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Prize Medals of the Royal Geographical Society. Report for 1876, and Programme for 1877Source: Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 20, No. 6 (1875 - 1876),pp. 513-531Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of BritishGeographers)Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1799839 .

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PRIZE MEDALS

OF TBE

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

REPORT FOR 1876,

AND

PROGRAMME FOR 1877.

VOL. XX. 2 R



( 514 )

SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

PAST EXAMINATIONS.

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1869.?Emminer, A. E, Wallacb. (Special Subject: Palestine.)

Gold Medal .. .. .. W. Grtjndy. (Rossatt.)

Bronze Medal

HonouraUy Mentioned

G. W. Gent. (EossaU.)

G. G. Butler, M. Stewart, A. Wilson, G. B. Brown, E. Thomas.

1870.?Examiner, A. E. Wallaoe. (Special Subject: India.)

Gold Medal .. .. .. G. G. Btjtleb. (Liverpool College.')

Bronze Medal

HonouraUy Mentioned

M. Stewart. (Eossaik)

W. Hind, G. Hughes, F. J. Beckly, F. W. Hunt, R. F. "W. Shaw, E. C. Thomas.

1871.?Examiner, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.E.S. (Special Subject; British North America.)

Gold Medal.D. McAlister. (Liverpool Institute.')

Bronze Medal .. .. W. G. Collingwood. (Liverpool College.)

Ilmourably Mentioned R. A. Lundie, W, N, Shaw, W. C. Hudson, F. J. Reekley, T. Disney, W. E. Evffl, H. R, F, Brown, W. B. Ffooks.

1872.?Examiner, H. W. Bates, F.L.R (Special Subject: South America.)

Gold Medal .. .. .

Bronze Medal .. .,

HonouraUy Mentioned

S. E. Speing-Rice. (Eton College.)

A. S. Butler. (Liverpool College.)

0. Penrose, E. Dickson, J. R, White, H. de V. Vane.

Examiner, Bev. W. G. Clark.

H. C. Kichmond. {Liverpool College,*)

J. D. WlLDE. {Manchester Grammar Scliool.)

E. Crabb, J. H. Collins, M. h. Lewis, H. B. Dixon, D? S. Bontflower.

Examiner, Yery Bev. Dean Howson, D.D.

G. W. Gent. (Mossall.)

J. H. Collins. {Liverpool College.')

E. Crabb, William Grundy, George Hogben, J. D. Murray, H. B. Dixon.

Examiner, C. H. Piarson, - M.A. Gr. Hogben.

(University Schoo!, NoUinglmm.) E. N. Abkle.

{Liverpool College,) F. M. Sparks, J. B. Heath, D. S. Bontflower, A. HassalL

Examiner, T. W. HINCH? LIFF,, M.A.

W. G, Collingwood. {Liverpool College.)

W. 0. Gbaham. {Mon College.)

K. H. Sayle, W. L. Kingsford. H. E. Dixon.



SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS OF PAST EXAMINATIONS. 515

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1873.?Examiner, Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.E.S. (Special Subject: Eastern and Western Turkestan.) Gold Medal.W. 0. Hudson.

(Liverpool College.) Bronze Medal

HonouraUy Mentioned

W. A. Forbes. (Wtnchester College.)

A. C. Cole, R. 0. Reade, H. j H. Hancock, H. Louis, N. M. Richardson, G. S. Pawle, G. R. Townsend, W. S. Widdicombe.

1874.?Examine}^ Prof. A. C. Eamsay, LL.D. (Special Siibject: The British Isles.)

Gold Medal.L. Weston. (City of London School.)

Bronze Medal

HonouraUy Mentioned

F. C. Montague. (University College School.)

H. M. Platnauer, W. S. Wid? dicombe, C. A. Spring-Riee, H. A. Miers, C. Healev, W. F. Wilson, A. R. Forsyth.

1875.?Examiner, General E. Strachey, E.E. (Special Subject: China.)

Gold Medal.

Bronze Medal

HonouraUy Mentioned

H. A. Miers. (Eton College.)

A. E. Garrod. (Marlborough College.)

0. A. Spring-Rice, H. Perrin, H. H. Hancock, W. D. Thomson, H. M. Plat? nauer.

1876.?Examiner, Prof. T. Etjpert Jones, F.E.S. (Special Subject: The Arctic Megions.)

Gold Medal.Jno. Wilkie. (Liverpool College.)

Eronzs Medal .. .. Walter New. (Dulwich College.)

Jlonourably Mentioned J. A. Robinson, L. P. Jacks, E. von Lengerke, Sir M. Crofton, F. S. Carey.

Examiner, Maj.-Gen. Sir H. C. Bawlinson, k.c.b.

S. E. Spring-Rice. {Eton College.)

A. T. JSTutt. ( University College School.)

A. Williams, W. L. Kings? ford, G. H. Sing, S. II. B. Saunders, A. Hassall.

Examiner, Bev. Canon Bawlinson, M.A.

W. H. Turton. {Clifton College.)

L. Jacob. {City of London School.)

J. F. Heyes, S. H. B. Saunders, R. W. Whiston W. B. Styer.

Examiner, Sir Buther- fobd Alcock, K.C.B.

S. H. B. Saunders. {Dulwich College.)

W. C. Graham. {Eton College.)

J. Vans Agnew, W. M. H. Mimer, J. F. Heyes, D. G. Crawford, T. Knox, A. S. Moriarty.

Examiner, Sir F. Leopold McClintock, F.B.S.

Thomas Knox. {Haileybury College.)

W. M. H. MlLNER. {Marlborough College.)

J. B. Johnston, H. W. Pigeon, J. F. Heyes, W. J. Newton, A. R. Ropes, C. W. Mac- 3Iaster.



516 TABULAR SUMMARY OF AWARDS.

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RESULTS OF THE EXAMINATION FOR 1876. 517

PRIZE MEDALS

OF THE

EOYAL GEOGBAPHICAL SOCIETY.

INSTITTTTED, 1869.

RESULTS OF THE EXAMINATION FOR 1876.

List of Schools who were invited to compete in 1876.

English Schools.?St. Peter's College, Badley, Abingdon; King Edward's School, Birmingham; Brighton College; Bristol Grammar School; Cathedrai Grammar School, Chester; Cheltenham College ; Clifton College; Dulwich College; Eton College; Haileybury College; Harrow; Hurstpierpoint; Liverpool College; Liverpool Institute; London,?Charter House; Christ's Hospital; City of London School; King's College School; St. Paul's; University College School; Westminster School; Boyal Naval School, New Cross;?The College, Malvern ; Manchester School; Marlborough College; University School,Nottingham; Bepton; Bossall; Bugby; King's School, Sherborne; Shoreham; Shrewsbury; Stonyhurst College, Blackburn; The School, Tonbridge; Uppingham School; Wellington College; Winchester College.

Channel Islands School.?Yictoria College, Jersey.

Scotch Schools.?Aberdeen Grammar School; Edinburgh Academy; Edinburgh High School; Glasgow High School; Glasgow Academy.

Irish Schools.?Boyal Academical Institute, Belfast; Dungannon Boyal School; Ennis College ; Portora Boyal School, Enniskillen ; Foyle College, Londonderry; Bathfarnham, St. Columba's College; Bathmines School, Dublin.

Twenty of the above Schools furnished competitors, according to the following list, in which is entered the number of candidates in Political and Physical Geography from each school:?



518 SCHOOLS PPJZE MEDALS.

Pby&cal. Political. Marlborough College. 3 .... 1 Rathmines School, Dublin. 1 .... 1 Victoria College, Jersey. 2 .... 0 Brighton College . 1 .... 2 University College School . 2 .... 0 Ennis College. 1 .... 0 University School, Nottingham .; 1 .... 0 Charterhouse School .'. 1 .... 1 Eton College . 4 .... 2 City of London School . 2 .... 1 Clifton College. .. .. 0 .... 3 Haileybury College. 1 .... 1 Liverpool College . 3 .... 2 Dulwich College . 4 .... 0 Manchester Grammar School. 2 .... 1 Edinburgh High School. 0 .... 1 Bristol Grammar School. 1 .... 0 Oheltenham College. 3 .... 2 Rossall School. 2 .... 1 Repton School. . 1 .... 1*

Total .. 35 .. .. 20

The Examiners appointed by the Council for 1876 were Professor T. Bupert Jones, f.r.s., for Physical, and Admiral Sir P. Leopold McClintock, f.r.s., for Political Geography. The examinations were held at the various schools, on the 20th of March, and the Prizes were presented at the Anniversary Meeting of the Society.

The special subject for the year 1876 was?

The Arctic Eegions (including Iceland and the whole of

Greenland).

PHYSICAL GEOGBAPHY.

No. 1 Examination Paper, 1876.

General.

[Candidates are not to answer more than Twelve Questions in this Paper."]

(1). Mention the chief cities and ports, and describe the main features of the regions, passed through on the ?" Overland" routes, (1) via Marseilles, and (2) via Brindisi, from London to Bombay. Give the distances from point to point mentioned in the lines of route, and the altitudes of the lands traversed. Use both English and French measures.

(2), Illustrate by diagram the form, relative position, and comparative mag? nitude of Europe, Asia, and Africa, indicating the chief adjacent Islands,

* This candidate was withdrawn.



EXAMINATION PAPERS, 1876. 519

Mountain-ranges, Deserts, and great River-systems. Draw a sectional diagram of the surface from the North Cape to Ceylon, showing the relative heights above the sea-level.

(3). Name the principal Rivers of North America. Where do they rise? Into what seas do they enter ? Describe their largest Lakes, Cataracts, and Deltas.

(4). Draw an outline of New Zealand; indicate its geographical divisions; briefly describe their physical characters and natural products, and men? tion any effects of human interference on the fauna and flora.

(5). Name the chief Mountains and Hill-ranges in the British Isles on a diagram showing their relative position; and state what you know of their relative climate, productions, and geological structure.

(6). Draw a plan of the Pacific Ocean, with the most important of its Islands, the chief Volcanoes in and around it, the limits of the Coral-zone, and the tracks of the best known of its Currents.

(7). Define what is meant by the Terrestrial Poles, the Magnetic Poles, the Foci of Maximum Magnetic Intensity, and the Points of Maximum Cold.

(8). Give the elevation of the Line of Perpetual Congelation in Iceland and the Countries on the Arctic Circle; stating particulars as to its local reduction in Summer.

(9). Name the greater Periodical Air-currents in the North and South Hemi- spheres, and show how they are influenced by the Physical Geography of the areas where they prevail.

(10). How and to what extent are the nature and characters of a district influenced by the nature and characters of its strata and other rock- masses ? Give examples.

(11). Compare the mean annual temperature and climate of either England and the Falkland Isles, or Gibraltar and the Cape of Good Hope; these having, respectively, nearly the same latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres.

(12). What is the normal colour of the Sea? To what several causes is its alteration in colour due, as well in the greater Oceans as in the Red, Yermilion, Black, and Yellow Seas, the Persian Gulf, Arctic Ocean, and Gulf of Guinea.

(13). Compare the coast of Greenland with that of Norway, as to physical features and conditions. What other coasts offer similar appearances ? Can you account for their peculiar configuration ?

(14). How would you determine whether Islands adjacent one to another, or to the mainland, had or had not at any period formed part of a greater area of land ? Explain the value of any known evidence of the existence of a great continent of which the Islands of Oceania might be the existing relics.

(15). Mention the principal Food-plants, the places whence they were originally obtained, where they are now cultivated, and where they are chiefly consumed.

(16). In what does a Plateau differ from a Plain? Describe the physical features of one example of each, with remarks on its fauna and flora. Why are great cities situated chiefly on plains ?

(17). Draw a rough map on any suitable scale from the following notes :? Having landed on a promontory, A, I am directed to survey the estuary



520 SCHOOLS PRIZE MEDALS.

of a river lying N. of this point. My note-book finally contained the following data.

Took bearings from A, of lighthouse on E. end of island I, in the estuary, and hillock at its western extremity. Found the former to be N.N.E., and the latter N. Walked along range of hills marking the central ridge of the promontory in a N.E. direction. At 2000 yards top of first hill, B? Bearing of lighthouse N.W. and of hillock W.N.W. Observed a small headland, C, in bay S. of the promontory, bearing: S.S.E., and distant 1500 yards (by pacing). Between this and A the coast nearly straight, but from C it curved inwards to the E., and then to the W., cutting the same bearing S.S.E. at about 1000 yards from C- Returned to hill B.

Walked from B N.E. to second hill, p, distance 1000 yards. Coast bears N.W. 750 yards. Ground sinks gently from P for 1000 yards, when a main road bearing N.N.W. is reached. At 500 yards, gohTg N.N.W., bridge of three spans crosses the estuary. Coast-line from A. to bridge curved slightly towards the N. From bridge, eastwards, stream bears E.N.E., and is of uniform width. At N. end of bridge a small village, with roads leading N.E., N., and W.N.W.

Walked by the last 1500 yards, found headland D bearing S. 750' yards. Coast between J) and bridge slightly indented. At 2400 yards promontory A bore due S. At 4000 yards reached small fort. Head? land E bore S.W. 2500 yards. Coast between E and D forms a bay, the most northern curve of which is 1000 yards from fort, and bears S.S.E.

From fort walked on original bearing, W.N.W., to coast, distant 1500 yards from fort. Steep cliffs. Coast-line from E nearly straight,. and apparently continues so to the N. From fort, main road ran N.N.W.. nearly parallel to cliffs.


Special.

[Candidates are not to answer more than Eight Questions in this Paper.]

(1). Make a sketch-map of the North Polar Sea, with its coasts and islandsr as far south as the Arctic Circle, together with Iceland and tbe whole of Greenland; especially indicating the direction of marine currents, and the localities of volcanoes, large glaciers, rivers, and mountains.

(2). State the known laws governing the decrease of Mean Temperature with increase of Latitude in the Arctic Regions; and explain how the seasonal variations of Temperature are exaggerated by the local geogra? phical features.

(3). State what is known of the southern extent of the permanently frozen substratum, of the theoretical underground limit in the Arctic Regions for the effects of the alternate seasons, and the depth to which the summer thaw reaches.

(4). Define Icefloe, Packice, Icefoot, and Iceberg; and describe the origin of the Icebergs ot Davis Strait, and the local results of their disso- lution.

(5). State succinctly what is known of the Tides and Marine Currents of the Circumpolar waters, and what bearing they have on the hypothesis of an Open Polar Sea.




(6). Give some account of the Mountain-ranges which reach or approach the Circumpolar Coasts, pointing out their directions, and their influence on the shape and other conditions of the neighbouring lands, and the systems of Arctic drainage to which they give rise.

(7). What evidences have been offered of oscillations in the relative levels of land and sea for Siberia, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Arctic America, and the Parry Islands ?

(8). Compare the Tundras of Siberia with the Barren Lands of Arctic America, as to relative position, aspect, vegetation, and origin.

(9). Describe the geographical features of Iceland ; and give some particulars of the eruptive boiling-springs, together with the hypotheses explanatory of their action, as advanced by Mackenzie and Bunsen. Illustrate the answer with a sketch-map and diagrams.

(10). Define the limits of Vegetation in the Arctic Regions; and give a special account of the Distribution of Plants in either Arctic Europe, Arctic Asia, Arctic West America, Arctic East America and its Arohi- pelago, Greenland, Iceland, or Spitzbergen; with notes on any local abundance or relative luxuriance, and on accumulations of Peat, and occurrence of Drift-wood and of Fossil Plants, in the region selected.

(11). Enumerate the chief kinds of Skins and Furs obtained in the Arctic Regions; and note the localities and range of the animals yielding them. Mention other Arctic animal products used in commerce, and their sources.

(12). Name the nations or races of mankind known to inhabit the Arctic lands and islands, inciuding Iceland and all Greenland; group them according to some received Anthropological system, and point out how their existence, characters, and probable migrations have been influenced by geographical conditions.

POLITICAL GEOGBAPHY.


General.

[Candidates are not to answer more than Twelve Questions in this Paper."}

(1). Explain what is meant by Latitude and Longitude, and how each is> usually obtained. Give the longitudes of Tobolsk and the Orkney Islands, on the 59th parallel; and also give their distance apart in geographical miles.

(2). Give the names, latitudes and longitudes, of the great terminal capes of Greenland, South America, Hindostan, and Africa; aud also of the most northern extremes of the continents of Europe, Asia, and America. Name two or three of the most elevated cities in the world ; and name some of the largest Islands (exclusive of Britain and Australia) in each quarter of the globe.

(3). What are the approximate areas of British North America, Australia, Spain, Japan, and Iceland ? Give some idea of the size and importance of the Rivers Yang-tze-Kiang, Amazon, Euphrates, and Rhine. Give



522 SCHOOLS PPJZE MEDALS.

also the names and elevations of two or three of the loftiest mountain peaks in North America, South America, Asia, and Africa.

(4). What were the boundaries of the Russian territory, and of the Kingdom of Sardinia, before the war of 1854 ? and what are now the boundaries of Germany and Denmark ?

{5). State the general effect of the Suez Canal upon the commerce and shipping of the United States, Italy, and France.

(6). Enumerate the principal British Possessions, their chief productions, and the languages which are in most general use in each. State what places in our possession would acquire increased importance in a time of war, in consequence of their geographical position.

(7). Give the approximate population of the following counfaies, and name the races of which they are composed :?United States, Chili, Sweden, Egypt, the Cape (of Good Hope) Colony, and Japan. Also name the countries which are inhabited, either exclusively or mainly, by the Mongolian race.

(8). Describe Malta, Jamaica, Mauritius, and the Sandwich Islands, giving a brief historical sketch of each.

(9). State what European and African territory we now hold, how, and when we came into possession, and what commercial or other advantages we derive from each.

<(10). Where are the following places, to whom do they belong, and what are they best known to us for:?Porto-Bello, Tahiti, Aland Islands, Caraccas, Herat, Chincha Islands, Acapulco, Bankok, Victoria Land (southern hemisphere), Sinope, Mosul, and Goa ?

(11). Commencing at Behring Strait, enumerate in succession the countries occupying the entire western seaboard of America, naming the capital or chief town of each, and giving some little information about the inhabitants, and the mineral and other productions of each country.

'(12). What were the principal routes of European commerce at the most flourishing period of the Roman Empire; also at the close of the seventeenth century; and what changes have taken place since the latter period ?

?(13). Make a sketch-map of the coast-line of the following kingdoms, shewing their principal seaports, capes, and bays:?Denmark, Holland, France, and Spain; and write a brief description of the foreign possessions of each of these kingdoms.

(14). What were the boundaries of the United States of America 100 years ago ; what are they now; what are the chief results of the Confederate War; and what are the principal mineral productions of the United States ?

(15). Describe in general terms the effect of the geographical circumstances of a country upon its inhabitants, as regards climate, elevation, insularity, fertility, and facilities for foreign intercourse, giving instances by way of illustration. Name the chief articles of subsistence amongst the Greenlanders, Hindoos, Pampas Indians, and South Sea Islanders.

(16). Give the distance, in geographical miles, between Paris and Teheran; also between Teheran and Calcutta. State what countries lie in the direct line from Teheran to these cities, and give a brief account of such of them as are situated in Asia.

(17). Compare the condition of the people of England, and also its climate and




vegetable productions, with those of places in a similar latitude on the East and West Coasts of North America, in European Russia, and also in a corresponding degree of latitude in South America.

'(18). Name all the countries or states, together with their capitals or chiet towns, which border on British India; and describe briefly four of the principal cities within our Indian Empire.


Special.

[Candidates are not lo answer more than Eight Questions in, this Paper.']

(1). State what you know of the voyages of Arctic discovery prior to the seventeenth century; the causes which led to, and sustained an interest in them, and the results which flowed from them; and give the dates of discovery of Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland.

(2). Give the known limits in latitude and longitude of Greenland ; describe the country, its inhabitants, and productions; and give a sketch of its history, from its earliest colonization down to the present time.

(3). Describe briefly the course of Arctic exploration, from the commence? ment of the seventeenth century down to Her Majesty's accession to the throne, showing what geographical discoveries were made, what were the incentives to such continued exertion, and who were the most renowned discoverers.

(4). Describe Iceland, its climate and inhabitants; give its limits of latitude and longitude, its area and products, also the name of its capital.

(5). Give an account of the discovery of the Arctic shores of Asia, how, when, and by whom accomplished ; describe the inhabitants and their mode of life; name the principal islands which lie off the coast, and say what is their commercial value; also name the principal Asiatic rivers which flow into the Polar Sea.

(6). Give a similar account of the discovery of the Arctic shores of America, how, when, and by whom accomplished ; describe the inhabitants and. their mode of life; name the chief rivers flowing into the Arctic Sea; also name the chief islands lying off the coast, and say which of them are inhabited.

(7). What Arctic discoveries have been made during Her Majesty's reign, and with what objects were these explorations instituted ? Describe Franklin's expedition, and its effect upon Arctic research.

(8). Give latitude and longitude of Behring Strait, and say what explorations and discoveries have been made from thence. Give latitude and longitude of the most northern lands yet discovered, by whom, and when ; give latitude and longitude, and names of the most northern settlements of white men, and also of natives.

(9). When, how, and by what Expedition was the earliest discovery of a North-West Passage completed ; have ships or men ever passed through from one ocean to the other ; and, if so, in what space of time ? What would be the commercial value of a North-West Passage ? To what extent has the Arctic shore of America been navigated by ship or boat?




(10). Give an outline of the most notable attempts to reach the North Pole, and state the highest latitude which has ever been reached with certainty; when, and by whom. Has the experience thus obtained been decisive, as regards the impossibility of reaching it, or otherwise ?

(11). Give some description of Melville Island, and of its climate. Explain the manner in which the greater part of all recent Arctic geographical dis? coveries have been made.

(12). State what Arctic discoveries have been made, first, by the English, and, secondly, by ali other nations. Give an outline of the Arctic Whale fisheries, by whom and when commenced; also give some idea of their present extent, annual value, and by whom carried on. Give some idea of the Arctic Seal fishery, as now carried on by the English.



AWARDS FOR 1876. 525

The following are the names of the successful competitors:?

PHYSICAL GEOGBAPHY.

POLITICAL GEOGBAPHY.




EEPOETS OF THE EXAMINERS FOE 1876.

I.?PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

To the Council of the Boyal Geographical Society.

Gentlemen, Yorktown, 5th April, 1876.

The examination of the seventy papers of Answers, from thirty- five candidates, proves that seventeen of the candidates show a

highly satisfactory amount of information on the subjects set before them.

Of these seventeen, the best is John Wilkie. His papers are> clear, systematic, and comprehensive; showing a very good general knowledge of Physical Geography, and a good special knowledge of Arctic countries and conditions, as obtained from a careful

study of published works. Walter New is[not far behind Wilkie. His reading has brought

good results; but his knowledge of Physical Geography is not so broad and sound as that of Wilkie.

John Alfred Robinson is decidedly the next best; systematic, with well digested reading. He deserves Honourable Mention; so also do L. P. Jacks, Edward von Lengerke, Malby Crofton, and F. Stanton Carey, whose papers are not far apart among them? selves, though considerably inferior to that of Robinson.

With regard to the Answers to the several questions proposed, I may remark that for the General Paper, the answers to Question 1 were few and imperfect. Questions 2, 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 were chiefly taken up. The British Hill Ranges (Question No. 5) seem to be very poorly known. The Survey Map (Question No. 18) was undertaken by twelve out of the thirty-five; fairly executed by four, and well attempted by four others. In the Special Paper, Questions Nos. 2 and 3 were seldom handled and very rarely well.

On the whole, a larger proportion of marks have been obtained for the Special Paper than for the paper on General Physical Geo? graphy, showing a more or less careful study of the special books on Arctic phenomena. This is mostly accompanied by a fair



REPORTS OF THE EXAMINERS, 1876. 527

knowledge of the principles and facts of Physical Geography, excepting where they are especially concerned with geological structure. In the latter case more definite knowledge, based on better teaching, is evidently required.

I am, Gentlemen, your obedient servant,

T. Bupert Jones.

II.?POLITICAL GEOGBAPHY.

To the Council of the Boyal Geographical Society.

Portsmouth Dockyard, GENTLEMEN, 19th April, 187G.

I beg to report upon the nineteen Examination Papers which have been worked and sent to me.

I have no difficulty in assigning the medals, thus:?

1. Gold Medal .. Thomas Knox. 2. Bronze Medal .. W. M. H. Milner.

Deserving of Honourable Mention.

J. B. Johnston. H. W. Pigeon. J. F. Heyes. W. J. Newton. A. R. Ropes, ) y | Wm. MacMaster. )

The only information which I possess respecting these youths, is their place of education (Knox excepted).

The answering of the other boys wras not at all equal to that of the beforementioned.

It appears deserving of consideration whether fewer questions requiring more precise answers, or whether a little more time to answer them in, would not more satisfactorily test the knowledge of the candidates.

I am, Gentlemen, your obedient servant,

F. L. McClintock.




PEOGEAMME FOR 1877.

The Council of the Society have satisfaction in repeating the offer of Prize Medals for the ensuing year, and have invited the

following Public Schools to take part in the competition:?

List of Schools invited to competein 1877.

English Schools.?St. Peter's College, Badley, Abingdon; King Edward's School, Birmingham; Brighton College; Bristol Gram? mar School; Cathedrai Grammar School, Chester; Cheltenham

College; Clifton College ; Dulwich College; Eton College ; Hailey? bury College; Harrow; Hurstpierpoint; Liverpool College; Liver?

pool Institute ; London,?Charter House; Christ's Hospital ; City of London School; King's College School; St. PauPs; University College School; Westminster School; Boyal Naval School, New ?Cross;?The College, Maivern; Manchester School; Marlborough College; University School, Nottingham; Bepton; Bossall; Bugby; King's School, Sherborne ; Shoreham; Shrewsbury; Stonyhurst College, Blackburn ; The School, Tonbridge; Uppingham School; Wellington College ; Winchester College.

Channel Islands School.?Yictoria College, Jersey. Scotch Schools.?Aberdeen Grammar School; Edinburgh Academy;

Edinburgh High School; Glasgow High School; Glasgow Academy. Irish Schools.?Boyal Academical Institute, Belfast; Dungannon

Boyal School; Ennis College; Portora Boyal School, Enniskillen ; Foyle College, Londonderry; Bathfarnham, St. Columba's College ; Bathmines School, Dublin.

Syllabus of Examinations for the Prize Medals of the Boyal Geographical Society in 1877.

Examination in Physical Geography.

This Examination will take place simultaneously at the several invited Schools, according to printed regulations (which will be forwarded in due time), on the third Monday in March, 1876, and will consist of two papers of three hours each; the one to be



SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION IN 1877. 529

answered between 9 and 12, 9J and 12J, or 10 and 1 a.m. (according to the convenience of the School); and the other between 2 and 5, 2^ and 5?, or 3 and 6 p.m.

N.B. It is necessary, in order that Candidates may be admitted to the Examination, that their names be sent in to the Secretary of the Society on or before the first Monday in March.

No. 1 Examination Paper will consist of questions on the following subjects:?

A. Configuration of the Earth, as learnt by careful study of a globe. What are the distances, speaking roughly, between such remote places as may be specified ? What places of importance lie on the direct lines between them, and what is the section along each? What are the relative size, elevation, &c, speaking roughly, of such well-known districts, mountains, and rivers, as may be specified ?

B. General Physical Geography. ? Distribution of land and sea, forests, plateaux, glaciers, volcanoes, man, animals, plants and minerals; climates and seasons; oceanic, meteorological and magnetic phenomena.

\* Extra marks will be allowed for sketches, but only so far as they are effective illustrations of what cannot otherwise be easily expressed. The use of blue and red pencils is permitted for this purpose. No marks will be given for neatness of execution, apart from accuracy. Some of the questions will be framed so as to make illustrations by sketches obligatory.

The candidates may be required to construct a rough map without the aid of special instruments, from a brief description of a district illustrated by itineraries and bearings.

No. 2 Examination Paper will consist wholly of questions on a special subject.

The special subject appointed for 1877 is?

Afbica, South of the Equator.

Examination in Political Geogeaphy.

This Examination will take place simultaneously at the several invited Schools, at the same hours and under precisely the same regulations as those in Physical Geography.

VOL. XX. 2 s




No. 1 Examination Paper will consist of questions on the following subjects:?

A. Descriptive Geography.?Explanation of latitude and longitude. What are the distances in geographical miles, speaking roughly, and as learnt by the careful study of a globe, between such remote places as may be specified ? What places of importance lie on the direct line between them? What is the relative size, speaking roughly, of such well-known countries1, mountains, and rivers, as may be specified ?

B. Historical Geography.?Embracing (1) the boundaries of states and empires at different historical periods; (2) the chief lines of commerce, ancient and modern; (3) the influence of geographical features and conditions upon the distribution of races and political history of mankind.

*?* Extra marks will be allowed for maps and sketehes, but only so far as they are effective illustrations of what cannot otherwise be easily expressed. The use of blue and red pencils is permitted for this purpose. No marks will be given for neatness of execution, apart from accuracy. Some of the questions will be framed so as to make illustrations by sketehes obligatory.

The candidates may be required to construct a rough map without the aid of special instruments, from a brief description of a district illustrated by itineraries and bearings.

No. 2 Examination Paper will consist wholly of questions on a

special subject. The special subject appointed for 1877 is?

Africa, South of the Equator.

Candidates will be expected to be acquainted with the History of Geogra? phical Discovery in the Southern half of Africa.

The following books contain much information regarding the

Physical and Historical Geography of Southern Africa:?

1. Livingstone's ' Missionary Travels and Researches.' London: Murray. 2. Livingstone's ' Zambesi and its Tributaries.' London: Murray. 1865.

3. Burton's ' Lake Regions of Central Africa.' London, 1860. 4. Speke's ' Journal of the Discovery of the Sources of the Nile' (as far as

regards the regions south of the Equator). London, 1863.



BOOKS OX SOUTH AFRICAN GEOGRAPHY. 531

5. Grant's c Walk across Africa.' London, 1864. 6. Stanley's ' How I found Livingstone.' London, 1872. 7. Cameron (Results in course of publication). 8. Galton's 'Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa.' London:

Murray. 1853. 9. Andersson's 'Lake N'Gami, or Explorations in South-West Africa.'

London, 1856. 10. Tuckey's * Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the Congo.' London,

1818.

11. Monteiro's ' Angola and the River Congo.' London: Macmillan. 1875. 12. Burchell's ' Travels in the Interior of South Africa.' 13. Brooks' 'Natal.' Edited bv Dr. Mann. London: Reeve and Co.

1876.

14. The Article "Africa," in the new Edition of the 'Encyclopsedia Britannica.'

As regards Ethnology? 15. Waitz, ' Negervolker und ihre Verwandten.' Leipsic, 1860. 16. Burton 'On the Lake Regions,' &c, forming Vol. XXIX, of the 4 Journal ofthe Royal Geographical Society,' 1859.

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Download - Prize Medals of the Royal Geographical Society. Report for 1876, and Programme for 1877

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