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S132 Posters

18%-C, 9%-HF and 9%-C groups. Offspring were killed at 16 weeks

of age, and hypothalamic and intrascapular brown adipose (iBAT)

tissues were analyzed for changes in mRNA levels using PCR-based

techniques.

Outcome measures: mRNA levels of genes in tissue samples.

Results: From previous work we found that HF offspring were

heavier vs C groups, but the 9%-HF male offspring had significantly

reduced energy intake vs the 9%-C group. The present study shows

that in these 9%-HF males, hypothalamic mRNA levels for the genes

NPY and Ob-Rb (a leptin receptor isoform), which are involved

in appetite regulation, were significantly lower vs the 9%-C group

(p < 0.05). The iBAT mRNA levels of the beta-3 adrenergic receptor

and uncoupling protein-1, genes which are involved in energy

expenditure regulation, in these 9%-HF males were also significantly

lower vs the 9%-C group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Our results suggest that adaptive changes during

development in response to maternal dietary manipulation have

long-term consequences on the regulation of appetite and

metabolism following post-weaning exposure to an energy-rich

nutritional environment.

This work is supported by MRC, BBSRC & BHF (UK).

P2-10 Short term psychological stress following conception

alters ovine fetal development

J. Smith1, D. Ferguson1, G. Jauregui2, M. Panarace2, S. Lehnert3 *,

J. Hill1. 1CSIRO Livestock Industries, FD McMaster Laboratory,

NSW, Australia, 2Goyaike S.A.A.C.I y F Biotecnologı́a Animal,

San Joaquı́n, Argentina, 3CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland

Bioscience Precinct, Qld, Australia

E-mail: [email protected]

We sought to test whether maternal stress during the period

immediately following conception could have an impact on fetal

development in sheep. 20 superovulated ewes were artificially

inseminated. On Days 2 and 3 after conception, an intense

psychological stress (partial shearing, close presence of a working

dog) was applied for 1 hour to 10 of the ewes. 10 non-stressed

ewes served as controls. Embryos were recovered from the 20

donor ewes at Day 6. Approximately half of the transferable grade

embryos (grade 1 2) were placed into synchronized recipients.

The remaining embryos were retained for analysis of embryo cell

count. Recipients were evaluated for pregnancy using ultrasound at

Day 30. Heart rate and fetal length measurements were assessed

every 2 weeks from Day 30 to Day 60. Abdominal circumference,

femur length and heart rate were measured monthly from Day 85.

Fewer embryos from stressed ewes were classified as transferable.

The Day 30 pregnancy rate was higher for embryos from stressed

ewes. Fetuses from the stress group had 4% longer crown rump

lengths at Day 30. By Day 85 abdominal circumferences of stressed

fetuses were significantly larger. A month later (Day 114), fetal

growth parameters showed no difference between groups and this

continued to Day 142. Stress had a significant effect on gestation

length as lambs from the stress treatment were born 1.3 days

earlier.

This data shows that two short periods of psychological stress

applied to ewes during the periconceptional period resulted in

measurable effects on fetal development and gestation length.

P2-11 The effect of education on the knowledge of the

mothers concerning prevention of rheumatic fever

Z. Zandiyeh*. Isfahan, Iran

Introduction: Providing physical and mental health is the most

important role of humans. So there is such science as health of

which one of the major goals is to prevent diseases and to promote

public health. Since children are as a future treasure of a nation,

prevention of rheumatic fever looks so essential. 1/3 of patients

with rheumatic fever develop cardiovascular valve disorders. If

a child develops such disorder he will be disable for all his life

imposing the society high budget damage and costs. So this research

was carried out to investigate the effect of mothers’ education on

their knowledge of rheumatic fever prevention.

Methods: This is a quasi experimental study on 45 mothers referring

to Isfahan clinics. The data were collected by questionnaires

through primary and secondary tests. Descriptive inferential (Pair

t- test) statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results: The finding showed mothers’ knowledge is significantly

associated with parameters such as age, education, disease history,

marriage, age, family income and the source of knowledge

(P< 0.001). Regarding the effect of education on mothers’

knowledge, there is also a significant association (P< 0.001). On

the whole, the findings showed education significantly affects on

mothers’ knowledge (P< 0.001).

Discussion: Since mothers’ knowledge plays a major role in

children’s disease prevention and their disabilities in future,

education can be an effective way to decrease disease prevalence

and promote public health.

Keywords: Education, prevention, rheumatic fever.

P2-12 The study of effect of cognitive behavioral counseling

on body image alterations in women underwent

mastectomy referring to sayed allshohada hospital in

Isfahan in 2003

T. Mehrabi *, S. Fadaei, M. Janighorban. Isfahan University of

medical science, Iran

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women

throughout the world. The life till risk among women of being

diagnosed with breast cancer is 12.6% or 1 in 8 women mastectomy

results in the loss of a body part that is viewed as essential

for maintaining feminity, attractiveness and self esteem. The

alteration in body image as a result of the disease, surgery or

treatment painful scar, hair loss, weight alteration, premature

menopause, loss of role function at work or in the family causes

psychosocial problems. For body image to remain healthy it must

accurately incorporate the actual physical changes of surgery, that

is, the person accept the body as it has become.

Methods: This research is a quasi experimental study and consists

of two group and two stages. The samples included 72 patients

underwent mastectomy that were randomly by convenience

sampling put into experimental and control group. The objective of

this study was to determine effect of counseling on mean of body

image score in women underwent mastectomy. The experimental

group participated in six sessions which include Ellis’s rational

emotive therapy ‘problem solving’ adaptation skills and relaxation

training. Body image was assessed with questionnaire and data

were analyzed with paired t test and independent t-test using SPSS

software.

Results: The results showed a significant difference between mean

of body image score before and after counseling in experimental

group (P< 0.001); also a significant difference was seen between

mean of body image score after counseling in two groups

(P< 0.001).

Discussion: At the final of this study improvement in body image

was seen in women underwent mastectomy ‘ so psychotherapeutic

treatment especially supportive and cognitive behavioral therapies

in group setting are recommended.

Keywords: Breast cancer, mastectomy, body image, psychosocial

interventions, counseling

P2-14 Developmental exposure to bisphenol-A leads

to obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction in

adult mouse offspring

F. Cagampang*, F. Anthony, M. Hanson. Institute of Developmental

Sciences, Developmental Origins of Health & Disease Division,

University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton

General Hospital, Mailpoint 887, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK

E-mail: [email protected]

Aims: Developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals

(EDC) has been implicated in the development of reproductive

Posters S133

tract disease and dysfunction. In this study, we examined the

effects of prenatal exposure to bisphenol-A (BPA), a known EDC,

on the development of obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction in

the mouse offspring.

Study design and Subjects: Pregnant MF-1 mice were treated

with BPA (100 mg/kg BW/day) or oil vehicle by daily subcutaneous

injections from gestational days 11 19. The birthweights were

measured, and weight gain of the offspring monitored to 14 weeks

of age. Systolic blood pressure and locomotor activity were

measured at 12 weeks of age.

Outcome measures: Sex ratio, birthweight, body weight gain,

locomotor activity and blood pressure.

Results: BPA treatment during pregnancy had no effects on

number of pups born in each litter but resulted in a significantly

greater number of female offspring in each litter. Birthweight

of BPA-exposed pups were significantly lighter vs newborn pups

from vehicle-treated control dams (p < 0.001). However these

BPA-exposed offspring became increasingly heavier with age,

significantly from controls by 6 wks of age in both males and

females. At 12 wks BPA-exposed male and female offspring were

more hypertensive vs controls (p < 0.001). Locomotor activity of

offspring appeared to be unaffected by prenatal BPA.

Conclusions: Our results support the idea that prenatal exposure

to EDC may play a role in the development of obesity and related

diseases, e.g. cardiovascular disease later in life.

This work is supported by the BHF (UK).

P2-15 Early determinants of smoking in adolescence: a

prospective birth cohort study

A.M.B. Menezes1 *, P.C. Hallal, B.L. Horta. Post-Graduate Program

in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil

E-mail: [email protected]

Aims: To investigate the prevalence and early risk factors for

smoking in early adolescence.

Study design: A prospective birth cohort study in Brazil.

Subjects: All 1982 hospital-based children in Pelotas, Southern

Brazil, were enrolled in a birth cohort study. All male participants

were searched in 2000 when enrolling in the national army and

78.8% were traced. In 2001, a systematic sample of 473 girls was

interviewed, representing a follow-up rate of 69.1%.

Outcome measures: Daily smoking was defined as at least one

cigarette per day in each day of the previous week; weekly smoking

was defined as at least one day of smoking in the previous week.

Results: Among males, 48.6% (95% CI: 46.6 50.7) had ever tried

smoking and 15.8% (95% CI: 14.3 17.3) were daily smokers. Among

females, 53.1% (95% CI: 48.6 57.6) had ever tried smoking and

15.4% (95% CI: 12.1 18.7) were daily smokers. Boys born to single

mothers and those with fathers with low schooling were more likely

to smoke in adolescence. Girls from low-income families, with

mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and fathers with alcohol-

related problems were more likely to smoke.

Conclusions: Although the smoking prevalence was similar in boys

and girls, risk factors for smoking were different between the

sexes. Social environment appears to be the strongest predictor

of tobacco use in adolescence.

P2-16 Identification of Legionella in the hot water supply of a

general hospital in Isfahan

A.A. Neshat *, M.R. Shahmansouri. Iran

Background: Legionella is a Gram-negative, aerobic, and sporeless

bacterium which is readily found in ventilation systems, cooling

towers, hot water distribution systems, bathrooms, swimming

pools, and fountains. Legionella is implicated in the legionnaires’

and Pontiac fever diseases. Hospitals are common habitats for the

bacterium, where the bacterial growths are amply found and that

provide the most likely places for susceptible people to contract

the diseases. Given the importance of hospitals in this regard, this

survey was carried out in a General Hospital in Isfahan.

Methods: For the purposes of this study, a total of 30 samples were

taken according to standard methods from hot water distribution

system at various points in the kitchen, the bathrooms, the internal

distribution system, and the cooling towers (8, 8, 8, and 6 samples,

respectively). After that temperature, pH, and residual chlorine

of samples were determined, the samples were transferred to lab

where they were inoculated on a base medium of BCYE-a and two

selective media of GPVA and CCVC. The plates were then incubated

at a temperature of 37ºC and a humidity of 90%. The colonies were

then identified and counted.

Results: The tests showed that 11 from the total 30 samples

were contaminated with Legionella, accounting for 36.6% of the

samples. The numbers of Legionella-positive samples from the

kitchens, bathrooms, internal distribution system, and cooling

tower were 4, 3, 3, and 1, respectively. From the total 30 heat and

acid pretreated samples inoculated on base and selective media,

36.6% were Legionella positive while from the untreated samples,

6% grew on the base medium and 23% on selective media. Total

mean of residual chlorine was 0.25 mg/l, pH = 7.6, and average

temperature was 31.1ºC. The results of biochemical tests Blood

agar, Catalz, Urea agar, Gelatin agar, Motility, and gram staining

were , +, , +, +, and , respectively. In addition to these tests,

Legionella colonies were grown by Direct Fluorescent Antibody,

confirming their presence.

Conclusion: The results indicate that temperature is a critical

factor in Legionella sp.’s proliferation. An average 0.25 mg/l of

residual chlorine showed to have no effect on disinfecting the

bacterium. Heat pretreatment proved to be more effective than

the acidic one in removing nuisance factors and, finally, bacterial

growth was higher on the selective media than on the base

medium.

Keywords: Legionella, water supply, hospital hot water.

P2-17 Placental programming of insulin action: life course and

molecular basis

J.A. Owens*. Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and

Research Centre for the Early Origins of Health and Disease,

School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of

Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia

E-mail: [email protected]

Placental insufficiency is a common pregnancy complication and

cause of fetal growth restriction and reduced size at birth

for gestational age. Low birthweight consistently predicts an

increased risk of adult diabetes, accounting for a substantial

proportion of its population prevalence. In humans, this appears

to be mediated through peripheral insulin resistance that emerges

in early adult life, preceded by defects in insulin secretion.

Experimental placental restriction has been induced in rodents and

in sheep and the life course and tissue, cellular and molecular

basis of placental programming of insulin action and diabetes

more directly characterised. In sheep, placental restriction impairs

insulin secretion from before birth, due in part to reduced b cell

mass. This persists into adult life, despite increased pancreatic

expression of PDX-1 and other factors that help restore b cell mass,

suggesting impairment of intrinsic b cell function and/or the action

of inhibitory systemic influences in vivo. Placental restriction in

sheep does not impair insulin sensitivity before birth, but whole

body insulin resistance emerges by one month of age postnatally,

following catch-up growth and in association with increased central

obesity. This placentally induced insulin resistance is due in part

to reduced expression of critical insulin signalling nodes, including

that of IRS-1, p110b, AKT and GSK-3a and of targets, such as GLUT4,

in skeletal muscle, but not liver. Therefore the timing of onset of

placentally programmed defects in insulin secretion and sensitivity

varies, with windows of opportunity for intervention and potential

cellular and molecular targets now being identified.


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