Renaissance & ReformationRenaissance & Reformation

The BeginningsThe Beginnings► Renaissance means “rebirth”; begins in Italy, Renaissance means “rebirth”; begins in Italy,

spreads throughout Europespreads throughout Europe► Lasted from 1350s-1600 CELasted from 1350s-1600 CE► Centered around idea of Centered around idea of humanismhumanism – –

glorification of the works of mankindglorification of the works of mankind Renewed interest in classical writings of Greece & RomeRenewed interest in classical writings of Greece & Rome Valued current life more (less focus on afterlife/religion)Valued current life more (less focus on afterlife/religion) Worked to become ideal person (“Renaissance man”)Worked to become ideal person (“Renaissance man”)

► Humanists open schools to teach related subjectsHumanists open schools to teach related subjects► More writers begin writing in vernacular instead More writers begin writing in vernacular instead

of Latin; also wrote about daily life/common itemsof Latin; also wrote about daily life/common items► Niccolo Machiavelli writes Niccolo Machiavelli writes The PrinceThe Prince as a guide as a guide

for politics and rulingfor politics and ruling

Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance► Italian Renaissance focus more on painting & sculptingItalian Renaissance focus more on painting & sculpting► Italy not unified; various city-states have influenceItaly not unified; various city-states have influence► 3 major cities of Italian Renaissance were Florence, 3 major cities of Italian Renaissance were Florence,

Rome, and VeniceRome, and Venice FlorenceFlorence

► IR begins here; city controlled by Medici familyIR begins here; city controlled by Medici family► They invest money into beautifying the city; become They invest money into beautifying the city; become

patrons to many artistspatrons to many artists RomeRome

► Becomes center of IR around 1500 CEBecomes center of IR around 1500 CE► Wealth & classical heritage attracts scholars to cityWealth & classical heritage attracts scholars to city► Church/Pope finance many projects and works of artChurch/Pope finance many projects and works of art

VeniceVenice► Late home of IRLate home of IR► Center of trade in mid-late 1500s CE; uses wealth to Center of trade in mid-late 1500s CE; uses wealth to

beautify citybeautify city

DonatelloDonatello

►b. 1386 – d. 1466b. 1386 – d. 1466►Known for sculptures in marble & Known for sculptures in marble &

bronzebronze►Most famous work – Most famous work – David David c.1430c.1430►Not known for being a humanist or Not known for being a humanist or

cultured intellectualcultured intellectual

David David

MichelangeloMichelangelo

►b. 1475 – d. 1564b. 1475 – d. 1564►Known for paintings and sculpturesKnown for paintings and sculptures►Most famous works were The Sistine Most famous works were The Sistine

Chapel and Chapel and DavidDavid

The Sistine ChapelThe Sistine Chapel

Creation of AdamCreation of Adam

DavidDavid

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

►b. 1452 – d. 1519b. 1452 – d. 1519►Most well known Renaissance artist – Most well known Renaissance artist –

considered “The Renaissance Man”considered “The Renaissance Man”►Most famous works were Most famous works were Mona LisaMona Lisa

and and The Last SupperThe Last Supper►Known for paintings, drawings, Known for paintings, drawings,

sculptures, and inventionssculptures, and inventions

Mona Mona LisaLisa

The Last SupperThe Last Supper

RaphaelRaphael

►b. 1483 – d.1520b. 1483 – d.1520►Known for paintings and association Known for paintings and association

with the Churchwith the Church►Most famous works include many Most famous works include many

paintings of the Madonna and also paintings of the Madonna and also Pope Leo X with two CardinalsPope Leo X with two Cardinals

Madonna dell Madonna dell GranducaGranduca

Pope Leo X Pope Leo X with two with two CardinalsCardinals

Northern RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance► Renaissance begins to spread to North Europe Renaissance begins to spread to North Europe

around 1500 CEaround 1500 CE► Large reason for spread was Gutenberg printing Large reason for spread was Gutenberg printing

presspress Allowed more books to be printedAllowed more books to be printed More people could read and gain from Renaissance ideasMore people could read and gain from Renaissance ideas

► Desiderius Erasmus – Christian humanist who Desiderius Erasmus – Christian humanist who encouraged study of Greek and Hebrewencouraged study of Greek and Hebrew Critical of Catholic church and extravagance of the PopeCritical of Catholic church and extravagance of the Pope

► Renaissance spread to England during War of the Renaissance spread to England during War of the Roses (fight for English crown)Roses (fight for English crown)

► Thomas More criticized English politics & society, Thomas More criticized English politics & society, comparing it to an ideal society in comparing it to an ideal society in UtopiaUtopia

► William Shakespeare was greatest writer of William Shakespeare was greatest writer of Northern RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation► Humanist ideas led to criticism of Catholic churchHumanist ideas led to criticism of Catholic church► People call for change in church practicesPeople call for change in church practices► Reformation begun by German monk Martin LutherReformation begun by German monk Martin Luther

Idea of justification by faithIdea of justification by faith ““He who through faith is righteous shall live” (Romans)He who through faith is righteous shall live” (Romans)

► Luther’s ideas conflicted with the ChurchLuther’s ideas conflicted with the Church Church was selling positions AND indulgencesChurch was selling positions AND indulgences People buy indulgences thinking they are purchasing People buy indulgences thinking they are purchasing

forgivenessforgiveness

► Luther preached against sale of indulgences; in 1517 Luther preached against sale of indulgences; in 1517 CE writes 95 ThesesCE writes 95 Theses

► New printing methods used to make numerous copies; New printing methods used to make numerous copies; sale of indulgences in Germany declines dramaticallysale of indulgences in Germany declines dramatically

► Luther ordered by Pope to recant ideas; Luther refusesLuther ordered by Pope to recant ideas; Luther refuses► Pope excommunicates Luther in 1521 CEPope excommunicates Luther in 1521 CE

► After excommunication, Luther continues preachingAfter excommunication, Luther continues preaching New church is formed (Lutheran church)New church is formed (Lutheran church) Luther translates Bible into German for people to readLuther translates Bible into German for people to read

► Lutheranism had many similarities to Catholic Lutheranism had many similarities to Catholic beliefsbeliefs Few differences included simplified services & priests were Few differences included simplified services & priests were

allowed to marryallowed to marry

► Spread of ProtestantismSpread of Protestantism 11stst main area of spread was to Switzerland main area of spread was to Switzerland Main reformer was John CalvinMain reformer was John Calvin

► Set up theocracy in GenevaSet up theocracy in Geneva► Believed in predestinationBelieved in predestination► VERY strictVERY strict

Another Protestant group were the AnabaptistsAnother Protestant group were the Anabaptists► Members initiated ONLY as adultsMembers initiated ONLY as adults► Freedom given to make own decision regarding GodFreedom given to make own decision regarding God► Anabaptists are persecuted by Catholics and other ProtestantsAnabaptists are persecuted by Catholics and other Protestants

Spread (cont.)Spread (cont.)► Ideas of Protestantism made its way to England in Ideas of Protestantism made its way to England in

early 1500searly 1500s► Henry VIII wanted male heir to throne; wife Catherine Henry VIII wanted male heir to throne; wife Catherine

could not give him a soncould not give him a son Henry also lusts after young lady Anne BoleynHenry also lusts after young lady Anne Boleyn Henry decides to ask church for annulment or divorceHenry decides to ask church for annulment or divorce Catholic church says noCatholic church says no

► Henry VIII decides to break with Catholic church; Henry VIII decides to break with Catholic church; Church of England started (Anglican Church) w/ Henry Church of England started (Anglican Church) w/ Henry as headas head

► Anne unable to produce a son; Henry divorces her (and Anne unable to produce a son; Henry divorces her (and has her beheaded), has son (Edward VI) with 3has her beheaded), has son (Edward VI) with 3rdrd wife wife

► Several years of conflict between Catholics & Several years of conflict between Catholics & Protestants in England (including Henry’s daughters Protestants in England (including Henry’s daughters Mary & Elizabeth)Mary & Elizabeth)

► England settles on Protestantism with ElizabethEngland settles on Protestantism with Elizabeth

Catholic Reform (Counter-Reformation)Catholic Reform (Counter-Reformation)► Catholic Church decides to make changes over threat Catholic Church decides to make changes over threat

of Protestantismof Protestantism► Pope Paul III had cardinals & church authorities give a Pope Paul III had cardinals & church authorities give a

report on needs for changereport on needs for change Report blamed corruption of high officialsReport blamed corruption of high officials Report agreed that changes would bring Protestants back to Report agreed that changes would bring Protestants back to

the faiththe faith

► 1542 Church begins Inquisition1542 Church begins Inquisition Pope gave full power to church-based courtPope gave full power to church-based court Purpose was to purge church of hereticsPurpose was to purge church of heretics

► Council of Trent met to define Catholic doctrineCouncil of Trent met to define Catholic doctrine Salvation from faith AND worksSalvation from faith AND works Church alone was to decide interpretation of the BibleChurch alone was to decide interpretation of the Bible

► Ignatius of Loyola begins missionary society (Jesuits)Ignatius of Loyola begins missionary society (Jesuits)► Europe remained divided with Protestants mainly in Europe remained divided with Protestants mainly in

the North and Catholics in the Souththe North and Catholics in the South