Transcript
Page 1: Research Methods. Naturalistic Observations Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages

Research MethodsResearch Methods

Page 2: Research Methods. Naturalistic Observations Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages

Naturalistic ObservationsNaturalistic Observations

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

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SurveySurvey

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

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Case-StudyCase-Study AdvantageAdvantage DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Self-fulfilling Prophecy-

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Experimental MethodExperimental Method AdvantagesAdvantages

Can determine cause Can determine cause (independent variable) and effect (independent variable) and effect (dependent variable) (dependent variable)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

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The Scientific Method-The Scientific Method- Seven Seven Steps in an ExperimentSteps in an Experiment

1.1. ASK Question & Form a ASK Question & Form a HypothesisHypothesis

• Example: Does Ritalin help children Example: Does Ritalin help children with ADHD?with ADHD?

• Hypothesis- Ritalin does help reduce Hypothesis- Ritalin does help reduce negative classroom behaviors.negative classroom behaviors.

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Scientific Method Cont.Scientific Method Cont.

2. Identify the treatments 2. Identify the treatments & define terms& define terms

• Independent variable Independent variable (IV)-(IV)-

• Dependent variable Dependent variable (DV)-(DV)-

• Extraneous/Con-Extraneous/Con-founding Variables-founding Variables-

• PlaceboPlacebo--

Example:Example: IV- amount of IV- amount of

RitalinRitalin DV- negative DV- negative

classroom classroom behaviors behaviors

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Scientific Method Cont.Scientific Method Cont.3. Choose Subjects3. Choose Subjects

• random selection-random selection-

4. Assign Subjects Randomly to 4. Assign Subjects Randomly to GroupsGroups

• Experimental Group-Experimental Group-

• Control Group-Control Group-

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Scientific Method Cont.Scientific Method Cont.

5. Manipulate5. Manipulate• Single-Blind, Double-Blind, or Single-Blind, Double-Blind, or

No-Blind?No-Blind?• Pros of Double-Blind- reduces Pros of Double-Blind- reduces

experimenter biasexperimenter bias

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Scientific Method Cont.Scientific Method Cont.

6. Measure- actually conduct the 6. Measure- actually conduct the experimentexperiment

7. Analyze the results using 7. Analyze the results using statisticsstatistics

ExampleExample: :

ADHD children given placebo showed ADHD children given placebo showed 9.8 negative behaviors/30min. 9.8 negative behaviors/30min.

ADHD children given ritalin showed 4.8 ADHD children given ritalin showed 4.8 negative behaviors/30min.negative behaviors/30min.

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CorrelationsCorrelations

Surveys, Natural Observations, Surveys, Natural Observations, & Case-studies can determine & Case-studies can determine correlationscorrelations

Correlation indicates a Correlation indicates a relationship between variablesrelationship between variables

Ex: Smoking & Cancer, High Ex: Smoking & Cancer, High School GPA & College GPA, School GPA & College GPA, Moon & Odd BehaviorMoon & Odd Behavior

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Positive v. Negative Positive v. Negative CorrelationsCorrelations

PositivePositive- variables move in - variables move in same direction (both increase or same direction (both increase or decrease)decrease)

NegativeNegative- variables move in - variables move in opposite directionopposite direction

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Identify the variables and if the correlation is positive or negative

When it is hot outside more ice cream is sold.

A group of over weight individuals noticed that the more they went to the gym, their weight decreased.

The more a person flosses the fewer cavities they have.

Tall people tend to have larger shoe sizes.

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Correlation Coefficent number that indicated the

STRENGTH of the relationship between two variables

It is a number between (+1.0) and (-1.0)

The closer the number to (+1) or (-1) the stronger the correlation

0= no correlation

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Code of EthicsCode of Ethics

The APA code of ethics for The APA code of ethics for psychologists to follow when psychologists to follow when doing research or counselingdoing research or counseling

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Ethical GuidelinesEthical Guidelines

Signed Consent & volunteersSigned Consent & volunteers Confidentiality Confidentiality Experiments are not approved Experiments are not approved

unless any potentially damaging unless any potentially damaging effects can be eliminated or effects can be eliminated or counteractedcounteracted

DebriefingDebriefing- explaining the purpose - explaining the purpose and method of the experiment asking and method of the experiment asking the subjects their feelings about the subjects their feelings about participatingparticipating

Rights of animalsRights of animals


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