Transcript
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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3

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UNIT 1, Part 3Life Transitions

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 MAIN MENUMAIN MENU

Life Transitions (pages 194–250)

Click a selection title to go to the corresponding selection menu.

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read

Reading the Selection

After You Read

Selection Menu (pages 251–263)

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Meet Kay Boyle

Click the picture to learn about the author.

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Connecting to the Story

In “Winter Night,” a chance meeting occurs between a child who misses her mother and a woman who misses a child. Before you read the selection, think about the following questions:

• Have you ever felt a connection with someone you were meeting for the first time?

• What could you do to help someone who is grieving the loss of a loved one?

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This story takes place in New York City, probably around the mid-1940s, near the end of World War II (1939–1945). At that time, the horrors of Nazi concentration camps began to come to light. In these camps, Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler carried out his plan to “purify” Europe by killing millions of Jews, Gypsies, and members of other ethnic groups.

Building Background

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On the U.S. home front during the war, women played a key role in the war effort by working in defense plants and in other businesses, replacing the millions of men who had gone off to war. Some women worked in professional capacities that had traditionally been reserved for men.

Building Background

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As you read this story, think about how the child and the woman who comes to care for her experience and cope with change.

Setting Purposes for Reading

Life Transitions

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Setting a Purpose for Reading

BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

The tone of a story is the attitude the writer takes toward his or her subject matter. A writer’s tone may convey a variety of attitudes, including sympathy, objectivity, seriousness, irony, sadness, bitterness, or humor. As you read “Winter Night,” notice the tone of the story.

Tone

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Activating Prior Knowledge

Activating prior knowledge is considering what you already know about the world and using that knowledge to deepen your understanding of the literary work you are reading.

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Reading Tip: Recording What You Know Use a chart to record details from the story about which you have prior knowledge.

Activating Prior Knowledge

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abeyance n. a state of temporary inactivity (p. 253) All our work was held in abeyance until Martin told us to continue working.

reprieve v. to give temporary relief, as from something unpleasant or difficult (p. 253) Lily was reprieved from watching the toddler for five minutes, and then she resumed her job.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

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obscurity n. darkness; dimness (p. 254) It was hard to see anyone in the obscurity of the dimly lit park at night.

derision n. mockery; ridicule (p. 254) Lee’s derision included nasty comments about Angela’s work habits.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

singular adj. unusual or remarkable (p. 256) Clarence had a singular ability to say the right thing at the right time.

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Life Transitions Keep the following questions in mind as you read. What life transitions do you think Felicia has endured?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Felicia’s father is at war and her mother is absent because of her work and social life.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 253. What tone is conveyed by the description of the late winter afternoon, both inside and outside the apartment?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The tone is apprehensive, bleak, and cold.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 253. Why is the child feeling apprehensive? What is she reluctant to ask?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Young children often feel anxious when it is dark and their parents are not home. She is reluctant to ask, “When will my mother be coming home?”

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Life Transitions Read text highlighted in tan on page 254. What does this detail tell you about Felicia’s life?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Felicia’s life is full of uncertainty, and she spends a great deal of time in the care of indifferent adults.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 254. Who is the person in the kitchen, and why is she referred to only as a “voice”?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The housekeeper’s anonymity is emphasized by calling her a “voice.”

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 254. Where are the fathers? How do you know?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The fathers are away at war. The background information and other details set the story late in World War II.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 255. What is the author’s attitude toward the housekeeper?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: It is mainly an attitude of scorn. The housekeeper is concerned with making money and “buying he own freedom.” She recognizes the mother’s faults and seems to care little for the child’s feelings. Encourage students to support their interpretations with specific details.

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Look at the painting on page 255. How would you describe this woman’s attitude? What similarities or differences do you find with the attitude of the babysitter in the story?

Viewing the Art

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The woman is solitary and serious. Like the babysitter in the story, she is in a reflective mood. Unlike the babysitter, she seems lost in her own memories and unconcerned about anyone else

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 256. Why do you think the author chose to describe the babysitter in such great detail?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Such a description clues the reader that this person is going to be important to the story. She will not be one of the “variable” babysitters.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 256. How do you think this evening will be different for Felicia?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Answers will vary. The woman might explain why she is sad and how a child figures into her story.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 257. From what you know about World War II, what do you think happened to the child?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The child may have died in a concentration camp.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 257. What parallels are drawn between Felicia and the little girl?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Their hair, face, clothes, and ballet dancing are compared.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 258. Why do you think the woman’s tone changes so abruptly?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The milk reminds her of how deprived and hungry the child was. This memory makes her angry.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 258. How does Boyle show that the babysitter still struggles with grief?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She shows her withdrawing from Felicia, then returning to the present.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 258. Where were the mothers and children? Why were they there?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The women and children were in a Nazi concentration camp and probably Jewish. They were most frequently put into death camps.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 258. How do you think the woman feels describing this experience?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She wants to forget this period in her life, but she cannot.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 259. What do you think happened to the little girl’s mother?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She most likely died in an extermination camp.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 259. Why doesn’t the sitter explain what happened to the little girl’s mother?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She may realize that Felicia is too young to hear such things, or she may realize that the child may fear that her own mother will never come back.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan in page 259. How does Felicia relate the little girl’s story to her own life?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Answer: When the woman tells Felicia that the little girl’s mother went away, Felicia relates to her situation because her own mother is not home. Felicia assumes the little girl’s father was away fighting in the war, like her own father, when in reality the little girl’s father was probably a prisoner in another camp.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 259. How is Felicia’s comment, “I know,” ironic?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: When Felicia says “I know,” she doesn’t really know.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 260. How does the tone of the story change here?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The words smiling, love, and contentment, as well as the dancing, create the liveliest, happiest tone in the story so far.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 260. What accounts for the change in tone?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Felicia and the sitter are responding to each other and enjoying their bond.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in purple on page 260. How is the woman unlike a typical babysitter?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Most most caretakers would insist on basic hygiene or maintaining everyday rules.

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Activating Prior Knowledge Read the text highlighted in blue on page 260. Why doesn’t the sitter require Felicia to wash and brush her teeth?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Perhaps the woman wisely realizes that it would break the mood, or she wants to extend kindness to Felicia to compensate for the little girl’s suffering.

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Look at the painting on page 260. Why do you think the sitter would tell the little girl about the ballets?

Viewing the Art

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She probably wanted to get her mind off of her real life.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 261. What is the new relationship between the woman and Felicia?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Felicia has become “her little girl,” and the woman replaces Felicia’s mother—at least for the night. Both are content with this turn of events.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 261. How does the tone change at the end of the story?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The final image is peaceful, but there is also a sense of bitterness. Boyle uses the simile “as startling as a slap across her delicately tinted face” to show that the mother is shocked and upset by her discovery.

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Tone Read the text highlighted in purple on page 261. What can you infer about the author’s attitude toward the mother from the last sentence of the story?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The author seems to disapprove of the mother’s neglect of her daughter. Felicia had to seek comfort with another sorrowful soul because her mother was unavailable to her.

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Answer: You may say you don’t approve, but may note extenuating circumstances.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRespond

1. Do you approve of the way in which Felicia’s mother is raising her daughter? Why or why not?

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Answer: (a) Housekeepers and babysitters (b) She wishes her mother were home more.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

2. (a) Who takes care of Felicia when her mother is away? (b) How does Felicia feel about her mother’s frequent absences? Support your answer with evidence from the story.

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Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

3. (a) Describe the woman who comes to take care of Felicia for the evening. How is she different from the other sitting parents? (b) How does Felicia react to the woman? In your opinion, why does Felicia react this way?

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Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

Answer: (a) She has dark hair, sad eyes. She takes an interest in her. (b) Felicia likes the woman, she might be the first person who pays attention.

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Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

4. (a) Summarize what the woman tells Felicia about the camp and the little girl she met there. (b) Compare and contrast Felicia and the little girl. How are they alike? How are they different?

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Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

Answer: (a) There was little food or clothing and mothers were often taken away. The little girl liked ballet. (b) About same age, missed their mothers, and liked ballet. However, Felicia is safe and the other girl was a prisoner.

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Answer: She may realize that Felicia is too young to hear such things. It is possible that she does not know what happened to the little girl.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

5. Why does the woman not simply tell Felicia what happened to the little girl in the camp?

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Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

6. It has been said that Kay Boyle’s stories provide a catalog of the ways in which love can fail. Do you think this story demonstrates the failure of love? Explain your answer.

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Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

Answer: Love fails in the form of the mother and the housekeeper, and when the woman cannot continue to take care of the girl in the camp. Love succeeds, however, in the bond between Felicia and the babysitter.

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Answer: To start paying more attention to Felicia

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

7. What advice would you like to give to Felicia’s mother?

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Answer: Yes, war has changed the lives of Felicia, her parents, the babysitter, and the little girl.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyConnect

8. Have political events affected the lives of all the characters in the story? Explain.

Life Transitions

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An author conveys tone through elements of the story such as word choice, punctuation, sentence structure, and figures of speech. For example, short, clipped sentences can create a fast-paced or urgent tone. The use of slang and informal language can create a carefree or light tone. Figures of speech, depending on their content and meaning, can show everything from despair to humor.

Tone

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Answer: Words include condescending, cold, and dismissive. Details include: the housekeeper’s impatience with the girl when she asks about her mother and when she is finishing her milk.

1. What words would you use to describe the housekeeper’s attitude toward Felicia? What specific details help create this attitude, or tone?

Tone

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2. What words would you use to describe the babysitter’s attitude toward Felicia? What specific details help create this attitude, or tone?

Tone

Answer: Words include gentle, attentive, sad, and reverent. Details include: the woman watches Felicia intently and lapses into stories about the little girl she cared for during the war.

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3. Boyle begins the story by saying it was a time of apprehension. Here, apprehension means “suspicion or fear; foreboding.” When does the tone change during the story? Does apprehension return? Explain.

Tone

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Answer: Felicia loses her feelings of apprehension when she warms up to the babysitter. The reader, however, continues to feel apprehension throughout the story—for the fate of the little girl in the camp and for Felicia’s mother’s imminent return.

Tone

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As you learned on page 94, theme is the central idea about life conveyed by a literary work. Some works have a stated theme, which is expressed directly. Most short stories have an implied theme, which is revealed through events, dialogue, or descriptions.

Review: Theme

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Partner Activity With a partner, make a web to show the parallel relationships between Felicia and the little girl in the camp. What theme, or idea about life, does the story convey about relationships?

Review: Theme

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Review: Theme

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The woman tells Felicia a lot about the little girl in her past—but not everything. As a result, the reader has to fill in the blanks in the story by using prior knowledge. Review the chart you made as you read, and think about the prior knowledge you used that Felicia does not have.

Activating Prior Knowledge

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Answer: The little girl’s death, her mother’s death during the war, and the woman’s release or escape from the camp.

1. Give three examples of events that were implied in the story but not stated, and for which you had to supply prior knowledge.

Activating Prior Knowledge

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Answer: You may discuss your previous knowledge of the Holocaust or your experience with the death of a family member.

2. Explain how your prior knowledge added to your understanding of each event.

Activating Prior Knowledge

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Practice

Practice with Word Origins Use a dictionary to look up the origin of each of the following words. Explain the connection between the origin of each word and its current meaning.

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Practice

1. derision

A. Latin

B. Greek

Answer: derision comes from the Latin words de-, meaning “down,” and ridere, meaning “to laugh”; the noun derision means “mockery” or “ridicule”

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Practice

2. reprieve

A. Latin

B. Middle English

Answer: reprieve comes from Middle English repreven, form of reproven meaning “to reprove”; literally meaning “to test again”

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Practice

3. singular

A. Latin

B. Old English

Answer: singular comes from Latin singularis, meaning “separate” or “extraordinary”

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Practice

4. obscurity

A. Middle English

B. Greek

Answer: obscurity comes from Middle English

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Practice

5. abeyance

A. Latin

B. Old French

Answer: abeyance comes from Old French

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Academic Vocabulary

These words will help you think, write, and talk about the selection.

parallel n. similarity

regime n. government in power

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Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

Answer: Both Felicia and the woman are lonely. In some ways, both are victims of political circumstances.

1. What parallels do you find between Felicia and the woman who comes to baby-sit?

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Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

Answer: they used the camps to detain and kill people in a plan to “purify” Europe

2. What purpose did the Nazi regime have for creating camps?

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Writing About Literature

Compare and Contrast Characters “Winter Night” implies a world of contrast between Felicia’s mother and the woman who arrives to care for Felicia. Write an essay in which you compare and contrast these two characters.

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Writing About Literature

Prewrite by listing details about each character on an organizer like the one on the next slide. Consider what you learn—or do not learn—about the women’s jobs, life experiences, and attitudes toward Felicia.

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Writing About Literature

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Writing About Literature

Use your organizer to develop a thesis that states two or more main points of comparison or contrast. In separate body paragraphs, use details from the story to support each main point. Conclude by restating your thesis in a fresh way.

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When your draft is complete, meet with a peer reviewer to evaluate each other’s work and suggest revisions. Then proofread and edit your draft for errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

Writing About Literature

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Internet Connection

Like the woman in “Winter Night,” many survivors of Nazi concentration camps have told others about their experiences in the camps. Search the Internet to find one or two such accounts to share with the class.

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Internet Connection

You should also be able to find magazine and newspaper articles and transcripts from television news shows and films in which survivors tell of their experiences. Compare and contrast the way the stories are reported by different types of media.

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read

Reading the Selection

After You Read

Selection Menu (pages 227–237)

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Meet Isabel Allende

Click the picture to learn about the author.

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Would you try to save the life of a total stranger? In Allende’s story, a natural disaster has killed and wounded thousands of people. Before you read the story, think about the following questions:

Connecting to the Story

• How do you generally respond when you learn about such events?

• What are some different factors that influence how you respond? Try to list four or more things

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“And of Clay Are We Created” is fiction and the characters in it are fictional. However, the story is based on an actual event that occurred in the South American country of Colombia in 1985. A snow-covered volcano, Nevado del Ruiz, had been active for at least several hundred years, although it had been fairly quiet for more than a century. In 1984 it started to show warning signs of activity and erupted in November 1985.

Building Background

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Heat from the eruption melted snow and ice on the mountain and sent a monstrous mudslide crashing into the valley below. Nearly two thousand people died in the village of Chinchina; in the town of Amero, more than twenty-three thousand perished, along with fifteen thousand animals, smothered under a blanket of mud and debris. Thousands more were injured and left homeless.

Building Background

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As you read, notice how Allende uses the mud as a device to hold the lives of the three main characters in suspension for three days.

Setting a Purpose for Reading

Life Transitions

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Setting a Purpose for Reading

BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

The persona is the voice an author creates to tell a story. Even if the story is told from a first-person point of view, as is “And of Clay Are We Created,” the narrator is not the author. As you read, identify characteristics of the persona Allende created to tell this story.

Persona

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Analyzing Sensory Detail

Sensory details are highly descriptive words and phrases that appeal to one or more of the senses: hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch.

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Reading Tip: Taking Notes Use a chart to record sensory details in this story.

Analyzing Sensory Detail

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presentiment n. a feeling that something is about to happen (p. 267) Although the scientists had no monitoring equipment, they had a presentiment that the volcano would soon erupt.

equanimity n. the ability to remain calm and assured (p. 267) The equanimity of the mayor helped calm the hurricane survivors.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

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pandemonium n. wild disorder and uproar (p. 269) Pandemonium broke out as looters smashed grocery story window.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

fortitude n. firm courage or strength of mind in the face of pain or danger (p. 267) Relief workers often show fortitude when they aid people during a disaster.

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Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

tribulation n. great misery or distress; suffering (p. 273) A natural disaster nearly always brings tribulation, but it sometimes brings people together as well.

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the first text highlighted in blue on page 266. Which senses do these details appeal to?

Reading Strategy

Answer: Answers include senses of smell, sight, sound.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Life Transitions Read text highlighted in tan on page 266. What questions does this passage prompt for you?

Answer: Questions should reflect curiosity about something Rolf might have lost thirty years before.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the second text highlighted in blue on page 266. What feeling do these details help establish?

Reading Strategy

Answer: Details create aura of foreboding.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Persona Read the first text highlighted in purple on page 267. Summarize what you learn about the narrator from this excerpt.

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The narrator and Rolf Carlé are married or lovers.

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Persona Read the second text highlighted in purple on page 267. From what you already know about the narrator, why is she qualified to give this information?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The narrator has a close, emotional connection to Rolf.

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Look at the painting on page 266. In what way does Elliot’s art reflect the agony of letting a loved one go?

Viewing the Art

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The volcano symbolizes the explosive power of love and heartache and liberation from self-obsession.

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the text highlighted in blue on page 268. At this point in the story, what is Rolf Carlé’s attitude about the mudslide? What is his attitude about the young girl he is approaching?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Answer: He seems somewhat detached about the entire situation, given that he can discuss the smell of corpses as easily as he describes the temperature. At first, Rolf treats the girl as he would any important story he needed to report.

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Persona Read the text highlighted in purple on page 268. What is the narrator’s attitude toward Rolf here?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The narrator shows an affectionate, admiring, and loving attitude.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 269. What does Azucena’s idea about why she cannot move tell you about her feelings concerning the situation?

Answer: Azucena’s idea may reveal the level of grief, and possibly guilt she is experiencing because she has survived the mudslide while her siblings have died.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Analyzing Sensory Detail Read the text highlighted in blue on page 269. What do you learn about the disaster scene from these sensory details?

Reading Strategy

Answer: The disaster scene is noisy, hectic, and chaotic.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 269. What is the mood at this point in the story? What hint does the author give that things are likely to change?

Answer: The mood appears upbeat given that Azucena’s heart is functioning well, that she is revived by a warm beverage, and that Rolf thinks things will end well. However, the word premature indicates that things might not actually end so well.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Persona Read the text highlighted in purple on page 270. What do these actions tell you about the narrator and her connection to Rolf?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The narrator has become emotionally connected to Azucena, just as Rolf has, and feels united with him in this concern.

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the text highlighted in blue on page 270. How do these sensory details enliven the activities of the disaster area?

Reading Strategy

Answer: They give a sense of the desperate activity of the rescue workers, the appearance and attitude of the survivors, and their dire need.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 270. What hint does this give you about the pump that Rolf and the narrator had been requesting? How will this affect Azucena?

Answer: Bureaucratic obstacles that are slowing the delivery of medicines to hospitals will also slow the delivery of the pump to the site where Azucena is trapped. She may die as a result.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Persona Read the text highlighted in purple in the first column on page 271. Based on what you know about Rolf, why would his decision not to use the camera be significant?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Rolf is now so focused on saving the life of his new friend that he has forgotten that he came to the scene as a newscaster.

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Persona Read the text highlighted in purple in the second column on page 271. What do you infer the narrator might be feeling as she witnesses these interactions? Explain.

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Students may say that the narrator feels the pain of her inability to help Rolf directly or that she misses him.

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the text highlighted in blue on page 271. Focus on the sensory details of this description in this sentence. What event from the story do these details call to mind?

Reading Strategy

Answer: The narrator’s details recall the devastating effects of the huge mudslide that occurred when the volcano erupted.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Personification Can you find an example of personification on page 271?

Writer’s Technique

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The sky is weeping.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 272. How are Rolf and Azucena now in a similar situation?

Answer: Both are trapped—Azucena in the mud, Rolf in the terror of the past. Both are facing their fears and are in a time of transition in their lives.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the text highlighted in blue on page 272. Which sensory details is Rolf remembering? Which does he actually perceive from the present setting?

Reading Strategy

Answer: He is remembering Katherina’s scent and the kitchen smells. He may be either remembering or perceiving the smell of his own sweat, but he perceives the smell of the putrefying clay in the present.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Persona Read the text highlighted in purple in the second column on page 272. The narrator is not present with Rolf on the second night that he stays with Azucena. How do you think the narrator gained this information about what Rolf was remembering?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Answer: Since these are Rolf’s own visions, he must have shared them with the narrator at some later time; or she infers that this is what was happening to him.

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the text highlighted in blue on page 273. What point is the writer making by including this detail about how the president was dressed?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Answer: The narrator gives this detail to show that the president’s visit is staged. His clothes are carefully considered to fit the circumstances; but they are tailored, indicating that they are not really meant for emergency, hands-on recovery, or expedition work.

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Look at the painting on page 273. What is the connection between Savrasov’s landscape and the themes in “And of Clay We Are Created?”

Viewing the Art

Answer: You may say Savrasov’s muddy road depicts Rolf’s struggle to let go. Others might reflect on how Rolf felt upon his first encounter with Azucena.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 274. From what you have learned about Azucena, how might she have helped Rolf make this transition?

Answer: Azucena’s simple innocence may have reminded Rolf of his sister. Her acceptance may have set an example for him as he knew he must deal with his own past.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Persona Read the text highlighted in purple on page 274. What do you learn about the narrator here? Does this detail surprise you? Why or why not?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Rolf and the narrator were not simply lovers, but life-long companions. The narrator has very strong empathy for both Rolf and Azucena.

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Analyzing Sensory Details Read the text highlighted in blue on page 274. In what ways were Azucena and Rolf stuck in, then freed from, the clay? Explain.

Reading Strategy

Answer: Both Rolf and Azucena may have felt stuck in the “clay” of sorrow and hopelessness but are freed by love and hope. Azucena’s death frees her from further fear and pain.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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1. Which character in the story do you admire the most? Why?

Answer: You may cite Azucena, Rolf, or the narrator. Your reasons will vary.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRespond

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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2. (a) What are Azucena’s circumstances at the beginning of the story? (b) What did she come to symbolize as the story progressed?

Answer: (a) Azucena is trapped in the mud. (b) Courage and patience

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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3. (a) What attitude did you notice among the people who survived the disaster? (b) What does this indicate about their culture?

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

Answer: (a) The survivors were patient and undemanding. (b) Fatalism or acceptance

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4. (a) Summarize what happens to Azucena and to Rolf. (b) In what way is each of them “saved from despair” and “freed from the clay”?

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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Answer: (a) Azucena waits for rescue but dies. Rolf has flashbacks of a traumatic childhood while trying to help free her. (b) Azucena’s death frees her from further fear and pain, while Rolf is freed to confront his past and to resolve some of its trauma.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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5. Irony is a contrast between appearance and reality. (a) What ironic situations did you notice in this story? (b) How do you think these ironies furthered the main message of the story? Explain.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

Answer: (a) Television stations could get equipment to the spot where Azucena was trapped, but no one could get a pump to the scene to rescue the girl. (b) The irony might show that there are greater ways to help people than simply by saving lives. If the message is about the cruelty of fate, the irony might indicate that government action (or inaction) is a part of life that must be accepted.

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6. What do you think the title of this story means? In your opinion, is it an appropriate title? Why or why not?

Answer: We all die and return to the earth. It is appropriate because the word clay has several meanings, including the clay in which the girl is trapped and the earth to which we all return.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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7. One critic wrote that Allende is capable of moving “between the personal and the political, between reality and fantasy.” Do these observations apply to this story? Why or why not?

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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Answer: This story is personal and focuses on what happens between Azucena and Rolf. The inept behavior of the government in responding to the disaster makes it a political statement as well. The story includes realistic and fantastic situations.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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8. In what ways do Rolf and Azucena exchange roles in this story?

Answer: She begins to console him.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyConnect

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

Life Transitions

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9. At what point in the story did you sense that Azucena’s situation was hopeless?

Answer: Answers will vary but you may say when Allende calls the image of Azucena “unbearable.”

Responding and Thinking CriticallyConnect

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

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Persona

A persona is the person created by the author to tell a story. In Latin, a persona was a mask worn by an actor. In a similar way, adopting a persona allows an author to distance himself or herself from the reader. It is like slipping on a mask, or a different personality. The attitudes and beliefs expressed by the narrator may not be the same as those of the author.

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1. Reread the information about Isabel Allende on p. 264. What do the unnamed narrator and Allende have in common? How might Allende have drawn on her own life to create both the narrator and Rolf?

Persona

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Answer: Like Allende, the narrator is well traveled; is a woman of action (for example, she goes to the news station and makes phone calls to government officials); is a journalist and lives in Europe.

Persona

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2. Why do you think Allende chose the persona of someone not at the scene of the action? How would the story have been different if Rolf Carlé had been the narrator?

Persona

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Persona

Answer: Readers get a personal and empathetic view of Rolf. This viewpoint is similar to watching events unfold on television—which is an important part of the story. If Rolf had been the narrator, readers might not have seen the larger picture of the disaster—only the scene close to Azucena.

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3. Even though Allende distances herself from the reader through a persona, her narrator is nevertheless affected by the action of the story. What consequences does the narrator face as a result of Rolf’s attempt to save Azucena?

Persona

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Answer: The narrator loses her closeness with Rolf. He is “not the same man” at the end of the story.

Persona

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As you learned on pages 10–11, the plot is the series of events that make up a story, and the setting is the time and place of a story. The setting also includes the ideas, customs, values, and beliefs of a particular time and place.

Review: Plot

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Partner Activity Meet with a classmate and talk about the plot and setting of this story. Reread sections from the story as necessary. Make a Venn diagram to show how the plot and setting interact. Your diagram should indicate how the setting is essential to the story’s plot and how the plot contributes to at least one key detail of the story’s setting. Share your diagram with the class.

Review: Plot

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Allende uses sensory details to make the setting and characters more vivid and to evoke a strong emotional reaction in the reader. Refer to the chart of sensory details that you began on page 265.

Analyzing Sensory Details

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Answer: Answers will vary. You should choose the sensory details they find the strongest and identify those that appeal to more than one sense.

1. Of the details you listed, which do you think are the strongest? Do some appeal to more than one sense?

Analyzing Sensory Details

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2. Skim the story for more sensory details to add to your chart. Try to add at least one more to each row. Explain why you think each one evokes an emotional reaction.

Answer: Answers will vary. You should focus on the emotion evoked by each detail, such as fear or tenderness.

Analyzing Sensory Details

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Practice

Practice with Analogies Choose the word that best completes each analogy.

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Practice

1. ecstasy : happiness :: tribulation :

A. discomfort

B. faith

C. risk

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Practice

2. hostility : unfriendliness :: pandemonium:

A. simplicity

B. insecurity

C. confusion

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Practice

3. fortitude : weakness :: bedlam :

A. peace

B. cruelty

C. uproar

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Practice

4. equanimity : calmness :: presentiment :

A. insensitivity

B. uneasiness

C. anger

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Academic Vocabulary

These words will help you think, write, and talk about the selection.

link n. a connecting element

remove n. a distance or interval separating one person or thing from another

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Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

Answer: Her image was broadcast on television; she helped people understand the terrible suffering people there faced.

1. How did Azucena serve as a link between people in the disaster zone and the rest of the world?

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Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

Answer: He looked at his subjects through the lens of a camera and did not get emotionally involved in their plights.

2. How did Rolf Carlé usually put himself at a safe remove from his journalistic subjects?

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Writing About Literature

Apply Point of View Imagine that you are Rolf Carlé. Write a personal letter to the narrator, giving your own account of some or all of the events described in “And of Clay Are We Created.”

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Writing About Literature

Use a graphic organizer like the one on the next slide to help you decide on elements to include in the draft of your letter. As you work on your draft, look back at the story to review what Rolf says and does, so you can write more precisely from his point of view

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Writing About Literature

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Writing About Literature

After completing your draft, meet with a peer reviewer to evaluate each other’s work and to suggest revisions. Then proofread and edit your draft to correct any errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

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Literature Groups

The emotional quality or atmosphere that an author creates in a story is the mood. Meet with several of your classmates to discuss how Allende creates and shifts the mood of “And of Clay Are We Created.” Discuss the following questions.

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Literature Groups

• What adjectives would you use to describe the mood at the very beginning of the story?

• What images and sensory details does Allende use to help create this mood?

• Find two or more places where you think the mood of the story shifts. How does Allende create these mood shifts?

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Comparing by Degrees Most adjectives and adverbs have three degrees with which to express comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. In “And of Clay Are We Created,” Allende builds tension by using adjectives and adverbs with different degrees of comparison.

Allende’s Language and Style

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Allende’s Language and Style

Consider, for example, some of these parts of sentences from the story:

“She pulled a hand from the mire and tried to move, but immediately sank a little deeper.”

“The President of the Republic visited the area… to confirm that this was the worst catastrophe of the century.”

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Allende’s Language and Style

Consider, for example, some of these parts of sentences from the story:

“All that had lain hidden in the deepest and most secret layers of memory poured out.”

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Here is one way to list the adjectives and adverbs underlined above in their three degrees of comparison.

Allende’s Language and Style

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Activity Find more adjectives and adverbs in the story. Create a chart of your own, listing the three comparison forms for each adjective and adverb. Notice how Allende’s choice of adjectives and adverbs and their degrees of comparison adds to the mood ofthe story.

Allende’s Language and Style

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With a partner, go through your personal letter to the narrator and note places where different degrees of adjectives or adverbs would make your writing clearer and more vivid. Revise your draft to make improvements. Use a dictionary if you need to.

Revising Check: Comparisons

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read

Reading the Selection

After You Read

Selection Menu (pages 239–249)

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Meet Leslie Marmon Silko

Click the picture to learn about the author.

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In Silko’s short story, an elderly woman remembers her past as her life nears its end. Most of her memories revolve around children she loved dearly and lost. Before you read the story, think about the following questions:

Connecting to the Story

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• When you are feeling troubled or discouraged, do you ever think back to a happier time in the past?

Connecting to the Story

• Why do you think memories are so powerful?

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“Lullaby” takes place in west central New Mexico, near the Cañoncito (Navajo) Reservation; parts of the story may actually take place on the reservation. The time of the story is probably the late 1960s or the 1970s.

Building Background

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Pulmonary tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a contagious lung disease that can lead to death if left untreated. The first antibiotic treatment for TB was not discovered until 1943. By the mid-1950s, chest X-rays were used to test millions of people in the United States for TB; infected people were then treated for the disease.

Building Background

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But large numbers of infected people remained undiagnosed and thus continued to infect others. Included in this group were thousands of Navajos, many of whom mistrusted white doctors. In the 1950s, U.S. government health agencies began testing Navajos for TB. Infected people were sent away—sometimes against their will—to special hospitals, called sanatoriums, for long-term care.

Building Background

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As you read, notice how Silko uses the experiences of death, loss, and change to portray life in transition.

Setting Purposes for Reading

Life Transitions

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Setting Purposes for Reading

BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

The author’s choice and arrangement of words make up the style of a literary work. Style can reveal the author’s purpose in writing and the attitude toward his or her subject, characters, and audience.

Style

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Evaluating Characters

Characters are the people portrayed in a literary work. When you evaluate characters, you make judgments or form opinions about them. Such evaluations help the reader develop a framework for explaining a character’s actions, statements, thoughts, and feelings. As you read this story, notice how Silko provides opportunities for the reader to evaluate different characters.

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Evaluating Characters

Reading Tip: Comparing and Contrasting Use a chart like the one shown to record details from the story that help you form opinions about Ayah.

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arroyo n. a dry gully or stream bed (p. 281) The thirsty horse did not find water as it cantered along the arroyo.

crevice n. a narrow crack into or through something (p. 283) Mark watched his father fill in the crevice in the wall.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

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distortion n. an appearance of being twisted or bent out of shape (p. 287) The crack in the mirror caused a distortion in my image.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

sparse adj. thinly spread or distributed; (p. 286) The berries were so sparse that we could not gather enough to make a pie.

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Life Transitions Keep the following question in mind as you read. How is loss an important part of the narrator’s life? What life changes are illustrated by the narrator’s memories?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Answer: The loss of Ella and Danny is important because she ended up blaming her husband for their departure. Jimmie’s death is important because his life represented happiness to the narrator. Her memories illustrate the narrator’s transition from a young, vibrant woman to an elderly, embittered woman.

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

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Look at the painting on page 280. What story might this picture be telling?

Viewing the Art

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The story may be about how the sun nurtures life on Earth.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 281. What does this sentence tell you about how the woman’s life has changed?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Not much happens in her life now; her life consists mostly of remembering the past.

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Evaluating Characters Read the text highlighted in blue on page 281. What does this sentence reveal about Ayah?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Ayah once had a significant relationship with Jimmie, but her memories of him cause her pain.

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Style What colors does Silko use in describing the yarn-making process? How does Silko’s use of color affect the descriptions?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She uses the colors silver, red, gold, and black. The colors bring the descriptions to life, and make them more vibrant and life-like.

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Evaluating Characters Read the text highlighted in blue on page 282. What does this detail tell you about Chato?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Chato is educated, or he wants to share his skills with his wife.

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Evaluating Characters Read the text highlighted in blue on page 282. In what kind of position or role does this put Chato in relation to Ayah?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: It puts him in a care-giving role when it comes to their dealings with the white people. It also puts him in a position of great responsibility and power—he is Ayah’s sole representative in the white world.

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Style Read the text highlighted in purple on page 282. Explain what this simile means.

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Lizards eat flies. She is frightened by the predatory way in which they look at her children. Silko uses this simile to convey Ayah’s fear of losing her children.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 283. Why do you think Ayah remembers even the smallest details of this day?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: It was a pivotal day in Ayah’s life, so her memories of it are vivid.

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Evaluating Characters Read the text highlighted in blue on page 283. What does this detail tell you about Chato’s personality?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: He understands Ayah’s pain, but he also is resigned to what is happening.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 284. Why is the absence of Danny and Ella more upsetting to Ayah than the deaths of her other children?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Because her other children are buried near her, she feels as though they are with her; Danny and Ella are being raised by strangers.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 284. How is the pain she feels over Danny and Ella’s absence different from her feelings about Jimmie’s death?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Jimmie left and never came back; there was nothing she could do about his death. In a way, he is still alive in her mind. She feels she might have kept Danny and Ella but failed.

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Style Read the text highlighted in purple on page 284. How does the author describe Ayah’s feelings after losing her children?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Ayah feels a pain in her belly that is made worse by things that remind her of the children. She feels as if she can’t eat or breathe.

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Look at the painting on page 284. How does the mood of the painting compare with the mood of the story?

Viewing the Art

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Both have an ominous mood.

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Evaluating Characters Read the first paragraph in the second column on page 285. What about Ayah might frighten the people in the bar?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She is an elderly woman, probably not the type of person who usually frequents bars. They don’t know how to act around her or what to think of her. Also, the bar owner usually doesn’t allow Navajos into the bar

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 285. What does the author mean by this statement?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The children were losing their memories of their parents and their home.

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Sensory Descriptions The author uses sensory descriptions to enhance the reading experience. What senses does she appeal to in this section?

Writer’s Technique

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Touch/feeling (snow melting on her forehead), vision (red flames in the stove), sound (Spanish polka music), smell (wet wool).

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Evaluating Characters Read the text highlighted in blue on page 286. Why do you think Ayah would want the men to fear her?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: She is used to feeling powerless, so she enjoys this role reversal.

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Style Read the text highlighted in purple on page 286. How does this description echo the mood of the story at this point?

Literary Element

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Ayah’s and Chato’s lives are silent, dry, and empty, like the caves.

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Look at the painting on page 286. How might Ayah’s remembering be a type of vision quest?

Viewing the Art

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: It could be a vision quest in that she seems to be seeking understanding and enlightenment by thinking back on her life.

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Evaluating Characters Read the text highlighted in blue on page 287. Do Ayah’s actions indicate that she has forgiven Chato?

Reading Strategy

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Answers will vary. You may say that she has relented somewhat now that he is old and ill. She has always taken care of him, even when she was angriest about losing the children.

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Life Transitions Read the text highlighted in tan on page 287. Why do you think Ayah finds the lullaby comforting?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: The lullaby seems to say that family will remain. Also, it was sung by her mother and grandmother.

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Answer: (a) Ayah is portrayed as having suffered the most. (b) Possibly Chato, since he is depicted as a hard worker who got fired after years of loyalty

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRespond

1. (a) For which character did you have more sympathy, Ayah or Chato? Explain. (b) For whom did you have more respect or admiration? Give reasons.

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Answer: (a) Snow reminds her of her babies; blanket reminds her of Jimmie; black shoes remind her of buckskin leggings. (b) She finds happiness in remembering.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

2. (a) In the first three paragraphs of the story, what reminds Ayah of events in the past? (b) Why might Ayah’s thoughts turn so often to the past?

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Answer: (a) He looks confused and dirty. (b) He has grown old and distant.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

3. (a) When Ayah finally finds Chato near the end of the story, how does he look and act? (b) What do Chato’s appearance and actions reveal about him?

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Answer: (a) She offers half her blanket. (b) She knows he is dying.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

4. (a) How does Ayah care for Chato after they find shelter among the boulders? (b) What do you think motivates Ayah to treat Chato this way?

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Answer: The lullaby represents her greatest loves, her children.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

5. Why do you think the author chose to title this story “Lullaby”?

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Answer: (a) He knows that he cannot fight the system. (b) They could have not signed the documents.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

6. (a) Why does Chato react as he does when the white doctors come to take Danny and Ella? (b) Could Chato and Ayah have done anything to prevent the doctors from taking their children? Explain.

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Answer: (a) Ayah lives in the past; Chato is an alcoholic. (b) They have grown distant but are still very dependent upon each other.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

7. (a) How have Ayah and Chato learned to cope with the hardships they have experienced? (b) How have their ways of coping affected their relationship?

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Answer: They have endured the adversity and, in that way, triumphed over it. But students may claim their attitudes have defeated them.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyConnect

8. Think about the many obstacles and tragedies that have shaped Ayah and Chato’s lives. In your opinion, have they triumphed over adversity, or has it defeated them? Explain.

Life Transitions

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Style is the author’s choice and arrangement of words and sentences in a literary work. Style is related to the author’s voice, or the distinctive use of language to convey the author’s, narrator’s, or main character’s personality to the reader.

Style

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Consider this passage from the beginning of the story: “The sun had gone down but the snow in the wind gave off its own light. It came in thick tufts like new wool—washed before the weaver spins it. Ayah reached out for it like her own babies had, and she smiled when she remembered how she had laughed at them.”

Style

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1. How does Silko use the idea of weaving and blankets throughout the story? Why do you think she chose this idea?

Style

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Answer: Ayah remembers her mother and grandmother weaving blankets. She wraps herself in her son’s blanket. She wraps her husband in blanket. Silko probably chose this idea because Navajos are known for their blankets and blankets are symbols of security and comfort.

Style

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2. How is Ayah’s personality revealed in the passage above?

Style

Answer: She loves her children.

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3. Find another example in the story in which Silko’s style and voice reveal something about a character.

Style

Answer: Examples include descriptions of the day Ayah hid her children and Chato’s appearance later in life.

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As you learned on pages 192–193, the narrator is the person who tells a story. The narrator might be a character in the story or stand outside the story and comment on the action.

Review: Narrator

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Review: Narrator

Partner Activity Meet with a classmate to discuss the narrator’s role in this story. Drawa chart like the one to the right to help you think about the narrator’s relationship to the main characters. Then answer the questions.

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1. What is the narrator’s relationship to the characters in the story? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer: The narrator stands outside the story. She knows the characters’ thoughts and feelings.

Review: Narrator

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2. How would the story be different if Ayah were the narrator? If Chato were the narrator? Do you think Silko made the best choice of narrator for this story? Explain.

Answer: Silko made the best choice for telling this story. No other narrator would have been as impartial.

Review: Narrator

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When you evaluate characters, you form opinions and make judgments about them. By evaluating the characters in Silko’s story, you can better explain the characters’ actions, statements, thoughts, and feelings.

Evaluating Characters

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Answer: You may have a negative opinion of Ayah because she did not do more to keep her children and did not support Chato enough. Or you may say that Ayah did the best that she could, given the circumstances.

1. What is your opinion of Ayah? Give three details from the story to provide support for your answer.

Evaluating Characters

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2. How does your opinion of Ayah affect your enjoyment of the story? Explain.

Answer: Some may say that, as a result of their opinion, they enjoyed the story more. Others will disagree.

Evaluating Characters

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Practice

Practice with Word Origins Knowing the origin of a word can help you determine its meaning in English. The first step is to identify the language from which the word came. Use a dictionary to determine the origins of the following vocabulary words.

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Practice

1. arroyo

A. French

B. Spanish

C. Greek

D. Latin

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Practice

2. crevice

A. French

B. Spanish

C. Greek

D. Latin

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Practice

3. sparse

A. French

B. Latin

C. Greek

D. Spanish

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Practice

4. distortion

A. Latin

B. Spanish

C. Greek

D. French

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Academic Vocabulary

These words will help you think, write, and talk about the selection.

federal adj. relating to a government in which a group of states with individual powers is governed by a central authority

contact n. a touching or coming together; communication

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Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

Answer: The doctors bring a police officer from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, or BIA.

1. Where does an agency of the federal government appear in the story and what does it do?

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Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

Answer: She cannot understand them, and she feels that her children’s lives are out of her control.

2. How does Ayah feel when the white people come in contact with her family?

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Writing About Literature

Analyze Setting and Mood The narrator of “Lullaby” describes a variety of settings in which present and past events take place. Choose one of those settings and identify details the narrator uses to describe thesetting.

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Writing About Literature

Then write an analysis of how the setting helps to create a particular atmosphere, or mood, in that part of the story. Incorporate examples from the story to support your main points.

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Writing About Literature

Use a table like the one shown to help plan your analysis.

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Writing About Literature

When you finish writing, meet with a small group of classmates to share your analysis. Check your work for errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

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Learning for Life

Imagine that you are Ayah’s friend and she has come to you, confused and frightened about what the doctors want and what they intend to do. Write a letter of inquiry, asking the doctors to explain the situation. Be polite and businesslike in your approach. Use the proper form for a business letter.

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3

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Connecting to Literature In “A Californian’s Tale,” Mark Twain does more than tell an entertaining story: he also presents historical facts. He recreates a real time and place and provides details about what happened there.

A writer of literary criticism can use those details in analyzing the story from a historical perspective.

Study the rubric on the next slide to learn about writing literary criticism based on biographical or historical details.

WRITING WORKSHOPWRITING WORKSHOP

Taking a Biographical or Historical Approach

Literary Criticism

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Taking a Biographical or Historical Approach

Literary Criticism

Rubric: Features of Literary Criticism

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Assignment

WRITING WORKSHOPWRITING WORKSHOP

Taking a Biographical or Historical Approach

Write an essay of literary criticism. Use your essay to show how a literary work is related to themes and issues of its historical period or to an individual’s life. As you move through the stages of the writing process, keep your audience and purpose in mind.

Audience: your teacher

Purpose: to explain and inform by analyzing how a work of literature is related to a real time, place, or person

Literary Criticism

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Analyzing a Professional Model

In the literary criticism on pages 291–292 of your textbook, Paule Marshall presents biographical details that shed light on her short story, “To Da-duh, In Memoriam.” The reader learns not only that Da-duh was a real person but also that she appears throughout Marshall’s works.

As you read the criticism, identify the features that it consists of. Pay close attention to the comments in the margin: they point out features that you may want to include in your own literary criticism.

Literary Criticism

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Analyzing a Professional Model

Reading-Writing Connection Think about the writing techniques that you have just encountered and try them out in the literary criticism you write.

Literary Criticism

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Prewriting

Find the Work and Decide Your Approach The work of literature you choose must contain enough biographical or historical details for a successful essay. Always “test” the work before you begin writing to see whether it will work for a biographical or historical approach.

► If you want to write a biographical criticism, begin by identifying the person whose life you will focus on. Then find details in the story that illustrate his or her life. List details or make a cluster diagram.

Literary Criticism

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Prewriting

► If you want to take a historical approach to literary criticism, begin by identifying the time, the place, and the culture. Then find details in the story that show this historical world. You can use a cluster diagram or simply make a list.

Literary Criticism

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Prewriting

Develop a Thesis Review your list of ideas or your cluster. Decide on a focus. That is, write a sentence or two that provides an overview of what the details seem to say. This is your working thesis, which you can revise as you go along.

Working Thesis: Details in “Lullaby” show Navajo culture.

Literary Criticism

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Prewriting

Develop an Organizational Plan Your next step is to decide on the main points to make in your essay. You can either revise your thesis to show those main points and base your paragraph plan on it, or you can begin mapping out your body paragraphs and then revise your thesis. Either way, follow these steps to create a plan for each body paragraph.

► Think of a main idea for the body paragraph.

Literary Criticism

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Prewriting

► List details, quotations, or examples from the story that illustrate or support that main idea.

► Add thoughts of your own about the main idea.

► Make a paragraph plan like the one on the next slide for each body paragraph.

Literary Criticism

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Prewriting

Body Paragraph Plan

Main Idea: Because she is Navajo and speaks a different language, Ayah is suspicious of the English-speaking doctors.

Details from the Story: The doctors looked at the children “like the lizard watches the fly.”

My Thoughts: This is a good simile. It shows Ayah’s fear. It shows how alien the doctors are to her. Ayah goes to the foothills to find comfort. Nature helps her feel better.

Literary Criticism

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Prewriting

Talk About Your Ideas Meet with a partner. Refer to your working theses and paragraph plans as you discuss the focus of your papers so far and the main ideas you will present to support them.

Ask your partner for suggestions on how to revise your thesis and make sure that your main ideas relate to it. Then talk about your writing voice.

For this assignment, you want to sound objective, not personal. Ask your partner to comment on how objective, formal, and impersonal your plan is so far.

Literary Criticism

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Drafting

Use Transitions As you get your ideas down on paper, remember to connect your ideas with transitions. Transitions are links that help the reader follow thoughts.

One very useful transition in any literary analysis begins with the phrase For example. You can use this transition phrase to introduce evidence from the text or to connect a detail to a main idea.

Literary Criticism

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Drafting

Analyzing a Workshop Model Read the final draft of an essay that takes a historical approach to literary criticism on pages 294–295 of your textbook and answer the questions in the margin.

Use the answers to these questions to guide you as you write.

Literary Criticism

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Revising

Peer Review Ask a classmate to read your draft to identify your thesis and the main ideas that support it. Ask your reviewer to review the traits of strong writing too; then think about how they apply to your work. Use any comments to guide you as you revise.

Literary Criticism

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Revising

Use the rubric below to help you evaluate your writing.

Literary Criticism

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Varying Sentence Openers

Avoid beginning consecutive sentences with it, the, or a noun or pronoun. Instead, vary your openers.

You can begin with a descriptive word (such as suddenly or inside); a phrase (such as in the shadows or having seen enough); or a clause (such as when the man spoke or because it was Saturday).

Literary Criticism

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Varying Sentence Openers

Draft:

Silko uses a graphic simile to illustrate Ayah’s past fears of what the English-speaking doctors would do to her children: “She was frightened by the way they looked at the children, like the lizard watches the fly.” Ayah fled with her children in to the comfort of nature, into the “foothills of juniper trees and black lava rock” where “the sun warmth relaxed her and took the fear and anger away.”

Literary Criticism

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Varying Sentence Openers

Revision:

Later,1 Silko uses a graphic simile to illustrate Ayah’s past fears of what the English-speaking doctors would do to her children: “She was frightened by the way they looked at the children, like the lizard watches the fly.” Seeking comfort,2 Ayah fled with her children into nature, into the “foothills of juniper trees and black lava rock” where “the sun warmth relaxed her and took the fear and anger away.”

1: Opens with a Descriptive Word

2: Opens with a Phrase

Literary Criticism

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Editing and Proofreading

Get It Right When you have completed the final draft of your story, proofread it for errors in grammar, usage, mechanics, and spelling

Correcting Run-on Sentences Be sure that all the sentences in your essay are complete. Avoid run-on sentences, which present two or more independent clauses (groups of words that could stand alone as sentences) without the correct punctuation.

Literary Criticism

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Editing and Proofreading

Problem: The following is a run-on sentence.

Their cows are “skinny,” their house is a “boxcar shack.”

Solution A: Create two sentences.

Their cows are “skinny.” Their house is a “boxcar shack.”

Literary Criticism

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Editing and Proofreading

Problem: The following is a run-on sentence.

Their cows are “skinny,” their house is a “boxcar shack.”

Solution B: Use a semicolon to separate the two independent clauses.

Their cows are “skinny”; their house is a “boxcar shack.”

Literary Criticism

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Editing and Proofreading

Problem: The following is a run-on sentence.

Their cows are “skinny,” their house is a “boxcar shack.”

Solution C: Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to join the independent clauses.

Their cows are “skinny,” and their house is a “boxcar shack.”

Literary Criticism

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Presenting

Following Conventional Style Do not strive to give your analysis an original or creative look. Instead, be sure to follow the guidelines your teacher sets for page formats, fonts, and spacing.

Also eliminate underlining and exclamation marks used only for emphasis. Your words, not your formatting, should create all the emphasis you need.

Literary Criticism

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Delivering an Oral Report

Connecting to Literature Leslie Marmon Silko, the author of “Lullaby,” was reared in a culture in which all knowledge was once passed along orally.

In this culture, she says, “All information, scientific, technological, historical, religious, is put into narrative form. It is easier to remember that way.”

In this workshop, you will deliver your literary criticism, as an oral report, to an audience of listeners.

Literary Criticism

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Delivering an Oral Report

Literary Criticism

Assignment

Adapt your literary criticism to create an oral report and present it to the class.

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Planning Your Presentation

Literary Criticism

Your goal is to present your literary criticism in an interesting and informative way. Follow these guidelines to plan your presentation.

• Focus on your thesis. This is the most important idea in your presentation: be sure that you make it clear. Plan to state it and to restate it.

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Planning Your Presentation

Literary Criticism

• Create a clear and engaging introduction that includes your thesis, a body that presents your main ideas, and a conclusion that restates or summarizes your most important points.

• Support each main idea you present with details from the literature. Add your own explanations to link those details to your thesis.

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Getting Started

Literary Criticism

• Work with a classmate to identify main ideas in your literary criticism. Discuss which details belong in your presentation and which can be omitted.

• Discuss ways to make the introduction and the conclusion more interesting or lively for listeners.

• Work alone to create an outline or other plan for your presentation.

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Creating Slides or Posters

Literary Criticism

What kinds of visual aids will help your listeners follow your presentation? The most effective thing you can do is create slides on the computer or posters that present or telegraph your thesis and main points.

An alternative is to create overhead transparencies or posters. Whatever you create, they should be easy to view, created in the same readable font or handwriting, and spaced for maximum legibility.

Notice how the following slides match; notice, too, how easy they are to read.

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Creating Slides or Posters

Literary Criticism

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Creating Slides or Posters

Literary Criticism

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Rehearsing

Literary Criticism

Rehearse your presentation several times by yourself, making sure that your words and your graphic aids are working together perfectly.

Then try making your complete presentation in front of a family member or a classmate.

Ask for comments, as well as for any questions your listener might have. This will help you anticipate questions your audience might ask later.

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Rehearsing

Literary Criticism

Finally, keep these verbal and nonverbal techniques in mind.

Techniques for Delivering a Presentation

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Ask students to recall when they were little children.

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How did you feel when something happened to interrupt the pattern of your life, such as a parent’s going away?

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What natural disasters have you experienced or heard about?

Have students define natural disaster and create a list of natural disasters.

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Write comforts on the chalkboard.

What are some things that comfort you when you’re feeling down?

Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 BELLRINGERBELLRINGER

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Click on the image to see a full version of the Bellringer Option Transparency.

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. their distance from the war

B. their freedom

C. their happiness

D. their peace

What does the girl tell Felicia that she and Felicia’s mother are buying with their money?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. They don’t do housework.

B. Most are unable to move about.

C. They work in one residence for a long period of time.

D. They make children like Felicia sit at all times.

According to the girl, why were sitting parents given their name?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. She had lived in the apartment before

the war.B. She had once known Felicia’s mother.C. She had not planned on working that

night.D. It was the anniversary of a child the

woman once knew.

Why does the sitter think it strange that she had been sent to Felicia’s home that night?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. a letter

B. a telephone conversation

C. a message from the mother’s friend

D. a brief visit the mother was allowed to make

In the story the sitter told to Felicia, what was the last communication the mother had with her daughter?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. in New York City

B. asleep somewhere

C. still at the camp

D. back home in Europe

According to the sitter, where are the little girl and her mother?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. doctor

B. soldier

C. reporter

D. geologist

What was Rolf’s profession?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. She was being held by the bodies of her

brothers and sisters.B. She was trapped in rubble.

C. The rope wasn’t strong enough.

D. The mud had dried to a concrete-like substance.

Why couldn’t the rescuers pull Azucena from the mud?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. a breakdown in the telephone

systemB. few medical supplies

C. the lack of water

D. the bureaucratic obstacles

According to the narrator, what was the worst problem hindering the rescue operations?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. dead bodies he had once helped

buryB. his mother

C. the narrator

D. his sister, Katherina

Who materialized before Rolf during the second night in the mud pit?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

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0%A. Rolf’s old wounds to heal

B. Rolf to come back from the disaster site

C. Rolf to tell her what happened to Azucena

D. a pump to clear the mud pit

What does the narrator wait for at the end of the story?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%A. a wool shawl her mother made

B. her elk hide leggings

C. Jimmie’s old Army blanket

D. her memories from long ago

What keeps Ayah warm as she sits against the cottonwood tree at the beginning of the story?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%A. They ran away into the foothills.

B. Chato returned and told the doctors to leave.

C. A BIA police officer helped them hide.

D. They hid in the hogan.

How did Ayah and her children escape from the white doctors?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

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0%A. from white children at school

B. from poor living conditions at home

C. from undernourishment

D. from Ayah’s grandmother

How did Danny and Ella get the disease?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%

0%

0%

0%A. He often left her alone.

B. He let the doctors take her children away.

C. He taught her to sign her name.

D. He no longer worked to support her.

After Danny and Ella were taken, why did Ayah say she hated Chato?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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0%A. in the foothills among the boulders

B. in Cebolleta, where he was walking along the pavement

C. at an inn in Cebolleta

D. at the white man’s ranch

Where did Ayah find Chato at the end of the story?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS

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Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3

► Literary Terms

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Transparencies

Unit 1, Part 3Unit 1, Part 3 REFERENCEREFERENCE

► Grammar and Writing

Workshop

Transparencies

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