Transcript
Page 1: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Water and Wetlands

Presentation of the Final Report

Patrick ten Brink Senior Fellow and Head of Brussels Office

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)

Wednesday 27 February 2013 Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)

17th meeting of the Scientific & Technical Review Panel (STRP) 25 February - 1 March 2013, Gland, Switzerland

Page 2: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Presentation overview

1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project

2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?

3. Measuring to manage better

4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making

5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands

Page 3: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

TEEB’s Genesis, Aims and progress

“Potsdam Initiative – Biological Diversity 2010”

1) The economic significance of the global loss of biological diversity

Importance of recognising, demonstrating & responding to values of nature

Engagement: ~500 authors, reviewers & cases from across the globe

Interim

Report

India, Brazil, Belgium,

Japan & South Africa

Sept. 2010

TEEB

Synthesis

Climate

Issues Update

Ecol./Env. Economics literature

G8+5

Potsdam

TEEB End User

Reports Brussels

2009, London 2010

CBD COP 9

Bonn 2008 Input to

UNFCCC 2009

BD COP 10

Nagoya, Oct 2010

TEEB

Books

TEEB W&W

Nature & GE

TEEB Oceans

TEEB studies

The Netherlands,

Germany, Nordics,

Norway, India, Brazil

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Paper citation: Full Report: Russi D., ten Brink P., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N. (2013). The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. IEEP London, Brussels. Executive Summary: ten Brink P., Russi D., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N. (2013) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. Executive Summary.

Core Team

Case contributions

Reviewers

Discussions at Rio+20, Ramsar COP 11, CBD COP11

TEEB Water and Wetlands

Page 5: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project

2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?

3. Measuring to manage better

4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making

5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands

For further details see Chapter 2 (page 5 to 17) and Chapter 3 (pages 19 to 33) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

Page 6: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

The “nexus” between water, food and energy is one of the most fundamental relationships - and increasing challenges - for society.

Biodiversity and particularly wetland ecosystems are increasingly understood to be at the core of this nexus.

Water security is a major and increasing concern in many parts of the world, including both the availability (including extreme events)

and quality of water.

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sediment

transfer

Global and local water cycles are strongly dependent on wetlands.

Wetlands & Water Cycle

Without wetlands, the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nutrient

cycles would be significantly altered, mostly detrimentally.

Yet policies and do not take into account these interconnections

and inter-dependencies

Page 8: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Wetlands & ecosystem services

• Wetlands are solution to water security.

• They provide multiple ecosystem services supporting water security as well as offering many other benefits and values to society and the economy.

• Meeting sustainable water management objectives cost effectively via wetland ecosystem services.

Page 9: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Nutrient cycling/clean water Sanitation; Drinking water Water quality

Nutrient cycling /clean water

Waste water treatment

Clean water Cities using PAs to provide water

Water availability Use by economic activity Household consumption

Water scarcity Conflicts

Water availability – mitigating extremes

Water availability Land affected by

desertification

Water availability Soil moisture

Climate Regulation Extent of carbon storage vulnerable to water insecurity

Sediment transfer

Hydropower

Crop water productivity Area water-

logged/salinised

Page 10: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

“I believe that the great part of miseries of mankind are brought upon them by false estimates they have made of the value of things.”

Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790

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• Despite their values and potential policy synergies, wetlands have been and continue to be lost of degraded. This leads to biodiversity loss and a loss of ecosystem services.

• Wetlands loss can lead to significant losses in human well-being and have negative economic impacts on communities, countries and business.

Page 11: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Wetlands : historical loss of natural capital

Since 1990 the world has lost around 50% of its wetlands (UNWWAP 2003)

and around 60% loss in Europe (EEA 2010)

In the past two decades, 35% of mangroves have disappeared. Some countries have lost up to 80% (MA 2005)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/World_map_mangrove_distribution.png

~20% of the world’s coral reefs - destroyed 24% of the remaining reefs under imminent risk of collapse through human pressures.

(Wilkinson C., 2004; Nellemann et al 2008)

Page 12: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

Coral reefs (94)

Coastal wetlands (139)

Coastal systems (28)

Inland wetlands (168)

Tropical Forest (96)

Rivers and Lakes (15)

Temperate Forest (58)

Grasslands (32)

Woodlands (21)

Open oceans (14)

Values of both coastal and inland wetland ecosystem services are typically higher than for other ecosystem types

The evidence base: range of values of ecosystem services

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For further details see Page 9 of Chapter 2

of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report and associated references

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Evidence base - Assessing values and actions

Assessing the value of working with natural capital has helped determine where

ecosystems can provide goods and services at lower cost than by man-made

technological alternatives and where they can lead to significant savings

• USA-NY: Catskills-Delaware watershed for NY: PES/working with nature saves money (~5US$bn)

• New Zealand: Te Papanui Park - water supply to hydropower, Dunedin city, farmers (~$136m)

• Mexico: PSAH to forest owners, aquifer recharge, water quality, deforestation, poverty (~US$303m)

• France : Priv. Sector: Vittel (Mineral water) PES et al for water quality

• Venezuela: PA helps avoid potential replacement costs of hydro dams (~US$90-$134m over 30yr)

• Vietnam restoring/investing in Mangroves - cheaper than dyke maintenance (~US$: 1m to 7m/yr)

• South Africa: WfW public PES to address IAS, avoids costs and provides jobs (~20,000; 52%♀)

Sources: various. Mainly in TEEB for National and International Policy Makers, TEEB for local and regional policy and TEEB cases

Critical to assess where working with nature saves money for public (city, region,

national), private sector, communities and citizens & who can make it happen

Page 14: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Wetlands provide natural infrastructure that can help meet a range of policy objectives.

Beyond water availability and quality, they are invaluable in

supporting climate change mitigation and adaptation, support health as well as livelihoods, local development and poverty eradication

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Page 15: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project

2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?

3. Measuring to manage better

4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making

5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands

For further details see Chapter 2 (page 5 to 17), Chapter 3 (pages 19 to 33) and Annex II

(page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

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9632

584 584 584 1220 1220

8412

987 987

-9318

10821

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Subsidies

Restoration

costs

Storm

Protection

Commercial

profits from

mangrove

forest

Commercial

profits from

shrimp farming

Economic

returns from

mangrove

including fish

nursery

Economic returns

from shrimp

farming

excluding

subsidies

Economic value

of mangroves

including storm

protection

Economic value of

shrimp farming

and restoration

costs

All values are NPV over 9 years and a 10% discount rate, given in 1996

US$.

Source: drawn from data from Barbier et al., 2007 and Hanley and

Barbier, 2009

Fish nursery

Benefits provided by mangroves & shrimp farms: an economic illustration (in US$/ha NPV 9 years 10% discount rate)

For further details see Chapter 2, page 13 of the

TEEB Water and Wetlands report and associated references

Page 17: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Knowledge base: what have studies focused on? Types of wetlands and services

Need to improve the knowledge base for inland wetlands, particularly lakes and rivers

For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

Page 18: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Knowledge base: what have studies focused on? Geographic Regions

Further valuation research should be more widely distributed across the globe

For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

Page 19: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

Page 20: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Knowledge base: Summary

Further valuation research needed to inform decision making (site management, regional

development, policy design) & for scientific understanding (academic publications; peer reviewed resource)

Growing evidence base of values, but range of gaps that need attention

Studies focused mainly on food, raw materials, lifecycle maintenance (e.g. nursery services) and recreation/tourism opportunities + extreme events & gene pool protection

Needs for additional assessments of value include:

Inland vegetated wetlands: moderation of extreme events, erosion prevention, pollination or biological control + inspiration, spiritual experience or education and science services

Freshwater lakes & rivers: There is generally a lack of information for all types of ecosystem services for freshwater lakes and rivers.

Coastal wetlands: need for assessments re genetic and medicinal resources, erosion prevention, nutrient cycling, life cycle maintenance + education and science values.

Mangroves and tidal mashes: genetic and ornamental resources, regulation of water flows and pollination, nutrient cycling and biological control + aesthetic, inspiration and spiritual experience.

+ to input into specific land use decisions (e.g. permitting, zoning, use), investment decisions, policy development, design and implementation

Page 21: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project

2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?

3. Measuring to manage better

4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making

5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands

For further details see Chapter 4 (page 35 to 45) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

Page 22: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making

• Policy synergies: Working with nature can be a cost effective way of meeting a range of policy, business and private objectives.

• Integrated water resource management (IWRM), Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) and Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) if properly applied can help meet multiple objectives

• Range of instruments can help manage & protect wetland ecosystem services

• Site management and investment

• Regulation and land-use planning (PAs, zoning)

• Property rights (ownership, use, access etc)

• Market creation – information, pricing, incentives

• Subsidy reform, funds, trading schemes & payment for ecosystem services

• Voluntary schemes (offsets et al).

Page 23: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

‘We never know the worth of water 'til the well is dry’. English proverb

‘Men do not value a good deed unless it brings a reward’ Ovid, B.C. 43 – 18 A.D., Roman Poet

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Page 24: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Solution: Mexico PSAH: PES to forest owners to preserve forest: manage & not convert forest

Results: Deforestation rate fell from 1.6 % to 0.6 %.

18.3 thousand hectares of avoided deforestation

Avoided GHG emissions ~ 3.2 million tCO2e

Hydrological services: Aquifer recharge; Improved surface water quality, reduce frequency

& damage from flooding`

Munoz 2010; Muñoz-Piña et al. 2008; Muñoz-Piña et al. 2007.

Reduce Deforestation Address Poverty

Page 25: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project

2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?

3. Measuring to manage better

4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making

5. Recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands

For further details see Chapter 5 (page 47 to 58) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

Page 26: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

5. Transforming our approach to water and wetlands

Wetlands and water-related ecosystem services need to become an integral part of water management in order to make the transition to a resource efficient sustainable economy.

• Investing in restoration

• Incorporating traditional knowledge

• Sustainable tourism

• Aiming for synergies between restoration and poverty alleviation

• Engage in transition management.

Action at all levels and by all stakeholders is needed if the opportunities and benefits of working with water and wetlands are to be fully realised and the consequences of continuing wetland loss appreciated and acted upon.

TEEB For Water and Wetlands

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1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000100,000,000

Coral reefs [7]

Coastal systems/Mangroves/Estuaries [9]

Marine [4]

Woodland/Shrubland [7]

Lakes/Rivers [26]

Inland Wetlands [4]

Tropical forest [10]

Temperate forest [20]

Grassland/Rangeland [6]

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4 3

1

7

6 5

14 15 13 12 11

10

8 9

16

Restoration: can be costly, but can offer good returns

For example: Germany: peatland restoration: avoidance cost of CO2 ~ 8 to 12 €/t CO2 (0-4 alt. land use). Lower than many other carbon capture and storage options

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01

0

For further details see Chapter 5, page 48 of the

TEEB Water and Wetlands report and associated references

Page 28: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Working for Water (WfW): SA & The Manalana wetland

• Severely degraded by erosion that threatened to consume the entire system

• WfW public works programme intervened in 2006 to reduce the erosion and

improve the wetland’s ability to continue providing its beneficial services

Results

• Livelihood benefits from degraded wetland was just 34 % of healthy ecosystem

• Rehabilitated wetland contributes provisioning services at 297 EUR/household/year

• Livelihood benefits ~ 182,000 EUR by the rehabilitated wetland; x2 costs

• The Manalana wetland acts as a safety net for households.

Sources: Pollard et al. 2008; Wunder et al 2008a; http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/

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Global: Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011-2020 & integration in MEAs

National: Integration of values into decision making, strategies and make use of NBSAPs

Local: Assess interlinks : wetlands, communities, man-made infrastructures and the economy

Site managers: Develop site management plans to ensure wise use of wetlands, including sustained provision of ecosystem services

Academia: Contribute to fill the knowledge gaps

Development cooperation community: integrate appreciation of multiple benefits and potential cost savings into dev co-op objectives and implementation on the ground

NGOs: support wetland mang’t via funding & expertise, inc. volunteers

Business: Identify impacts and dependencies, risks and opportunities , and EP&Ls

Page 30: Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and  wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final

Thank you ! Q: How will the values of wetlands be useful to STRP members? &

Q: What can STRP members do to support the evidence base and its integration into decision making?

TEEB Reports available on www.teebweb.org, www.ramsar.org and www.ieep.eu

See also www.teeb4me.com

Patrick ten Brink [email protected]

IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of policies for a sustainable environment. www.ieep.eu


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