UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROFIBER OPTICAL CONCEPT
FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR DEVELOPMENT BY USING
ALUMINIUM ROD
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering
Technology
(Telecommunications)(Hons.)
by
MUHAMMAD ZAKI BIN ABDUL RAZAK
B071110174 891213-14-5943
FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(TELECOMMUNICATIONS)
2014
IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROFIBER OPTICAL
CONCEPT FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR
DEVELOPMENT BY USING ALUMINUM ROD
MUHAMMAD ZAKI BIN ABDUL RAZAK
B071110174
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
2015
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Implementation of Microfiber Optical concept for Temperature Sensor development by using Aluminium Rod SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15 Semester 2 Saya MUHAMMAD ZAKI BIN ABDUL RAZAK mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Alamat Tetap: NO. 193 Jalan Berkat
Kampung Melayu Batu 16
48000 Rawang, Selangor Tarikh: ________________________
Disahkan oleh:
Cop Rasmi: Tarikh: _______________________
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “PSM Title” is the results of my own research
except as cited in references.
Signature : ………………………………………….
Author’s Name : …………………………………………
Date : …………………………………………
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electronics
Engineering Technology (Telecommunications) with (Hons.). The member of
the supervisory is as follow:
………………………………
(Md.Ashadi Bin Md Johari)
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM
as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering Technology (Type your department’s name here) (Hons.). The
members of the supervisory committee are as follow:
………………………………
(Md. Ashadi Bin Md. Johari)
………………………………
(Chairulsyah Wasli)
ABSTRAK
Satu rekabentuk ringkas pengesan suhu digunakan dan penggunaan sensor sesaran
gentian optik ditunjukkan berdasarkan teknik modulasi keamatan. Sensor
dicadangkan menggunakan gentian optik silika sebagai satu kajian menggunakan
rod aluminium sebagai satu sasaran. Rod aluminium diletakkan dalam julat linear.
Mengambil dan merekod suhu rod aluminium sekitar 25ºC kepada 90ºC. Sensor
yang dicadangkan menunjukkan satu tahap kestabilan yang tinggi. Kesederhanaan
reka bentuk, ketepatan, julat dinamik fleksibel , dan kos rendah rekaan ialah ciri –
ciri sensor yang bermanfaat untuk kegunaan industri.
ABSTRACT
A simple design of a temperature sensor is proposed and demonstrated using a
Microfiber Optical based on an intensity modulation technique. The proposed
sensor uses a silica fiber probe in conjunction with a flat surface aluminium
rod as a target. The aluminium rod is placed within the linear range of the
sensor's displacement curve. The sensor is capable of measuring the
temperature of an aluminium rod ranging from 25°C to 90°C. The proposed
sensor also shows a high degree of stability and good repeatability.
DEDICATION
Special dedication to my parents, lecturer, siblings and friends for giving me all their
knowledge’s and moral support for me to completion the project and report.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah S.W.T, The most Merciful and The most passionate, I am
thankful to Allah for enabling me to complete this final year project and report.
First and foremost, I would like to thanks to my supervisor Mr. Md Ashadi
Bin Md Johari, lecturer of Faculty Technology Engineering and my co-supervisor
Mr. Chairulsyah Wasli for giving me a full cooperation and supervision during the
making of this final year project report. Not to be forgotten, I would like to thank my
family, sibling and my friends for contributing their ideas and give me a moral
support in completing this project.
Last but not least, I would like to thank you for those who are directly or indirectly
involved during this project and completion of this report. All of your kindnesses are
very much appreciated.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND
NOMENCLATURE
ASE - Amplified Spontaneous Emittion
OSA - Optical Spectrum Analyser
UV - Ultraviolet
Al - Aluminium
RTDs - Resistance Temperature Detectors
LED - Light Emitting Diode
FC - Fiber Connector
UPC - Ultra Physical Contact
EDFA - Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
SMF - Single Mode Optical Fiber oC - Celcius
dB - Decibel
µ - Micro
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 2
2.1 The elements of chemical, Aluminium (Al,13) 6
2.2 Temperature sensor 8
2.3 Thermocouples junction by Ubm 9
2.4 Four wire configuration by Ubm 10
2.5 Thermistors 11
2.6 Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) 13
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Flow chart of study 15
3.2 Aluminum, brass and copper rod 16
3.3 Strip fiber cable jacket 17
3.4 Strip fiber cable tubes 18
3.5 Using alcohol to clean fiber cable 19
3.6 Cleaving process 19
3.7 Splicing process 20
3.8 Type of pigtails cable had been used 22
3.9 Tapering process setup 22
4.0 Tapering process 23
4.1 Microfibers fabricated done 24
vii
CHAPTER 4
4.2 Block diagram of experiment results 26
4.3 Measure temperature from 25oC to 90oC using thermocouple 26
4.4 Microfibers touch to aluminium rod 27
4.5 Microscope image of the different microfiber waist diameter
7µm and 4µm 29
4.6 Linearity of 7µm and 4µm 31
4.7 The transmitted ASE spectra at various temperature 32
4.8 Output power received from ASE 32
viii
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Properties of Aluminum 7
2.2 Environmental Properties 7
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Performance of using silica optical fiber to the objects 16
3.2 Comparison between low loss and high loss (dB) 21
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Ouput power (dBm) for 4µm and 7µm 28
4.2 Parameter for different microfiber waist diameter 7 µm and 4 µm 29
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
Dedication i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Content iii
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective of Study 3
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study 3
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Silica optical fiber in sensing applications 4
2.1.1 Silica optical fiber sensors 4
2.1.2 Optical Microfibers 5
2.1.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) 5
2.1.4 Aluminium Rod 6
2.2 Temperature measurement 8
2.2.1 Temperature Sensor 8
2.2.1.1 Thermocouples 9
2.2.1.2 Resistance-temperature detectors (RTDs) 10
2.2.1.3 Thermistors 11
2.2.2 Parameter 12
2.2.2.1 Linearity 12
2.2.2.2 Linear Range 12
2.2.2.3 Sensitivity 12
iii
2.3 Optical Spectrum Analyser (OSA) 12
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Experiment Method 14
3.2 Aluminium Rod 16
3.2.1 Comparison and Characteristic 16
3.3 Splicing process 17
3.3.1 Strip cable jacket 18
3.3.2 Strip fiber cable tubes 18
3.3.3 Clean fiber cabel 18
3.3.4 Fiber cleaving 19
3.3.5 Make a splicing process 20
3.3.6 Pigtails 21
3.4 Tapering Process 22
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION
4.1 Experiment Setup 25
4.2 Different waist diameter of Microfibers (7µm and 4µm) 27
4.3 Parameter of Microfibers 29
4.3.1 Sensitivity 30
4.3.2 Linear Range 30
4.3.3 Linearity 30
4.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emittion (ASE) spectra 31
iv
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
5.1 Conclusion 33
5.2 Future Work 34
v
This chapter contains of background of study, the problem statement, objective of the
study, and scope and limitation of the study.
.
1.1 Background of Study
A simple design of a temperature sensor is proposed and demonstrated using a
Microfiber Optical based on an intensity modulation technique. The proposed sensor
uses a silica fiber probe in conjunction with a flat surface aluminium rod as a target.
The aluminium rod is placed on hotplate to transfer the heat to the Microfiber
through aluminium rod. The sensor is capable of measuring the temperature of an
aluminium rod ranging from 25°C to 90°C. The sensor also shows a small diameter
waist (4µm) is more sensitive compare to (7µm).
Recent works have mainly focused on temperature sensors that satisfy user
requirements for specific applications, and the main considerations are performance,
dimension and reliability. In this project, a temperature sensor is demonstrated based
on one techniques; intensity modulation technique. The first sensor is based on a
rugged, low cost and very efficient silica fiber utilizing a microfiber optical as a
probe and a linear thermal expansion of aluminium.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
1
By knowing this advantages, the aims of this study is to verify the performances and
efficiency of the temperature sensor development (aluminium rod) by using fiber
optic concept.
1.2 Problem Statement
Based on-site observation, this system must be able to observe the efficiency and
performance of the parameters (Sensitivity, Linearity and Linear range). However,
existing temperature sensor has a problem which is :
1) Accuracy – The accuracy or reading of the sensor is not fix.
2) Response Time – The response time for existing sensor is slow.
3) Size – The size for existing sensor is not portable, overall using a huge of
size.
4) Durable – The sensor also is not durable for example thermometer is fragile.
If broke once it become dangerous for user because of the hazard of mercury
that use in thermometer.
1.3 Objectives of Study
To provide solution for the above mentioned problems, this study is carried out to
achieve the following objectives:
1) To fabricate different tapered waist of silica optical fiber sensor.
2) To demonstrate experimentally different tapered waist of optical sensor for
temperature measurement.
3) To analyse performances of different tapered waist of silica optical fiber
sensor for temperature measurement.
2
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study
This project performs to study on microfiber optical. Furthermore, make a designing
the structure, parameter and the process of the project. This experiment was
conducted to verify the performance and efficiency using Silica Fiber. Moreover, this
experiment focuses in fiber optic concept and using a Microfiber Optical. Besides
that, this study is to verify the relationship between the output power and aluminium
rod temperature.
As a limitation of the study, the temperature measurement focuses on
performance parameters which are sensitivity, linear range and linearity. In other
words, there is experimentally and theoretically done for the experiment.
3
While the previous chapter introduces the background of the study, this chapter
continues with the literature review on the following subjects: the performance
of Silica optical fiber. The information and knowledge are obtained through
hardbound and online journals, relevant articles and reference texts.
2.1 Silica optical fiber in sensing applications
2.1.1 Silica optical fiber sensors
Nowadays, silica optical fiber is widely use in telecommunication system. For well
development for this technology, the accuracy and measurement capabilities is being
focus due to it have many potential applications. Silica optical fiber sensors or optical
sensors are easily multiplexed. It allows many sensors to share a single link for
control the system. Thus, it can save the cost and reducing complexity. Besides that,
the optically base is not required electricity at the sensing point so it can operate in
chemically hostile or explosive environments as well as have a low susceptibility to
electromagnetic interference (Kersey, 1996).
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 2
4
2.1.2 Optical Microfibers
Optical microfibers also known as optical/photonic microwires, are optical
fiber tapers with a uniform waist region size comparable to the wavelength.
Microfibers are usually manufactured by heating and stretching regular-sized optical
fibers. The result is a biconical taper that provides a smooth lossless connection to
other fiberized components. By controlling the pulling rate during the fabrication
process, the taper profile can be fine tuned to suit the application. Optical materials
other than silica have been used to manufacture Microfibers, including phosphate,
tellurite, lead silicate, bismuthate and chalcogenide glasses and a variety of polymers.
The remarkable optical and mechanical properties exhibited by Microfibers are
constantly exploited for optical sensing and include large evanescent fields, strong
optical confinement, flexibility, configurability and robustness. Such desirable
characteristics have gathered much attention in recent years and it is what makes
Microfibers an excellent platform for optical sensors(George, 2013).
2.1.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE)
ASE may obtain a substantial output power in any wavelength region where
the amplifier gain is high, even if we do not inject any input signal. That ASE light is
relatively broadband, it is actually used in some superluminescent sources.
Moreover, if ASE copropagates with a signal, it constitutes a broadband noise for
that signal. Strong ASE can cause substantial gain saturation via stimulated emission,
it lowers the excitation density and thus the amplifier gain. It causes a kind of soft
gain clamping, more pump power still increases the gain, but only slightly, as the
ASE powers grow rapidly with increasing gain. Amplified spontaneous emission can
seriously degrade. To characterize, and thus be able to mitigate, amplified
spontaneous emission, a closed-form model is developed (Ribierre, 2007).
5
By employing a closed-form solution, the differential equations describing both the
evolution and decay of the upper laser manifold population density can be solved
exactly. An advantage of this model is the separation of the spectral and spatial
portions of amplified spontaneous emission. Gain measurements, as a function of
time and pump energy, are compared with the model and good agreement is found
(Barnes, 2002).
2.1.4 Aluminium Rod
Pure aluminium is made up of silver-white metal. It is light, nontoxic (as a
metal), nonmagnetic and also no sparking. Besides that, it is easily to form, easily to
machine as well as casting. Aluminium is soft and lack of strength in properties, it
contains a small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon and other elements. The
process to refine aluminium from bauxite called the Bayer process (Winter, 1993).
Figure 2.3 shows the elements of chemical.
Figure 2.1: The elements of chemical, Aluminium (Al,13)
In additions, the aluminium is lighter with a specific weight of 2.7/gcm3. In
automotive, the vehicles reduces dead-weight and energy consumption by increasing
the load capacity. Besides that, aluminium is a good heat and electricity conductor
6
compared to copper as well as its height twice like a copper. Thus, it made
aluminium being the most commonly material that have been used in a power
transmission lines. Furthermore, the aluminium is a good reflector of visible light as
well as heat, and together with its low weight; this have makes it an ideal material for
reflectors. As example, it have been used for light fittings or rescue blankets (Azom,
2000).
Table 2.1: Properties of Aluminium (Azom, 2000)
Property
Minimum Value (Imp.)
Maximum Value (Imp.)
Units (Imp.)
Atomic Volume (average) 610.237 671.261 In3/kmol
Density 160.44 184.163 Lb/ft3
Elastic Limit 4.35113 40.6106 ksi
Hardness 35.5343 181.297 ksi
Loss Coefficient 0.0001 0.0025 NULL
Melting Point 841.73 1304.33 oF
Thermal Conductivity 149.763 411.847 BTU.ft/h.ft2.F
Based on the previous research, Aluminium have test for the environment.
Resistance factors of these properties are 1(poor) until 5 (excellent).
Table 2.2: Environmental Properties (Azom, 2000)
Flammability 4
Fresh water 5
Organic Solvents 5
Sea Water 4
Strong Acid 5
Strong Alkalis 2
UV 5
Weak Acid 5
Weak Alkalis 4
7
