Transcript
Page 1: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

RestorationRestoration

Page 2: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died.

Page 3: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• When the Rump returned the Commonwealth was revived.

• They quarrelled with the army.

• People feared a return of armed conflict.

Page 4: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• Richard Cromwell did not have a close relationship with the army.

• He favoured civilian power rather than military power.

Page 5: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• Richard Cromwell’s Parliament met in January 1659.

• He was forced to resign by April so his tenure as Lord Protector was VERY short !

• The govts that followed were not successful

Page 6: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• Radicals were hopeful of a return to godly rule

• Royalists responded through uprisings eg Booths Rebellion.

• General John Lambert put these down.

• Army in England was divided over what to do – also bickering about being unpaid.

Page 7: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• General George Monck commanded the New Model Army in Scotland

• He marched his well disciplined army to London.

• He could have been another Cromwell

Page 8: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

Monck’s Smart Moves

• Monck showed caution and a lot of political skill when he arrived in London.

• He had already convinced Army leaders to readmit Rump in Dec 1659

• He negotiated with several groups during Jan-Mar 1660 and eventually made deal reversing Pride’s Purge.

• These MP’s outvoted ‘Rumpers’ dissolved PMT and called for general ‘elections’

Page 9: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• People of London showed their support for elections by ‘roasting rumps’ around the city.

• While call for new elections was strong Monck opened negotiations with Charles Stuart – in exile in Netherlands.

Page 10: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

Declaration of Breda• April 1660 – Charles issues Decl. of Breda

– act of reassurance over restoration of monarchy.– Smart political move as he dealt with tension

without making too many promises– Offered

• Pardon to those who fought against him• Degree of religious toleration• To discuss land confiscation issue• Back-pay owing to Moncks soldiers and offered

them service in Royal army

Page 11: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• New elections were held

• The new Convention Parliament declared for Charles ll on the 8th May.

• Charles re-entered England on the 25th May.

Page 12: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

Convention PMT

Page 13: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

What was Restored?

• The settlement created by Convention PMT and enforced by Cavalier PMT represented a return to situation of 1641 after first session of Long PMT when machinery of personal rule was dismantled.

• Charles II was welcomed back with enthusiasm but there was a strong desire to make sure the personal rule used by his father did not return

Page 14: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• The King was head of government again

• He could appoint civil servants, bishops, military commanders, peers, baronets and knights.

• King also head of restored Anglican Church, incl. bishops and Book of Common Prayer.

Page 15: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• Charles ll was also supreme commander of the army under the Militia Acts of 1661 and 1662

• This had been one of the causes of his father’s execution

Page 16: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• House of Lords restored alongside Commons

• But the House of Commons was still subject to his veto

• Charles ll was still dependent on Parliament and the ruling class to perform their role as unpaid bureaucrats.

Page 17: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• Role of traditional governing class restored as government decentralised.

• Triennial Act restored – PMT had to be called every three years.

• The monarchy was well and truly back. The situation was basically the same as it was in 1641 at the end of the first session of Long PMT.

Page 18: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

What was not Restored?

• Prerogative courts – Star Chamber and Court of High Commission

• Finance remained issue for Charles II

• Leadership style of Charles I did not survive in his son – Charles II much more flexible and astute where his father was stubborn and at times, naïve.

Page 19: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

• However, not everything was sorted out.

• The very issues that had started the Civil War – the relationship between PMT and King was still unclear.

• The King being given back control of armed forces and militia seemed a bit trusting after what his father had done – perhaps this is an indication of how badly they wanted the monarchy back.

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• Charles was always short of money – though he was granted an annual sum of 1.2 million pounds

• It was intended to make the crown independent of PMT – but it didn’t work out that way

• It wasn’t enough to cope with demands– Paying off Army– Poor harvests– War with Dutch– Recovering from fire of 1666

Page 21: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

Clarendon Code

• Clarendon Code was a series of Acts designed to help enforce the new religious order.

• Despite Charles II’s assurances in Decl. of Breda, restored Anglican Church was far from tolerant – any deviation from Anglican worship now seen as threat to govt.

• Named after Edward Hyde – chief minister to Charles II

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Who was Clarendon?

• Earl of Clarendon, Edward Hyde –leader of moderates who supported Charles I after PMT spilt in 1641

• He had a touchy relationship with Charles II (wasn’t as free-spirited as the new king)

Page 24: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died
Page 25: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

Religious issue settled?

• NO !

• Almost 2000 ministers gave up their jobs rather than accept new Act of Uniformity.

• Survey in 1676 suggested around 100,000 Protestants remained outside Anglican church.

• Ch II issued Decl. of Indulgence 1662 ( Ch had promised toleration, but was faced with PMT intent on removing dissension

Page 26: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

Restoration and Interregnum

• The Restoration was a reaction to the Interregnum and the experiments of government.

• Civilian goevernment returned - rule by army was not popular

• Role of army was downsized now

• New church very keen to get rid of dissention (toleration)

Page 27: Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died

No repeats please

• The Restoration was designed to prevent the conditions of civil war from occurring again.

• It achieved this in the first instance, but in reality, the main issues remained unresolved.


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