Sociolinguistics

Punjabi Language Variation

Language Variation

• The term linguistic variation (or simply variation) refers to regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used.• Variation between languages, dialects, and speakers is

known as interspeaker variation. Variation within the language of a single speaker is called intraspeaker variation

Variable

• The linguistic variable term refers to a specific feature of a language which shows particular variation in a community and which is used as a tag for classifying a speaker's speech. For example / ر /and / ڑ / Phonological Variation in Majhi dialect.

• variables include phonological, lexical, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic variation.

History •3300–1500 BCE: Harappa civilization•326 BCE: Alexander's Invasion of Punjab•322–298 BCE: Chandragupta I, Maurya period•711–713: Muhammad bin Qasim conquers Sindh and small part of Punjab region •713–1200: Raj put states, Kabul Shahi & small Muslim kingdoms•1526–1707: Mughal rule•1539–1675: Period of 8 Sikh Gurus from Guru Angad Dev to Guru Tegh Bahadur•1708–1713: Conquests of Banda Bahadur•1761: The Third Battle of Panipat, between the Durrani Empire against the Maratha Empire.•1801–1839: Sikh Empire also known as Sarkar Khalsa, Rule by Maharaja Ranjit Singh •1845–1846: First Anglo-Sikh War •1846: Jammu joined with the new state of Jammu and Kashmir •1849: Complete annexation of Punjab into British India •1849–1947: British rule •1901: Peshawar and adjoining districts separated from the Punjab Province •1911: Parts of Delhi separated from Punjab Province •1947: The Partition of India divided Punjab into two parts. The Eastern part (with two rivers) became the Indian Punjab and the Western part (three rivers) the Pakistan Punjab •1966: Indian Punjab divided into three parts: Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh

Punjabi Dialects

1. Dogri / Pha:ri 9. Therparki 16. Khaitrani2. Gojri 10. Khairpuri 17. Jadgali3. Dheni 11. Chachi 18. Malvi 4. Shah Puri 12. Pwa:di 19. Dwabi5. Ja:ngli 13. Bahawalpuri6. Multani 14. Bhtyani7. Markzi / Majhi 15. Hindko8. Pothohari

Dialects' Geography

Dogri / Pha:ri Jammu, Kangra, Gurdaspur, Sialkot, Shaker Garh, NarowalGojri Rajasthan , Ladakh , koh Himalaya

Pothohari Jehlam, Kahota, Sohawa, Murree, Gojar Khan, Margla, Rawalpindi

Shah Puri Sarghoda, Jhang, Mianwali, Dera Ismail khan

Ja:ngli Sahiwal, Pakptan, Kmalia, Okara, Depalpur

Multani Muzafar Garh, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Khanewaal, Wehari, Lodrhaan

Markzi / Majhi Lahore, Amritsar, Sialkot, Shaikhupura, Gujranwala, Gujrat

Dehni Chakwal, Jehlam, Tala king, Khoshaab, Bhreera, Soon skaiser

Variables

Method

• Interview• Recording

Analysis Types

• Phonological• Lexical• Semantic

Phonological Variation ھون

• Name Muhammad Muddasar • Age 22 • Gender Male • Education CA , CSS attempted• Ethnicity Multan , Migrated in Lahore 6 years ago • Occupation Unemployed• Social class Middle Class

Markzi Dialect • ھون نیں والے ھون سال چھ

Multani Dialect ھون

• نیں ٓ �الے ھونے سال چھ

Phonological Variation گی

• Name Irfan • Age 18 • Gender Male • Education uneducated• Ethnicity Jhang , Migrated in Lahore 1 years ago • Occupation Waiter• Social class Lower Class

• ھو سال کہ سیاٹھارہ

• ھوے سال گیاٹھارہ

Markzi Dialect ھوگی

Shah Puri Dialect سی ھو

Semantic Variation ونج

Multani Dialect جانا

• نہ � ونجسکول��ا�گ�ی �����ی�ت�ھ ����پ�ت�ا �����ں��و��ن�ت�ی

Markzi Dialect ’ کرنا نا کج• ���ا�د ����ر��ی��و���� ونجس���ی�ں�ا ���ا��ن��ک�ر ���ا�پ�ی

•Name Muhammad Muddasar •Age 22 •Gender Male •Education CA , CSS attempted•Ethnicity Multan , Migrated in Lahore 6 years ago •Occupation Unemployed•Social class Middle Class

Phonological Variation توں

Markzi Dialect توں

Multani Dialect ’کنوں

• تھی کنوں’میرے نہ بیگانا

• ھو توں’میرے نہ بیگانہName Muhammad Muddasar Age 22 Gender Male Education CA , CSS attemptedEthnicity Multan , Migrated in Lahore 6 years ago Occupation UnemployedSocial class Middle Class

Lexical Variation توں

Multani / Hindko / Pothohari Dialects تھیں

Markzi Dialect توں

• ����ر��و��ا���اے تھیںپ�ش سڑک ھک پنڈی

• اے توںالھور سڑک اک گوجرانوالہ

Name Muhammad Muddasar Age 22 Gender Male Education CA , CSS attemptedEthnicity Multan , Migrated in Lahore 6 years ago Occupation UnemployedSocial class Middle Class

Phonological Variation دی

Markzi Dialect دی

Pothohari Dialect نی

• سکول اے دیمیرے وڈی چھت

• سکول اے نیمینڈے وڈی چھت

Name Haseeb ur rehman Age 25Gender maleEducation GraduationEthnicity Jehlam , migrated to Lahore 3 years agoOccupation ChefSocial class Middle Class

Phonological variation اک

Dehni Dialect ہک

Markzi dialect کا

• �میرا ��ک�اے ھ بھرا

• �میرا ��ک�اے ا پرا

•Name Ikhlaq •Age 50•Gender male•Education Primary•Ethnicity Chakwal , migrated to Lahore 18 years ago•Occupation shopkeeper•Social class Lower class

Phonological Variation ’نوں

• Name Faisal • Age 28 • Gender Male • Education Graduation• Ethnicity Multan• Occupation Shopkeeper• Social class Middle class

Markzi Dialect نوں’

• � نوں’میں���ی�ڑ��ھ�چ ��’ نوں’ میں/ن�ا اے’ مکدی گل ای مکایاں

Multani Dialect ’کوں

• چھیڑ کوں’اساں نا

Video

References

• Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi“• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-F6nFvIpSs• Husnain, Bhatti (2011). “ Rah-e-Madina”• http://ladlapunjabi.blogspot.com/p/punjabi-

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