NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

BANGALORE ● CHENNAI ● COCHIN ● GUWAHATI ● HYDERABADJALANDHAR ● KOLKATA ● LUCKNOW ● MUMBAI ● RANCHI ● NEW DELHI

INDIA ● USA ● GHANA ● KENYA

NON-CONVENTIONALSOURCES OF ENERGY

BY

ANKUR MATHURB.E. (Electrical), M.Tech. (Hons. in Power System), LMISTE

Formally Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Electrical Engineering

Jodhpur National UniversityBoranada, Jodhpur

Rajasthan

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

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First Editi on: 2015 UIC-9745-125-NON-CONV. SOURCE ENERGY-MAT

ISBN 978-93-83828-53-1

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Bran

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DedicatedTo

My Grand Parents

PREFACEEnergy is one of the most important factor for the growth and development of any nation. Actually it is the basic need for human beings i.e., without energy, one can‘t think about better living. Now-a-days coal, oil and gas are being used as energy sources but due to the increased demand, it is being expected that these resources will loose their existance in near future. In this context, the need for the alternative sources of energy arises so as to meet out the energy needs. These alternative sources may also be knows as ”Non-Conventional or Renewable Energy Sources”. The present textbook deals with all these renewable energy sources of future. The Book has been divided into nine chapters.

The first chapter deals with energy scenario of World, Asia and India. It also covers certain aspects of transmission and distribution of energy developed in various states of India. The second chapter discusses power majors foray in rural electrification. It covers detail regarding various renewable energy technologies in India. Similarly in third chapter, the scene of power crisis and renewable energy (in India) has been presented. Likewise in chapters 4 to 7, various important renewable energy resources like solar, wind, biomass and fuel cell with related issues, have been presented. Chapter 8 provides brief introductory knowledge of energy obtained from earth, ocean, mini and micro hydel plant, hydrogen and helium-3. In the last chapter 9, issues related with energy conservation, energy audit and cleaner energy have been discussed.

Thus in brief, this book provides good material regarding various non-conventional sources of energy. I hope that this textbook will be proved as a useful book for the students, at the diploma and engineering level. It will also be fruitful for the students, preparing for competitive exams. I would always welcome suggestions from readers/students for the improvement of this book.

—Atthnr

ACknowlEdgEmEnts

I appreciate the patience, understanding and support of Mr. Ratnesh Gupta. His valuable comments and suggestions made it possible for me to complete this book on time. I am also thankful for my wife, parents and brothers for supporting me at every stage of preparation of the manuscript for the present book. My thanks are also due to Mr. Saurabh Gupta for bringing out this edition in such a short time period.

—Author

ContEnts

Preface (vii)

Acknowledgements (viii)

1. ENERGY 1

• Introduction to Power Generation 1

• Energy Sources and their Classification 1

• Energy Scenario in India 3

• Energy Scenario in Asia 10

• Energy Scenario in World 11

• Transmission and Distribution Losses 17

2. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION 21

• Introduction 21

• Contribution of Public Sector Towards Rural Electrification 25

• Power to the People (Implementation of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural India) 26

• Advantages of TERI Uttam Urja Products 27

• Full Rural Electrification by 2012 28

3. CRISIS OF POWER IN INDIA AND RENEWABLE SOURCES 30

• Introduction 30

• Need for Renewable Resources 31

• Fossil Fuel Hazards 33

• Non-conventional Energy – A Way to Energy Gain 33

• Renewable Energy and its Resources 34

• Renewable Energy Scene in India 36

4. SOLAR ENERGY 37

• Introduction 37

• Ways of Harnessing Sun’s Energy 37

(x) Contents

• Generation of Solar Cell 38

• How do Photovoltaics Work? 38

• Solar Photovoltaics and Design Trends 41

• Solar Chimney 46

• Technology Tips 47

• Solar Energy Programmes by MNES (Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) 47

• Solar Generation Report (Global) 48

• Making Solar Energy More Viable 48

• Role of Nanotechnology to Increase the Efficiency of Solar Cells 49

• Harnessing Sun’s Power Using Antennas 56

• Advantages of Solar Cells 56

5. WIND ENERGY 57

• Introduction 57

• Some Aspects Regarding Wind Power 59

• Basic Components of Wind Energy Conversion Systems 61

• Potential of Wind Power in India 62

• Indian Wind Energy 63

• Wind Power in Future 65

• Types of Wind Machines 65

• Comparison between Fossil Fuels and Wind 67

• Wind Energy and Photovoltaic (An Integrated Approach) 67

• Wind Energy Applications 68

• Advantages and Disadvantages 69

6. BIOMASS ENERGY 70

• Introduction 70

• Biomass—The Growing Energy Resource 71

• Cogeneration and Biomass Gasification Programmes 72

• Biomass and Biofuels 73

• Biomass Farming 74

• Biomass Projects and the Support from the Government 75

• Biomass and the Environment 76

• Applications of Biomass 76

• Advantages and Disadvantages 77

Contents (xi)

7. FUEL CELLS 78

• Introduction 78

• Working of Fuel Cell 79

• Types of Fuel Cell 80

• Improvement in the Fuel Cell using Nanotechnology 84

• Improved Fuel Cell Catalyst Technology 84

• Applications of Fuel Cell 85

• Advantages of Fuel Cell 86

• Limitations of fuel Cell 87

8. MISCELLANEOUS 88

• Geothermal Energy 88

• Tidal Energy (Ocean Energy) 95

• Mini and Micro Hydroelectric Plant’s Energy 100

• Future Power Generation Sources 105

9. ENERGY CONSERVATION AND CLEANER ENERGY PERSPECTIVE 111

• Energy Conservation 111

• Energy Audit 112

• Cleaner Energy-Cleaner Fuel–Environmental Considerations 113

Bibliography 118

Index 120

Chapter1 EnErgy

INTRODUCTION TO POWER GENERATION

We all know that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another useful form. In reality, energy provides the means of economic growth and social development. For generation of electrical energy, some other forms of energy are needed. Actually energy is related with power where power is the rate of flow of energy and it is normally used in terms of generation and consumption of electricity. Overall it has been proved as an important factor in the progress of mankind.

Electricity (electrical energy and power) has the highest versatility and convenience of use, but statistics show that all of us are facing the shortage of energy. This energy shortage is mainly due to the rapid increment in the population of various countries. For example, in India, population has crossed a dangerous limit, due to which it needs to consume more and more energy for his own. If present trend continues, then in near future our world will be more crowded than that of today.

However, we have some limited sources of power generation (electrical power) such as:

(a) Fossil fuels, such as Oil, Coal, Natural gas etc.

(b) Hydroelectric (falling water energy)

(c) Wind energy (d) Solar radiation’s energy

(e) Geothermal energy (f) Biomass energy

(g) Ocean tides and waves energy etc.

ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

Today, each country draws energy from various (above mentioned) sources. In a broader sense, these can be categorized as commercial and non-commercial sources. The commercial sources use

1

Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy

Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9789383828531 Author : Ankur Mathur

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