Nineteenth Century Artistic

Movements

Romanticism• Roughly 1750 – 1850• Art designed to provoke a

strong emotional response and to celebrate man as a creature of warm emotions rather than of cold logic

• A rejection of the new science and reason of the Industrial Revolution

• Often promoted patriotic sentiments or celebrated the awesomeness of nature

Romantic Literature

The Brothers Grimm• Jacob & Wilhelm• German• Gathered anthologies of

Germanic folk tales• Published Grimms’ Fairy

Tales beginning in 1812, with regularly updated editions every few years as they gathered more stories

Lord Byron• 1788 – 1824• British noble & poet• Developed the “Byronic

hero” which would become a hallmark of Romantic literature – a dark, brooding, and often violent hero who still has the ability for doing good and loving deeply

Mary Shelley• 1797 – 1851• English novelist• Student of Lord Byron• Wrote Frankenstein• Had a child out of wedlock with

the already married Percy Bysshe Shelley, the two later married after his first wife committed suicide!

• 3 of their 4 children would die very young

• Husband drowned at age 29• Died of a brain tumor at 53

The Brontë Sisters • Charlotte: 1816 – 1855• Wrote Jane Eyre• Died at 38 from

tuberculosis• Emily: 1818 – 1848• Wrote Wuthering Heights• Died of tuberculosis at

age 30• Anne: 1820 – 1849• Wrote Agnes Grey • Died of tuberculosis at

age 29

Victor Hugo• 1802 – 1885• French• Wrote Les Miserables

and The Hunchback of Notre Dame

• Highly successful within his own lifetime

• Forced into exile by Napoleon III over his political views

Alexandre Dumas• 1802 – 1870• French• Wrote The Three

Musketeers, The Man in the Iron Mask, and The Count of Monte Cristo

• Being ¼ African, Dumas was never fully accepted into French high society

Washington Irving• 1783 – 1859• American• Wrote The Legend of

Sleepy Hollow, Rip van Winkle

• Perfected the short story as a serious genre

Nathaniel Hawthorne• 1804 – 1864• American• Wrote The Scarlet

Letter• Wrote largely on

man’s tendency to sin, resulting in his work being called “dark romanticism”

Herman Melville• 1819 – 1891• American • Wrote Moby Dick• Focus was primarily on

sea yarns• Melville’s work was not

well reviewed in his own lifetime

Edgar Allan Poe• 1809 – 1849• American• Wrote many poems and short-

stories in the horror genre: The Raven, The Black Cat, The Cask of Amontillado, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Tell-Tale Heart

• Married his 13 year-old cousin (he was 26) but she died of tuberculosis at 15

• Poe died of unknown causes, but known to have been a heavy drinker

Romantic Music

Ludwig van Beethoven• 1770 – 1827• German• Composer of 9 full

symphonies as well as various other pieces

• Highly experimental in his music, defying established classical conventions

• Continued to compose music even after he had gone completely deaf

Frederic Chopin• 1810 – 1849• Polish• Began composing music

at age 7• Most of his works are

etudes for the piano• Much of his work

celebrated his Polish heritage

• Died of tuberculosis

Richard Wagner• 1813 – 1883• German• Wrote mainly operas,

most of which celebrated German history or folklore

• Openly racist and anti-Semitic, his works would be repopularized under the Nazi regime

Romantic Art

Francisco Goya

The Third of May, 1808

1814oil on canvas8 ft. 8 in. x 11 ft. 3 in.

Francisco Goya

Saturn Devouring His Children

1819-1823fresco on canvas4 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.

Eugène Delacroix

Death of Sardanapalus

1826oil on canvas12 ft. 1 in. x 16 ft. 3 in.

Eugène Delacroix

Liberty Leading the People

1830oil on canvas8 ft. 6 in. x 10 ft. 8 in.

Caspar David Friedrich

Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog

1818oil on canvas

Caspar David Friedrich

Abbey in the Oak Forest

1810oil on canvas3 ft. 7 1/2 in. x 5 ft. 7 1/4 in.

Théodore Géricault

Raft of the Medusa

1818-1819oil on canvas16 x 23 ft.

Thomas Cole

The Oxbow

1836oil on canvas4 ft. 3 1/2 in. x 6 ft. 4 in.

Albert Bierstadt

Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California

1868oil on canvas6 ft. x 10 ft.

John Everett Millais

Ophelia

1852oil on canvas2 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 8 in.

Her clothes spread wide,And mermaidlike awhile they bore her up-Which time she chanted snatches of old tunes,As one incapable of her own distress.

Realism• Roughly 1850 – 1900• Art designed to show

the world as it really is• Artists often sought to

improve the situation of the poor by exposing the conditions in which they lived and worked

Realist Literature

Charles Dickens• 1812 – 1870• English• Wrote Oliver Twist, A

Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol

• Much of his work focused on the suffering of the poor in London

Mark Twain• 1835 – 1910• American• Wrote Tom Sawyer,

Huckleberry Finn• Real name – Samuel

Clemens• Worked as a riverboat

pilot, confederate soldier, journalist

Stephen Crane• 1871 – 1900• American• Wrote The Red Badge

of Courage• Worked as a war

correspondent during the Spanish-American War

• Died at age 28 from tuberculosis

Realist Art

Gustave Courbet

The Stone Breakers

1849oil on canvas5 ft. 3 in. x 8 ft. 6 in.

Jean-François Millet

The Gleaners

1857oil on canvas2 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 8 in.

Édouard Manet

Olympia

1863oil on canvas4 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.

Winslow Homer

The Veteran in a New Field

1865oil on canvas2 ft. 1/8 in. x 3 ft. 2 1/8 in.

Thomas Eakins

The Gross Clinic

1875oil on canvas8 ft. x 6 ft. 6 in.

John Singer Sargent

The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit

1882oil on canvas7 ft. 3 3/8 in. x 7 ft. 3 5/8 in.

Henry Ossawa Tanner

The Thankful Poor

1894oil on canvas2 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 3 ft. 8 1/4 in.

Jean-Léon Gérôme

Police Verso

1872oil on canvas100.5 x 148.8 cm

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre

Still Life in Studio

1837Daguerreotype

Eugène Durieu & Eugène Delacroix

Draped Model (back view)

ca. 1854albumen print7 5/16 x 5 1/8 in.

Hippolyte Jouvin

The Point Neuf, Paris

ca. 1860-1865albumen stereograph

Eadweard Muybridge

Horse Galloping

1878collotype print

Impressionism• Roughly 1870 - 1900• Art designed to show

only the impression of things, not the full details of realism

• Art is characterized by rough brushstrokes, unfinished look

Impressionist Art

Claude Monet• 1840 – 1926• French• Considered the master

of the Impressionist movement

• Winning the lottery afforded him the luxury of honing his art; very successful artist in his lifetime

Claude Monet

Impression: Sunrise

1872oil on canvas1 ft. 7 1/2 in. x 2 ft. 1 1/2 in.

Claude Monet

Saint-LazareTrain Station

1877oil on canvas2 ft. 5 3/4 in. x 3 ft. 5 in.

Claude Monet

Rouen Cathedral: The Portal

1892-95oil on canvaseach approximately 3 ft. 3 1/4 in. x 2 ft. 1 7/8 in.

Edgar Degas• 1834 – 1917• French• Unlike others, born into

wealth, formally trained as an artist

• Never married• Spent his last years

nearly blind

Edgar Degas

Ballet Rehearsal

1874oil on canvas1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 9 in.

Edgar Degas

Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer

1879-81bronze, paint, tulle, satin, wood

Edgar Degas

L’absinthe

1876oil on canvas

36 1/4 x 26 3/4 in.

Edgar Degas

The Tub

1886pastel1 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 2 ft. 8 3/8 in.

Edouard Manet• 1832 – 1883• French• Married his father’s

mistress (and his half-brother’s mother!)

• Had to have a foot amputated due to gangrene caused by untreated syphilis and died several days later

Édouard Manet

A Bar at the Folies-Bergère

1882oil on canvas3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 3 in.

Pierre Auguste Renoir• 1841 – 1919• French• Painter and sculptor• Married one of his

models• Developed severe

arthritis later in life, which kept him from painting

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Le Moulin de la Galette

1876oil on canvas4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 8 in.

Post-Impressionism• Roughly 1890 –

1920• Art has a variety of

styles, usually using sharp lines, bright colors

Post-Impressionist Art

Vincent van Gogh• 1853 – 1890• Dutch• Considered the master of

the Post-Impressionist era• Produced over 2000

pieces• Cut off his own ear due to

depression, later committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest

Vincent van Gogh

The Night Café

1888oil on canvas2 ft. 4 1/2 in. x 3 ft.

Vincent van Gogh

Starry Night

1889oil on canvas2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 1/4 in.

Vincent van Gogh

Starry Night

1889oil on canvas2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 1/4 in.

Henri Toulouse-Lautrec • 1864 – 1901• French• Born into nobility• Parents were first cousins,

Henri suffered from inbreeding

• Legs stopped growing at age 15 – only stood 5’ tall

• Also suffered from hypertrophy

• Died from effects of alcoholism and syphilis

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

At the Moulin Rouge

1892-1895oil in canvas4 ft. x 4 ft. 7 in.

Georges Seurat• 1859 – 1891• French• Born wealthy• Died at 31 from

meningitis – both of his children died within days of him from the same disease

Georges Seurat

A Sunday on La Grande Jatte

1884-1886oil on canvas6 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft.

Georges Seurat

A Sunday on La Grande Jatte

1884-1886oil on canvas6 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft.

Paul Gauguin• 1848 – 1903• French• 1891: left Europe for

Tahiti• Sentenced to prison for

a conflict with the church, he died from syphilis and alcohol abuse before he could begin his sentence

Paul Gauguin

The Vision after the Sermon

1888oil on canvas2 ft. 4 3/4 in. x 3 ft. 1/2 in.

Paul Gauguin

Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

1897oil on canvas4 ft. 6 13/16 in. x 12 ft. 3 in.

Edvard Munch• 1863 – 1944• Norwegian• Developed a new form

of Post-Impressionism called Expressionism

• His work was denounced by the Nazis as “degenerate” and banned in the 1930s

Edvard Munch

The Dance of Life

1900oil on canvas

49 1/2 x 75 1/2 in.

Edvard Munch

The Scream

1893oil, pastel and casein on cardboard2 ft. 11 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 5 in.