Download - The Ottoman Empire
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The Ottoman EmpireLevel One Individuals and Societies
Mr. PentzakSpring 2014
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Pre-test 4/28 & 4/291. What was the capital city of the
Ottoman Empire? What was it called before they captured the city?
2. When was the Ottoman Empire founded? When did it end?
3. How many modern-day countries were once ruled by the Ottomans?
4. What was the main religion of the empire?
5. What is a sultan?
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Pre-test continued6. What is a caliph? 7. Which sultan was considered to be “The
Magnificent” and what were two things he accomplished?
8. What was the sultanate of women?9. What is a Divan, and what is its purpose?10. What title is given to the sultan’s top
advisor? 11. During WWI, which side did the Ottomans
fight for?
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Homework 4/28 & 4/29 Do three trials of the Middle East drag and drop
game. Record scores and bring it to class. Vocabulary list four (you know the drill)1. Pilgrimage2. Revolution 3. Tenets4. Crusade5. Sultan6. Caliph7. Mosque8. Muhammad (the prophet)9. Jesus (of Nazareth)10. Abraham (the patriarch)
You have TWO assignments!
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What symbols or images can you recognize?
What is this?
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Before we get into the details of the Ottoman Empire, we need to get some background
The Ottoman Empire occupied the land that birthed three major religions, and citizens of their empire followed diverse faiths
The “Big Three” Monotheistic Religions
Also known as the “Abrahamic Religions”
Judaism Christianity Islam
Over 50% of the world’s population belong to one of these three religions
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Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Similarities Trace founder back to
Abraham All worship the same
god Originate in the Middle
East Moral codes and laws Holyland All have different sects
within their religion
Differences View of Jesus Christ Specific teachings
in their scriptures Holidays Dietary restrictions Rituals (prayer,
conversion, celebrations)
Sabbath day
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Judaism 14 million believers- Jews/Hebrews God is “Yahweh” or “Elohim” or “Jehovah” Abraham is the first Jew (c. 1800 BCE)
From Ur in Mesopotamia Two sons, Isaac and Ishmael Isaac’s line- Jews and eventually Jesus Ishmael’s line- Muslims and eventually Muhammad
Torah is their main religious text, written between 1200-400 BCE
Abraham’s grandson Jacob led family into Egypt, later Jews would be enslaved.
Moses & Ten Commandments Kingdom of Israel founded, later conquered by the
Babylonians c. 530 BCE
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Christianity 2.2 Billion believers-Christians Based on the teachings of Jesus (4BCE-30CE)
Immaculate conception, son of God Human and divine
Holy Trinity-Father (God), Son (Jesus), and holy spirit all one and the same
Main Sects (Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestant) Bible main religious text, two testaments
Old Testament before Jesus (The Torah/Pentauch) New Testament is after Jesus (written between 60-90
CE) Constantine spreads Christianity throughout Roman
Empire
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Islam 1.6 Billion believers-Moslems/Muslims God is called “Allah” Based on the teachings of the Prophet
Muhammad (c. 570 CE- 632 CE) Holy text is called the Quran or Koran
Must be written in Arabic to be called a Quran, translations are called “Message of the Quran”
Main sects Sunni (~80%) and Shia (~20%)
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Bell Ringer 4/30 & 5/1 What are the “Big Three” Monotheistic
religions or the three Abrahamic religions?
Name at least two things all the Abrahamic religions have in common
Name at least one thing that is different/unique about each one
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Homework 4/30 & 5/1 Complete a three-way venn diagram of
the Abrahamic Religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) Include clear labels Include AT LEAST TWO RELEVANT
items in each section It must be neat and look nice enough to
hang up in my room!
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Three-Way Venn Diagram of the Abrahamic Religions
Christianity
IslamJudaism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Mt6PjKmESU Play until 21:50
Include two items per section
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Vocab List Four definitions1. Pilgrimage-a journey,
especially a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion
2. Revolution- a sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc.
3. Tenets- a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.
4. Crusade-any one of the wars that European Christian countries fought against Muslims to retake the Holy land during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries
5. Sultan-a king or ruler of a Muslim state or country
6. Caliph-the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.
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Vocab List Four defintions7. Mosque- a Muslim
place of worship.8. Abraham- an Old
Testament patriarch regarded by Jews as the founder of the Hebrew people through his son Isaac and by Muslims as the founder of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael
9. Jesus- A Jewish teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity.
10. Muhammad- An Arab prophet regarded as the founder of Islam or the restorer of the monotheistic religion of Abraham
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The Five Pillars of Islam① Shahada② Salat③ Sawm④ Zakat⑤ Hajj
The five pillars of Islam give the basic outline of how to live as a Muslim. Faith in one-true God (Allah), prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage
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Shahada “Declaration of Faith” or bearing witness
to the one true God and his messenger
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Salat “Daily Prayer” Stop and contemplate
God five times a day Pray facing Mecca
1. Fajr- dawn/sunrise2. Zuhr- afternoon3. Asr- evening4. Maghrib- After sunset/dusk5. Isha- dusk until dawn
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Sawm “Fasting” or not eating or drinking while
the sun is up during the 9th month of the Muslim calendar called Ramadan Feasting and prayer at night Exceptions: elderly, sick, pregnant,
children Also, no smoking, perfume (sometimes
cursing) Meant to purify/cleanse the body
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Zakat “Alms Giving” or charity. Muslims are
expected to donate a portion of their wealth of what is left over. In modern Muslim countries the figure is typically around 2.5%
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Hajj “Pilgrimage” all able-bodied Muslims
must go to Mecca and circumvent (circle around) the Kaaba seven times Wear simple garments- all are equal in the
eyes of Allah and all Muslims are brothers
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Graphic Organizer of the Five Pillars of Islam Create a graphic organizer (in any
format: a tree, a spider web, a rainbow, a soccer ball, whatever) that displays the five pillars of Islam
You need to include the Arabic word, the English translation, and a relevant picture or illustration
Electronic of paper (paper preferred)
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Bell Ringer 5/2 & 5/5 Name as many of the five pillars of
Islam as you can WITHOUT looking at your notes.
Which Vocab List Four word best describes what the five pillars of Islam are?
Are there any pillars that you can make connections to any other religions we have studied?
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Vocab Quiz Four A. An Arab prophet regarded as the founder of Islam or the
restorer of the monotheistic religion of Abraham B. An Old Testament patriarch regarded by Jews as the
founder of the Hebrew people through his son Isaac and by Muslims as the founder of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael
C. A Jewish teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity.
D. A Muslim place of worship. E. A king or ruler of a Muslim state or country F. Any one of the wars that European Christian countries
fought against Muslims to retake the Holy land during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries
G. A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.
H. A sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc.
I. A journey, especially a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion
J. the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.
1. Mosque2. Caliph3. Abraham4. Sultan5. Pilgrimage6. Revolution7. Muhammad8. Crusade9. Jesus10. Tenets
Take out a blank sheet of paper, write your name, date & block
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Caliphates After the death of Muhammad, who would
become the leader of the Muslim faith? A Caliph is the religious leader or successor
of Muhammad Sunni’s believe caliph should be elected Shia’s believe caliph should be related to
Muhammad Four Main Caliphates
Rashidun (632-661 CE), Umayyad (661-750 CE), Abbasid (750-1258), Ottoman (1517-1924 CE)
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Spread of Islam Muhammad preaches after receiving his
revelation and much of the Arabian Peninsula becomes Muslim by the time of his death
After his death, his successors spread the faith and a series of military conquests further spreads Islam
Much of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) falls to Muslim conquerors, north Africa into the Iberian Peninsula, and into modern day Iran and Iraq
Optional Note Slide
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Spread of Islam
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Ottoman Origins A mercenary was granted a small piece
of land on the Anatolian peninsula in exchange for military service
His son Osman I conquered lands around the land grant, establishing the Ottoman Empire in 1299 CE
Explosive growth and expansion follows, mostly at the expense of the Byzantines
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Ottoman Origins continued Spread their influence into Eastern
Europe and the Middle East Were able to defend off attacks from
crusading armies and win key victories Conquered Constantinople in 1453,
renamed Istanbul and establish it as their capital city
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Reflect…What are advantages/disadvantages of either style?
<European
Ottoman>
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Military Often considered to be the superior military
power of the Mediterranean region Maintained a large standing army Naval power Fast, lightweight units Mercenary troops, captive soldiers,
conscription (Azabs) One of the first to use cannons, guns, and
established an Air Force in 1909
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Elite TroopsSipahi
Calvary, swords, lances, bows, axes, maces
Ethnic Turks Given land in
exchange for service Led charges in
battle, distract enemy from infantry units
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Elite Troops Janissaries
Infantry, bows/small blades; then guns
Sultans bodyguards and seen as battle-winners
Slaves, but were paid, could marry, retire and receive pensions
Christians, European, ethnically Serbs, Ukrainian, Greek
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Bell Ringer 5/6 & 5/7 Based on the previous lecture material,
please answer the following questions.
How were Europeans dressed for battle? How were Ottomans dressed for battle? What are the advantages/disadvantages
of each style?
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Moscow: 55°N, 37°ERome: 43°N, 12°EJerusalem: 31°N, 35°E
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Major Battles Jigsaw ActivityDirections: 1. You will download a blank map from my website. 2. You will then be assigned a number: either 1, 2, 3, or 43. Download the worksheet that matches your number4. Find a partner that has the information you need from
either Column A or Column B5. Column A has coordinates, but no descriptions. Column
B has descriptions, but no coordinates (fill in the missing information from your partner’s worksheet then switch)
6. Each numbered coordinate will match it’s numbered description
7. Plot and label each battle on the map you downloaded.8. Save and send to me: [email protected]
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Current Event Article Go to my website There is a new tab for “Links for Current
Events” Choose any of those websites and find an
article about something going on in any country that was once previously ruled by the Ottoman Empire
Copy the link, and type two paragraphs: One should be a summary (who, what, where, when, why) and another on the significance (why it’s important/why we should care)
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Women in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire was Islamic
What do you think the role of women would have been like?
The Qur'an says: Women are equal to men Women should be educated Women can refuse a potential husband
and seek divorce Women can own and inherit property
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Women continued Women wore veils, which was
originally reserved for the upper class Most women were not to be seen in
public, but still retained rights and influence, having servants acting for them
Royal women especially influential Arrange marriages, diplomatic efforts,
commission mosques, hospitals, art centers, schools, regents
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Harem Female living quarters, their relatives,
servants, and children Has been translated to mean“forbidden”
Usually occupied by multiple women who were the concubines of the sultan
Female sphere of influence
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Valide Sultan The second most powerful position in the
Ottoman Empire after the Sultan Meaning “Mother of the Sultan” or “Queen
Mother” “A Mother’s right is God’s right”
Often would actas regent if theirson was underageor incompetent
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Sultanate of Women
1530s-1680s a series of infant or insane Sultans follows the death of Suleiman.
Begins with Roxelana (d. 1558), wife of Suleiman The Magnificent
Ends with Turhan Hatice (d.1683)
The Valide Sultan tradition paved the way for the Sultanate of Women, a period when the women of the harem ruled the empire
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Sultanate of WomenHurrem (Roxelana) Ukrainian slave Becomes the Sultan’s
favorite Has competition
removed Marries the Sultan Her son continues the
line of sultans Great patron of the Arts
and influenced foreign affairs
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Sultanate of Women continuedNur-Banu (Cecilia)
Venetian slave Controlled political
interactions When the Sultan died,
she hid the body in an icebox until her young son got to the palace 12 days later
First Valide Sultan to act as regent (1574-83)
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Sultanate of Women continued Kosem Greek 1623-32 sole regent After death of her
son Murad IV, her other son (mentally unstable) overthrown and she places her 7yr. grandson 1648-52
Killed on the orders of her mother-in-law Turhan Hatice
Turhan Hatice Russian 12 when placed in
Sultan’s harem, skipped as Valide Sultan in favor of Kosem
Her son was going to be replaced by new heir
Orders death of Kosem Defers power to the
Grand Vizier
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Create your own deranged sultan! Go to my website Down the “Create your own deranged sultan”
worksheet Go through the first column (traits of sultans) and
select the crazy actions of your sultan Go through the second column (traits of the valide
sutlan) and select how you as the mother of the sultan would address those issues.
Write one paragraph (FIVE sentences) from the perspective of the sultan
Write a second paragraph (FIVE sentences) from the perspective of the valide sultan
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Government Ruled by the Sultan, inherited title
Absolute power Sultan advised by Grand Vizier and Divan Religiously based law codes Legal system had three courts (for
Muslims, Non-Muslims, and trade disputes)
Provinces/Regions ruled by Governors local control
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Law Sharia Law- Based on Holy Teachings of the Koran,
but includes civil laws as well Guidelines for prayer, eating/fasting, customs,
relationships, trade, crime, punishments, etc. Local law was largely kept in place in order to
integrate diverse cultures into the Empire Suleiman I drafted The Kanuns his personal law code that protected minorities, peasants,
relaxed criminal punishments, created improved taxation systems & allowed for the removal of corrupt officals
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Beys The former rulers of conquered territories, often the kings that were retained as governors and continued day-to-day
rule of the province Could also be appointed
governor of region selected by the sultan Controlled regional government
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Millets Smaller division of the
Provinces, local areas usually high in non-Muslim populations Usually religious based
groupings Protects rights of the
minority Were able to select their
own leaders that reported to the Beys This allowed for a degree of
cultural integrity to be retained
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Decline Failure to enact reforms and modernize in
the 1600-1800s Ceded lands back to Hungary and Austria Puppet-states under their control were
more influenced by British and French rulers
Eastern Europe destabilizes Diplomacy rather than conquest
becomes foreign policy
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Fall WWI, Ottomans fought for the Central
Powers, lost. Sykes-Picot Agreement partitions the Middle
Eastern areas of the empire into British and French zones
Post WWI, civil war 1919-1922 1922 Sultanate abolished by Parliament Republic of Turkey declared October 29, 1923 March 3, 1924 Caliphate abolished
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