THE TRANSFORMATION THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WESTOF THE WEST

1450 - 17501450 - 1750

TWO RENAISSANCESTWO RENAISSANCES Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance

Renaissance, or rebirth of art and Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning, 1350-1600learning, 1350-1600

Aristocrats, popes, nobles Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and vied became wealthy patrons and vied to outdo one anotherto outdo one another Medici FamilyMedici Family

City-states sponsored innovations City-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture in art and architecture Masaccio, Leonardo da Vinci Masaccio, Leonardo da Vinci

used linear perspective to show used linear perspective to show depth depth

Sculptors (Donatello and Sculptors (Donatello and Michelangelo) created natural Michelangelo) created natural poses poses

Trinity by Masaccio

The Last Supper and Mona Lisa by da Vinci

David by Donatello

David, the Pieta, and Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo

Renaissance architecture Renaissance architecture Simple, elegant style, inherited from Simple, elegant style, inherited from

classical Greek and Roman classical Greek and Roman Magnificent domed cathedrals Magnificent domed cathedrals

Brunelleschi's cathedral of FlorenceBrunelleschi's cathedral of Florence St. Peter’s in RomeSt. Peter’s in Rome

Humanists or Man is the Measure of All Things Humanists or Man is the Measure of All Things Drew inspiration from classical models especially Drew inspiration from classical models especially

Greece, RomeGreece, Rome Leading scholars included Dante, Erasmus, PetrarchLeading scholars included Dante, Erasmus, Petrarch Scholars interested in humane lettersScholars interested in humane letters

Literature, history, and moral philosophyLiterature, history, and moral philosophy Called humanists Called humanists Recovered and translated many classical worksRecovered and translated many classical works

Attention to political and social issues and graces, Attention to political and social issues and graces, tootoo Boccaccio’s DecameronBoccaccio’s Decameron Castiglione’s The CourtierCastiglione’s The Courtier Machiavelli’s The PrinceMachiavelli’s The Prince

Northern RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance Especially strong in France, England, NetherlandsEspecially strong in France, England, Netherlands Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity

(language favored was Hebrew)(language favored was Hebrew) Strongly supported by the middle classes and minor Strongly supported by the middle classes and minor

noblesnobles Leading figures include Shakespeare, Durer, Leading figures include Shakespeare, Durer,

Erasmus, Protestant reformersErasmus, Protestant reformers

PROTESTANT REFORMATIONPROTESTANT REFORMATION Precursors to LutherPrecursors to Luther

Great/Western Schism 1378Great/Western Schism 1378 2-3 popes at same time 2-3 popes at same time

undermined authority of the undermined authority of the churchchurch

Church councils rule/attempt to Church councils rule/attempt to overrule popes, Council of overrule popes, Council of ConstanceConstance

Jan Hus in Holy Roman Empire and Jan Hus in Holy Roman Empire and Wycliffe in EnglandWycliffe in England Both attacked aspects of church Both attacked aspects of church

corruption, wealth, practicescorruption, wealth, practices Both condemned by ChurchBoth condemned by Church Hus executed, but Wycliffe Hus executed, but Wycliffe

protected by King of Englandprotected by King of England Wycliffe had Bible translated into Wycliffe had Bible translated into

EnglishEnglish

Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; Attacked corruption in Catholic Church;

called for reform called for reform Argument reproduced with printing Argument reproduced with printing

presses and widely read presses and widely read Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, Enthusiastic response from lay Christians,

princes, many cities princes, many cities By mid-16By mid-16thth century, half Germans adopted century, half Germans adopted

LutheranismLutheranism

Reform spread outside Germany Reform spread outside Germany Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities, Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities,

NetherlandsNetherlands Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church

as a rival as a rival English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire

for divorcefor divorce John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism

Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the 1530s 1530s

Calvinist missionaries were successful in FranceCalvinist missionaries were successful in France Zwingli leads Calvinist like reformation in SwitzerlandZwingli leads Calvinist like reformation in Switzerland John Knox leads Presbyterian movement in ScotlandJohn Knox leads Presbyterian movement in Scotland Martin Bucer writes pamphlets, lead to rise of Puritan Martin Bucer writes pamphlets, lead to rise of Puritan

movement in Englandmovement in England

CATHOLIC REFORMATIONCATHOLIC REFORMATION Early Attempts to ReformEarly Attempts to Reform

Catholic cardinals, bishops call council in early 15Catholic cardinals, bishops call council in early 15thth century century Council of Constance deposes rival popesCouncil of Constance deposes rival popes Attempts to assert authority over pope, initial reformsAttempts to assert authority over pope, initial reforms

Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruptionCatholic intellectuals attack Church corruption Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform church in GermanyEmperor Sigismund attempts to reform church in Germany

Church reaction to Luther, ProtestantsChurch reaction to Luther, Protestants Charles V, Church condemn, excommunicate LutherCharles V, Church condemn, excommunicate Luther King Henry VIII condemns LutherKing Henry VIII condemns Luther Inquisition unleashed against ProtestantsInquisition unleashed against Protestants Spanish use wealth to fund anti-ProtestantsSpanish use wealth to fund anti-Protestants

The Council of Trent, 1545-1563The Council of Trent, 1545-1563 Directed reform of Roman Catholic ChurchDirected reform of Roman Catholic Church Attacked corruptionAttacked corruption Reaffirmed tradition, Bible as co-equal Reaffirmed tradition, Bible as co-equal

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Founded 1540 by Ignatius LoyolaFounded 1540 by Ignatius Loyola High standards in educationHigh standards in education Combat Protestants with logic, faith, hard workCombat Protestants with logic, faith, hard work Saved S. Germany, E. Europe from Protestants Saved S. Germany, E. Europe from Protestants Became confessors, advisories to kings Became confessors, advisories to kings Worldwide missionariesWorldwide missionaries

RELIGIOUS CONFLICTRELIGIOUS CONFLICT Religious wars Religious wars

Between Protestants, Catholics during 16Between Protestants, Catholics during 16THTH century century Wars as much social, political as religiousWars as much social, political as religious Neither side is innocent of conflict Neither side is innocent of conflict

Civil war in France Civil war in France Between Huguenots (French Calvinists), Catholic LeagueBetween Huguenots (French Calvinists), Catholic League Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and noblesMonarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles Lasted thirty-six years (1562-1598) Lasted thirty-six years (1562-1598) Ended with new dynastyEnded with new dynasty

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada War between Catholic Spain, Protestant England, 1588War between Catholic Spain, Protestant England, 1588 Spill over from conflict in the NetherlandsSpill over from conflict in the Netherlands Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish Queen Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish Queen

or Protestant Elizabeth or Protestant Elizabeth Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against rule of Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against rule of

Catholic SpainCatholic Spain Originally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against SpainOriginally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against Spain Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium) and

Protestant north (Holland) Protestant north (Holland)

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) The most destructive European war up to WWI The most destructive European war up to WWI Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually involved most of Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually involved most of

Europe Europe Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): lost one-Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): lost one-

third populationthird population Saw rise of Sweden as Great Power and eclipse of Spain, Saw rise of Sweden as Great Power and eclipse of Spain,

Hapsburgs as European great powerHapsburgs as European great power Saw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy Roman Saw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy Roman

EmpireEmpire Ended with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an EmpireEnded with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an Empire Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia

Scottish Presbyterians revoltScottish Presbyterians revolt Expel Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistanceExpel Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistance Raise her kidnapped son James as PresbyterianRaise her kidnapped son James as Presbyterian

NEW RELIGIOUS MAPNEW RELIGIOUS MAP

STATE BUILDINGSTATE BUILDING Italian city-states Italian city-states

Flourished with industries and trade Flourished with industries and trade Each with independent administration and army Each with independent administration and army Levied direct taxes on citizensLevied direct taxes on citizens More powerful absorbed smallestMore powerful absorbed smallest

France and England France and England Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)

Fought for control of French lands Fought for control of French lands Imposed direct taxes to pay the costs of war Imposed direct taxes to pay the costs of war Central government over feudal nobility Central government over feudal nobility

English War of the Roses leads to Tudor DynastyEnglish War of the Roses leads to Tudor Dynasty Louis XI of France reduces powers of feudal aristocracyLouis XI of France reduces powers of feudal aristocracy

Spain united Spain united By marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile By marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile Sales tax supported a powerful standing army Sales tax supported a powerful standing army Conquered Granada from Muslims Conquered Granada from Muslims Seized southern Italy in 1494 Seized southern Italy in 1494 Sponsored Columbus's quest for western route to ChinaSponsored Columbus's quest for western route to China

Competition among European states Competition among European states Frequent small-scale wars Frequent small-scale wars Encouraged new military and naval technology Encouraged new military and naval technology Technological innovations strengthened armiesTechnological innovations strengthened armies

Dynastic PoliticsDynastic Politics Constant search for an heirConstant search for an heir Must marry for political advantageMust marry for political advantage Gave women influence as regents, brides, mother of heirGave women influence as regents, brides, mother of heir

NEW MONARCHSNEW MONARCHS New MonarchsNew Monarchs

Taxes, armies as instruments of national monarchies by late fifteenth centuryTaxes, armies as instruments of national monarchies by late fifteenth century Used feudal powers but added new powers to become dominant in societyUsed feudal powers but added new powers to become dominant in society Developing towards divine right monarchs answerable only to God, not peopleDeveloping towards divine right monarchs answerable only to God, not people Henry VII of England and Louis XI of France are two best examples Henry VII of England and Louis XI of France are two best examples

France, England and SpainFrance, England and Spain All three united after long warsAll three united after long wars Kings have new, broad powersKings have new, broad powers Nobles often weakened; new nobles created out of middle classesNobles often weakened; new nobles created out of middle classes

Enhanced royal, centralized powersEnhanced royal, centralized powers Wealthy treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees Wealthy treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees State power enlarged and more centralized State power enlarged and more centralized

Standing armies in France and SpainStanding armies in France and Spain Professional bureaucrats loyal only to monarch, not churchProfessional bureaucrats loyal only to monarch, not church Nobility status often sold to wealthy merchants to raise fundsNobility status often sold to wealthy merchants to raise funds

Reformation increased royal power Reformation increased royal power Kings confiscate wealth, land of the ChurchKings confiscate wealth, land of the Church Kings sell off lands to middle class, making them loyal to stateKings sell off lands to middle class, making them loyal to state Even Catholic monarchs tended to follow this trendEven Catholic monarchs tended to follow this trend

New law courts enhance royal powerNew law courts enhance royal power Kings tend to function above the law Kings tend to function above the law English Star Chambers – do not require warrants, trialsEnglish Star Chambers – do not require warrants, trials The Spanish Inquisition, Catholic court of inquiry, founded 1478 The Spanish Inquisition, Catholic court of inquiry, founded 1478

Intended to discover secret Muslims and Jews Intended to discover secret Muslims and Jews Used by Spanish monarchy to detect Protestant heresy and political dissidentsUsed by Spanish monarchy to detect Protestant heresy and political dissidents

French Parlements reduced to law courts not legislative assembliesFrench Parlements reduced to law courts not legislative assemblies

ATTEMPTED REVIVAL OF EMPIREATTEMPTED REVIVAL OF EMPIRE Charles VCharles V

Reigned 1519-1556Reigned 1519-1556 Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor

AustriaAustria Czech lands, SilesiaCzech lands, Silesia Hungary, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, CroatiaSlovenia, Croatia NetherlandsNetherlands Eastern FranceEastern France Milan, Northern ItalyMilan, Northern Italy

King of SpainKing of Spain CastileCastile NavarreNavarre CataloniaCatalonia Two Sicilies Two Sicilies Spanish American Empire, Philippines Spanish American Empire, Philippines

Inherited a vast empire of far-flung holdings through marriageInherited a vast empire of far-flung holdings through marriage Unable to establish a unified state Unable to establish a unified state

Disputes with German nobles, France, and Ottoman EmpireDisputes with German nobles, France, and Ottoman Empire German nobles resented his power and obstructed his every moveGerman nobles resented his power and obstructed his every move

Many nobles became Protestant as it was a tool against emperorMany nobles became Protestant as it was a tool against emperor Even Catholic nobles supported Reformation as it limited his religious influenceEven Catholic nobles supported Reformation as it limited his religious influence

France opposed Charles and supported Protestants, Charles’ enemiesFrance opposed Charles and supported Protestants, Charles’ enemies Charles main enemy was Ottoman EmpireCharles main enemy was Ottoman Empire

France, Protestants and Turks allied against CharlesFrance, Protestants and Turks allied against Charles Charles forces defeat TurksCharles forces defeat Turks

CONSTITUTIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL AND ABSOLUTE MONARCHSABSOLUTE MONARCHS

Constitutional states of England and the Netherlands Constitutional states of England and the Netherlands Divine Right Monarchs limited by war, nobles, wealthyDivine Right Monarchs limited by war, nobles, wealthy

Characterized by Characterized by Powers limited by constitutions, bills of right, Powers limited by constitutions, bills of right,

conventionconvention No one is above the law, property is protected by lawNo one is above the law, property is protected by law Representative institutions: rights of oversight, Representative institutions: rights of oversight,

taxation, review, vetotaxation, review, veto Prominent merchant classes enjoyed unusual prosperity Prominent merchant classes enjoyed unusual prosperity Commercial empires overseas with minimal state Commercial empires overseas with minimal state

interference interference Dutch constitutional monarchy evolved out of religious Dutch constitutional monarchy evolved out of religious

warswars England’s road to rightsEngland’s road to rights

Constitutional monarchy in England evolved out of a Constitutional monarchy in England evolved out of a civil warcivil war

English Glorious Revolution 1688English Glorious Revolution 1688 English Bill of Rights 1689English Bill of Rights 1689

Absolutism in France, Spain, Austria, and Absolutism in France, Spain, Austria, and Prussia Prussia Based on the theory of the divine right of kingsBased on the theory of the divine right of kings

Relied often on bureaucrats, professional armiesRelied often on bureaucrats, professional armies Great trappings of power especially palaces, imagesGreat trappings of power especially palaces, images Restricted power of aristocracy, legislatures and Restricted power of aristocracy, legislatures and

churchchurch Relied on mercantilism to generate taxable wealth Relied on mercantilism to generate taxable wealth

Spain, Austria united by Hapsburg marriage, Spain, Austria united by Hapsburg marriage, inheritanceinheritance

Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu French chief minister 1624-1642French chief minister 1624-1642 Crushed power of noblesCrushed power of nobles Supported Protestants, Sweden against Hapsburgs, Supported Protestants, Sweden against Hapsburgs,

Spain, AustriaSpain, Austria Prussia began to rise in late 17Prussia began to rise in late 17thth century century

Based on absolutism and armyBased on absolutism and army Eventually will unite GermanyEventually will unite Germany

LOUIS XIV OF FRANCELOUIS XIV OF FRANCE King of FranceKing of France

Called the Sun KingCalled the Sun King Planets revolve around the sunPlanets revolve around the sun Sun gives light, warmth of the solar systemSun gives light, warmth of the solar system

Reigned 1643-1715 Reigned 1643-1715 BureaucracyBureaucracy

Used middle class for professional bureaucratsUsed middle class for professional bureaucrats Established intendants to carry out wishes Established intendants to carry out wishes

Model of royal absolutism: the court at VersaillesModel of royal absolutism: the court at Versailles Nobles reduced to serving king, stateNobles reduced to serving king, state Became generals, diplomats, ministersBecame generals, diplomats, ministers Lived at Versailles where king spied on them Lived at Versailles where king spied on them

Large professional standing army Large professional standing army Well trained, well paid, well equippedWell trained, well paid, well equipped Kept, enforced order Kept, enforced order

Mercantilism and ColoniesMercantilism and Colonies Minister Colbert was mastermind behind wealthMinister Colbert was mastermind behind wealth Promoted economic development: roads, canalsPromoted economic development: roads, canals Promoted industry, and exports especially luxuriesPromoted industry, and exports especially luxuries Built large French navy and colonies in North America, IndiaBuilt large French navy and colonies in North America, India

Rulers in Spain, Austria, Prussia, Russia saw France as modelRulers in Spain, Austria, Prussia, Russia saw France as model

EUROPEAN STATE SYSTEMEUROPEAN STATE SYSTEM The Peace of Westphalia (1648) The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the Thirty Years' War Ended the Thirty Years' War Began system of independent sovereign states Began system of independent sovereign states Abandoned notion of religion unity Abandoned notion of religion unity Did not end war between European statesDid not end war between European states

The balance of power The balance of power No state allowed to dominate others No state allowed to dominate others Diplomacy based on shifting alliances Diplomacy based on shifting alliances No permanent alliances No permanent alliances Only permanent interestsOnly permanent interests Religion unimportant to determining alliancesReligion unimportant to determining alliances Destroy no nationDestroy no nation Make no permanent enemies Make no permanent enemies

Military development costly and competitive Military development costly and competitive New armaments (cannons and small arms)New armaments (cannons and small arms) New military tacticsNew military tactics Extremely intricate fortifications Extremely intricate fortifications Professional navies with modern warships, weapons Professional navies with modern warships, weapons China, India, and the Islamic states did not keep apaceChina, India, and the Islamic states did not keep apace Small, well-trained armies become critical Small, well-trained armies become critical

THE NATION-STATETHE NATION-STATE Nation-StateNation-State

Ethnic group with common language, cultureEthnic group with common language, culture Shared history, traditionsShared history, traditions Shared institutions (faith, politics)Shared institutions (faith, politics) Occupying a common territoryOccupying a common territory Ruled by a common governmentRuled by a common government Government’s job Government’s job

Insure domestic tranquility and happinessInsure domestic tranquility and happiness Assumed many of the Church’s old social rolesAssumed many of the Church’s old social roles

Multiple ethnic groups destroy nation-stateMultiple ethnic groups destroy nation-state Belief in Nation-state became new popular ideologyBelief in Nation-state became new popular ideology

Love of your nation above others is nationalismLove of your nation above others is nationalism Originated as an elite idea of the aristocracy, educated eliteOriginated as an elite idea of the aristocracy, educated elite Loyalty to state, king more important than loyalty to church, popeLoyalty to state, king more important than loyalty to church, pope Martin Luther addresses the “German People”Martin Luther addresses the “German People” King James, Wycliffe translate Bible into EnglishKing James, Wycliffe translate Bible into English French have Joan of Arc fighting for France against EnglishFrench have Joan of Arc fighting for France against English Scotsmen, English resent Catholic “Romish” influenceScotsmen, English resent Catholic “Romish” influence Dutch, Portuguese, Catalans revolt against foreign Spanish ruleDutch, Portuguese, Catalans revolt against foreign Spanish rule

POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH Population growth Population growth

European population increased from 81 million in 1500 to 180 million in 1800European population increased from 81 million in 1500 to 180 million in 1800 American foods improved European nutrition, diets American foods improved European nutrition, diets Increased resistance to epidemics after 1650s Increased resistance to epidemics after 1650s

Life spans increasedLife spans increased Infant deaths decreaseInfant deaths decrease

Most dramatic in Ireland, England, Poland, France, NetherlandsMost dramatic in Ireland, England, Poland, France, Netherlands Urbanization Urbanization

Rapid growth of major citiesRapid growth of major cities For example, Paris from 130,000 (1550) to 500,000 (1650)For example, Paris from 130,000 (1550) to 500,000 (1650) Cities increasingly important as administrative and commercial centersCities increasingly important as administrative and commercial centers

(London, Amsterdam, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Lyons) (London, Amsterdam, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Lyons) Most dramatic in Ireland, England, Poland, France, NetherlandsMost dramatic in Ireland, England, Poland, France, Netherlands

EARLY CAPITALISMEARLY CAPITALISM Profits and ethics Profits and ethics

Medieval theologians considered profit making to be selfish and sinful Medieval theologians considered profit making to be selfish and sinful Renaissance merchants supported changes, arts becoming influential in societyRenaissance merchants supported changes, arts becoming influential in society Protestant Reformation saw profit, success as signs of God’s FavorProtestant Reformation saw profit, success as signs of God’s Favor

Early capitalism Early capitalism Led to increased influence for urban middle classesLed to increased influence for urban middle classes Altered rural societyAltered rural society

Improved material standardsImproved material standards Increased independence of rural workersIncreased independence of rural workers

Capitalism generated deep social strains Capitalism generated deep social strains Bandits, muggers, witch-huntingBandits, muggers, witch-hunting Began to impoverish urban workersBegan to impoverish urban workers Pricing Revolutions were commonPricing Revolutions were common Impoverished aristocrats, peasants Impoverished aristocrats, peasants Too much money chasing too few goods Too much money chasing too few goods

The Price RevolutionThe Price Revolution Use of money replaced barterUse of money replaced barter Imports of gold, silver led to trade imbalancesImports of gold, silver led to trade imbalances

Mercantilism demanded payments in gold, silverMercantilism demanded payments in gold, silver Spain, Portugal did not support manufacturingSpain, Portugal did not support manufacturing Both countries had to import goodsBoth countries had to import goods Northern Europeans demanded payment in gold, silverNorthern Europeans demanded payment in gold, silver

Too much money chasing too few goodsToo much money chasing too few goods Inflation resulted Inflation resulted Peasants, aristocrats Peasants, aristocrats

On fixed incomesOn fixed incomes Payment in kind economies sufferedPayment in kind economies suffered

Inflation drove real wages downInflation drove real wages down

GRAPHS OF THE DISASTERGRAPHS OF THE DISASTER

COMMERCIAL REVOLUTIONCOMMERCIAL REVOLUTION The nature of capitalism The nature of capitalism

Private parties sought to take advantage of free market conditions Private parties sought to take advantage of free market conditions Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments or nobility Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments or nobility Forces of supply and demand determined priceForces of supply and demand determined price New managerial skills and banking arrangements aroseNew managerial skills and banking arrangements arose

Supply and demand Supply and demand Merchants built efficient transportation and communication networks Merchants built efficient transportation and communication networks New institutions and services: banks, insurance, stock exchangesNew institutions and services: banks, insurance, stock exchanges

Joint-stock companies Joint-stock companies Dutch East Indies, English East/West Indies CompaniesDutch East Indies, English East/West Indies Companies Organized commerce on a new scale Organized commerce on a new scale Authorized to explore, conquer, colonize distant landsAuthorized to explore, conquer, colonize distant lands

Rise of ManufacturingRise of Manufacturing Colonial markets, population stimulated manufacturingColonial markets, population stimulated manufacturing Putting-out system of 17Putting-out system of 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries centuries

Entrepreneurs bypassed guildsEntrepreneurs bypassed guilds Moved production to countryside Moved production to countryside Rural labor cheap, cloth production highly profitable Rural labor cheap, cloth production highly profitable

Capitalism actively supported by governmentsCapitalism actively supported by governments Especially in England and Netherlands Especially in England and Netherlands Chartered joint-stock companiesChartered joint-stock companies Protected property, upheld contracts, settled disputes Protected property, upheld contracts, settled disputes

Adam Smith and The Wealth of NationsAdam Smith and The Wealth of Nations Considered the founding father of capitalismConsidered the founding father of capitalism Society would prosper as individuals pursued their own interestsSociety would prosper as individuals pursued their own interests States were to support private interests, free tradeStates were to support private interests, free trade

MORE CHANGESMORE CHANGES Mass Culture ArisesMass Culture Arises

Nationalism, national faiths arise embracing allNationalism, national faiths arise embracing all Use of some luxuries becomes commonUse of some luxuries becomes common Rise of leisure time even for poorer peoplesRise of leisure time even for poorer peoples Rise of professional entertainmentRise of professional entertainment Immigration by commoners to coloniesImmigration by commoners to colonies

Agriculture changesAgriculture changes New technologies applied to farmingNew technologies applied to farming Draining swamps, animal breedingDraining swamps, animal breeding New tools to increase productivityNew tools to increase productivity Introduction of new world crops, i.e. potatoIntroduction of new world crops, i.e. potato

ManufacturingManufacturing Mass produced items common: textiles, metal productsMass produced items common: textiles, metal products Capitalism stimulates production as profitableCapitalism stimulates production as profitable New jobs caused people to move into manufacturing from agricultureNew jobs caused people to move into manufacturing from agriculture

New Social ClassesNew Social Classes Rise of entrepreneurial class with great wealthRise of entrepreneurial class with great wealth Rise of a technological managerial classRise of a technological managerial class

SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROTESTSOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROTEST Rise of urban, rural working classRise of urban, rural working class

Referred to as proletariatReferred to as proletariat Paid low wages in horrible conditionsPaid low wages in horrible conditions At mercy of price revolutionsAt mercy of price revolutions Many peasants reduced to paid wagesMany peasants reduced to paid wages

Population growthPopulation growth Urbanization increased tensionsUrbanization increased tensions Growth increased povertyGrowth increased poverty

Social TensionsSocial Tensions Peasant revolts especially during ReformationPeasant revolts especially during Reformation

In France, Germany rose against landlordsIn France, Germany rose against landlords Many sought more radical forms of ProtestantismMany sought more radical forms of Protestantism

Urban citizens also tended towards ProtestantismUrban citizens also tended towards Protestantism Persecution of witchesPersecution of witches

Elite and Mass CultureElite and Mass Culture Prior to Reformation, there were two cultures, elite and commonPrior to Reformation, there were two cultures, elite and common Two rarely intermixed or cooperatedTwo rarely intermixed or cooperated Mass culture such as entertainmentMass culture such as entertainment Faith often became elite cultureFaith often became elite culture

The nuclear family strengthened by capitalism The nuclear family strengthened by capitalism Families more independent economically, socially, and emotionally Families more independent economically, socially, and emotionally Love between men and womenLove between men and women Parents and children became more importantParents and children became more important

GENDER ISSUESGENDER ISSUES Renaissance saw expansion of women’s rightsRenaissance saw expansion of women’s rights

Books written for womenBooks written for women Education of women allowedEducation of women allowed Women could enter public arena as intellectualsWomen could enter public arena as intellectuals Artesmia Gentileschi was a painterArtesmia Gentileschi was a painter

Reformation took back many of the rightsReformation took back many of the rights Many reformers were womenMany reformers were women

Many threatened males traditional rolesMany threatened males traditional roles Margaritte of Navarre, Elizabeth of EnglandMargaritte of Navarre, Elizabeth of England

Protestants emphasized family role of womenProtestants emphasized family role of women Witch-hunts in Europe Witch-hunts in Europe

Theories, fears of witches intensified in 16Theories, fears of witches intensified in 16 thth century century Reformation fed hysteria about witches and devil worship Reformation fed hysteria about witches and devil worship About sixty thousand executed, 95 percent of them womenAbout sixty thousand executed, 95 percent of them women

Commercial, Capitalist RevolutionCommercial, Capitalist Revolution Women needed often to support family by outside workWomen needed often to support family by outside work Many women merchants very successfulMany women merchants very successful Women assumed new economic rolesWomen assumed new economic roles

Education and WomenEducation and Women Education was one of few avenues open to womenEducation was one of few avenues open to women Aristocratic women often educatedAristocratic women often educated

Enlightenment saw first major victories for women’s rightsEnlightenment saw first major victories for women’s rights Women ran intellectual salons of FranceWomen ran intellectual salons of France Many very prominent as philosophes: Madame de Stael Many very prominent as philosophes: Madame de Stael Some few feminists appeared Some few feminists appeared

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONSSCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS The reconception of the universe The reconception of the universe

The Ptolemaic universeThe Ptolemaic universe A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres Could not account for observable movement of the planets Could not account for observable movement of the planets Compatible with Christian conception of creationCompatible with Christian conception of creation

The Copernican universe The Copernican universe Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe, 1543 Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe, 1543 Implied that the earth was just another planetImplied that the earth was just another planet

The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution Science becomes the new authority and challenges faith for controlScience becomes the new authority and challenges faith for control Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated planetary orbits elliptical Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated planetary orbits elliptical Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon Theory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated modern law of inertiaTheory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated modern law of inertia Tried by Inquisition as his ideas challenged Papal infallibilityTried by Inquisition as his ideas challenged Papal infallibility

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1686 in 1686 Mathematical explanations of laws govern movements of bodies Mathematical explanations of laws govern movements of bodies Newton's work symbolized the scientific revolutionNewton's work symbolized the scientific revolution

Direct observation Direct observation Mathematical reasoningMathematical reasoning

ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT Enlightenment Enlightenment

Thinkers called philosophesThinkers called philosophes Sought natural laws that governed human society Sought natural laws that governed human society Center of Enlightenment was FranceCenter of Enlightenment was France Theory of progress was ideology of philosophesTheory of progress was ideology of philosophes Apply reason/science to society, government, law Apply reason/science to society, government, law

Voltaire (1694-1778) Voltaire (1694-1778) Champion of religious liberty and individual freedom Champion of religious liberty and individual freedom Prolific writer; father of EnlightenmentProlific writer; father of Enlightenment

John LockeJohn Locke All human knowledge comes from sense perceptionsAll human knowledge comes from sense perceptions Life, Liberty and Property; 1689 English Bill of Rights Life, Liberty and Property; 1689 English Bill of Rights Allowed persons to revolt against an oppressive rulerAllowed persons to revolt against an oppressive ruler

Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand determine price Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand determine price Montesquieu: checks, balances, balanced government Montesquieu: checks, balances, balanced government Deism Deism

Popular among thinkers of EnlightenmentPopular among thinkers of Enlightenment Accepted existence of a godAccepted existence of a god Denied supernatural teachings of Christianity Denied supernatural teachings of Christianity God the Clockmaker God the Clockmaker Ordered the universe according to rational and natural lawsOrdered the universe according to rational and natural laws

Impact of Enlightenment Impact of Enlightenment Weakened the influence of organized religion Weakened the influence of organized religion Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation Subjected society to rational analysis, promoted progress and prosperitySubjected society to rational analysis, promoted progress and prosperity Enlightenment applied science to every day life and made science practicalEnlightenment applied science to every day life and made science practical