Transcript
Page 1: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Soil Fertility Soil Fertility Management for Management for

Soybean in Soybean in ArgentinaArgentina

Fernando O. GarcíaFernando O. GarcíaINPOFOS Cono SurINPOFOS Cono Sur

www.inpofos.www.inpofos.orgorg

VII World Soybean Research ConferenceVII World Soybean Research Conference Foz do Iguazu, 1-5 March 2004Foz do Iguazu, 1-5 March 2004

Page 2: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

OutlineOutline Soybean production and nutrient Soybean production and nutrient

availability in different regionsavailability in different regions

Nitrogen managementNitrogen management Phosphorus managementPhosphorus management

Sulfur: The most recently deficient nutrientSulfur: The most recently deficient nutrient

Balanced fertilization: Nutrient interactionsBalanced fertilization: Nutrient interactions

Fertilization of double cropped soybeanFertilization of double cropped soybean

Page 3: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Plan

ted

area

( th

ousa

nd h

a)

Total PampasNorthcentral-Northeast Northwest

Argentina: Soybean planted Argentina: Soybean planted areaarea

RR varietiesRR varieties

Soybean area increased at a rate of 577 thousand ha in the last 12 yearsSoybean area increased at a rate of 577 thousand ha in the last 12 years

Page 4: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Argentina: Soybean average Argentina: Soybean average yieldyield

Yield = 1919 + 49.3 xR 2 = 0.39

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Soyb

ean

Yiel

d (k

g/ha

)

Soybean yield increased at a rate of 49 kg/ha in the last 12 yearsSoybean yield increased at a rate of 49 kg/ha in the last 12 years

Page 5: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

NorthcentralNorthcentralNo current nutrient limitationsNo current nutrient limitations

NortheasternNortheasternP and K deficienciesP and K deficiencies

Low pHLow pH

NorthwesternNorthwesternSeveral areas with low PSeveral areas with low P

Eastern PampasEastern PampasP deficiencyP deficiency

Western PampasWestern PampasLow OM, S deficiencyLow OM, S deficiency

Areas with low PAreas with low P

Northern PampasNorthern PampasS deficiencyS deficiencyP deficiencyP deficiency

Southern PampasSouthern PampasP deficiencyP deficiency

Soybean production regions and nutrient availabilitySoybean production regions and nutrient availability

Page 6: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Nutrient Removal and Application in Nutrient Removal and Application in Wheat, Corn, Soybean and SunflowerWheat, Corn, Soybean and SunflowerArgentina - Average 1996-2001

Nutrient application was 29%, 45%, less than 1%, and 9% Nutrient application was 29%, 45%, less than 1%, and 9% of the N, P, K, and S extracted per year, respectivelyof the N, P, K, and S extracted per year, respectively

NPKS Application

0

300

600

900

1200

N P K S

1,00

0 to

ns

NPKS Removal

0

300

600

900

1200

N P K S

1,00

0 to

ns

SunflowerSoybeanWheatCorn

10901090

228228

475475

131131

365365

1161163.73.7 1515

Page 7: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Area I : Low (< 10 ppm)Area I : Low (< 10 ppm)Area II : Medium (10-20 ppm)Area II : Medium (10-20 ppm)Area III : Adequate (> 20 ppm)Area III : Adequate (> 20 ppm)

Darwich, 1980, 1993 and 1999

P availability in the Pampas regionP availability in the Pampas region

Page 8: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

N managementN management Seed inoculation is a generalized practice for Seed inoculation is a generalized practice for

most soybean farmersmost soybean farmers Biological N fixation supplies 30-70% of the Biological N fixation supplies 30-70% of the

total N need (González, 1996)total N need (González, 1996) Direct N fertilization at planting has not Direct N fertilization at planting has not

shown grain yield responsesshown grain yield responses Applications at reproductive stages (R1-R3) Applications at reproductive stages (R1-R3)

have shown variable resultshave shown variable results

Page 9: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Inoculation in Soybean in Fields with Soybean Inoculation in Soybean in Fields with Soybean HistoryHistory

A. Perticari (2003), INTA CastelarA. Perticari (2003), INTA Castelar

41203643 3806

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Check 400 kg N Inoculated

Gra

in y

ield

(kg/

ha)

Means of 5 sites of the soybean production areas of Argentina2001/02 growing season

Page 10: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

P managementP management

Soybean response to P fertilization is Soybean response to P fertilization is widespread in deficient soils of the Pampas widespread in deficient soils of the Pampas and the northeastern and northwestern and the northeastern and northwestern regionsregions

A network of 31 field experiments determined A network of 31 field experiments determined a Bray 1 P critical level of 12 mg/kg for soils a Bray 1 P critical level of 12 mg/kg for soils of the Pampas (Díaz Zorita et al., 2002)of the Pampas (Díaz Zorita et al., 2002)

CheckCheck P fertilizedP fertilized

Page 11: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Yield response to P fertilization as a function of soil Yield response to P fertilization as a function of soil Bray 1 P Bray 1 P

31 field experiments in the provinces of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires31 field experiments in the provinces of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires2000/01 and 2001/022000/01 and 2001/02

Network Proyecto INTA FertilizarNetwork Proyecto INTA Fertilizar

-300

-200

-1000

100

200300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

P disponible (0-20 cm, ppm, Bray1)

Res

pues

ta (k

g/ha

)

Buenos AiresSanta FeResp = 795 - 49 P (P<15.7)r2 = 0.68 n = 29

ResponseResponse PP(kg / ha)(kg / ha) (mg/kg)(mg/kg)

150150 1313200200 1212300300 1010400400 88

Soil Bray P (mg/kg)

Soy

bean

yie

ld re

spon

se (k

g/ha

)

Page 12: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Recommendations of P fertilization for Recommendations of P fertilization for soybean soybean

according to soil Bray P content and yield according to soil Bray P content and yield goal goal

(Echeverría and Garcia, 1998)(Echeverría and Garcia, 1998)Yield goal Bray P content (mg/kg)

< 4 4-6 6-8 8-11 11-16

ton/ha ------------------------------ kg P/ha ------------------------------

2 19 14 12 10 -

2.5 21 17 15 13 -

3 24 20 17 16 11

3.5 27 22 20 18 14

4 29 25 23 21 16

4.5 32 28 25 24 19

Page 13: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Sulfur response in soybeanSulfur response in soybeanINTA Casilda - Santa Fe - 1998/99

With S Without S

2932

3558

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Ren

dim

ient

o (k

g/ha

)

P P+S

• Full season soybeansFull season soybeans• Averages of 6 sitesAverages of 6 sites• Rate of 12 kg/ha of SRate of 12 kg/ha of S

Page 14: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Without SWithout S

With SWith S

Soybean Response to SulfurSoybean Response to Sulfur

Sulfur deficiencies are common in degraded soils of southern Santa Fe and northern Buenos Aires and in sandy soils of the western Pampas

Average response of 368 kg/ha for full season soybeans in 8 of 11 sites at southern Santa Fe (2000/01). Source: Cordone and Martínez (2002), INTA Casilda

Responses to S of 200 kg/ha or more in 11 of 47 sites in the Pampean Region. Source: Network Project INTA Fertilizar (2001-2002)

Diagnosis of sulfur deficiencies and fertilization recommendations need to be developed

Sulfur responses in soybeanSulfur responses in soybean

Page 15: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

No S S 15 kg/ha

Gra

in y

ield

(kg/

ha)

No P With P

Soybean: Interaction P*S

Network Project INTA Fertilizar

(Pampean Region , 53 sites)

Page 16: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Soybean fertilization at Videla (Santa Fe) - 2002/03Soybean fertilization at Videla (Santa Fe) - 2002/03H. Vivas y H. Fontanetto – EEA INTA RafaelaH. Vivas y H. Fontanetto – EEA INTA Rafaela

Inoculated + P + SInoculated + P + S InoculatedInoculated

34244044

346340753920

43344066

4512

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1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

S0 S10 S0 S10

Grai

n yi

eld

(kg/

ha)

P0 P16

No inoculatedNo inoculated InoculatedInoculated

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Network AAPRESID-INPOFOS - 2001/02Network AAPRESID-INPOFOS - 2001/02 Averages of 10 sites in the Pampean RegionAverages of 10 sites in the Pampean Region

430643264137424240183856

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2000

4000

Check P PS PSK PSKMg PSKMgMicros

Gra

in y

ield

(kg/

ha)

Page 18: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Network Project INTA FertilizarNetwork Project INTA FertilizarINTA Cañada de Gomez - G. Gerster et al. - 2001/02INTA Cañada de Gomez - G. Gerster et al. - 2001/02Residual effects in Double-cropped SoybeansResidual effects in Double-cropped Soybeans

Check 2331 kg/ha N in Wheat 2482 kg/ha

NP in Wheat 2544 kg/ha NPS in Wheat 3098 kg/ha

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Residual effects of NPS fertilization Residual effects of NPS fertilization in the wheat for double cropped in the wheat for double cropped

soybeanssoybeans

3343

2153

3615

2689

3408

2502

3681

3036

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

CREA network INTA Rafaela

Gra

in y

ield

(kg/

ha)

Check NS NP NPS

11 sites/years11 sites/yearsSW Santa Fe-SE CórdobaSW Santa Fe-SE Córdoba

Thomas et al., 2003Thomas et al., 2003

6 sites/years6 sites/yearsCentral Santa FeCentral Santa Fe

Vivas & Fontanetto, 2003Vivas & Fontanetto, 2003

Page 20: Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina

Future researchFuture research The role of soil organic P fractions in P The role of soil organic P fractions in P

supply for soybeansupply for soybean P management for the crop rotationP management for the crop rotation The development of fertilization The development of fertilization

recommendations for Srecommendations for S The evaluation of S sourcesThe evaluation of S sources Potential responses to secondary nutrients Potential responses to secondary nutrients

and micronutrients (Ca, Mg, B, Mo)and micronutrients (Ca, Mg, B, Mo) Sustainability of current soybean Sustainability of current soybean

production systemsproduction systems


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