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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T19513A8944391
Rhinoderma darwinii, Darwin's Frog
Assessment by: Carmen Úbeda, Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Esteban Lavilla
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Carmen Úbeda, Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Esteban Lavilla. 2010. Rhinodermadarwinii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T19513A8944391.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Chordata Amphibia Anura Cycloramphidae
Taxon Name: Rhinoderma darwinii Duméril & Bibron, 1841
Common Name(s):
• English: Darwin's Frog• Spanish: Rana Narigona, Ranita De Darwin, Sapito Partero, Sapito Vaquero
Taxonomic Source(s):
Frost, D.R. 2014. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6 (27 January 2014).
New York, USA. Available at: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. (Accessed: 27
January 2014).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A2ace ver 3.1
Year Published: 2010
Date Assessed: November 17, 2008
Justification:
Listed as Vulnerable because of an observed population decline, estimated to be more than 30% over
the last ten years, based on a reduction in area of occupancy, habitat destruction and degradation, and
possibly other unidentified threats.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2004 – Vulnerable (VU)
1996 – Data Deficient (DD)
1994 – Vulnerable (V)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
This species is endemic to the austral forest of Chile and Argentina. Historically, it was distributed in
Chile from Concepción Province to Palena Province. In Argentina, it is known from Neuquén and Río
Negro provinces. It has an altitudinal range of 50-1,100 m asl.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Argentina; Chile
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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PopulationRecent surveys within the range of Rhinoderma darwinii in Chile reveal that some populations (including
those in national parks and other preserved areas) have disappeared entirely (M. Crump and A. Veloso
pers. comm.). In other areas, the density of frogs is much lower than 10 or 20 years ago (M. Crump pers.
comm.). Forestry operations have destroyed large areas where northern populations were found.
However, it was still abundant in at least some southern Chilean localities in 2003; indeed, it appears
that the species reaches its highest densities in regions of the Archipelago, where habitat disturbance is
minimal (M. Crump pers. comm.). In Argentina, this is a scarce species and appears to have declined at
one site (Puerto Blest, Río Negro Province) during the past 50 years.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
It generally occurs in the leaf-litter of temperate Nothofagus forests; it is also present in forest bogs.
Females deposit eggs in the leaf-litter. When the larvae inside the eggs begin to move, adult males
ingest the eggs and incubate them in vocal sacs. Larvae develop inside the male and emerge after
metamorphosis. The species is not tolerant of habitat disturbance.
Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
In the north, the main threats are drought and pine forestry, while in the south it is clear-cutting of
forest. Declines that have taken place in suitable habitat could be the result of other threats, such as
climate change or disease (possibly chytridiomycosis, although this normally impacts species that are
associated with water, and it has not previously been reported from Chile).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
There are several protected areas in the range of the species, though there remains a need for improved
maintenance and protection of native forest habitats, particularly in the north. Close population
monitoring of this species is required given the declines seen in suitable habitat. In Chile, it is listed as
"Endangered" (En Peligro de Extinción) (Reglamento de la Ley de Caza, Chile, 1998).
Credits
Assessor(s): Carmen Úbeda, Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Esteban Lavilla
Reviewer(s): Global Amphibian Assessment Coordinating Team (Simon Stuart, Janice Chanson,Neil Cox and Bruce Young)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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BibliographyBusse, K. 1970. Care of the young by male Rhinoderma darwini. Copeia: 395.
Busse, K. 1991. Bemerkungen zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten und zur Zucht von Rhinoderma darwinii.Herpetofauna: 11-21.
Cei, J.M. 1962. Batracios de Chile. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile.
Cei, J.M. 1980. Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore Zoologico Italiano N.S. Monografia.
Díaz-Páez, H. and Ortiz, J.C. 2003. Evaluación del estado de conservación de los anfibios en Chile.Assessment of the conservation status of amphibians in Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 76:509-525.
Formas, J.R. 1995. Anfibios. In: Simonetti, J.M., Arroyo, T.K., Spotorno, A. and Loz, E. (eds), DiversidadBiológica de Chile, Comisión nacional de ciencia y tecnología (CONICYT), Santiago-Chile.
Glade, A. 1993. Red List of Chilean Terrestrial vertebrates. Corporación nacional forestal (CONAF),Santiago-Chile.
IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.2). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 29 June 2010).
Jorquera, B. 1986. Biología de la reproducción del género Rhinoderma. Anales del Museo de HistoriaNatural. Valparaíso, Chile: 53-62.
Jorquera, B., Garrido, O. and Pugín, E. 1982. Comparative studies of the digestive tract developmentbetween Rhinoderma darwinii and R. rufum. Journal of Herpetology: 204-214.
Jorquera, B., Pugín, E. and Goicoechea, O. 1972. Tabla de desarrollo normal de Rhinoderma darwini.Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria: 5-19.
Lavilla, E.O. 1987. La Larva de Rhinoderma darwinii D. and B. (Anura: Rhinodermatidae). Acta ZoologicaLilloana: 81-88.
Lavilla, E.O., Ponssa, M.L., Baldo, D., Basso, N., Bosso, A., Céspedez, J., Chebez, J.C., Faivovich, J., Ferrari,L., Lajmanovich, R., Langone, J.A., Peltzer, P., Úbeda, C., Vaira, M. and Vera Candioti, F. 2000.Categorización de los Anfibios de Argentina. Categorización de los Anfibios y Reptiles de la RepúblicaArgentina: 11-34.
Servicio Agrícola Ganadero. 1998. Cartilla de caza. Imp. I. Flores, Santiago de Chile.
Veloso, A. 1998. Variabilidad genética y distribución geográfica de Rhinoderma darwinii (Amphibia,Rhinodermatidae). Simposio Darwin en Chiloé. Reflexiones sobre Historia, Ecología y Evolución. 22 al 26de noviembre de 1998, Ancud, Chiloé, Chile.
Veloso, A. and Navarro, J. 1988. Lista Sistemática y distribución geográfica de anfibios y reptiles de Chile.Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino: 481-539.
CitationCarmen Úbeda, Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Esteban Lavilla. 2010. Rhinoderma darwinii. The IUCNRed List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T19513A8944391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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Appendix
Habitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?
1. Forest -> 1.3. Forest - Subantarctic - Suitable Yes
1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate - Suitable Yes
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps,Fens, Peatlands
- Suitable Yes
Threats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.Housing & urban areas
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holderfarming
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industryfarming
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulpplantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching orfarming
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & woodharvesting -> 5.3.5. MotivationUnknown/Unrecorded
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & firesuppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.Named species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->9.3.4. Type Unknown/Unrecorded
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.2.Droughts
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.5. Otherimpacts
Ongoing - - -
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
Conservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration
3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
Research Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.6. Actions
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Lower elevation limit (m): 50
Upper elevation limit (m): 1100
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T19513A8944391
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinoderma darwinii – published in 2010.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T19513A8944391.en
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