REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSON and MADISON
Chapter 7
The “Revolution of 1800” Burr and Jefferson tie in the election
of 1800Alexander Hamilton supports
Jefferson Jefferson, Republican, takes office
with Burr as VP Peaceful transfer of power from one
party to another Inaugural address: “We are all
Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
Jefferson Dismantles Federalist Policies
Abolished all internal taxes (whiskey tax)
Reduced government spending Cut federal debt almost in half Reduced the size of the army and
navy 50% Retired most of the navy’s warships (Critics claimed he left the nation
defenseless) He tried removed the “midnight
appointees”-judges appointed by Adams
Question
Just how “DEMOCRATIC” was Jefferson?
Trouble with the Barbary States
Conflict With the Barbary StatesNorth African states (Pasha of Tripoli)
demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean
Jefferson dispatched U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon”
U.S. ends up paying $60,000 for the release of U.S. sailors
North America in 1800
Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. Madison Jefferson tried to deny Federalist
Marbury his judgeship. Marbury took his case to the Supreme
Court which ruled the court had no authority to order James Madison to deliver the commission. They ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
***Under Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803) the ruling established the Supreme Court’s right of judicial review of federal legislation and executive action.
****Marbury v. Madison Judicial Review Established one of the most
important principles of American constitutional law: The right of judicial review.
. The Supreme Court held that the Court itself has the final say on the meaning of the Constitution (interpretation and application) as well as the power to nullify an act of Congress.
Attack on the Judges: Impeachments 1803--Federalist John Pickering
impeached, removed for alcoholism and insanity
Republicans began to fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary.
Jefferson made the situation worse by seeking to impeach Federalist Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase
The Republican Senate refused to convict Chase. No attempt has been made since to restructure the court through impeachment.
The Louisiana Purchase
Westward: The Course of Empire Intense migration to West after 1790New States included
Kentucky--1792 Tennessee--1796 Ohio—1803***Water transportation is essential
to westward expansion and New Orleans connected these markets to the world
The Louisiana Purchase1801--France bought Louisiana from
Spain1803--Jefferson sent diplomats to
France to buy New OrleansNapoleon offered to sell all of
Louisiana for $15 million (4 cents an acre)
The Constitution is vague on Congressional authority to purchase LA
****Jefferson abandons his position of a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution to purchase LA territory
A Proclamation to the People of New Orleans, 1803 (In three languages)
The Louisiana Purchase (2)
Louisiana inhabitants were French & Spanish
Jefferson denies them self-rule=“Taxation without representation”
Louisiana was governed from Washington
This was another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism
The boundaries of the territory are not clear.
http://www.history.com/topics/meriwether-lewis/videos#louisiana-purchase-doubles-size-of-america
LA Purchase: Is It Constitutional? http://www.history.com/shows/the-pr
esidents/videos/jefferson-expands-executive-power#jefferson-expands-executive-power
The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition was
commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana
Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and returned in 1806.
They were gone for 21/2 years and covered 8,000 miles.
Sacagawea, Shoshone Indian guide Both men agreed the area beyond
the Missouri—though rich in resources--was not fit for settlement.
The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark
http://www.history.com/videos/lewis--clark-expedition-charts-new-territory
Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks
with Jefferson1804--Burr seeks Federalist support
in 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s
effortsBurr kills Hamilton in a duel
The Burr ConspiracyBurr fled to the west after Hamilton
duelSome believed Burr planned to
invade Spanish territory and convince western states to secede from the union.
Burr was arrested and tried for treason
John Marshall acquitted on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence
He fled to England but returned years later to live as an outcast in the U.S. “The wickedest man alive.”
Video on Burr Duel
Founding Brothers
Embarrassments Overseas
1803--England and France resumed war (Napoleonic Wars)
American ships were subject to seizure: Between 1803 and 1807, the British
seized 500 American ships and France seized 300.
Impressments=seizing U.S. sailors for service in English navy (Chesapeake-Leopard Incident)
Jefferson refused to declare war. Instead, he cut off trade with France and England instead.
Embargo Act of 1807-Jefferson’s alternative to war
Embargo Act (1807) Divided the NationEmbargo Act prohibited
American ships from leaving the U.S. for any foreign port.
Embargo crippled the American economy.
American exports dropped from $108 million in 1807 to $22 million.
Imports dropped from $138 million to $57 million.
Merchants declared bankruptcy, jobs were lost, banks closed
Jefferson stopped enforcing the embargo
GORDON WOOD “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY”
VIDEO NOTES
GORDON WOOD LECTURE: “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY” (1790-1820)
The population doubled every 20 years Americans moved westward rapidly
leading to disputes over land and relocation and conflict with Native Americans
Westward movement led to the creation of new states and a shift in political power from the east to the western region
Religious revivals sweep the nation (Second Great Awakening) and new religious groups are organized—Methodists, Baptists, Mormons, etc.
Gordon Wood VideoThe national economy grows rapidly and
Americans seize opportunities for economic and social gains –very ambitious!
Crime rate spikedThree wrong assumptions of the
founding generation: 1. They could control westward expansion 2. They could deal with the Indians in a humane manner 3. Slavery would die a natural death
JAMES MADISONTHE MADISON ADMINISTRATION
James Madison Elected President
# 4, James Madison
Part of the “Virginia Dynasty” and founding generation
Father of the Constitution Author of the Federalist PapersSupporter of the Bill of Rights Dem-Republican along with Jefferson
Historical Context: Madison Administration
Westward expansion, land disputes Growing population Religious revivalism “Second Great
Awakening” Great Britain and France were at war
(Napoleonic Wars) US ships were caught between the warring nations
Embargo Act had damaged the US economy
Indian unrest in the Northeast and the South
Importation of slaves ended in 1808
A New Administration Goes to War: Mr. Madison’s War
1808--James Madison was elected President and Britain and France were at war
1809--Embargo was repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse Act-reopens trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France
Macon’s Bill No. 2-U.S. resumed trade with France and Britain as long as both allowed unrestricted trade
Causes of the War of 1812: US vs. Great Britain
1. Americans resented British occupation of forts in the Northwest where they supplied Indians in attacks against American settlers 2. British seizure of American ships and impressment of American citizens3. As the nation moved westward, the region gained political power in Congress. “War Hawks” from the western states supported war with Britain=Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun 4. Some Americans hoped to gain territory in Canada and Florida
War of 1812
http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#americans-and-british-face-off-in-war-of-1812
Fumbling Toward ConflictAmericans believed the British were
supporting Tecumseh’s Western campaign
Congressional War Hawks demanded war against England to preserve American honor
June 1, 1812, Madison sent to Congress a declaration of war
Americans Were Not Prepared for WarSmall national budget=1/15th the
size of England’sHad only 7,500 men on military rollsAmerican navy had 16 warships and
7 frigatesBritish navy had 166 frigates and
124 large warships Americans planned to attack Canada
Strange War of 1812:The War’s Conclusion1814--three-pronged English attack
campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley stopped at Lake Champlain
campaign in the Chesapeake resulted in burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore
campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815 (13 casualties to 2000 British)
Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814
http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#accounts-receivable-book-seized-during-the-war-of-1812
http://www.history.com/videos/andrew-jackson-hero-of-new-orleans
“The Star Spangled Banner” Frances Scott Key (30’ x42’)
http://www.history.com/search?search-field=America+Flag%3ADeconstructed+&x=14&y=13
Hartford Convention: The Demise of the FederalistsFederalists convened December,
1814Proposed Constitutional changes to
lessen power of South and West and the President
Federalists talked of secession Treaty of Ghent and the victory of
New Orleans made Convention appear disloyal
Federalist party never recovered
Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarMost problems left unaddressedSenate unanimously ratified the
Treaty of Ghent Americans claimed success in a
"second war of independence"
Republican Legacy
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died July 4, 1826 James Madison died in 1836
He despaired that Declaration’s principles not yet extended to African Americans
