchase of the Waitara block in 1860.Evaluate the consequences of this decision on race relations in Taranaki up to 1863In the period after the initial Pākehā settlement of New Plymouth, several blocks of land had been purchased from Taranaki and Te Ati Awa hapū. Most of this land was inland and covered in bush. Pākehā settlers were eager to acquire the more fertile land around the Waitara River, which flowed into a river mouth harbour. New Plymouth lacked a decent harbour.

The settlers were jealous that 4000 Māori in Taranaki owned 800 000 hectares while the original New Zealand Company purchase for New Plymouth was just 1400 hectares. In one of his dispatches, Gore Browne alleged that Māori had far more land than they needed and that the settlers would get hold of it (recte si possint, si non quocunque modo) (fairly, if possible, if not, then by any means at all).

The establishing of Kingitanga in 1858 was viewed by most Pākehā as a land-holding movement. This was a time when the populations of Auckland and New Plymouth were increasing. Governor Thomas Gore Browne believed that Māori needed to be taught a sharp lesson.

Governor Gore Browne believed the rumours that Māori who wanted to sell land were being intimidated by a pupuri whenua land league. In 1859, he had announced that any Māori wanting to sell land were able to do so without the consent of their chiefs. (This was a direct breach of Article Two of the Treaty, which affirmed chiefly authority.)

Governor Gore Browne saw the dispute over the sale of the Waitara block as an issue of sovereignty. When Te Teira offered the land for sale, the paramount chief of the area, Wiremu Kingi Te Rangitake, objected. He argued that Te Teira didn’t have the mana or support needed to make the sale.

When the survey began, Wiremu Kingi’s supporters disrupted it by pulling out the survey pegs.

In February, Governor Gore Browne declared martial law and troops were sent in from New Plymouth. Waitara was occupied by troops, and Kingi’s pa Te Kohia was bombarded. The Te Ati Awa garrison abandoned the pa with little loss.

Wiremu Kingi had not initially supported the establishment of Kingitanga, but he now sought an alliance with Te Wherowhero. Kingitanga sent a force of volunteers to support Kingi in Taranaki. This was significant as it showed that Kingitanga would support Māori landholders in their disputes against the British. (Governor Grey later used Kingitanga’s involvement in the Taranaki War as part of his excuse to invade the Waikato).

On 27 June 1860, Te Ati Awa and their allies inflicted some heavy losses on British troops at the twin pa of Puketakauere and Onukukaitara near Waitara. On 6 November the British troops gained their first success when they drove Ngāti Haua and Waikato from their defences at Mahoetahi.

In July 1860, Governor Gore Browne convened the Kohimarama Conference, at which he attempted to undermine Wiremu Kingi and the Kingitanga (neither Kingi nor Te Wherowhero were invited) by having other North Island chiefs reaffirm aspects of the Treaty of Waitangi.

For almost three months, early in 1861, General Pratt led more than 2000 men on an advance by the means of a sap (trench) and a series of redoubts against Māori occupying pa and rifle pits at the bush edge on the bank of the Waitara River.

The conflict remained unresolved as neither side was strong enough to defeat the other, and a ceasefire was agreed in March 1861. Māori continued to control the Tataraimaka block but lost control of some of the land around Waitara.

When Governor Grey reoccupied the Tataraimaka block before giving up land at Waitara, there were further incidents around New Plymouth.

Tension continued in the late 1860s with the rise of the Pai Marire prophetic movement.

Theme A Maori Pakeha RelationsTheme A Maori Pakeha Relations

c. 1860 – Maori controlled/owned New c. 1860 – Maori controlled/owned New Zealand hinterland with Pakeha on the Zealand hinterland with Pakeha on the

peripheryperiphery

2 2 ZonesZones had an uneasy relationship, but had an uneasy relationship, but effective economic relianceeffective economic reliance

Food - MaoriFood - Maori Technology – PakehaTechnology – Pakeha


Conflict 1860 – 72Conflict 1860 – 72


New Zealand WarsNew Zealand Wars Why? Attitudes of PakehaWhy? Attitudes of Pakeha

1860 – situation of equality, parity between 1860 – situation of equality, parity between Maori and Pakeha zonesMaori and Pakeha zones

In the mid 19th Century British view – this In the mid 19th Century British view – this situation was not acceptablesituation was not acceptable


They came 12000 miles in a crusade to They came 12000 miles in a crusade to build build better Britainbetter Britain and and Maori Maori independenceindependence stood in the way stood in the way Racist view – Racist view – ““Whites call shotsWhites call shots”” Maori did not accept this therefore there was Maori did not accept this therefore there was

tensiontension


Taranaki 1860 – 61Taranaki 1860 – 61 Gore BrownGore Brown failed to teach Maori King failed to teach Maori King

movement quick lessonmovement quick lesson GreyGrey decided only way break Maori decided only way break Maori

independence - crush independence - crush King MovementKing Movement by by direct attackdirect attack Huge resources investedHuge resources invested Great South road createdGreat South road created 1863 War1863 War


WARWAR Maori do well – slow down British AdvanceMaori do well – slow down British Advance

Numbers and resources grinds the King Numbers and resources grinds the King Movement backMovement back

““London had more money than NgarawhahiaLondon had more money than Ngarawhahia””


Maori resistance loses coherenceMaori resistance loses coherence Prophets – Prophets – Hau HauHau Hau, then , then Te KootiTe Kooti and and

TikokowaruTikokowaru nearly reverse outcome of Waikato conflictnearly reverse outcome of Waikato conflict 1869 – Te Kooti defeated1869 – Te Kooti defeated Titokarwau loses supportTitokarwau loses support

Conflict overConflict over


SwampingSwamping

SwampingSwamping Process whereby Pakeha do not defeat Maori, but Process whereby Pakeha do not defeat Maori, but

marginalised them by weight of numbersmarginalised them by weight of numbers

Function of growth of Pakeha populationFunction of growth of Pakeha populationc. 1858 60000 Maori and 60000 Pakehac. 1858 60000 Maori and 60000 Pakehac. 1880c. 1880’’s 50000 Maori and 500000 Pakehas 50000 Maori and 500000 PakehaImmigration a causeImmigration a causeAlso high birth ratesAlso high birth rates

Pakeha growthPakeha growth EconomyEconomy

- Gold, timber, credit- Gold, timber, credit

Birth of people in a single life timeBirth of people in a single life time

Robust, dynamic forceRobust, dynamic force

Shift Maori aside - Shift Maori aside - marginalisationmarginalisation

Pakeha won war Pakeha won war against Maori against Maori Resistance – Resistance –

ButBut limited victory; not limited victory; not completecomplete

SignificanceSignificance: Maori resistance ensures Maori : Maori resistance ensures Maori independence disappears only slowlyindependence disappears only slowly1880 many Maori still have independence1880 many Maori still have independence

e.g e.g King Country King Country Parihaka Parihaka Far NorthFar North

- dog tax first direct tax on - dog tax first direct tax on MaoriMaori


Demise of Maori Demise of Maori political independence political independence

is slowis slow


Point:Point:End of Roman BritianEnd of Roman Britian

- East conquered quietly – English- East conquered quietly – English- West not, therefore cultural survival - West not, therefore cultural survival

– – Welsh WelshTherefore Maori culture today – attributable Therefore Maori culture today – attributable

to Maori slowing down swampingto Maori slowing down swamping

Download - War in the Waikato

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