Download - Soil, Marine ,Noise and Thermal Pollution

7/29/2019 Soil, Marine ,Noise and Thermal Pollution

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Soil, marine ,noise and

thermal pollution


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Soil

Formation of soil from the parent material (bedrock):

mechanical weathering of rocks by temperaturechanges, abrasion, wind, moving water, glaciers,chemical weathering activities and lichens.

Under ideal climatic conditions, soft parent materialmay develop into 1 cm of soil within 15 years.


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O-horizon: freshly-fallen & partially-decomposed leaves, twigs, animalwaste, fungi & organic materials.Colour: brown or black.

A-horizon: humus/partiallydecomposed organic matter & someinorganic mineral particles. darker &looser than the deeper layers.

O & A-horizon: contain a largeamount of bacteria, fungi, earthworms,small insects, forms complex food web

in soil, recycles soil nutrients, &contribute to soil fertility.

B-horizon /(subsoil): less organicmaterial & fewer organisms than A-horizon.

C-horizon: consists of broken-up

bedrock, does not contain any organicmaterials. Chemical composition helpsto determine pH of soil & alsoinfluences soils rate of waterabsorption & retention.

R-horizon: The unweathered rock

(bedrock) layer that is beneath all theother layers
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/label/soillayers/


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Soil Pollution

Soil pollution is caused by the presence of chemicals or other

alteration in the natural soil environment.

Resulting in a change of the soil quality

likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering publichealth and the living environment.


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CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION

Soil erosion/degradation is the loss of top soil

erodes fertility of soil & reduces its water-holding

capacity.

Excessive farming, construction, overgrazing,

burning of grass cover and deforestation

Excess salts and water (Salinization)

Excessive use of fertilizers & pesticides

Solid waste

:


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First effect of pollutants Washed away: might accumulates somewhere

Evaporate: can be a source of air pollution Infiltrate through the unsaturated soil to the

groundwater

DDT: fat soluble, stored in fatty tissues

Interferes with calcium metabolism Results in thin egg shells in birds

Agent orange: code name for one of the herbicidesand defoliants (results in leaf fall) used by the U.S.

military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Duringthe Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971, the United States militarysprayed 20,000,000US gallons (80,000,000 L) of chemical herbicides

and defoliants in Vietnam anti fertility, skin problems, cancer


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Control of soil pollution

Use of pesticides and fertilizers should be minimized. Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent

growth of weeds.

Special pits should be selected for dumping wastes.

Controlled grazing and forest management.

Wind breaks and wind shield in areas exposed to wind

erosion

Afforestation and reforestation.

3 Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle

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Information needed to clean up materials added to soil

Kind of material-organic or inorganic- is the material

biodegradable/ dangerous to animals & humans

How much materialwas added to the soil, will it overload

the organisms in the soil

C:N ratio of the pollutant material

Nature of soil: will the soil be able to handle the material

before groundwater is contaminated

Growing conditions for the soil organisms:- is it too cold,

too wet etc.

How long the material has been on site: is there evidence

of environmental problems, is it undergoing decomposition.

Immediate danger to people & environment: Urgency of

the situation.


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Bioremediation

The use of naturally occuring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi &

plants to break down or degrade toxic chemical compounds that have

accumulated in the environment

It is a method that treats the soils and renders them non-hazardous, thus

eliminating any future liability that may result from landfill problems or

violations.


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Factors affecting bioremediation

Microbial factors

Temperature favorable for organisms

Availability of water (Moisture content)

Availability of nutrients (N,P,K)

C: N (carbon: nitrogen) ratio of the contaminant

material< 30:1

pH

Availability of Oxygen in sufficient quantity in soil.


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In situ Bioremediation : The treatment in

place without excavation of contaminated

soils or sediments. Ex situ bioremediation: requires pumping

of the groundwater or excavation of

contaminated soil prior to remediationtreatments.


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Types ofIn situ Bioremediation

Biostimulation: To stimulate the activity of microorganismsby adding nutrients and electron acceptors (e.g. O2)

Bioventing: Injecting air through soil to stimulate microbegrowth in unsaturated zone

Biosparging: Injection of air/nutrients into unsaturated andsaturated zones

Bioaugmentation: inoculation of soil with microbes oradding exogenous microbes to the subsurface


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In-situ-Bioremediation

Biostimulation(stimulatesbiological activity)

Bioventing(Inject

air/nutrients intounsaturated zone goodfor midweight petroleum,jet fuel)

Biosparging(Inject

air/nutrients intounsaturated andsaturated zones)

Bioaugmentation(inoculates soilwith microbes)

Less expensive Creates less dust Less possibility of contaminant

release into environment

Good for large volumes

Slower

Doesnt work well in clays or

highly layered subsurfaces


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Biostimulation

Biosparging


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Ex-situ -Bioremediation Slurry-phase-Soil combined with

water/additives in tank,

microorganisms, nutrients,oxygen added

Solid-phase

Land-farming: soil put on pad,leachate collected

Soil biopiles: soil heaped, airadded

Composting: biodegradable wastemixed with bulking agent

Land Applied waste addeddirectly to soil which is later

planted to a crop.

Easier tocontrol

Used to treatwider range ofcontaminantsand soil types

CostlyFaster


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Advantages of Using Bioremediation Processes

Compared With Other Remediation Technologies

(1) biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substancesinstead of merely transferring contaminants from on environmentalmedium to another;

(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than

excavation-based processes; and

(3) The cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediationtechnologies can be considerably lower than that for conventionaltreatment methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or

moving the material .


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Marine pollution

The introduction by man, directly, or indirectly, of

substances or energy to the marine environment

resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to

human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment

of the quality of seawater for various uses and reductionof amenities.

Does not include natural processes like volcanic

eruptions or earthquakes


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Marine pollutants

Agricultural run offs ((herbicides, pesticides andnutrients)

Sediments

Sewage (Faecal Coliform and Pathogens) Chemicals, Metals and Radioactive Substances

Persistent toxins (PCBs, DDT, heavy metals)

Oil

Plastics

Energy (Thermal & light)


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Sources of marine pollutionLand sources

80% of non-biological marine pollution comes from land based

activities pipes discharging directly into marine waters(sewage,

industrial, chemical and food processing wastes)

Riverine flows into the sea carry pollutants from the entirecatchment area.

From Air

Global atmospheric inputs to the sea from air discharges

Oil spills and offshore sources

Oily discharges from ballast water and bilge water during

routine ship operations and illegal dumping of solid waste Designated dumping grounds at sea

Accidental spills from Ships carrying hazardous substances, oil,gas etc.


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Control measures for oil pollution

Natural process of emulsification of oil by

use of chemical dispersants: can besprayed on the oil.

Slick-lickers: continuous belt of absorbent

material dips through the oil slick & ispassed through rollers to extract oil.

Rocks can be cleaned with high pressure

steam

Effects of marine poll tion


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Effects of marine pollution:

Effects on sea life

Effects on birds

Effects on human being

Health

Business

Eutrophication and development ofred tides (phytoplankton

blooms carrying red pigmentation)

Development ofoil slick: When oil is spilled on sea, it spreadsover the surface forming a thin film called OIL SLICK. Which

damage marine life


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Damages marine life to a large extent, for salt-marsh plants, oil

slicks can affect flowering, fruiting and germination.

Coral reefs

If liquid oil contaminates a birds plumage, its water-repellentproperties are lost, drown, die

Drill cuttings dumped on seabed create anoxic conditions & result inthe production of toxic sulphides in the bottom sediment thuseliminating the benthic fauna.

Fish and shellfish production facilities can also be affected by oilslicks. Commercial damage is tainting: imparts an unpleasant flavorto fish and seafood & is detectable even at extremely low levels ofcontamination.

Effects of marine pollution


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NOISE POLLUTION Defined as unwanted sounds that

unreasonably (a kind of harsh, loud andconfused sound), intruding into our daily

activities

The most significant attributes of noise are:i) Its loudness

ii) Duration

The unit of noise is decibel.

Human ear can tolerate noise up to 120

decibels.

S f NOISE POLLUTION
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://greenpack.rec.org/noise/reducing_noise_pollution/images/06-06.jpg&imgrefurl=http://earth2care.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post.html&usg=__k2VIcGqNIc3pbIU9wVJeBh_f3ek=&h=450&w=460&sz=43&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=Wiv1xrh6E3sF7M:&tbnh=125&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnoise%2Bpollution%2Bimages%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1


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Sources of NOISE POLLUTION(i) Road Traffic:

Most prevalent and most damaging source

Impact of road traffic noise depends on factors like: road location & design,and land useplanning measures, building design,vehicle standards & driving behavior

(ii) Air Traffic

Noise from supersonic crafts are dangerous because of its intensity

(iii) Railways:

The level of noise associated with rail traffic is related to type of engine or rolling stock

used, speed of the train, track type & condition, warning signals at crossings, whistles &

horns, freight classification yards, & railroad construction & maintenance.

(iv) Industry

Product fabrication

Product assembly

Power generation Processing.

(v) Construction: construction equipments.

(vi) Consumer products: recreational, hobbies/workshop, household, music.

(vii) Other sources: sirens, agricultural noise, noise from animals, humans & military


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Measurement of Noise

Noise intensity is measured in decibel (Db) units Decibel scale is logarithmic,

Each 10 Db increase represents a 10 fold increase innoise intensity

distance diminishes the effective decibel level reachingthe ear.

e.g. Moderate auto traffic at a distance of 30 m ratesabout 50 decibels, but for the same, for a driver with acar window open or a pedestrian on the sidewalk, sametraffic rates about 70 decibels.


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Effects of Noise

At 45 decibels of noise, average person cannot sleep,

At 85 decibels hearing damage, & at 120 decibels ear

experiences pain.

Lack of sleep, irritability, heartburn, indigestion, ulcers, high blood

pressure, & possibly heart disease Hearing loss

Non-auditory physiological effects

Annoyance

Communication interference

N i P ll ti C t l


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Noise Pollution ControlSource path receiver concept: Can be controlled either

by reducing the noise at the source orby preventing

its transmission orby protecting the receiver

At the source: lubrication of machines, tightening theloose units, reducing the eccentricity

In the path: keeping the noisy machine covered,construction of noise barriers, sound-proofing of thebuilding

Receiver: No use of horns other than in emergency,vehicle engines and appliances in good Condition,purchase the least noisy air conditioner or vacuumcleaner/quieter appliances, rest areas away fromnoise, turn down volume of Stereos.

Th l P ll ti


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Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution is the process of heating up of water

bodies through run off or discharge

Decreases the solubility of oxygen, resulting in suffocationof plants and animals

Human activities introducing thermal pollution: Industries and power plants

Trees and tall vegetation providing shades are cut down

Soil erosion by construction, removal of stream side vegetation,farming practices, overgrazing & recreation increases reduction ingreen

Thermal pollution can also occur through Earthquakes


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Effects of Thermal Pollution

Thermal shock

Thermal enrichment: Heated water from power plant

may be used to extend plant growing season, speed up

growth of fish and other aquatic animal for commercial

purpose

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