SOCIAL MAPPINGSouth Sudan
UnityState
CONteNtS
About social mapping 2
About Unity State 3
Unity State map: South Sudan 4
General information 5
Demographic details 6
Communication interface mapping 7
High risk groups 8
Nomads 10
Logistics management mapping 12
Partners mapping 14
Accessibility mapping 16
Key factors that deprive children
of immunization 18
AbOUt SOCIAL MAPPINGThe purpose of social mapping is to facilitate microplanning for communication for development interventions for polio campaigns and routine immunization. Communication and Public Health professionals working in the field of polio eradication and routine immunization are expected to use this document as a reference manual.
Unity State is the focus of this report. It begins with an overview of the State, including general Information and demographics. It then addresses the following social mapping components:
• Communication interfaces• Logistics management• Partners• Accessibility• Key factors that deprive children of South Sudan of
immunization
2
Steps followed during the planning process
the planning processThe social mapping process started at the grass-roots level. During the initial stage, Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) workers, social mobilizers and officials of county health departments (CHDs) collaborated in the preparation of a situation analysis, and shared community-specific detailed information available that was available to them. This data was subsequently compiled at payam, county and state level. The social mapping data was then reviewed, discussed and finalized in a meeting with EPI managers, social mobilizers, partners and UNICEF officials.
State level: Review of collectedinformation at state level by EPI managers and social mobilizers.Meeting between EPI manag-ers, state social mobilizers and UNICEF to discuss details of social maps.
County level: Informationis compiled and sorted by county.
Payam and boma level:Meeting with EPI staff and payam and boma levelCHDs from all counties.
Programmatically, Unity State is one of the most challenging states in South Sudan, primarily because of conflict and secondarily because of inaccessibility due to poor infrastructure and the swampy nature of its land. A substantial portion of its population lives in United Nations camps for the protection of civilians (PoCs), while others live in villages, and are mobile in nature. The assessment of population size, as it moves due to conflict and livelihood, is one of the most difficult programmatic challenges of this area. These movements are sometimes intercountry and sometimes interstate and intercounty, making it one of the most challenging areas in the world for polio campaigns and routine immunization.
Common emergencies in the state are fighting (including tribal and inter-clan fighting), floods, hunger, disease outbreaks (measles, whooping cough, tuberculosis) and kala azar.
1 2 3
AbOUt UNIty StAte
Unity State is the subject of social mapping for a variety of reasons. While Unity is one of the 10 states of South Sudan, it is better known as one of the three conflict-affected states in the country. Due to its geographic location and association with the Greater Upper Nile region, Unity is also known as Western Upper Nile. It covers an area of 38,837 sq km (14,995 sq mi) and is inhabited predominantly by two ethnic groups – the Nuer and the Dinka. Its economy is primarily agricultural but it is also rich in oil resources. Southern Sudan’s first oil reserves were discovered in this region during the 1970s. In October 2015, South Sudan’s President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states, and consequently ‘Unity State’ has been divided into several new states.
3
UNIty StAte MAP: SOUth SUdAN
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sudan
Central African Republic South Sudan
Ethiopia
UgandaKenya
R. Jur
White NileWhite Nile
R. JurR. Jur
R. G
ulna
mR. Naam
R. Tonj
R . Gel
R. Kiir (Bahr el-Arab)
Bahr el-Ghazal
R. Phow (Bahr el-Zeraf)
R. Jurwel
R. G
urr
R. Kwai (Tem
)R. Moch
R. Atem
R. Loll
GOGRIAL EAST
ABIEMNHOM
TWIC
TONJ NORTH
CUEIBET
TONJ EAST
RUBKONA
PARIANG
FANGAK
AYOD
YIROL EAST
TWIC EAST
DUK
AYOD
MAYENDIT
YIROL EAST
TWIC EAST
DUK
LEER
MAYOM
PANYIJIAR
GUIT
KOCH
RUMBEK EAST
RUMBEK CENTRE
RUMBEK NORTH
Mayom
Wang-Kay
Yoynyang
Bielli
Narir
Buoth
Wicok
Thangoro
Mayom
Leer
Wang-Kay
YoynyangRub-Koni
Riangnhom
Nyal
Koch
Mankien
Tam
Marial-lou
Ngabagok
Wun Shwai
Wun-Kot
Ngabagok
Shambe
Jwong
Shambe
Ganylel
Adok
Pabuong
Madol
Kuthai
Bieh
Mayendit
Duar
DekomGanylel
Adok
Juaibor
Tor
Keew
Old Fangak
PaguirFagwir
Toch
Nyadin
Kull
Pul Luthni
Wath Wang KechNew Fangak
Kuernyang
Juaibor
Thiet
Nhialdiu
Kuey Bielli
Meshra Bentiu
Narir
Thargana
Buoth
Wicok
Toic
Rier
Ajak-Kwach
Panyang
Biu
Wun Shwai
Wun-Chuei
Mapura
Pabuong
Madol
Kuthai
Akop
Wun-Kot
TonjPantoich MalekMalek
Gap Mayom
Thonyor
Padeah
Bieh
Dablual
Tor
Keew
Old Fangak
PaguirFagwir
Toch
Nyadin
Kull
Jwong
Pul Luthni
Tonga
Wath Wang Kech
Mayendit
Dhor Thir
Dhor Wang
Thorial
Duar
Wath-ThierWath-Thier
Biil
Nimni
Thangoro
Awoluum
Ajak KuacAjak Kuac
Mayenjur
Ghabat El-Warran
Mayenjur
Ghabat El-Warran
Achier-Chok
Long Kap
Ayai
WarrapRualbet
Malou-Pech Duony
PulmokDekom
Tiap
ChuckPayiniar
New Fangak
KuernyangBentiu
Jonglei
Warrap
Upper Nile
Lakes
Cueibet
Rumbek
Adapted from Map SS-0026, IMU OCHA SS (2012)
LEGENDState (wilayah) capital
Main town
** Final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined.
0
Kilometers
20 40 60
Major airport
International boundary
County boundary
State (wilayah) boundary
Abyei region**
Main road
Railroad
River
Lake
Marsh µ4
GeNerAL INfOrMAtION
Unity State’s name is comparatively new. It was previously part of the Upper Nile Province; therefore, it is also referred to as Western Upper Nile.
ECONOMYAgriculture, cattle farming and limited fishing.
NUMBER OF PAYAMS**
73 (Abiemnhom 4, Guit 7, Koch 7, Leer 8, Mayendit 10, Mayom 12, Panyijiar 9 Pariang 7 and Rubkona 9)
COUNTIES
Names: Mayom, Rubkona, Panrieng, Leer, Guit, Koch, Abiemnom, Mayiendit and Payinjiar.*** Number: 9.*
IMPORTANT TOWNS*
Riangnom, Rub-Koni, Yoynyang, Tam, Mankien, Wang-Kay, Koch, Nyal and Ganyiel. This selection is based on economic activities and administrative importance.
AREA*
37,836.69 sq km (14,608.83 sq mi)
POPULATION DENSITY***
15 sq km (40 per sq mi)
POPULATION***
1,018,434
Sources:
*Wikipedia
**Source: Population Distribution by Age Group, by Sex, by Payam, National Bureau of Statistics, South Sudan
***Source: Polio Campaign Data, September–December 2015, WHO-South Sudan
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County Payam Total population 2015
Target population (0–5 years)
Abiemnhom Abiemnhom 10,074 2,116Aworpiny 5,664 1,189Manjoga 5,810 1,220Panyang 12,129 2,547
Total 4 33,677 7,072Guit Guit 9,282 1,949
Kedad 5,632 1,183Kuach 15,416 3,237Kuerguini 6,374 1,339Niemni 2,465 518Nyathoar 5,060 1,063Wathnyona 4,660 979
Total 7 48,889 10,267Koch Boaw 28,922 6,074
Gany 4,971 1,044Jaak 20,574 4,321Kuachlual 15,463 3,247Ngony 29,483 6,191Norbor 4,798 1,008Pakur 8,429 1,770
Total 7 112,640 23,654Leer Adok 18,503 3,886
Bou 7,092 1,489Dok 30,339 6,371Guat 6,753 1,418JuongKang 5,979 1,256Padeah 8,179 1,718Pilieny 8,955 1,881Yang 4,437 932
Total 8 90,237 18,950Mayendit Bor 7,703 1,618
Dablual 12,513 2,628Luom 12,197 2,561Maal 5,234 1,099Pabuong 392 82Rubkuay 25,685 5,394Thaker 15,204 3,193Tharjiath 5,245 1,101Tutnyang 7,379 1,550
Total 9 91,552 19,226
County Payam Total population 2015
Target population (0–5 years)
Mayom Bieh 5,504 1,156Kuerbuone 35,080 7,367Kueryiek 10,120 2,125Mankien 41,602 8,736Ngop 4,368 917Pup 6,480 1,361Ruathnyibuol 24,860 5,221Wangbuor_1 2,343 492Wangbuor_2 6,158 1,293Wangbuor_3 9,912 2,082Wangkei 34,323 7,208
Total 11 180,750 37,958Panyijiar Ganyliel 8,148 1,711
Kol 6,833 1,435Mayom/Paliey 5,913 1,242Nyal 20,102 4,221Pachaar/Kanyhial 10,085 2,118Pachak 5,678 1,192Pachienjok/Pulmok 3,915 822Panyijiar/Chuok 2,937 617Thoarnhoum 4,499 945Tiap 5,431 1,141
Total 10 73,541 15,444Pariang Aliiny 19,469 4,088
Biu 21,127 4,437Jamjang 27,143 5,700Nyeel 9,160 1,924Pariang 17,825 3,743Werthen 17,966 3,773Wunkur 4,864 1,021
Total 7 117,554 24,686Rubkona BentiuTown 66,532 13,972
BentiuPoC 108,228 22,728Budaang 10,121 2,125Dhorbor 3,141 660Kaljak 6,747 1,417Ngop 2,822 593Nhialdiu 29,913 6,282Panhiany 4,065 854Rubkotne 32,202 6,762Wathjaak 5,823 1,223
Total 10 269,594 56,615
Totals 9 73 1,018,434 213,871
Source: SNID/NID Campaign Data, WHO, South Sudan
deMOGrAPhIC detAILS
Languages: English, Dinka, Nuer and Simple Arabic is spoken in 7 counties, but in Parieng and Abiemnom only Simple Arabic is spoken.
Population: Due to lack of security and the substantial number of mobile groups, the population of Unity State, as in the rest of South Sudan, changes over time. Therefore, data collected through polio campaigns has been incorporated in the figures below. Because 0–5 year-olds are the target group for polio vaccination, the population figures for this group are given.
6
COMMUNICAtION INterfACe MAPPING
Partners map
County border
IDP camps
Immunization
Antenatal care
Nutrition
HIV and AIDS
General health
Primary healthcare
Communication interfaces map
hOSPItALS:
Functioning
Non-functioning
PrIMAry heALth CAre CeNtreS:
Functioning
Non-functioning
PrIMAry heALth CAre UNItS:
Functioning
Non-functioning
PerIANG
GUIt
rUbKONA
AbIeMNhOM
MAyOM
MAyeNdItLeer
PANyIJIAr
KOCh
x 1
x 6
x 1
x 10
x 3x 1 x 4
x 1
x 2
x 5
x 3
x 3
x 2
x 3
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 2
x 1
x 5
x 2
x 5
x 5
x 3
Source: County Health Departments
NO Of SOCIAL MObILIzerS= 360
2Bentiu FM
Naath FM
bentiu Star drama Group, Aljuzur drama Group and other traditional dance groups
drAMA GrOUPS:
5NO Of MOSqUeS
= 54NO Of ChUrCheS
!
7
County/ payam/ village
Name/ identity of high risk group of inaccessible population
Extent of inaccessibility
Reasons for inaccessibility
Additional information
All nine counties
Internally displaced persons
All seasons Armed conflict Internally displaced persons live mostly in camps across the state. Numbers are increasing daily. Some of these camps are hard to reach but they can be accessed through rapid response missions, partners working in PoC camps and radio broadcasts.
All nine counties
Villagers Wet season Villagers live in swampland where there is no road and no transport system.
Villagers are comparatively few in number and usually scattered. Possible means of access are through rapid response missions, partners working on the ground and community structures.
All nine counties
Cattle farmers
Dry season
Wet season
Cattle farmers move during the dry season and remain in swampland during the wet season.
Cattle farmers move whenever possible, especially during the dry season. They can be accessed through outreach sites, mobile teams and rapid response missions for immunization programmes.
All nine counties
Fishing groups
Wet season Fishing groups keep moving year round but mostly during the wet season.
Fishing groups keep moving, are scattered and can be reached through mobile teams.
All nine counties
Armed groups living in barracks
All seasons Armed groups belong to a regimented profession which is reflected in their attitude.
Armed groups are usually unfriendly, live in fixed sites and can be accessed through radios, outreach sites and health facilities.
All nine counties
Town dwellers
All seasons Town dwellers are often ignored due to the focus on conventional high risk groups.
Very few people live in towns due to war. They can be reached through rapid response missions, partner organizations and radio.
hIGh rISK GrOUPS
Unity State has a considerable number of people who are either isolated or on the move, keeping them beyond all types of development interventions. These groups are known as ‘high risk groups’. Information that might be instrumental in reaching these groups has been presented in this section.
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Gumriac
Jam Jang
Nyongjak
PariangTown
BentuiTown
Wuamhom
Ragat
Mayom
Kan
Boaw
Koch
GanyMirmir
Norbor
Jaak
Mayendit
RubkueyLeer
Nyal
Ganyliel
Pakur
NyathaKurie
Byeing Ayang
Abiemnhom
23
high risk groups
County border
Villagers
Cattle farmers
Fishing groups
Armed groups
Town dwellers
Internally displaced persons’ camps
9
Issues affecting nomadsNomadic agro-pastoralists are dependent on cattle rearing and wet season agriculture, migrating seasonally in search of water and pasture for their livestock. They depend extensively on their cattle for their livelihoods and survival. Nomadic agro-pastoralists depend on both agriculture and cattle, needing water both for agriculture and livestock. The movements of some nomadic groups are connected to the seasons while other nomads move whenever necessary to find markets, water and grass for their cattle. Because of this lifestyle, nomads have issues related to immunization, health, gender inequality and illiteracy. It is literally impossible to gather accurate data on these issues. Some of the salient features of these groups are:• Survival: Cattle herding, food, water, trading and agriculture are three key factors for the survival of mobile
populations. Meat, milk and water are their principle consumables and they sell cattle, meat and milk to buy their daily necessities. They often share cattle, milk, meat and water amongst themselves.
• Movement/migration: This is the nomads’ way of life and livelihood, by way of heritage as well as being a coping strategy. They move for water, fertile land, security, trade and survival from drought. Sometimes they also move for treatment and immunization of their cattle.
• Clan system: Obedience to clan leaders, tradition, rituals and restrictions play a very prominent part in nomads’ lives. Due to illiteracy, hardly anything is written and they rely rather on word of mouth. Decision-making in the clan system is very structured, and mostly done by older males. Females are allowed to make decisions related to milking, rearing of calves and selling of small items. However, they do not have a voice on broader issues.
• Lifeline: Water, cattle and milk can be considered as the lifeline of mobile populations. All their decisions and thinking prioritize these three factors. Milk gives them money, survival of their babies and food for their families. Cattle give them money, food and other necessities of daily life. Water is needed for agriculture, cattle and their own survival.
NOMAdS
South Sudan has a group of people who are cattle herders, fishermen and sometimes farmers. These people move from one place to another depending on the need for food, water and suitable land. Their lifestyles, livelihoods and movement patterns are distinct from each other, and need special consideration and intervention for delivery of health and other services.
Most communication through word of mouth
Milk
Milk Cattle Agriculture
Sharing milk, meat, cattle
Water
Meat Trading SUrvIvAL
Food
Others
Meat
Milk
Lifeline for babies
One of the primary foods for family
For cattle
For crops For survival
Money
MoneyFor meat/food
Water
Cattle
LIfeLINe
CLAN SySteM
Milking (women & girls)
No voice in broader issues
Selling
Calves
Female
Dairy
Male Movement
Older males in most cases
Water & other resources
Helping males in making tukuls
Tukuls for cows’ farming
Decision-making
Other push/pull factors
Treatment
Security
Trade
MOveMeNt/MIGrAtION Survival from drought
Coping strategyWay of life
Water Purpose
Mind map of issuesaffecting nomads
10
PerIANG
GUIt
rUbKONA
AbIeMNhOM
MAyOM
MAyeNdIt
Leer
PANyIJIAr
KOCh
All these movements take place during the dry season, starting in december and ending between April and May.
Nomadmovement map
Most nomads in Unity State are involved in intra-
state movement, that is, they move from one county
to another but remain within the state. There are four
basic movement patterns in Unity State for nomads:
1. From Guit County to Manga village in Parieng
County for water, pasture and fishing.
2. From Rubkona County to Guit, Koch and Mayom
counties for pasture and water.
3. From Mayom County to Guit, Koch, Abiemnom
and Rubkona counties.
4. From Koch County to Mayiandit, Mayom and Guit
counties.
All movements take place during the dry season,
starting in December and ending between April and
May.
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LOGIStICS MANAGeMeNt MAPPING
The capital of the state, Bentiu, is the heart of logistics management in Unity State. Most of the government departments, business organizations and development partners have their offices, as well as logistics hubs, here with basic facilities like VSAT, internet connectivity, guest houses, storage facilities, warehouses and vehicles. Government and development partners often have a presence in county and payam headquarters, with offices, guest houses, generators, solar systems, telephones, vehicles and temporary storage facilities. Due to a lack of road and rail infrastructure, very little can be transported on the surface. Therefore, supplies are primarily distributed in helicopters and other aircraft.
Vaccines are mostly transported from Nairobi via road and air, and kept in the central storage facility in Juba, South Sudan. They are then transferred from Juba to different locations in Unity State. In addition to the airstrip in Bentiu, there are two airstrips and a few helicopter landing sites in Unity State. Health workers transport vaccines to different outreach sites for polio campaigns and routine immunization.
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= 8! !
Gumriac
Ragat
Jam Jang
Nyongjak
Pariang Town
BentuiTown
Wuamhom
Mayom
Kan
Boaw
Koch
Gany Mirmir
NorborJaak
Mayendit
Rubkuey
Leer
Nyal
Ganyliel
Pakur
NyathaKurie
Byeing Ayang
Abiemnhom
PerIANG
GUIt
KOCh
rUbKONA
AbIeMNhOM
MAyOM
MAyeNdItLeer
PANyIJIAr
= 4
Logistics map
Main towns
County border
VSAT
Load/unload
Guest house
Warehouse
Health centre
Tent
Air strip
Internally displaced persons’ camps
13
PArtNerS MAPPING
Agency Project titles Interventions Beneficiaries Coverage area Implementing partner
Logistic facilities
UNICEF Immunization, ANC, nutrition and HIV and AIDS
Supports immunization, antenatal care, nutrition and HIV and AIDS programmes
Children <5 years, women of child-bearing age
Staffs at state level. Covers the state through SMoH and partners
UNIDO, Care International, IRC, Sign of Hope, Nile Hope, SMoH, World Relief
Air, roads and canoes
WHO All health programmes
Supports all health programmes
All populations Covers the state through SMoH and its staff
SMoH Air, roads and canoes
UNFPA ANC services Supports antenatal care services
Women of child-bearing age
PoCs in Bentiu Air
IOM Primary health care
Immunization, antenatal care, nutrition and general health attendances
Children <5 years, women of child-bearing ages and general population
PoCs in Bentiu Air
COUNty PArtNerS
Abiemnom Care International
Guit None
Koch None
Leer MSF, UNIDO, IMC, Nile Hope
Mayiandit Sumaritan Purse, UNIDO, IMC
Mayom Care International
Pariang IOM, Sumaritant Purse, CMI, UNHCR, Care International, MSF
Payinjiar IRC, Sign of Hope, Mercy Corps, UNIDO, WHO
Rubkona UNICEF, Non Violence Peace Force (NP), Aruda, WHO, IOM, DRC, Concern World Wide, IRC, World Relief, ICRC, Windle Trust, MEDAIR, Mercy Corps, Internews, Care International, MSF
Main development agencies in the State are: UNICEF, UNDP, AECOM, IOM, WFP and UNMISS
Communication partners are: Bentiu Star drama group, Aljuzur drama group, Internews Bodaboda Talktalk, Bentiu FM, Naath FM and traditional dance groups in counties
South Sudan is a new country with insufficient government infrastructure to provide basic services to its population. A good number of United Nations agencies and international and national non-governmental organizations are working in the country to meet the capacity gap in providing basic services to its people. Most of the non-governmental organizations and working here are funded either by United Nations agencies or by other international donors, which work in collaboration with each other. Their presence is not uniform everywhere in the state, so non-governmental organizations with a more visible presence at county level have been identified below as ‘county partners’ so that their capacity can be better utilized in interventions in the area where they are active.
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x9
UNICef
WhO
IOM
IN ALL COUNtIeS
Gumriac
Ragat
Jam Jang
Nyongjak
Pariang Town
BentuiTown
Wuamhom
Mayom
Kan
Boaw
Koch
Gany Mirmir
NorborJaak
Mayendit
Rubkuey
Leer
Nyal
Ganyliel
Pakur
NyathaKurie
Byeing Ayang
Abiemnhom
PerIANG
GUIt
KOCh
rUbKONA
AbIeMNhOM
MAyOM
MAyeNdItLeer
PANyIJIAr
UNfPA
Partners map
County border
Immunization
Antenatal care
Nutrition
HIV and AIDS
General health
Primary healthcare
Internally displaced persons’ camps
15
ACCeSSIbILIty MAPPING
County Payam Level of inaccessibility
Reason for inaccessibility
Mode of accessibility
Additional information
Abiemnom All Moderate Armed conflict. Swampland is inaccessible during the wet season.
Rapid response missions, roads in dry season. Canoes, radios, outreaches and mobile teams.
There are two rivers with partial swampland and one internally displaced persons’ camp in this county.
Guit All High Mostly due to conflict. No road communication.
Rapid assessment missions, mobile teams and outreach sites.
This is one of the most conflict-affected counties. Most of its inhabitants have moved to PoCs in other counties.
Koch All High Armed conflict. Marshy wetlands.
Rapid response missions, radios and outreach sites year round.
Prone to frequent conflict.
Leer Most High Mostly due to conflict. Inaccessible year round. One airstrip and road. Roads are unusable during the wet season.
Usually accessible from the capital, Juba. Can be accessed by air.
As this county is rich in oil it is a hub of conflict. Rapid assessment missions appear to be the only feasible option, considering the insecurity.
Mayiandit All High Armed conflict. Partial swampland inaccessible during wet season. Presence of nomads and other mobile populations.
Some parts are accessible during the dry season. Outreach sites, rapid response missions and mobile teams.
Hosts four internally displaced persons’ camps.
Mayom All Moderate Swampland. No road or walking trail in wet season. No airstrip.
Helicopters during the dry season.
Mayom is a marshy wetland with rivers running through it. Most of the land is not suitable for walking during the rainy season.
Pariang All Moderate (except refugee camps, which are low)
Swampland, canals and rivers. Inaccessible during the wet season and partially inaccessible during the dry season.
Mobile teams, rapid response missions and outreach sites.
Has five internally displaced persons’ camps.
Payinjiar All Moderate Armed conflict. Rapid response missions and mobile teams.
Conflict-affected. Frequent cattle raids are a great concern. Hosts one of the largest displaced populations in the state.
Rubkona All Moderate Armed conflict. Partial swampland inaccessible during wet season.
Accessible by air. Mobile teams and rapid response missions.
Hosts the largest number of internally displaced persons in the state.
Due to decades of ongoing conflict, there was no development of infrastructure in South Sudan, and much of what there was has been damaged. There is a huge demand for services, but reaching the population remains the greatest challenge. These barriers to access are partly infrastructural, partly geographical and partly man-made. The following table describes the state of accessibility by county.
16
Gumriac
Ragat
Jam Jang
Nyongjak
Pariang Town
BentuiTown
Wuamhom
Mayom
Kan
Boaw
Koch
Gany Mirmir
NorborJaak
Mayendit
Rubkuey
Leer
Nyal
Ganyliel
Pakur
NyathaKurie
Byeing Ayang
Abiemnhom
PerIANG
GUIt
KOCh
rUbKONA
AbIeMNhOM
MAyOM
MAyeNdItLeer
PANyIJIAr
Accessibility map
County border
Moderate Accessibility
Low accessibility
Internally displaced persons’ camps
17
• Post-warpsychosocialtrauma
• Lowandunpredictablecommunityparticipation
• Insecurity
• Mobilecommunities
• Highcostofgoodsandservices
• Highexpectationfromexternalagencies
• Adverseweatherforlogisticsandprogramming
• Inaccessibilityduetopoorroadconditionsandnetworks
• Difficultiesincoordinationcoupledwithlackoftelephone networks
• Lackoftrainedskilledpersonnel
• Inadequatelogisticssupport
• Lackoffunds
• Poormotivationofhealthvolunteers
• Lackofspecifiedboundariesforpayamsandbomas
• Lackofsufficientmediainterfaces.
the following support is required to overcome impeding factors:• Provisionofpsychologicalcounsellingforthecommunity
• Separatestrategytoreachthemobilepopulation
• Improvedintersectoralandinteragency,aswellasgovernment,UnitedNationsandnon-governmentorganization coordination for resource-sharing and leveraging to reduce costs associated with time, energy, money and security-related risks
• Adoptionofseparateplansforwetanddryseasons
• Increasedproactiveinitiativestosecurefunds,withsufficienttimeinhand
• Innovativeuseoftraditionalandreligiousmediatoreachpeopleatvillagelevel.
Key fACtOrS thAt dePrIve ChILdreN Of IMMUNIzAtION
factors delaying or impeding implementation:
18
