Transcript
Page 1: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

SOIL 4213SOIL 4213BIOEN 4213BIOEN 4213

History of Using Indirect History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Measures for detecting

Nutrient StatusNutrient Status

SOIL 4213SOIL 4213BIOEN 4213BIOEN 4213

History of Using Indirect History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Measures for detecting

Nutrient StatusNutrient Status

Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University

Page 2: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Field Element SizeField Element SizeField Element SizeField Element Size

• Area which provides the most Area which provides the most precise measure of the available precise measure of the available nutrient where the level of that nutrient where the level of that nutrient changes with distancenutrient changes with distance

• Area which provides the most Area which provides the most precise measure of the available precise measure of the available nutrient where the level of that nutrient where the level of that nutrient changes with distancenutrient changes with distance

Page 3: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

FES should theoretically identifyFES should theoretically identify• 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships

can be identifiedcan be identified• 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired

samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognizedheterogeneity can be recognized

• 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environmentenvironment

• 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved.achieved.

• 5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist

FES should theoretically identifyFES should theoretically identify• 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships

can be identifiedcan be identified• 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired

samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognizedheterogeneity can be recognized

• 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environmentenvironment

• 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved.achieved.

• 5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist

Page 4: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

ReviewReviewReviewReview

Science: 283:310-316Science: 283:310-316• By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat,

and maize will increase 40%and maize will increase 40%• People have been predicting yield ceilings People have been predicting yield ceilings

for millennia, and they’ve never been right for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT“Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT

• Supercharging Photosynthesis: Supercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the CReproduce the C44 cycle in rice cycle in rice

• Role of Biotechnology in Precision Role of Biotechnology in Precision AgricultureAgriculture

Science: 283:310-316Science: 283:310-316• By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat,

and maize will increase 40%and maize will increase 40%• People have been predicting yield ceilings People have been predicting yield ceilings

for millennia, and they’ve never been right for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT“Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT

• Supercharging Photosynthesis: Supercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the CReproduce the C44 cycle in rice cycle in rice

• Role of Biotechnology in Precision Role of Biotechnology in Precision AgricultureAgriculture

Page 5: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Sunlight reachingearthSunlight reachingearth

Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b

B-CaroteneB-Carotene

PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin

PhycocyaninPhycocyanin

Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a

300 400 500 600 700 800300 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength, nmWavelength, nm

Ab

sorp

tio

nA

bso

rpti

on

SPAD 501, 502(430, 750)SPAD 501, 502(430, 750)

Lehninger, Nelson and CoxLehninger, Nelson and Cox

Absorption of Visible Lightby Photopigments

Absorption of Visible Lightby Photopigments

Page 6: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

VISIBLE Color AbsorbedVISIBLE Color Absorbed

VISIBLE Color TransmittedVISIBLE Color TransmittedVISIBLE Color TransmittedVISIBLE Color Transmitted

VioletViolet BlueBlue GreenGreen YellowYellow Orange Orange RedRedVioletViolet BlueBlue GreenGreen YellowYellow Orange Orange RedRed

Short wavelengthShort wavelengthHigh frequencyHigh frequencyHigh energyHigh energy

Long wavelengthLong wavelengthLow frequencyLow frequencyLow energyLow energy

0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 1x101x1066 1x101x101111

wavelength, nmwavelength, nm0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 1x101x1066 1x101x101111

wavelength, nmwavelength, nm

Gam

ma

Ray

sG

amm

a R

ays

Gam

ma

Ray

sG

amm

a R

ays

X-R

ays

X-R

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X-R

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Mic

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ElectronicElectronic VibrationalVibrational RotationalRotationaltransitionstransitions transitionstransitions transitionstransitionsElectronicElectronic VibrationalVibrational RotationalRotationaltransitionstransitions transitionstransitions transitionstransitions

Yellow-greenYellow-green YellowYellow VioletViolet BlueBlue Green-blueGreen-blue Blue-greenBlue-green

Page 7: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Short wavelengthShort wavelengthHigh energyHigh energy

Long wavelengthLong wavelengthLow energyLow energy

0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm

0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm

X-R

ays

X-R

ays

X-R

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ays

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tU

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let

Ult

ravi

ole

tU

ltra

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Infr

ared

Infr

ared

Infr

ared

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ared

Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b

B-CaroteneB-Carotene

PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin

PhycocyaninPhycocyanin

Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a

Page 8: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Near-Infrared AbsorptionNear-Infrared AbsorptionMajor Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands Major Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands

and Peak Positionsand Peak Positions

Near-Infrared AbsorptionNear-Infrared AbsorptionMajor Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands Major Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands

and Peak Positionsand Peak Positions

700700 800800 900900 10001000 11001100 12001200 13001300 14001400 15001500 16001600 17001700 18001800 19001900 20002000 21002100 22002200700700 800800 900900 10001000 11001100 12001200 13001300 14001400 15001500 16001600 17001700 18001800 19001900 20002000 21002100 22002200

|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |||| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||

Wavelength, nmWavelength, nmWavelength, nmWavelength, nm

RNHRNH22RNHRNH22 RNHRNH22RNHRNH22 RNHRNH22RNHRNH22 RNHRNH22RNHRNH22

CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33

Page 9: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Sensor DesignSensor DesignSensor DesignSensor Design

Plant and Soil targetPlant and Soil target

Micro-Processor, A/D Conversion, and Signal ProcessingMicro-Processor, A/D Conversion, and Signal Processing

Ultra-SonicUltra-SonicSensorSensor

Photo-DetectorPhoto-Detector

Optical FiltersOptical Filters

CollimationCollimation

Page 10: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status

History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status

• NIRS analyzer which is connected to a NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently. infrared rays differently.

• Samples and standards (previously Samples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically characterized) and then mathematically comparedcompared

• NIRS analyzer which is connected to a NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently. infrared rays differently.

• Samples and standards (previously Samples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically characterized) and then mathematically comparedcompared

Page 11: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status

History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status

• NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)• Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching

and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen.oxygen and nitrogen.

• Each of the major organic components of a forage Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics.or other feed has light absorption characteristics.

• These absorption characteristics cause the These absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant reflectance that enables us to identify plant compositioncomposition

• NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)• Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching

and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen.oxygen and nitrogen.

• Each of the major organic components of a forage Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics.or other feed has light absorption characteristics.

• These absorption characteristics cause the These absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant reflectance that enables us to identify plant compositioncomposition

Page 12: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Chlorophyll MetersChlorophyll MetersChlorophyll MetersChlorophyll Meters• Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development

unit ) 501 & 502unit ) 501 & 502• www.www.specmetersspecmeters.com/.com/anebaneb..htmhtm• http://agronomy.http://agronomy.ucdavisucdavis..eduedu//uccericeuccerice//afsafs/agfs0394./agfs0394.htmhtm

• http://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenforhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenformulas.htmlmulas.html

• light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition)

• no tissue collectionno tissue collection• Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration

and NOand NO33-N-N

• Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development unit ) 501 & 502unit ) 501 & 502

• www.www.specmetersspecmeters.com/.com/anebaneb..htmhtm• http://agronomy.http://agronomy.ucdavisucdavis..eduedu//uccericeuccerice//afsafs/agfs0394./agfs0394.htmhtm

• http://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenforhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenformulas.htmlmulas.html

• light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition)

• no tissue collectionno tissue collection• Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration

and NOand NO33-N-N

Page 13: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Short wavelengthShort wavelengthHigh energyHigh energy

Long wavelengthLong wavelengthLow energyLow energy

0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm

0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm

X-R

ays

X-R

ays

X-R

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X-R

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Infr

ared

Infr

ared

Infr

ared

Infr

ared

Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b

B-CaroteneB-Carotene

PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin

PhycocyaninPhycocyanin

Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a

Page 14: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

On-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analyses

• ‘‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicatorapplicator

• Electromagnetic induction (EMI)Electromagnetic induction (EMI)• http://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.html• VERIS VERIS

• measurements (Missouri)measurements (Missouri)– predicting grain yieldpredicting grain yield– sand depositionsand deposition– depth to clay pandepth to clay pan

• ‘‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicatorapplicator

• Electromagnetic induction (EMI)Electromagnetic induction (EMI)• http://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.html• VERIS VERIS

• measurements (Missouri)measurements (Missouri)– predicting grain yieldpredicting grain yield– sand depositionsand deposition– depth to clay pandepth to clay pan

Page 15: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Use of EM as a data layer to better predict yield potential

Use of EM as a data layer to better predict yield potential

Page 16: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status
Page 17: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

On-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analyses

• On-the-go sensors for organic matter On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft)Peterson and Whitcraft)

• Satellite imagesSatellite images

• Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)

• On-the-go sensors for organic matter On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft)Peterson and Whitcraft)

• Satellite imagesSatellite images

• Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)

Page 18: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

ImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsImplications• Reports of improved correlation between indirect Reports of improved correlation between indirect

measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parametersparameters

• Soil testing (process of elimination)Soil testing (process of elimination)– no single parameter is expected to be correlated with no single parameter is expected to be correlated with

yieldyield– K vs yield K vs yield – P vs yieldP vs yield– N vs yieldN vs yield– pH vs yieldpH vs yield

• Reports of improved correlation between indirect Reports of improved correlation between indirect measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parametersparameters

• Soil testing (process of elimination)Soil testing (process of elimination)– no single parameter is expected to be correlated with no single parameter is expected to be correlated with

yieldyield– K vs yield K vs yield – P vs yieldP vs yield– N vs yieldN vs yield– pH vs yieldpH vs yield

Page 19: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Spectral RadianceSpectral RadianceSpectral RadianceSpectral Radiance

• Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surfacereflected from a surface

• Measuring the radiance of light (at several Measuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopy canopy

• Photodiodes detect light intensity (or Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil.from plants and soil.

• Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surfacereflected from a surface

• Measuring the radiance of light (at several Measuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopy canopy

• Photodiodes detect light intensity (or Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil.from plants and soil.

Page 20: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750

wavelength, nmwavelength, nm

380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750

wavelength, nmwavelength, nm

Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b

B-CaroteneB-Carotene

PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin

PhycocyaninPhycocyanin

Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a

PhotodiodePhotodiodeInterference FilterInterference Filter

White LightWhite Light

Page 21: SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

= NIR ref – red ref / NIR ref + red ref

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

= NIR ref – red ref / NIR ref + red ref

(up – down)(up – down)excellent predictor of plant N uptakeexcellent predictor of plant N uptake

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NDVI, Feekes 4-6

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N*P Perkins, 1998

S*N Perkins, 1998

S*N Tipton, 1998

transect Stillw ater, 1999

transect Perkins, 1999

transect Efaw , 2000, Jan

transect Perkins, 2000 Jan

transect Efaw , 2000 Mar

transect Perkins, 2000 Mar

y = 1019.5x3 - 1507.5x2 + 811.5x - 130.32R2 = 0.78

Units:

N uptake, kg ha-1

Units:

N uptake, kg ha-1


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