Session 1: E‐waste management in Asia – Challenges and opportunities
Environmental Perspectives
Dr. Atsushi TerazonoHead, International Material Cycles Research Section
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Japan
Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) sub- regional training workshop on building capacity to deal with the illegal shipments of e-waste and near-end-of-life electronics 10-13 July 2012, Hanoi, Viet Nam
1
E-waste research at NIES from the viewpoint of international Material Cycle
International Flow
Secondhand CRT TV export in 2009
Secondhand EEE
generation
Scrap metal export
Environmental Impact of e-waste recycling in developing countries
Domestic Material Flow
NIES Workshop on E-waste
（8th WS on Jan, 2012)
Mixed metal scrap
E-waste recycling (and reuse of secondhand EEE) practices and systems in
Asian countries
Japan’s export control on Secondhand CRT TVs is implemented in 2009.Destination is changed to Vietnam and Macau in 2009 to exploit weak import control.
Home appliances are contained in scrap mixed metal. Proper export control is recommended. Fire accident would generate PCDD/DFs.
Reuse condition of exported CRT TVs from Japan was examined.Formal and informal recycling were characterized.
Analyze env samples from recycling sites in India, Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia. High-level heavy metals and PCDD/DFs have been confirmed.
2
NIES Workshop on E-waste
Jan 24, 2012,Metro-Manila,PhilippinesObjectives:Dissemination ofour investigationresults, Discussionabout futureresearchParticipants:Int. org., Centralgov., LGUs, NGOs,Academia, etc.
Common topics- Material Flow Analysis- Toxicity and resource potential- Management system
Increasing generation and trade of E-waste inAsiaEnvironmental pollution by inappropriaterecyclingInsufficient environmental regulation, collectionsystem, treatment facility
1st (Dec. 2004, Tsukuba)2nd (Nov. 2005, Tokyo)3rd (Nov. 2006, Tsukuba)4th (Nov. 2007, Tsukuba)5th (Nov. 2008, Kyoto)6th (Dec. 2009, Sapporo)7th (Oct, 2010), Tsukuba)
BackgroundBackgroundBackground Past workshopPastPast workshopworkshop
8th Workshop (Workshop for
Knowledge Sharing on E- waste in the Philippines)
8th8th WorkshopWorkshop (Workshop(Workshop forfor
KnowledgeKnowledge SharingSharing onon EE-- wastewaste inin thethe Philippines)Philippines)
Characteristics of workshops - Focused on Asia- Long history while E-waste
concern raised in the world- Speakers mainly from
academia (and government) but few from business sectors- Contribution to networking
among individual researchers in Asia and other 3
Main findings and issues - Various invisible and
transboundary flows shown- Significant environmental
effect introduced- Various evaluation of resource
potential discussed- Management systems
compared while some countries newly introduced or revised- How to improve the reality
including informal sectors
Content
Literature reviewSurveys on recycling processSurveys on environmental and health impacts in the Philippines
4
Guiyu (貴嶼鎮)
Shantou City
Shantou, Guandong
Taizhou, Zhejiang
Famous house-scale E-waste recycling sites in China
Feb, 2006, visited by Terazono
6
Air Water & Sediment Soil Human
Heavy metals
Cr (TSP) 190 times higher than Tokyo (Deng et al. 2006, Fang et al. 2005)
Pb in Lianjiang river 2,400 times higher than WHO GL (BAN,2001)Cr,Sn,Ba, 1,338, 152, 10 times higher than USEPA criteria (BAN,2001)Pb sources for two rivers from isotope analysis (Wong, et al. 2007)
Cu,Cd,Ni pollution over China Env. Standard (Leung,et al., 2006)Pb,Cu,Zn of dust at recycling sites exceeded Dutch criteria (Leung, et al. 2008)
Pb in blood level of children 15.3ug/dL,Cr, Pb, Cd of umbilical cord blood higher than surroundings (Li, et al. 2008)
PBDE PBDE 500-1000 times higher than other studies (Deng, et al. 2007)
PBDE in sediment 10-100 times higher than other studies (Luo, et al., 2007)PBDE In fish 10-100times higher than other studies (Luo, et al., 2007)
- BDE209 in serum of workers 50- 200 times higher than other studies (Thomas, et al., 2006, Bi, et al., 2007)
PAH PAH (TSP) 10 times higher than Hong KongBaP 20 times higher than Guangzhou (Panther, et al. 1999, Deng, et al. 2006)
High PAH in sediment of Shantou harbor (Maskaoui, et al. 2008)
High PAH of soil after open burning (Yu, et al., 2006)
-
PCDD/DFs PCDD/DFs highest in the world (Li, et al. 2007)
PCDD/DFs in the sediment is 7-2,514 times higher than Suzhou. (Luxemburg, et al. 2002)
PCDD/DFs of open-burnt plastic ash is 14 times higher than env. standard for soil in Japan (Luxemburg, et al. 2002)
-
Environmental effects by E-waste recycling in Guiyu, China, reviewed by Prof. X. Huo (Shantou Univ., 2010 at NIES WS) and Sepulveda et al. (2010).
7Aug, 2009, suburbs of Hanoi
Simplified process comparison
8
Product Reuse/ Refurbish
Residues disposalCollection
Parts Reuse
Dismantling Material Recovery
Smelting/ Other M Recovery
Residues disposalCollection
Parts Reuse
Dismantling Material Recovery
Formal sectors
Informal sectors
Manual and
machines
Manual
Many product reuse
Often open dumpingProduct Reuse/
RefurbishMany parts reuse
Various sorts collected/ quality may not
controlled
Smelting/ Other M Recovery
Pollution control
Quality often controlled
Disincentiv e for
collection
CRT Recycling in Vietnam
CRT
CRT-TV, monitor Dismantling
Cabinet
PCB ExportScrapping
Cables
ICs
Board Export Cu recovery
Extraction
Reuse/ Recycle
CrushingGlass
Export
Metal
Separation
Local
Scrapping
Local
Burning Cu
Cu
Dumping
Proper export?
9PCB: Printed Circuit Board
Local
Local
Informal recycle
Contribution by Dr. A. Yoshida
CRT Recycling in the Philippines
CRT
CRT-TV, monitor Dismantling
Cabinet
PCB Disassembly
Cables
PartsBoard Export Cu recovery
Reuse/ Recycle
Glass
Metal
Material recycle
Scrapping
Iron making
Burning Cu
Cu
MSW collectionInformal recycleor dump
MSW collection or dump
Export to KoreaCRT
CRT-TV, monitor Dismantling Cabinet
PCB
Cables
Glass
Metal Iron making
Phosphor
Material recycle
Material recycle
HW disposal site
Export to Malaysia etc.
Formal recycle
Labels/Sticker/Plastics Sanitary landfill
NOT under Basel
Labels/Sticker/Plastics10
*PCB: Print Circuit BoardContribution by Dr. A. Yoshida
CRT Recycling in Indonesia
CRT
CRT-TV, monitor Dismantling
Cabinet
PCB Scrapping
Cables
PartsBoard Export?
Glass
Metal
Material recycle
ScrappingIron making
Burning Cu
Cu
or Big smelter (?)Informal recycle Construction material
MSW collection or dump
Glass factoryCRT
CRT-TV, monitor Dismantling Cabinet
PCB
Cables
Glass
Metal Iron making
Material recycle
Material recycle
Cement factory
Formal recycle
Labels/Sticker/Plastics Sanitary landfill (?)
Labels/Sticker/Plastics
Dismantling
11
Reuse/ Recycle
Contribution by Dr. A. Yoshida
CRT Recycling in China
CRT manufacturer
CRT
CRT-TV DismantlingCabinet
PWB
CablesMetal Iron making
Material recycle
Material recycle
Formal recycle
Labels/Sticker/Plastics Incineration(?)
DisassemblyParts
BoardMetal
??
P/F separation
GlassPhosphor IncinerationDisassembly
Mechanical separation Non metal
Construction material
12Contribution by Dr. A. Yoshida
Informal processes (Summary from our investigation)
Vietnam Indonesia Philippines ChinaManual dismantling √ √ √ √
CRT Panel/Funnel Separation
-- -- -- ??
De-soldering PCBs (parts separation)
√ √ √ √
Leaching of gold from PCBs
√Nitric acid
√Nitric acid,Hydrogen peroxide
√Cyanide
√Aqua regia
Leaching of silver from PCBs
√Nitric acid
√Nitric acid
√Aqua regia
√??
Open burning √ √ √ √
Open dumping √ ?? √ √
Export of PCBs √ ?? √ ??
13
Contribution by Dr. A. Yoshida
Vietnam Indonesia Philippines ChinaCollection from industry √ √ √ √
Collection from household -- -- -- √
Manual dismantling √ √ √ √
CRT: (Semi-) automatic crushing and separation
-- -- √ √
CRT: P/F separation -- -- -- √
CRT: glass cullet cleaning -- -- -- √
Pyrometallurgical processing -- -- √ √
Hydrometallurgical processing
-- Under consideration
√ √
Export of PCBs -- -- √Improper
export exist
√
Export of CRTs -- -- √ --Disposal in general landfills -- ?? √ √
Disposal in incinerators -- -- -- √
Formal processes (Summary from our investigation)
14
Contribution by Dr. A. Yoshida
Cu extraction from cables
15Vietnam (Informal) Indonesia (Formal)
MaskOpen burning
Mechanical separation
IC chip extraction from print circuit board
16China (Informal) Indonesia (Formal)
MaskChamber and gas
treatmentImproper fan
No mask
Sampling campaign in the Philippines with Ehime Univ. in 2010
February 7 - 14
August 22 – 28
Payatas
Formal sitesInformal sites
18
Formal recycling site
Informal recycling site
Gold plated chip (5kg)
Pour HOT sodium cyanide solution.
Boil the solution down until it becomes thick.
Replace it into a pottery vessel and heat it by burner.
Add borax powder to reduce gold’s dissolution
temperature
Tip the pot, remove non-gold parts. Cool down the
remaining gold. 18K (5.9g) 13,600JPY
Add lead bar, then turn up the heat.
(Dissolution of Gold) 4Au + 8NaCN +O2 + 2H2 O → 4NaAu(CN)2 + 4NaOH
Sell as copper scrap
(Reduction) 2NaAu(CN)2 + Pb →NaPb(CN)4 + 2Au
72%
BoraxNa2 B4 O5 (OH)4 ・8H2 O
(2010.02) 3,220JPY/g X5.9g= 18,998
19
by Dr. A. YoshidaInvestigated Informal Gold Recovery in
Philippines
Burn by burner
Replace it into a pottery vessel and heat it by burner.
Add borax and Tin
Gold (<20% purity)
Crush by mortar
Add water and strain by filter
Investigated Informal Gold Recovery in Indonesia
Wet gravity separation
Pour HNO3 solutionWet gravity separation
A few more times of HNO3 desorption to increase the
purity up to 90%
Cu is lost
Recover Silver
FumeNO2
Gold contained parts
Slags are sold to others. 20
by Dr. A. Yoshida
Hazardous and high-priced(?) soil at the informal gold recovery site
Soil (n = 4) GM concentration (mg/kg)
Interior dust (n = 1) Concentration (mg/kg)
Ag 110Au 54Cd 4.7
Cu 7800Ni 700Pb 5400
Sn 1300Sb 99Zn 2280
Ag 190Au 150Cd 28
Cu 11000Ni 3900Pb 160000
Sn 2200Sb 1100Zn 3000
Ref. Au in gold ore 4-5 mg/kg
Dr. H. Takigami
Cd As In Ag Co Mn Ni Zn Pb Cu Fe
100
102
104
106
Enr
ichm
ent f
acto
r Soil Soil DustDust
Formal Informal
a
aa
#
a
a
a
a
#
a
a
bb
aa a a
a
bbc
c
a
abb
c
a
bc
abc
c
a
b
c c
aa a a
nana Base
element
Cd As In Ag Co Mn Ni Zn Pb Cu Fe
100
102
104
106
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
)
Soil Soil DustDust
Formal Informal
a a aa
abab
b
##
b
a
b
a
a
aa
a
a
aa
a a
b
cc c
b
aa
a
abb
c
ab
c c
b
aaab
<0.5<0.5
a
b
Q1
Q2
Q3
max
min
T. Fujimori, et al. (2012) J. of Hazardous Materials. 221-222, 139-146
a
b
Haz
ard
inde
x (H
I)
Soil Dust Soil Dust
Formal site Informal site0
1
10
100
1000
ChildrenAdults
Pb
Cu
As
Mn
Pb
Cu Pb
PbCu
Cu
61%
79%9%
25%75%
17%36%
21%
21%
14%
Minimal
Low
Moderate
High
0.1
****
p = 0.059**
p = 0.053
HQ
% in
HI
NS
4.6
3761
490
0.10
0.18
0.80
1.4
0.41
3.7 3.3
30
1.4
4.0
11
32
T. Fujimori, et al. (2012) J. of Hazardous Materials. 221-222, 139-146
Comparison of contamination at e-waste sites in AsiaComparison of contamination at e-waste sites in Asia
Ag
Cd
Pb
In
Sn
Sb
Bi
1; This study2; Wong et al, 20093; Ha et al., 2009
5 10 15 20
Concentration ratio of metals in human hairfrom e-waste site to the reference site
0
91
Philippines1
InformalJSFormal AFormal B
China2
Informal 1Informal 2
India3
FormalInformal
Philippines1
InformalJSFormal AFormal B
China2
Informal 1Informal 2
India3
FormalInformal
1
Dr. H. Takigami
5
10
15
20
25
2006 2007 2008 20092005 20100
30
Year
Con
cent
ratio
n in
blo
od (μ
g/l)
2011
FAThis study
FAThis study
y = -3.05x + 6140R2 = 0.308p < 0.001
Temporal trend of blood Pb level at FATemporal trend of blood Pb level at FA
T. Agusa, et al. (2012) 8th NIES E-waste
0 300000 600000 0 5000 10000 0 0.05 0.10
Adult
Fe Zn
Child
0 3000 6000
Rb
0 150 300
Se
0 3 6
Cs
Ga
Adult
Child
∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗
Relationship between age and TE levels in blood; High concentration in adults at IFJ
Relationship between age and TE levels in blood; High concentration in adults at IFJ
∗; p < 0.05
Concentration in blood (μg/l)T. Agusa, et al. (2012) 8th NIES E-waste
0 750 1500 0 1.5 3.0 0 0.2 0.4
Adult
Cu Sb
Child
Co
∗ ∗ ∗
Relationship between age and TE levels in blood; High concentration in children at IFJ
Relationship between age and TE levels in blood; High concentration in children at IFJ
Concentration in blood (μg/l)
High exposure?
Low metabolism?
∗; p < 0.05T. Agusa, et al. (2012) 8th NIES E-waste
28
Fire during loading of mixed metal scrap to vessel(Osaka, Sep 11, 2009, photo by Kyodo News)
Piled up and burnt mixed metal scrap(Osaka, Sep 14, 2009, photo by
T )
PCDD/DFs from uncontrolled EPCDD/DFs from uncontrolled E--waste handlingwaste handlingPCDD/DFs in soils at E-waste recycling sites in India (Ramu, et al., 2008), together with burnt scrap
E-waste sites
FacilityBack yard Ref. sites Dump sites*
Environmental standard criteria (Japan)
Monitoring standard criteria (Japan)
US ATSDA
790-18,000 pg-TEQs/g (PCDD/Fs +co-PCBs) were analyzed from burnt scrap of mixed metal (n=10).It is comparable or exceeds the level of E-waste backyard sites in India.
TEQ
Open burning is typical uncontrolled E-waste handling. Fire accident case is compared with E-waste sites in India in this slide.
Abstract 1Valuable and hazardous substances of E-waste
It is recommended that valuable substances (precious and rare metals, etc.) are recovered effectively and hazardous substances are controlled without emission.
Classification and characterization of E-waste recyclingWe surveyed the processes of dismantling and recycling of E-waste in detail by site investigations in China, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam in 2009-2011 (Philippines in 2010). CRT TV/Monitors, Printed circuit boards and Wires/Cables were targeted.
Environmental effectHigh-level environmental emission of heavy metal and persistent organic pollutants are reported in some developing countries.Open burning and manual metal recovery processes could be worst sources of direct exposure of heavy metals, which was suggested by high concentration in soil or dust taken on the sites.
29
Indoor dust, surrounding soil, air, and hair, blood and urine of workersinvestigated at formal and informal recyclers in the Philippines (Feb.and Aug. 2010). Chemical analysis is still being carried out.High Hazard Indices of dust were found both from formal and informal sites, especially for children.Informal recycling sitesHigh Pb and Cu of soil after open burning of cablesHigh Pb, Zn and Cu of soil around junkshopsHigh Pb (160,000ppm), Au (150ppm), Ag (190ppm) of indoor dust and Au (54ppm), Ag(110ppm) of soil at informal Au recycling sites. High Ag (58ppm), Cu (1,800ppm) of soilat Ag recycling sites.
Formal recycling sitesPartly high Pb in blood of workersOver 1,000 ppm of Cu, Sn, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni of indoor dustHigh In (260ppm) of workers hair. High Cu (89,601ppm) and Se (39ppm) also detected,that may be caused by crushed and stored solar cell. Cf. Cu(In)Se2, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 30
Abstract 2 (from NIES and Ehime Univ. study)
Env. effects of informal recycling by items
31
CRT TV/monitors:CRT TV/monitors:-Both reusable CRT and unusable CRT are informally exported from
Vietnam to China.
-Unleaded CRT and its glass or disposed (dumped) as regular waste. Some CRT glass are used as construction or glass materials.
-Fluorescent powders are not properly treated or controlled.
Printed circuit boards:Printed circuit boards:-Precious metals (gold, silver) are recovered from ICs, but some scattered
to the surrounding.
-Copper, glass fibers are not efficiently recovered as materials.
-Discharge of untreated waste solutions and residues.
-Spreading NO2 , vaporized metals (lead, tin) to the environment.
Wires/cables: Wires/cables: -Open burning is still very common. High concentration of Cu, or bromide
in the soil, emissions of PCDD/PCDFs are concerned.
Future challenges
What research and information are needed regarding recycling process and environmental effect?
Further chemical analysis including POPs?Exposure analysis? Site assessment? Social and economic survey?
How should we utilize the knowledge for improvement ofworkers’ health and safety, and environment?
Delivering the knowledge directly to informal recyclers? Or any framework should be constructed? (Who should be involved?)Just restriction of informal recycling? Or establishment of some ESM (Environmentally Sound Management) for informal sectors?
Development of collection and recycling system (incl.funding mechanism), and effective enforcement of environmental regulations 32
Fume
Burning IC chips for Gold recovery
(Bandung, Indonesia, Jan 2011)
Thank you for your kind attention! Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by Dr.A.Yoshida, Dr.H.Takigami, Dr.T.Fujimori (Kyoto Univ.), Dr.M.Oguchi, Dr.T.Agusa (Ehime Univ.), Dr.J.F.C.Ballesteros (Univ. Philippines Diliman) and other colleagues.
33Dr. Atsushi Terazono, [email protected]
Caloocan, Metro-Manila, Aug. 2010
