PACESPACES Domain V: Domain V: Enabling Enabling ThinkingThinking

PACES is:

Indicators

Seven Domains

Teaching & Learning Components

The Seven Domains

I. Planning for Teaching and Learning

II. Managing the Learning Environment

III. Teacher/Learner Relationships

IV. Enhancing and Enabling Learning

V. Enabling ThinkingEnabling ThinkingVI. Classroom-Based Assessment of

Learning

VII. Professional Responsibilities

Indicators

44 Required for

Evaluation

Total of 107

There is an art of reading, as well as an art of thinking, and an art of writing.

Isaac D’Israeli

Writer 1766-1848

V.A. Higher Order Cognitive Skills

Learners are actively engaged and/or involved in developing associations (V.A.1).

Learners are actively engaged and/or involved in developing concepts (V.A.2).

Learners are actively engaged and/or involved in developing principles, rules, and/or generalizations (V.A.3). continued

Involvement in the development of thinking skills suggests more in depth cognitive activity than being at task.

V.A. Higher Order Cognitive Skills continued

Learners are actively engaged and/or involved and encouraged to generate and think about examples from their own experiences (V.A.4).

Learners are actively engaged and/or involved in and encouraged to use mental imagery (V.A.5).

Involvement in the development of thinking skills suggests more in depth cognitive activity than being at task.

V.A. 1Developing Associations

An association is a connection between ideas, sensations, memories and so on.

An association is a fundamental building block for learning

Associations form networks, patterns, and arrangements of knowledge that can be used for future learning.

B C

A

IMAGINE!IMAGINE!

We process the world by comparing whatever we perceive to our previous experience. What would life be like without our ability to make these associations?

Keys to Meaningful Association Forming

Link new associations to prior learning experiences.

Actively involve learners.

V.A.2Developing Concepts

Concepts are general ideas or understandings derived from specific instances or classes of objects.

Plant

Flower

Rose

The development of concepts involves linking items to categories, concept classes, by using attributes of members in the concept class.

V.A.3Developing Principles, Rules,

and/or Generalizations

Principles, Rules, and Generalizations state relationships between two or more concepts.

LawsFundamental

truthsEssential elements

in a processMethods of

operationFunctional

relationships

E=MC2

V.A.4Generating and Thinking About Examples from Learner Experience

The teacher uses methods that actively engage and/or involve learners in ample opportunities to:

Knowledge

Generate

Structure

Transfer

Transform

Restructure

Thinking skills are developed and learning is enhanced when the learner:

provides examples from personal experience.

generates new examples.

attends to others’ personal examples.

V.A.5Using Mental Imagery

Imagination can:

Generate and transform knowledge.

But only if you ask the right questions.

Imagination, which, in truth,

Is but another name for absolute power

And clearest insight, amplitude of mind,

And reason in her most exalted mood.

William Wordsworth

Poet 1770-1850

PACES Domain V:Enabling Thinking

V. B. Questioning Strategies

What is the answer?… In that case, what is the question?

Gertrude Stein

Writer 1874-1946

Last words.

Questioning StrategiesIndicators

A variety of questions that enable thinking are asked and/or solicited (V.B.1)

Wait time is used as appropriate to enhance the development of thinking skills (V.B.2)

V.B.1A variety of questions that enable thinking are asked and/or solicited.

Keys to Enabling Thinking Through Variety of Questions

Questions may be asked by the teacher or by learners.

Questioning occurs throughout a lesson.

Question are asked for a variety of purposes.

Compare

Contrast

Justify

Speculate

Predict

Synthesize

and...

When learners are asked to:

Stimulate higher order thinking skills

Generated

Structured

Restructured

Transferred

Transformed

and...

Knowledge is:

Variety of Purpose

V.B.2Wait time is used as appropriate to enhance the development of thinking skills.

?

Wait time is the duration of the pause separating speakers.

1

Teacher - Learner

2

Learner - Teacher

3

Learner - Learner

4

Teacher - Teacher

Preferable Wait Time Format

1. Pose a question to the group.

2. Allow learners 3 to 5 seconds to ponder answers to the question.

3. Ask individual learners to then respond.

PACES Domain V:Enabling Thinking

V.C. Problem Solving and Creative Thinking

I must Create a System, or be enslav’d by another Man’s…

William Blake Writer & Artist

1757-1827

Indicators - Learners are Actively Engaged and/or Involved in:

Critical analysis and/or problem solving (V.C.1)

Elaborating, extending, or discussing their own or other learner responses (V.C.2)

Creative thinking (V.C. 3) continued

Indicators - Learners are Actively Engaged and/or Involved in:

Extending learning to different contexts (V.C.4)

Thinking about their roles and responsibilities as thinkers and learners. (V.C.5)

V.C.1: Critical Analysis and/or Problem Solving

Strategies that encourage critical analysis and/or problem solving include:

Making predictionsLinking cause & effectDiscussing means & ends

relationshipsConsensus buildingIdentifying pros & cons

More Strategies:

Listing strengths & weaknessesDistinguishing facts from opinions and

relevant from irrelevant informationDetermining credibility of sourcesIdentifying assumptions & limitationsIdentifying logical fallacies & ambiguities

V.C.2

Elaborating and Extending Responses

Learners may elaborate upon and extend other learner knowledge, the teacher’s or their own by:

Transferring

Matching

Restructuring

V.C.3: Creative Thinking

Creative Thinking Involves:

Fluency

Flexibility

Originality

Elaboration

V.C.4: Extending Learning to Different Contexts

Past experiences

New learning opportunities

Other topics

Imaginary settings

&

Personal reflection

Are all contexts to which new learning may be applied.

V.C.5: Learners Are Encouraged to Think About Their Roles and Responsibilities as Thinkers and Learners

Learners understand:

they are co-participants in the learning environment

their past experiences help construct new insights and knowledge

membership in a learning community is important in developing thinking skills