Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
FOR IYI-UDELE FLOOD SITE IN ABAKALIKI CAPITAL CITY
DRAFT FINAL REPORT
State Project Management Unit (SPMU) Abakaliki, Ebonyi State.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Cover Page
Table of Contents ii
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List of Plates viii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ix
Executive Summary xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project 1
1.2. Description of the intervention 2
1.2.1 Likely impacts of the Project 4
1.3 Rationale and Objective of the project 4
1.4 Scope of the Project’s ESMP 5
CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL
FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
2.1 Background 7
2.2 Policy and Legal Framework 7
2.3 Administrative Framework 9
2.3.1 Federal MDAs 9
2.3.2 State MDAs 9
2.3.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies 9
2.4 International Treaties and Conventions on
Environment to which Nigeria is a party 10
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CHAPTER THREE: BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Description of the Project Site 12
3.2.1: Farming Activities in the Proposed Project Area 16
3.3. Specific Project Design and Alternative 17
3.4 Physical Environment 17
3.4.1 Geology and Hydrology of the Proposed Project Area 17
3.4.2 Physiography and Climate 17
3.5 Environment Quality Assessment 23
3.5.1 Analysis of Soil Samples 23
3.5.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soils 23
3.5.3 Metal Content of the Soils 27
3.6 Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water Samples 28
3.7 Biological Environment 31
3.7.1 Ecosystem 31
3.7.2 Vegetation 31
3.7.3 Fauna and Wildlife Resources 34
3.8 Air Quality and Noise 36
CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
AND CONSULTATION
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Methodology 39
4.3 Population Estimation and Projection 40
4.4 Gender and Age of Respondents 40
4.5 Current Marital Status of Respondents 42
4.6 Educational Status of Respondents 42
4.7 Occupation of Respondents 43
4.8 Religion and Culture 44
4.9 Assessment of Health Status of Respondents 44
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4.10 Method of Waste Disposal 44
4.11 Accessible Sources of Water 45
4.12 Project Activity Impact Evaluation 45
4.13 Stakeholders Consultation 46
CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS
AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation 51
5.3 Potential Impacts of the Projects 51
5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts 51
5.3.2 Potential Negative Impacts 52
5.3.2.1 Negative Environmental Impacts 53
5.3.2.2 Negative Social Impacts 54
5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives 57
5.4.1 No Action Option 58
5.4.2 Delayed Project Option 58
5.4.3 Go Ahead Option 58
CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1 Introduction 60
6.2 Mitigation Measures 60
6.3 Project Monitoring 74
6.4 Institutional Arrangements 83
6.5 Capacity Building and Training 84
6.6 ESMP Implementation Schedule 86
6.7 Summary ESMP Estimated Budget 87
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CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 88
References 90
Appendix I 92
Appendix II 99
Appendix III 100
Appendix IV 106
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislations, Regulations & Guidelines 7
Table 2.2: International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a Party 11
Table 3.1: Climate Data of Abakaliki, Ebonyi 20
Table 3.2: Physico-chemical and microbial results of soil samples from the study area 24
Table 3.3: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the top soil (0–15 cm) 27
Table 3.4: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the sub soil (15–30 cm) 28
Table 3.5: Result of Physicochemical Analysis of Water Samples 30
Table 3.6: Terrestrial Floral Species Recorded in the Study Area 33
Table 3.7: Terrestrial Fauna Species Recorded in the Study Area 34
Table3.8: Results of ambient air quality measurements at the proposed project area 36
Table 3.9: Ambient noise levels for the project area 38
Table 4.1: Details of the Sampling Methodology and the Questionnaires Administered 39
Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix 52
Table 5.2: Potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts 56
Table 6.1: Environmental Management Plan 66
Table 6.2: Social Management Plan 71
Table 6.3: Mitigation measures and related monitoring activities( Environmental Section) 75
Table 6.4: Mitigation measures and related monitoring activities (Social Section) 81
Table 6.5: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities 83
Table 6.6: Proposed Training Programme for the Implementation of ESMP 85
Table 6.7: ESMP Implementation Schedule 86
Table 6.8: Details of ESMP Cost Estimation 87
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Iyi-udele River System and locations of Flood Hot Spots 2
Figure 1.2 Typical Cross Section of Channel Drain 3
Figure 1.3 Iyiudele Plan and Profile 3
Figure 3.1: Map of Ebonyi State depicting the LGA of the Proposed Project 13
Figure 3.2: Drainage Pattern of Abakaliki Capital City and the flood hotspot sites 14
Figure 3.3: Map of Ebonyi State Showing the Location of Iyi-Udele 15
Figure 3.4: Imagery of Iyi Udele River and its Flood Plain 16
Figure 3.5: Geology of Abakaliki 19
Figure 3.6: Rainfall Intensity in the Proposed Project Area 21
Figure 3.7: Rainfall Intensity Duration in Proposed Project Area 21
Figure 3.8: Wind Rose Diagram in the Proposed Project Area 22
Figure 3.9: Soil Sample Points 25
Figure 3.10: Water Sample Points 29
Figure 3.11: Spatial Distribution of Air Quality Sample Points 37
Figure 3.12: Ambient Noise Sampling Points 38
Figure 4.1: Projected Population for Abakiliki LGA from 2006-2015 40
Figure 4.2: Gender of Respondents 41
Figure 4.3: Age Range of Respondents 41
Figure 4.4: Marital Status of Respondents 42
Figure 4.5: Educational Status of Respondents 42
Figure 4.6: Occupation of Respondents 43
Figure 4.7: Religion of the Respondents 44
Figure 4.8: Refuse (Solid Waste) Disposal Method 45
Figure 4.9: Impact assessment by respondents 46
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 3.1: Iyi-Udele River channel downstream and upstream Ogbaga Road 13
Plate 3.2: Secondary Vegetal Cover at Perimeter fence erected well inside the channel 32
Plate 3.3: A cross-section of the vegetation type found in the area 33
Plate 4.1: Consultant and Community Members in the Town Hall Meeting 47
Plate 4.2: Consultant Interacting with the Youths During the FGD 47
Plate 4.3: Consultant Interacting with the Men during the FGD 48
Plate 4.4: Pictures of Consultant with the Women after the Meeting 48
Plate 4.5: Interactive Session with a String Women Politician Led by a Youth at Iyi-Udele Area 49
Plate 4.6: In-depth Interview with Assembly Church of God Member at Iyi-Udele Area 50
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CBOs Community Based Organizations
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EA Environmental Assessment
EBSEPA Ebonyi State Environmental Protection Agency
EC Electrical Conductivity
EFCZM Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESO Environmental Safeguard Office
FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency
FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment
FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resources
FRSC Federal Road Safety Corps
GEF Global Environmental Facility
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HSE Health Safety and Environment
HUB Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
LGA Local Government Area
Lmax Maximum Noise Levels
Lmin Minimum Noise Levels
MDAs Ministries Departments and Agencies
MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements
MFMP Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of Montreal Protocol
MSL Mean Sea Level
ND Not Detected
NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency
NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project
NGOs Non-Governmental Organization
NIMET Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET)
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIWRMC Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission
NWRI National Water Resources Institute
PAPs Project Affected Persons
PC Project Coordinator
PAD Project Appraisal document
PIM Project Implementation Manual
PMU Project Management Unit
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
RAM Risk Assessment Matrix
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RPF Resettlement Policy Framework
x
SCCF Special Climate Change Fund
Sp Species
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SPMU State Project Management Unit
STD Sexually Transmitted Disease
TOR Terms of Reference
THB Total heterotrophic bacteria
WHO World Health Organization
WMP Waste Management Plan
THC Total Hydrocarbons
HUB Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria
HUF Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi
THF Total Heterotrophic Fungi
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
% Percentage
µg Microgramme
µS/cm Microsiems/centimeter
cfu/gm Colony forming unit per gramme
Cm Centimeter
cmol/kg Centimoles per kilogram
dB Decibel
Hrs Hours oC Temperature in degrees Celsius oE Degree East oN Degree North
kg Kilogramme
km Kilometer
pH Hydrogen ion concentration
ppm Parts per million
mm Millimeters
m/s Meter per second
mg/kg Milligramme per Kilogramme
mg/l Milligram per liter
m Meter
ds/m Decisiemens per meter
kN/m Kilonewton per meter
km Kilometer
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
Ca Calcium
CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
Cl- Chloride
CO Carbon Monoxide
Cu Copper
Fe Iron
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H2S Hydrogen Sulphide
HCN Hydrogen Cyanide
Hg Mecury
K Potassium
Mg Magnesium
Mn Manganese
Na Sodium
NH3 Ammonia
NO3 Nitrate
NO3- Nitrate ion
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
Pb Lead
AV.P Average Phosphorus
PO43- Phosphate
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SO42- Sulphates
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
THC Total Hydrocarbons
TSS Total Soluble Solids
Zn Zinc
xii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background of the Project
The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) is an intervention project
for the management of the erosion and watershed challenges in Nigeria more especially within the
South-East and South-South of the Country. It is assisted by World Bank, the Nigeria Government
and supported by Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Special Climate Change Fund
(SCCF). The project initially targeted seven states namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo,
Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo. However six additional states including Plateau, Kogi, Kano, Delta, Oyo
and Gombe have recently joined the programme.
Iyi-udele flood site in Abakaliki capital city is one of the priority sites for intervention under the
Ebonyi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (EBONYI-NEWMAP). The
construction works proposed for this site will involve medium-sized civil works which are likely
to cause negative environmental and social impacts. In order to minimize these impacts an
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared in this report. The
overarching objective of the ESMP is to ensure that the environmental and social impacts likely to
arise from the project activities are addressed and appropriate mitigation measures are integrated
into project implementation and operation in order to protect human and environmental health.
The objective of this project is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP)
for the Ebonyi State sub-projects in Iyi –Udele Flood intervention site. It is also to facilitate
effective decision-making and ensures that implementation processes during the execution of the
proposed projects activities are sustainable.
Project Location
The Iyi –Udele Flood Site is located in Abakaliki Capital City of Ebonyi State (see figure 3.1). It
lies between latitudes 6o20’17.04” and 6o19’08.88”N and Longitudes 8o06’22.20” and
8o07’26.22”E, (official co-ordinates of project sites). It cuts across Ebonyi and Abakaliki Local
Government Areas of Ebonyi State, South-East Nigeria.
Specific Project Description
The Iyi –Udele Flood Site is one of the three principal tributaries of Eastern Ebonyi River that
drain Abakaliki Capital City. The flooded area has elevation ranging between 49m and 57m Mean
Sea Level approximately. Its source is within the city and it flows south-eastwards into River
Ebonyi. It is mainly drained by the River (Iyi) Udele from vantage points at Ogbaga Road,
Udensi Street, Nna Street, Assembly Church of God and Aniekwena . Some lined service drains
empty into some segments of the river as in Ogbaga area. Its catchment area spreads over the
Abakaliki township with urbanization as the main land use practice. However, some part of this
catchment area is still underdeveloped but it is intensively exploited for agriculture. The degree of
anthropogenic encroachment varies along the stretch of the river causing severe constrictions along
the river course. There is considerable evidence of solid waste dumping along the river channel
as may be seen at Ogbaga road. Although the terrain is gently undulating as is typical of the area,
the combinations of intensive urbanization, agriculture, solid waste dumping overgrown river
course aggravates the flooding menace witnessed on the Iyi-Udele. This is compounded by the
intense rainfall whose average annual values are in excess of 2,000 mm, generating appreciably
high runoff.
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Project Design and Alternative
There are various river engineering works that are used, either singly or in combination, to provide
flood protection and reduce flood damages along river reaches. Flood Control measures directly
related to the quantitative degree of design safety level against flood or the design flood frequency
comprises the following two categories: Increase of river flow capacity and Reduction/control of
the peak discharge of flood. The former category include the following; Dike/Levee, Widening of
waterway/river, Dredging/Excavation and/or combination of above while the latter category
comprises Dam, Retarding basin and Floodway.
The design adopted for this intervention project is channelization of the river within Abakaliki
metropolis, through the provision of line drainage channels of appropriate dimensions and training
of the channels of River Iyiudele. The content of the design, the model adopted together with the
likely impacts and the control measures are highlighted in chapter one as given in the engineering
design.
Other alternative designs are not feasible because in urbanized area, implementation may be
difficult due to land acquisition problem. Besides the consequences of dam failure is often very
catastrophic which makes the intervention meaningless. The same is applicable to retarding basin
considering the fact that the project is at the heart of the state capital where land is a scarce
commodity. Hence, the channelization method of control is better because of the nature of the area
of intervention as earlier mentioned.
Project Activities
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is a site-specific social and environment
assessment tool and it consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be
taken during the phases of the project implementation. The major developmental objective of the
ESMP is to facilitate effective decision-making and to ensure that implementation processes
during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. The intervention project
entails the channelization of the river within Abakaliki metropolis, through the provision of line
drainage channels of appropriate dimensions and training of the channels of River Iyiudele. The
channel is meant to collect the runoff water from the catchment of the River Iyiudele, conduct it
safely through the metropolis and discharge it effectively to the Ebonyi River. There should also
be construction of adequately sized culverts at all road crossings across Iyiudele River where none
is available or the existing culvert is not adequate among others. The scope of the consultancy
services covers the preparation of an ESMP for the project area, detailing the impacts and the
respective mitigation measures and to prepare a detailed ESMP cost analysis amongst others.
Safeguard Instruments and other Frameworks for Environmental Management
The relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislations, Regulations & Guidelines; the administrative
frameworks and the International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a
party are highlighted in chapter two of the report. The World Bank’s Environmental and Social
Safeguard Policies are cornerstones of its support for sustainable poverty diminution. The World
Bank safeguard policies contains ten (10) Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies which are
designed basically to enhance the adverse effects of development projects, and to improve decision
making. Specifically, the proposed project has triggered the following policies: OP/BP 4.01:
Environmental Assessment; OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement and OP/BP 4.04: Natural
Habitat.
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Biophysical Environment
The assessment of the biophysical environment of the study area covers general climate and
meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, hydrology, water and soil quality, geology,
ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, inventory of economic crops, and fauna and wildlife
resources. Most parameters measured were in conformity with local and international standards.
Flooding is a seasonal event which occurs during rainy seasons. It is exacerbated by human
activities leading to further degradation of the environment. Essentially, to this end, the relevant
biophysical environmental baseline conditions were captured and described, as presented in
Chapter 3 of this ESMP. This provides the context upon which the proposed intervention activities
were related to the environment, to identify the impacts and develop the necessary mitigation
measures.
Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation
The Population for 2006 for the LGA indicating the males and females are given as males (72,518),
females (77,165), Total (149,683) according to National Bureau of Statistics (2010). The estimated
population for the area from 2006 to 2015 at the growth rate of 2.8% is projected to be Males
(92,979), Females (98,937), and Total (191,916). The survey covered a total of 102 (51%) male
and 98 (49) female respondents. The foremost respondents fall between 18 years and 45years
(54.0%). Majority of the respondents (86; 43%) have Senior Secondary School Certificate. A
preponderance of the respondents are civil servants (72; 36.0%) of the total respondents. 98% of
the respondents are Christians. The sickness mostly suffered from the respondents includes malaria
(52.0%), typhoid (15.5%). Open dumping is practiced by about 75.5% of the households. The
community depends primarily on tanked water as their source of domestic water supply for
drinking (65.5%). 91% of the respondents were of the opinion that the project is going to impact
on them positively.
Potential Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives
The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. It is
anticipated that the proposed intervention will reduce to the barest minimum the worrisome
experiences of the entire area occasioned by the flooding. However, the intervention is likely to
have some marginal environmental and social impact both to the community and in the
environment particularly during the pre-construction, construction and maintenance phases. These
impacts will be largely localized in spatial extent, short in duration, occurring within less sensitive
environmental areas and are manageable through the implementation of appropriate mitigation
measures. Almost all the respondents were of the opinion that the proposed project will enhance
safety of lives and properties, provide employment opportunities, securing public infrastructures,
minimize flooding and lead to improved accessibility and higher productivity.
For this intervention project, a number of viable options that were considered include; No action
option, Delayed action project and Go ahead option. Choosing the no project option implies a loss
of efforts made by all parties to ensure that flooding do not continue to pose risk to lives and the
environment and even loss of job opportunity to Nigerians. Delay option will mean the onset of
heavy rainfall which could trigger another flooding episode that will inflict more harm than it is
presently. Go ahead option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for
implementation. This is an option that supports outright commencement of the project. It entails
xv
the channelization of the river within Abakaliki metropolis, through the provision of line drainage
channels of appropriate dimensions and training of the channels of River Iyi-udele.
Environmental and Social Management Plan
Environmental and social management objectives and actions are integrated into the project
planning and design based on identified impacts. The ESMP outlines the measures to be taken
during project implementation and operation to control adverse environmental and social impacts
and the actions needed. The ESMP components include recommended mitigation measures and
Implementation schedule, description of monitoring program; institutional arrangement including
capacity building; and Cost estimates.
Mitigation Measures
Measures to enhance beneficial impacts have been proposed. They are based on recommended
good practice, regulatory requirements and contributions received from relevant stakeholders.
Feasible, practical and cost effective measures to reduce the potentially significant adverse
environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels have been developed. These measures are
described in Table 6.1. and mainly relate to the adoption of best environmental practices in the
design, construction and operations of the project. Consequently the mitigation measures will be
included in the bid and contract documents for the successful enterprise to implement. Some of
the key mitigation measures proposed in the ESMP include; suppression of dust emissions, proper
maintenance of vehicles and machinery, fitting of exhaust mufflers/silencers, control of oil
spillages, proper management of spoils, selective land clearance and re-vegetation. Other measures
include adoption of best engineering practices, preparation and implementation of Waste
Management Plan (WMP) and site specific Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Plan to address
occupational health issues.
Monitoring Program
An environmental performance monitoring program has been designed to provide specific
description and technical details of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured,
methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where
appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions. It also
includes monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that
necessitate particular mitigation measures, and furnish information on the progress and results of
mitigation. Detailed proposed mitigation measures and related monitoring activities are provided
in the Monitoring Plan
Institutional Arrangements
The implementation of this ESMP requires the involvement of various institutions and
stakeholders fulfilling roles to ensure sound environmental management during the life cycle of
the project. The institutional arrangement as well as the roles and responsibilities of the various
institutions and persons that will be involved in the implementation, monitoring and review of the
ESMP are highlighted in Section 6.3. The Project Coordinator will be responsible for the overall
implementation of the ESMP and ensuring that the environmental and social requirements are
satisfied.
xvi
Capacity Building and Training
Capacity building measures will be required to ensure that institutions involved in implementing
the various ESMP components have the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfill their roles. The
broad areas of capacity building and proposed training programme are presented in Table 6.4. The
cost for capacity building is estimated at ₦5,000,000.
Cost Estimate
The total cost to implement the ESMP is estimated at ₦13,250,000. The breakdown is as shown
below: S/N Items Estimated Cost ($)
@₦ 217
Estimated Cost (₦)
1. Mitigation Measures 14,977 3,250,000
2. Monitoring 23,041 5,200,000
3. Training 23,041 5,000,000
Grand Total 61,059 13,450,000
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
The development of the Environmental and Social management plan of Iyi-udele flood site in
Abakaliki capital city for the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) is
crucial for the sustainable actualization of the proposed intervention which is aimed at proffering
solutions to the perennial flooding experienced within Abakaliki metropolis. It is anticipated that
the proposed intervention will reduce to the barest minimum the worrisome experiences of the
entire area occasioned by the flooding. Measures to enhance beneficial impacts which are based
on recommended good practice, regulatory requirements and contributions received from relevant
stakeholders have also been proposed. Very importantly, it was observed in the course of the study
that the community where this intervention project is sited is very happy to have it. They cannot
wait to see the commencement of the project. Conclusively, the study has shown that the proposed
project will not severely impact negatively on the existing environmental, social and health status
of the people
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) is an intervention project
for the management of the erosion and watershed challenges in Nigeria more especially within the
South-East and South-South of the Country. It is assisted by World Bank, the Nigeria Government
and supported by Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Special Climate Change Fund
(SCCF).
This report is for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of Iyi-udele flood site
in Abakaliki capital city for the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP).
This project is commissioned jointly by World Bank and Ebonyi State Government. The proposed
project is generally aimed at rehabilitating the degraded lands and reducing erosion and flooding
disaster by the preparation of Environmental and Social Management Plan of the aforementioned
flood site.
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is a site-specific social and environment
assessment tool and it consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be
taken during the phases of the project implementation. The major developmental objective of the
ESMP is to facilitate effective decision-making and to ensure that implementation processes
during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. The intervention project
entails the channelization of the river within Abakaliki metropolis, through the provision of line
drainage channels of appropriate dimensions and training of the channels of River Iyiudele. The
channel is meant to collect the runoff water from the catchment of the River Iyiudele, conduct it
safely through the metropolis and discharge it effectively to the Ebonyi River. There should also
be construction of adequately sized culverts at all road crossings across Iyiudele River where none
is available or the existing culvert is not adequate among others. The scope of the consultancy
services covers the preparation of an ESMP for the project area, detailing the impacts and the
respective mitigation measures and to prepare a detailed ESMP cost analysis amongst others.
2
1.2 Description of the intervention
The proposed engineering works for the remediation of the flood menace for the Iyi-Udele site
involve but not limited to the channelization of the river through the provision of line drainage
channels and training of the channels of the river as shown in figure (1.1). The proposed 7.5km
reinforced concrete channel will run from Ogbaga road through Udensi Street, Nna Street,
Assemblies of God Church road downstream to the confluence with the Ebonyi River (see figure
1.2). The channel sizes varies from 10m width by 2.5m depth to 14m width by 3.5m depth. A three
(3) metres setback floodway is proposed on both sides of the reinforced concrete channel with
gabion protection on sides slopes (3m) above the concrete channel to prevent erosion, provide
aesthetic view along the channel and particularly takes care of the maximum freeboard of 1.94m
obtained for the Iyiudele River See Figure (channel drain). A two metre vertical clay core be placed
interlocked between the river side and land sides slopes of the gabion, arranged stepwise .This will
provide additional flood flow storage raising the capacity of the entire waterways to 100yr flood
flow of 109.99m /sec for Iyiudele River. Furthermore, there shall be construction of 5nos. 20m
bridges and adequately sized culverts at all road crossings across Iyiudele River for the passage of
flood water below the road crossings. It is proposed that there shall be provision of 5m length side
drains to collect runoff from both sides of road crossings where they are not available and also
provide upstream 1.5m x 1.5m lined channel to drain along the gabion to collect overland flows
and discharge into the river at culvert positions.
Figure 1.1 Iyiudele River System and locations of Flood Hot Spots
3
Figure1.2: Typical Cross Section of Channel Drain
Figure 1.3: Iyi-udele Plan and Profile
4
1.2.1 Likely Impacts of the project
Likely Positive Impacts of may include
1. Removal of the menace of Flooding and Flooding Disasters –
2. Reduced Risks of flooding and flooding disasters
3. Improvement in the Planning controls which will result in the regulation of
building locations as well as creating awareness in the control of urban
agriculture on marginal lands and dumping of refuse into drainage channels.
4. Improved Drainage of the City and the Landscape Quality
The likely Adverse Impacts will include among others the following:
1. Involuntary Displacement
2. Indebtedness whereby the State has to acquire a loan to undertake the
project thus becoming financially indebted due to the project.
3. Increased Challenges on Refuse/Solid Waste Management
1.3 Rationale and Objective of the Project
The proposed rehabilitation works at the Iyi-Udele flood site is classified as a Category B project
according to the World Bank’s Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment OP 4.01. The
categorization is justified on the basis of the potential negative impacts of the project on the
biophysical and social environment. The OP 4.01 when triggered requires that an ESMP be
prepared that will ensure environmental and social sustainability of the project, hence the need to
develop site specific, measurable and monitorable actions as contained in this Environmental and
Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP consist of mainly the mitigation, monitoring, and
institutional measures to be undertaken during the implementation and maintenance of the
intervention work in order to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or
reduce them to acceptable levels.
The objective of the project is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP)
for Iyi-udele NEWMAP flood intervention site in Abakaliki capital city. It is also to facilitate
effective decision-making and ensure that implementation processes of the proposed project
activities are sustainable.
5
1.4 Scope of the Project’s ESMP
The ESMP is site-specific and consists of a well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and
institutional actions to be taken before and during project implementation to eliminate adverse
environmental and social impacts, and to offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. It also
includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the
monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention
site.
In line with the terms of reference, the tasks include the following:
a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and the flood;
b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions;
c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected
in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall);
d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction
and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government
agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially
significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;
e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with
sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government
agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially
significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;
f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the
impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above(in a-e);
g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for
carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision,
enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and
staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each
implementing agency;
h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management
capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;
6
i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the
project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and
j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for
implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs
are duly taken into consideration in the designs.
The following socio-economic issues were addressed in the ESMP:
A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access, population
(number, demographic and social characteristics (Education & Health)); economy
(employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and
housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb
and adjust to growth (worker/family).
A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined through
thoroughly documented discussions with local communities. These meetings and
discussions must be documented and should show how issues and problems raised are or
will be resolved (note that a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) could be developed for the
Site, and this is covered under separate TORs).
Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites,
heritage/artifacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected communities and
identification or development of mechanisms for handling chance findings.
Information will be gathered from field surveys and secondary data sources (interviews,
structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions).
Other Tasks:
The consultant shall, if the need arises, assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the
environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose
the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels.
7
CHAPTER TWO
INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
2.1 Background
A number of national and international environmental guidelines are applicable to the operations
of the NEWMAP. The national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the
operation of the NEWMAP have already been discussed in ESMF prepared for the overall project.
In this chapter relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislations, Regulations & Guidelines, the
administrative framework and International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which
Nigeria is a party are highlighted.
2.2 Policy and Legal Framework
The act establishing the Ministry of Environment places on it the responsibility of ensuring that
all developments and industrial activities, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed
in the National Guidelines and Standards, and comply with relevant regulations for environmental
pollution management in Nigeria as may be released by the Ministry. Environmental management
in Nigeria is based on the National Policy on the Environment and various environmental
legislations, regulations and guidelines. The relevant policy and regulatory instruments are
summarized in Table 2.1 below.
8
Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislations, Regulations & Guidelines
S/N Policy Instrument Year Provisions
1 National Policy on the Environment 1989
revised
1991
Describes the conceptual framework and strategies for
achieving the overall goal of sustainable development in
Nigeria.
2. National Erosion and Flood Control
Policy
2005 Addresses the need to combat erosion in the country utilizing
the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood
and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines, developed by
the WIC Environmental Committee which was set up to plan
an operational platform for these issues.
Legal/Regulatory Instrument
3. Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Act No. 86
1992 Provide guidelines for activities of developmental projects for
which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the
minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects,
which require mandatory EIAs.
4. Land Use Act 1978
modified
1990
The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state in
the Federation in the Governor of the state and requires that
such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and
common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the
provisions of the Act.
5. Forestry Act 1994 Provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of
forest reserves.
6. Endangered Species Act 1985 Provides for the conservation and management of Nigeria’s
wildlife and the protection of some of her endangered species
in danger of extinction as a result of over-exploitation
7. FEPA/FMEnv EIA Procedural
Guidelines
1995 The Procedural Guidelines indicate the steps to be followed in
the EIA process from project conception to commissioning in
order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum
consideration for the environment.
8. National Guideline and Standard for
Environmental
Pollution Control
1991 Provide guidelines for management of pollution control
measures
9. S.I.8 National Environmental
Protection (Effluent
Limitation) Regulations
1991 The regulation makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to
install anti-pollution equipment, makes provision for effluent
treatment and prescribes a maximum limit of effluent
parameters allowed.
10 S.I.9 National Environmental
Protection (Pollution
and Abatement in Industries in
Facilities Producing
Waste Regulations)
1991 Imposes restrictions on the release of toxic substances and
stipulates requirements for monitoring of pollution. It also
makes it mandatory for existing industries and facilities to
conduct periodic environmental audits.
11 S.I.15 National Environmental
Protection (Management of Solid and
Hazardous Wastes)
Regulations
1991 Regulates the legal framework for the effective control of the
disposal of toxic and hazardous waste into any environment
within the confines of Nigeria.
12 Urban and Regional Planning Decree
No. 88
1993 Planned development of urban areas (to include and manage
waste sites).
13 Workmen Compensation Act 1987
reviewed
2010
Occupational Health and Safety
14 Ebonyi State Environmental Sanitation
Edicts, Laws and Enforcement
Agencies
- Making and enforcing environmental and health polices and
laws
9
2.3 Administrative Framework
2.3.1 Federal MDAs
The federal MDAs responsible for regulating and monitoring environmental issues at the federal
level include the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and the National Environmental
Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Other federal MDAs relevant to the
project include the Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) and its agencies such as River
Basin development Authorities (RBDAs), National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Nigeria
Integrated Water Resources Management Commission (NIWRMC) and the Nigeria Hydrological
Services Agency (NIHSA). Their respective roles have been highlighted in the ESMF.
2.3.2 State MDAs
Ebonyi State Ministry of Environment and Health
The Ministry is responsible for the health of the State & the attainment of environmental
sustainability (MDG 7). With regard to environment, the Key priorities include: Wastes to wealth,
Refuse to resources and Trash to cash and Re-enforcement of environmental sustainability.
Ebonyi State Environmental Protection Agency
The major functions of the agency are to
To carry out activities that would uplift the environmental status of the state
To prosecute sanitation offenders
To ensure house collection of wastes among others
2.3.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies
The World Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are cornerstones of its support
for sustainable poverty diminution. It has, thus, ensured that Environmental and Social issues are
assessed in decision making so as to reduce and manage any proposed developmental
project/programme risk. The process inherently gives mechanisms for Consultations and
Disclosure of Information to the public and related stakeholders.
The NEWMAP intervention project activities at Iyi-Udele flood site in Abakaliki have triggered
the World Bank Policy OP 4.01, which is Environmental Assessment (EA). ESMF and RPF are
the instruments used to address the triggered policies by the NEWMAP proposed intervention
project. This is applicable to the project due to the civil works with site-specific impacts. The
10
project addresses the policy requirement by ESMF prepared for NEWMAP and site specific
mitigation measures developed in this ESMP.
The World Bank safeguard policies contains ten (10) Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies
which are designed basically to enhance the adverse effects of development projects, and to
improve decision making. The policies are:
OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment;
OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats;
OP 4.09: Pest Management;
OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement;
OPN 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources;
OP 4.36: Forests;
OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams;
OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters; and
OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas.
Specifically, the proposed project has triggered the following policies:
i. OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment
ii. OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement
iii. OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitat
2.4 International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a party
Some of the international Treaties and Conventions on environment to which Nigeria is a party
are summarized in Table 2.2 below.
11
Table 2.2: International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a Party
S/N Treaties and Conventions Year Agreement
1. The United Nations Environmental
Guidance Principles
1972 Provide guidelines for protecting the integrity
of the global environment and the
development system
2. Montreal Protocol on Substances that
deplete the Ozone Layer
1987 An international treaty to eliminate Ozone
depleting chemical production and
consumption.
3. United Nations Convention on
Biological Diversity
1992 Places general obligations on countries to
observe sustainable use and equitably share
the plants and animals of the earth
4. United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
1994 It calls on developed countries and economies
to limit her emissions of the greenhouse gases
which cause global warming
5. Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora
1973 Restricts the trade of fauna and flora species
termed as endangered Species
6. Convention on Conservation of
Migratory species of Wild animals
(Bonn Convention)
1979 Stipulates actions for the conservation and
management of migratory
species including habitat conservation
7. Vienna Convention for the Protection of
the Ozone Layer
1985 Places general obligation on countries to
make appropriate measures to protect human
health and the environment against adverse
effects
resulting from human activities which tend to
modify the ozone layer
12
CHAPTER THREE
BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Introduction
The baseline biophysical environment of the proposed intervention project at Iyi-Udele flood site
in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State is discussed in this section. Fundamentally, the chapter captures
physical characteristics of the proposed project area, which includes description of the project area,
climate, air quality, hydrology, vegetation; wildlife and biodiversity, land use categories and land
acquisition and tenure system.
3.2 Description of the Project Site
The proposed project is located in Abakaliki capital city of Ebonyi state (see Figure 3.1 and 3.3).
This is a flooding site, which lies between latitudes 6o20’17.04” and 6o19’08.88”N and Longitudes
8o06’22.20” and 8o07’26.22”E (official co-ordinates of project sites). Approximately, the flooded
area has elevation ranging between 49m and 57m Mean Sea Level (MSL). It is mainly drained by
the River (Iyi) Udele. From vantage points at Ogbaga Road, Udensi Street, Nna Street, Assembly
Church of God and Aniekwena.
River Iyi-Udele is observed to be one of the main drainage rivers of Abakaliki Township. Its
source is within the city and it flows southeastwards into River Ebonyi. Some lined service drains
empty into some segments of the river as in Ogbaga area. Its catchment area spreads over the
Abakaliki township, with urbanization as the main land use practice. However, some part of this
catchment area is still underdeveloped but it is intensively exploited for agriculture. The degree of
anthropogenic encroachment varies along the stretch of the river causing severe constrictions along
the river course. There is considerable evidence of solid waste dumping along the river channel
as may be seen at Ogbaga road (Plate 3.1). Although the terrain is gently undulating as is typical
of the area, the combinations of intensive urbanization, agriculture, solid waste dumping at the
overgrown river course aggravate the flooding menace witnessed on the Iyi-Udele. This is
compounded by the intense rainfall whose average annual values are in excess of 2,000 mm,
generating appreciably high runoff. Like the Iyi-Okwu which is the other main tributary of the
River Ebonyi, this drainage system is typically dendritic, receiving flows from tributaries that drain
the entire catchment on which Abakaliki is situated.
13
Figure 3.1: Map of Ebonyi State depicting the LGA of the Proposed Project
Plate 3.1: Iyi-Udele River channel downstream and upstream Ogbaga Road
14
The tributaries of Iyi-Udele watershed have stream flows that are characteristically recognized as
either flash flow, or seasonal flow or are of perennial flow. Some sections of the Iyi-Udele,
upstream of Ogbaga road had been channelized with the construction of reinforced rectangular
concrete channel under the Federal Ecological Fund supported programme (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2: Drainage Pattern of Abakaliki Capital City and the flood hotspot sites
The population is typically Ibo, although some minorities like Ibibios are also present. The three
main clans of the Ibo ethnic grouping (Ezza Ezekuna, Izzi and Ikwo ) are visibly represented
among the population of Abakaliki town. There is evidence of migrants among the populace
including indigenous and migrant populations from within and outside the state as the city of
Abakaliki continues to grow as result of being the state capital. The main occupation of the
population is farming due to the abundant rich fertile soil available in the area. Common crops
grown are swamp rice (in most of the flood plains) and yams among the indigenous population
while the migrant farmers concentrate on growing rice and cassava. The popularity of the
15
Abakaliki rice has long been known as far back as the Second World War when importation of
rice was banned in Nigeria. It has long established as the ‘food basket’ of the South East
geopolitical zone as a result of its agricultural potentials and exploitation. To date, Abakaliki rice
is well known nationally and regionally in many parts of West and Central Africa. A major
perennial tree crop found in the area is Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis).
Figure 3.3: Map of Ebonyi State Showing the Location of Iyi-Udele
BENUE STATE
ISHIELU
OHAUKWU
EBONYI
IZZI
ONICHA
EZZA SOUTH
ABAKALIKI
EZZA NORTH
IVO
AFIKPO SOUTHAFIKPO NORTH
IKWO
OHAOZARA
CROSS RIVER
STATE
ENUGU
STATE
ABIA STATE
SCALE
10 0 10 20
Local Govt. Boundary
State Boundary
Km.
SCALE
10 0 10 20 Project Location
Local Govt. Boundary
State Boundary
State Capital Federal Highways
Minor Federal Roads
Major State Roads
Km. Minor State Roads
To Enugu
To Iyahe
To Okigwe
To Obubra
To Itigidi
To Nkanu
To Abiriba
To Erei
To Oboloafor
Abakaliki
o
Iyi-Udele
16
According to Ogbodo (2011), the soils of the Iyi-Udele floodplains are averagely clayey loam with
proportion of sand slightly higher than the Iyi-Okwu samples with 36.4% sand and a lower clay
content of 26.8%. He further reported that the soils have average porosity of 54.5% and bulk
density of 1.2mg/m3 and are less acidic with average pH values of 6.15 in water. This lends
credence to the high agricultural use of the land resource in the area (see Figure 3.4).
Figure 3.4: Imagery of Iyi Udele River and its Flood Plain
3.2.1 Farming Activities in the Proposed Project Area
There are two types of oil palm production in the region. By far, the most important at present is
the harvesting and processing of oil palm fruits from wild palm that occur naturally in the forests
and are preserved, when land is cleared for farming. Although the wild palm oil is an important
source of cooking oil for consumption and sale, the pericarp is thin and produces little oil in
17
comparison with the cultivated varieties. Raphia palm (Raphia spp.) occurs wild and is cultivated
in low-lying marshy area. It can be an important source of additional income for the farmers skilled
in tapping for palm wine. Vegetables grown are mainly indigenous vegetables and include okra,
peppers, tomatoes, eggplant, and green leafy vegetables. These are not grown purposely for sale
but rather are staples for the gardeners, and cultivated for personal consumption, although
surpluses are sold in local market. In the area, household and peri-urban cultivators have mostly
grown food crops like maize, plantain, cassava, and cocoyam, rice, yam and cassava. Likewise,
fruits such as pineapples, mangoes, pawpaw, orange, coconut, and palm oil are grown by
householders and for commercial basis by peri-urban cultivators.
3.3 Specific Project Design and Alternative
There are various river engineering works that could be used, either singly or in combination,
to provide flood protection and reduce flood damages. The types may include increase of river
flow capacity which entails: Dike/Levee, Widening of waterway/river, Dredging/Excavation and
combination of the above. The alternative design that could be used is Reduction/control of the
peak discharge of flood which entails Dam, Retarding basin and Floodway.
The design adopted for this intervention project is channelization of the river within Abakaliki
metropolis, through the provision of line drainage channels of appropriate dimensions and training
of the channels of River Iyi-udele. On the other hand, the alternative design that could have been
used includes Dam, Retarding basin and floodway but they are not feasible because in urbanized
area, implementation may be difficult due to land acquisition problem. Besides the consequences
of dam failure is often very catastrophic and might make the intervention meaningless. The same
is applicable to retarding basin considering the fact that the project is at the heart of the state capital
where land is a scarce commodity. Hence, the channelization method of control is better because
of the nature of the area of intervention as earlier mentioned.
3.4 Physical Environment
3.4.1 Geology and Hydrology of the Proposed Project Area
The first marine transgression of the Benue trough is generally believed to have started in the mid-
Albian period with the deposition of the Asu River Group. Figure 3.5 shows the distribution of the
Asu River Group and other lithologic units in the lower (or southern) Benue trough, Southeastern
18
Nigeria. The rocks consist of profile bluish grey shales, sandy shales, fine grained micaceous and
calcareous sandstones and limestone. The Asu River group sediments are predominantly shales,
commonly referred to as the ‘Abakaliki shale formation’ in and around the Abakaliki metropolis
(about 452 sq.km), and localized occurrences of sandstone, siltstone and limestone intercalations
(Ofoegbu and Amajor, 1987). Emplaced in these Asu River group sediments are intermediates to
basic intrusive, extrusives and Pyroclastics. The group has average thickness of about 2000 m and
rests unconformably on the Precambrian Basement. The Abakaliki shale formation, which has an
average thickness of about 500 m, is dominantly shale, dark grey in colour, blocky, and non-
micaceous in most locations. It is calcareous (calcite-cemented) and deeply weathered to brownish
clay in the greater part of the formation (Okogbue et. al, 2010)As the river flows southeastwards,
it drains territories of the basement complexes (Pre-cambian), through cretaceous to sedimentary
beds. The major river that drains the area is the Ebonyi River and its tributaries; Udene and Iyiokwu
Rivers. Both tributaries are perennial and usually overflow their banks at the peak of the rains.
Stunted trees and pockets of derelict woodland exist where the lithology has undergone high
degree of laterization. Elsewhere, typical of the tropical rain forest are displayed; multitude of
evergreen trees, climbing plants, parasitic plants that live on the other plants, and creepers.
19
Figure 3.5: Geology of Abakaliki
Source: Okogbue and Aghamelu, 2010
20
3.4.2 Physiography and Climate
The relief of the area is generally undulating and no location exceeds 400 m above-sea-level. A
major relief structure is hills formed by the pyroclastic bodies. No trend has been established by
previous research (Ofoegbu and Amajor, 1987) of these conical shaped hills and other residual
hills that spread sporadically within the area. The predominant shale has favoured the low
erodability of the lithology, resulting in absence or near absence of deep cut valleys and erosion
channels.
Table 3.1: Climate Data of Abakaliki, Ebonyi
Month Mean Max
Temp 0C
Mean
Rainfall
(mm)
Relative
Humidity (%)
Sunshine
(Hrs)
Jan 26 25 45 6.5
Feb 28 50 35 7.1
Mar 28 125 45 6.2
Apr 28 200 66 6.2
May 27 200 65 6.2
Jun 26 200 68 5.1
Jul 26 200 68 3.8
Aug 26 200 68 3.3
Sep 26 325 75 3.5
Oct 26 325 68 5.5
Nov 27 50 58 6.5
Dec 26 20 49 7.1
Source: NIMET, 2015
As shown in Table 3.1, two main seasons exist in the Abakaliki area, the dry season which lasts
from November to early March and the rainy season which begins in April and ends in October
with a short period of reduced rains in August commonly referred to as “August break”.
Temperature in the dry season ranges from 20 to 38°C, and results in high evapotranspiration,
while during the rainy season temperature ranges from 16 to 28°C, with generally lower
evapotranspiration. The average monthly rainfall ranges from 20 mm in December to 325 mm in
each of month of September and October, with the dry season experiencing much reduced volume
of rainfall unlike the rainy season, which has high volume of rainfall. Average annual rainfall
varies from 1,500 to 1,650 mm (see Figures 3.6 and 3.7). These climatic conditions are responsible
for the development of thick lateritic soils in the area.
21
Figure 3.6: Rainfall Intensity in the Proposed Project Area
Figure 3.7: Rainfall Intensity Duration in Proposed Project Area
22
The project area is dominated by two seasonal reverse winds, the dry tropical wind or the north-
easterly winds from January to March and the tropical maritime wind or the south-westerly winds
From April to December. The prevailing wind direction in the area is southwest at an average
speed of 1.4 m/s. The dominant wind direction places the major communities upwind relative to
potential emission sources from the project (Figure 3.8). Relative humidity is high, usually
between 60% and 80% in the peak of rainy season. It is highest between June and October (Table
3.1).
Figure 3.8: Wind Rose Diagram in the Proposed Project Area
23
3.5 Environment Quality Assessment
3.5.1 Analysis of Soil Samples
The type and nature of bedrock to a large extent influence the soil which developed upon it. This
is reminiscent of the geology and the topographic nature of the land. In the project area, there are
generic soil classified according to international soil classification system based on textural
classes.
3.5.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soils
The results of the physico-chemical analysis of the soils in the project area are presented in Table
3.2 for the two essential soil layers viz. topsoil and subsoil respectively. Figure 3.9 and Table 3.2
show the geographic coordinates and the spatial distribution of the sample points for soil analysis.
The pH of the soil samples from the project area ranged between 5.1 (slightly acidic) and 8.3
(alkaline) while the electrical conductivity of the soil samples ranged between 50.51mg/kg to
60.02mg/kg suggesting moderately dissolved ions content. The electrical conductivity of soil
expresses its total ionic strength (both cations and anions). Low total ionic strength indicates low
dissolved salt content and vice versa.
The concentrations of Mg, Ca, Na, and K recorded in soils from the study area fall within the
natural occurrence levels for tropical soils. Sodium ranged from 75.34mg/kg to 95.26mg/kg,
calcium ranged from 62.04mg/kg to 92.09, potassium ranged from 51.36mg/kg to 66.17mg/kg
while magnesium ranged from 41.02mg/kg to 50.10mg/kg. Among the anions, nitrate and sulphate
ions were the most prominent while phosphate recorded the least concentrations. Nitrate
concentrations in the soil samples from the area ranged from 31.05mg/kg to 35.01mg/kg, sulphate
ranged between 37.07mg/kg to 50.36mg/kg, chloride ranged from 24.16mg/kg to 28.22mg/kg
while phosphate ranged between 16.40mg/kg and 20.05mg/kg. This is detailed in Table 3.2 below.
24
Table 3.2: Physico-chemical and microbial results of soil samples from the study area
Parameters PS1 PS2 PS3 PS Control 1 PS Control 2
Top Soil Sub Soil Top Soil Sub Soil Top Soil Sub Soil Top Soil Sub Soil Top Soil Sub Soil
Physico-chemical
Ph 6.52 5.1 5.3 6.9 6.5 6.4 7.7 7.4 8.2 8.3
Electrical
Conductivity (µS/cm)
53.59 60.02 57.34 56.14 50.51 58.13 59.12 58.29 56.65 58.14
Moisture content (%) 7.3 8.5 9.4 9.8 10.5 7.5 7.4 9.6 11.2 10.5
Total Nitrogen (mg/kg) 20.50 20.10 22.07 24.07 20.13 20.76 24.43 23.54 25.26 21.21
Sulphate (mg/kg) 41.13 41.21 50.36 43.26 48.26 44.02 40.03 37.07 47.02 43.01
Phosphate (mg/kg) 16.40 17.30 15.32 19.15 19.08 17.95 16.63 18.25 20.05 19.24
Chloride (mg/kg) 24.16 26.45 25.85 26.77 27.72 27.19 28.20 25.44 28.22 26.30
Nitrate (mg/kg) 31.05 33.23 33.93 33.26 33.45 33.95 32.15 35.01 33.14 33.55
Sodium (mg/kg) 75.34 85.46 85.13 93.24 75.24 95.26 82.36 83.95 87.88 91.58
Potassium (mg/kg) 58.34 54.21 56.99 54.68 53.19 53.18 65.39 57.11 51.11 50.59
Calcium (mg/kg) 63.28 67.29 66.64 69.12 70.12 68.19 64.27 65.54 68.89 63.26
Magnesium (mg/kg) 40.12 44.12 44.29 45.29 41.28 49.12 45.11 46.96 42.33 44.46
Copper(mg/kg) 10.21 15.53 16.35 14.26 12.13 13.85 19.20 17.67 18.14 16.25
Zinc (mg/kg) 40.20 44.65 43.95 42.86 47.75 49.65 36.66 49.52 49.22 40.25
Iron (mg/kg) 558.2 556.5 659.2 665.5 698.34 514.0 505.43 504.65 512.28 516.17
Cadmium (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Lead (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Chromium (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Nickel (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Mercury (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic(mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
THC(mg/kg) (mg/kg) 1.63 2.30 <0.001 0.9 0.82 0.45 0.29 2.03 0.27 0.35
Microbiology (cfu/gm)
Total Heterotrophic
Bacteria
31 x 105 35 x 105 47 x 105 55 x 105 67 x 105 62 x 105 48 x 105 53 x 105 45 x 105 56 x 105
Total Heterotrophic Fungi 4.3 x 103
4.1 x 103
5.1 x 103
6.2 x 103
4.5x 103
5.6 x 103
6.7 x 103
9.1 x 103
5.1 x 103
7.5 x 103
Hydrocarbon Utilizing
Bacteria
7.0 x 102
3.0 x 102
3.0 x 102
8.0 x 102
7.0 x 102
5.0 x 102
5.0 x 102
3.0 x 102
6.0 x 102
3.0 x 102
Hydrocarbon Utilizing
Fungi
1.55 x 101
1.15 x 101
1.23 x 101
1.39 x 101
1.20 x 101
1.35 x 101
1.39 x 101
1.58 x 101
1.65 x 101
2.35 x 101
Field Survey 2015
25
Figure 3.9: Soil Sample Points
As shown from findings, bulk density values for the floodplains and the river basin were
significantly lower than that of the upland, whereas the soil densities of the floodplains were
statistically comparable with the river basin soil. The soil total porosity of the Iyiokwu and Iyiudele
flood plains and the Ebonyi river basin were correspondingly higher than the soil total porosity of
the upland, owing to the lower soil density of the areas. It was also observed that the soil water
retention capacity was higher with the floodplains and the Ebonyi river basin than the upland. The
soils of the Iyi-Udele flood plain had high moisture retention capacity (Table 3.2)..
Heavy metals concentrations were generally low at all the sampling stations. Iron (Fe) was the
most abundant with a range of 504.65mg/kg to 698.34mg/kg followed by Zinc, then Copper. Zinc
ranged between 36.66mg/kg and 49.65mg/kg while Copper ranged between 10.21mg/kg and
19.20mg/kg. Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Vanadium concentrations in the soil samples
26
were below the detection limit of 0.001mg/kg. The concentration of heavy metals recorded in the
soil samples suggest that the soil environment of the study area is not polluted. The heavy metals
profile of the soil samples is within the naturally occurring heavy metals concentrations in soil
(Cu, 50-100mg/kg; Zinc 10-100mg/kg; Cd, 0.03-0.3mg/kg; Ni, 5-50mg/kg; Pb, 2-20mg/kg)
The concentrations of measured Total Hydrocarbons THC in soil samples from the project sites
ranged between<0.001mg/kg and 2.30mg/kg, which falls within the limit 50mg/kg for mineral oil
in soil. The total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) recorded in the soil samples ranged between 31 x
105cfu/g and 67 x 108cfu/g while total heterotrophic fungi (THF) ranged between 4.1 x 103cfu/g
and 9.1 x 104cfu/g. The population of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) and hydrocarbon
utilizing fungi (HUF) in the soil samples were low compared to the THB counts. HUB ranged
from 1.0 x 102cfu/g to 2.4 x 102cfu/g while HUF ranged between 1.15 x 101cfu/g and 2.40 x
101cfu/g.
Soil pH: The pH values recorded for soils in the study area ranged between 5.1 and 5.2 with a
mean of 5.15 for the topsoils and 5.2 to 5.7 with an average of 5.21 for the subsoils. The soil pH
is moderately acidic.
Total Nitrogen: Soils in the study area have total nitrogen ranging between 0.74 and 0.77mg/kg
with an average of 0.97mg/kg for the topsoils; and 0.65– 0.94mg/kg (mean, 0.76mg/kg) in the
subsoils. Surface soils had a higher total nitrogen content compared to subsurface soils.
Available Phosphorus: Surface soils in the study area have available-phosphorus values ranging
between 6.2 and 7.7 mg/kg (mean of 8.7mg/kg) and subsoils have 6.4 to 6.8 mg/kg (average of
6.71mg/kg).
Sulphate: The top soils of the study area have sulphate content between of 3.0 and 5.0mg/kg, with
an average of 4.0mg/kg, and the sub soils have sulphate content of between 3.0 and 4.0mg/kg, with
an average of 3.67mg/kg. The sulphate contents of the soils are considerably lower than 500mg/kg.
27
3.5.3 Metal Content of the Soils
Data obtained from the proposed intervention project area for the basic and heavy metal
concentrations in the acquired soil samples are presented in Tables 3.3 and 3.4, for the topsoils and
sub-soils, respectively.
Table 3.3: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the top soil (0–15 cm)
*ND- Not Detected (Source: Fieldwork, October 2015)
Basic Metals: The basic metals (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) with the exception of Na are important plant
nutrients. It was observed that the basic metals were dominated by Na+, Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+. Mg2+
had a mean concentration of 3.51mg/kg for the topsoil and 2.95mg/kg for the subsoil; Na+ had a
mean concentration of 10.7mg/kg for the topsoil and 8.83mg/kg for the subsoil; K+ had an average
of 4.75mg/kg for top soil and 4.31mg/kg for subsoil. The mean concentration of Ca2+ for the topsoil
was 11.2mg/kg and 10.12mg/kg for the subsoil.
Heavy Metals: Concentrations of the heavy metals investigated in the study area are presented in
Tables 2.3 and 2.4. The most prominent metal detected in the soils collected from the study area
was Zn, with a mean concentration of 24.17mg/kg for the top soil and 25.33mg/kg for the subsoil.
Other heavy metals detected were Fe and Cu. The mean concentration of Fe was 0.04mg/kg for
the top soil and 0.05mg/kg for the subsoil. Cu had a mean concentration of 2.65mg/kg for the
topsoil and 2.40mg/kg for the subsoil. Ba, Pb, V, Ni, Hg were not detected. The values obtained
for heavy metal concentrations were within the limits described as the normal range in unpolluted
soils by Allen et al. (1974) and Alloway (1991).
Sample
Points
Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg)
Cr Cu Cd Fe Ba Hg Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+
S1 ND* 3.3 ND* 0.08 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 25.13 12.7 5.2 4.4 8.4
S2 ND* 2.8 ND* 0.04 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 24.04 11.4 5.3 3.6 11.1
S3 ND* 2.7 ND* 0.02 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 23.78 10.7 4.0 3.2 12.0
Min. 0 2.8 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 23.78 10.7 4.2 3.4 8.0
Max. 0 3.3 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 25.57 12.5 5.2 4.0 12.0
Mean 0.0 2.65 0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.39 11.2 4.75 3.51 10.5
28
Table 3.4: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the sub soil (15–30 cm)
*ND- Not Detected (Source: Fieldwork, October 2015)
3.6 Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water Samples
Table 3.5 gives the result of a physico-chemical investigation conducted in the proposed
intervention project area. The Table shows the results of analysis based on the parameters
measured. Average pH values for both hand dug wells and boreholes were almost equal. Mean pH
for all the tested water samples, however, showed neutrality (6.9 on the pH scale). A comparison
of the concentrations of the tested water samples with normal concentrations of elements in
unpolluted fresh water showed the tested water samples had high values of ions, with HCO-3 and
NO-3 being exceptionally high (above normal range). Probable source of the ions in the water
included dissolution of calcite and other rock salts, as well as mica and organic matters within the
proposed project area. Occurrences of siltstone, sandstone and limestone beds have also been noted
in the Abakaliki shale (Reyment, 1965). NO-3 source might also be anthropogenic, that is, due to
activities of human beings in the area.
A borehole in near the upper course of the watershed recorded highest enrichment of Ca2+, HCO-
3 and carbonate hardness. This may be either due to the fact that the borehole tapped deeper shaley
bed that have secondary enrichment due to effects of leaching or that static that is (steady) and
deeper water table in boreholes aided more dissolution. Usually, most hand dug wells, and even
Sample
Points
Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg)
Cr Cu Cd Fe Ba Hg Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+
S1 ND* 2.3 ND 0.07 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 25.34 10.7 5.3 3.4 8.7
S2 ND* 2.8 ND 0.02 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 22.78 8.8 4.1 2.8 10.
4
S3 ND* 2.7 ND 0.07 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 28.48 11.4 3.8 2.7 7.6
Min. 0 2.3 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 22.78 8.8 3.6 2.7 7.8
Max. 0 2.8 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 28.48 11.4 5.3 3.4 10.
4
Mean 0 2.22 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 25.13 10.32 4.11 2.55 8.6
5
29
some boreholes, in the Abakaliki area dry up in the middle of dry season leaving the town with
acute shortage of portable water (Aghamelu, et. al., 2010). Figure 3.10 shows the locations of water
samples. In the proposed intervention project area, ground water generally exists in the following
ways:
i. Fractured zones within the Asu River group.
ii. Sandstone and limestone layers or members.
iii. Weathered zones
iv. Bedrock interfaces with the shale group.
Usually, the yields are poor. According to Ismael (1990), the fractured and weathered zone shale-
aquifer systems have specific yields values as follows; range 1.26 × 10-3 to 1.60 × 10-3 litre per
second (l/s) and 1.22 × 10-3 to 1.81 × 10-3 l/s, with average values of 1.48 × 10-3 l/s and 1.59 ×
10-3 l/s, respectively. Both shale-aquifer systems have only served for the establishment of hand-
pump boreholes and hand-dug wells.
Figure 3.10: Water Sample Points
30
Table 3.5: Result of Physicochemical Analysis of Water Samples
Sample Borehole Water Hand Dug Wells Stream water FMENV
LIMIT
Colour Clear Clear Clear Colourless
Odour Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless
pH 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.5-8.5
Conductivity (µS/cm) 29 52 63 NS
Acidity 27 29 16 200
Alkalinity (mgCaCO3/L) 4.6 13.4 13.4 200
Cl- (mgCl/L) 14 16 16 250
Salinity (ppt) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.5
Hardness (mg CaCO3/L) 26 29 34 250
Oil and grease (g/l) ND ND ND 10
DO (mgO2/L) 6.4 5.8 5.6 >7.5
COD (mgO2/L) 364 345 362 NS
TDS (mg/L) 20 40 40 500
TS (mg/L) 20 40 50 2000
TSS (mg/L) ND ND 10 30
Nitrates (mg/L) 1.3 1.0 1.7 20
Phosphates (mg/l) ND 0.03 0.1 < 5
Sulphate (mg/l) 0.27 4.1 6.5 250
Pb (mg/l) ND ND 0.3 0.1
Cu (mg/l) ND ND ND 3.0
Cr (mg/l) ND ND ND 0.1
Zn (mg/l) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Fe (mg/l) 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.3
Cd (mg/l) ND ND ND 0.01
K (mg/l) 0.9 2.0 1.9
ND= Not detected; NS = Not specified
As shown in Table 3.5, all the water sources recorded considerable amounts of Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS) and appreciable hardness. Hardness in water is caused by the presence of any
polyvalent metallic cations (Kiely, 1997) but principally Ca2+, Mg2+ and, less so, Fe2+ and
Mn2+. Kiely (1997) notes that total hardness is usually computed based on the concentration of
Ca2+ and Mg2+ and is usually expressed in mg/l as CaCO3. Details on the softening processes
31
and other physical, chemical and microbiological techniques that can be utilized to achieve
acceptable standard for the groundwater in the Abakaliki area are presented in American Water
Works Association (AWWA) (1990), Thomas and King (1991) and Kiely (1997).
The concentrations obtained for the physico-chemical parameters, the cations and anions and
heavy metals are presented in Tables 3.5. Figure 3.10 shows the spatial distribution of the sample
locations.
As shown above, the pH of all the water samples falls within the FMenv/WHO (Federal Ministry
of Environment/ World Health Organisation) limits for drinking water. The conductivities, total
hardness, chloride, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) , nitrates, dissolved solids, total suspended
solids, total solids and sulphates also all fall within the FMenv/WHO limits.
The water samples were observed to have very low inorganics, as most of the metals determined
were below the limits, with the exception of lead and zinc in the stream water samples. The
concentrations of these metals could be due to human activities which take place in streams as all
sorts of containers are usually used to collect water samples from the stream. The chemical oxygen
demand (COD) was observed to be quite high. COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen needed
to oxidize both the organics and inorganics in a water sample. Since the amount of inorganics
appears to be low, the high COD value could be as a result of the organics in the samples.
3.7 Biological Environment
3.7.1 Ecosystem
Overall, the observed ecology of the project area suggests a suburb landscape with nascent
structures built along strands of farmlands and natural ecology. The farm plots located further
down suggests families’ dependence on the farm output for survival.
3.7.2 Vegetation
The vegetation is mainly savannah, with the intense anthropogenic through urbanization and
agricultural interference rapidly modifying the emergence of stable forest species. Vegetation is
an integral part of the terrestrial environment. It performs several functions that are crucial to the
sustenance of the environment. Some of these functions include:
i. Protection of the fragile soils from the erosive impacts of rains and wind;
ii. Maintenance of soil fertility through continuous nutrient recycling;
32
iii. Conservation of water resources through shading;
iv. Preservation of water sheds;
v. Regulation of air and soil temperatures;
vi. Moisture balance;
vii. Provision of habitat for countless terrestrial flora and fauna; and
viii. Purification of the environment through the carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the
release of oxygen for human and animal respiration.
Three (3) vegetation types exist in the study area namely; freshwater swamp forest, lowland rain
forest and open herbaceous re-growth (secondary grassland). The vegetation of the area has been
greatly disturbed as most parts were cultivated farmland. The vegetation cover is two-storey with
very few emergent trees (uppermost storey) that are sparsely scattered throughout the entire study
area and a second layer dominated by herbaceous plant species as shown in Plate 3.1, Plate 3.3
and Table 3.6.
Plate 3.2: Secondary Vegetal Cover at Perimeter fence erected well inside the channel
33
Plate 3.3: A cross-section of the vegetation type found in the area
Common plant species in all parts of the study area are presented in the table below.
Table 3.6: Terrestrial Floral Species Recorded in the Study Area
S/N Common/Commercial
Names
Scientific Names
1 Christmas bush Alchornea cordifolia
2 Poison devil’s pepper Rauvolfia vomitora
3 Twisted ginger Costus afer
4 Dragon’s blood tree Harungana madagascariensis
5 Cassava Manihot esculata
6 Banana Musa sapientum
7 Cocoyam Colocasia esculata
8 Plantain Musa paradisiaca
9 Pineapple Ananas sativa
34
10 Yam Discorea spp
11 Oil palm tree Elaeis guinensis
12 Avocado pear Persea americana
13 Local pear Dacryodes edulis
14 Mango Mangifera indica
15 Kola nut Cola acuminata
16 Orange Citrus spp
17 Rice Oryza sativa
The secondary grassland is made up of mainly the forbs, grasses and sedges. However, none of
the plant species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the IUCN.
3.7.3 Fauna and Wildlife Resources
The terrestrial fauna recorded in the study area is presented in Table 3.7 below. Faunas in the study
area are not IUCN threat status classified. The wildlife in the area is subjugated by birds, reptiles
and mammals. Direct observations in the field and interviews showed that main birds are doves,
crow and weaver birds, while the reptilians are chiefly diverse types of snakes. The mammals
rarely encountered include monkey, squirrels, grass cutters, and antelopes.
Table 3.7: Terrestrial Fauna Species Recorded in the Study Area
S/N Major Taxa/Species Common Names
A
MYRIAPODA:
Diplopoda: Harbrodesmos; Oxydesmus, spirostreptus Millipedes
B ARACHNIDA: Araneae Spiders
C INSECTA
1 Coleoptera Beetles
2 Carabidae: Anthia sp. Ground beetles
3 Chrysomelidae
4 Dictyoptera
5 Mantidae: Sphodromantis sp. Praying mantis
6 Diptera Flies
7 Bomdyliidae Boefly
8 Calliphoridae Blowfly
9 Glossinidae: Glossina Tsetse fly
10 Sacrophagidae Flash fly
11 Ephemeroptera: Coenagrion sp. Damsel fly
35
12 Hemiptera Bugs
13 Pentatomidae: Nzera viridula Sting bug
14 Reduvidae: Nulanda sp. Assassin bug
15 Hymenoptera
16 Apidae: Apis sp. Bees
17 Formicidae: Formica, Monomorium, Oecophylla Ants
18 Vespidae&Sphecidae: Polistes sp. Wasps
19 Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths
20 Acracidae: Acraca sp., Hypoglycaena sp.
21 Orthoptera
22 Acrididae Grasshopper
23 Gryllidae: Gryllussp. Cricket
24 Gryllatalpidae: Gryllotaps Africana Mole-cricket
25 Tettigonidae: Bush cricket
D MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA
1 Achatinidae: Archachatinamarginata Giant snail
2 Limicolariaflammea Garden snail
E AMPHIBIA
1 Bufonidae: Buforegularis Toads
2 Rhacophoridae: Hyperolius sp. Tree frog
3 H. picturatus Tree frog
4 Xenopustropicalis Clawed frog
F REPTILIA
1 Kinixys erosa Common tortoise
2 Varanidae: Varanus niloticus Monitor lizard
G AVES
1 Falconidae: Milvus migrans
2 Alcedinidae: Isipidina picta Black kite
5 Chadriformes: Actophilornis Africana African cormorant
6 Strixwoodfordi Wood owl
7 Bucerotidae: Lophocerossemifasciatus Allied hornbill
8 Columbidae: Vinagroaustralis Green fruit pigeon
9 Turturafer Dove
10 Columba guinea Dove
11 Nectariniidae: Nectariniaolivacea Sunbird
12 Anthreptescollaris Sunbird
13 Apodidae: Apusaffiris Little swift
14 Accipiter badius Shikra
H MAMMALIA
1 Felicidae: Viverra civetta: Genetta maculata African civetus
2 Hystricidae: Hystrix cristata Porcupine
3 Sciieridae: Protoxerus sp. Nerus erythropus Squirrels
4 Thryonomyyidae: Thryonomysswinderrianus Grass cutter
5 Muridae: Cricetomysgambians Giant rat
6 Eidolonhelvum Fruit bat
7 Epomopsfrangueti Fruit bat
36
8 Ratusratus Common rat
9 Rattusmorio Bush rat
10 Xeruserythropus Red-legged ground squirrel
11 Heliosciuruspunctatus Sun squirrel
12 Protoxerusstrangeri Giant squirrel
13 Perodicticuspotto Bosman'spotto
3.8 Air Quality and Noise
Ambient Air Quality
Ambient air quality was measured through the use of digitalized air quality equipment for NH3,
SOx, CO2 and NOx. Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) were determined
using photo-ionization detector. Concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the
ambient air were determined using digitalized handheld air monitor (Microdust Pro).
The SPM values measured based on 8-hour daily measurements were low with an average of
0.018µg/m3 – 0.043µg/m3. The concentrations of noxious gases were equally low and in most
cases below the detection level of the equipment as shown in Table 3.8. The values estimated
showed that the air quality is within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits. The
concentrations recorded for SO2, H2S and NH3 were all less than 1 ppm while volatile organic
carbon VOC had an estimated value range of 0.01 to 0.02 ppm. CO had a range of 0.16 to 0.32
ppm and a mean value of 0.223 ppm while NO2 had a range of 0.01 and 0.025 ppm. A detail result
is shown in Table 3.8
Table3.8: Results of ambient air quality measurements at the proposed project area
S/N Sampling Code SPM
(μg/m3)
CO2
(%)
NO2
(ppm)
SO2
(ppm)
VOC
(ppm)
H2S
(ppm)
CO
(ppm)
NH3
(ppm)
1 A1 0.022 0.02 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.15 <0.01
2 A2 0.020 0.07 0.025 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.21 <0.01
3 A3 0.027 0.05 0.011 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.2 <0.01
4 A4 0.042 0.02 0.010 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.25 <0.01
5 A5 0.017 0.06 0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.3 <0.01
Min. 0.017 0.02 0.01 0 0.01 - 0.15 -
Max. 0.042 0.07 0.025 0 0.02 - 0.31 -
Mean 0.0265 0.035 0.0177 0 0 0 0.222 0
FMENV Limit 0.25 NS 0.04-
0.06
0.1 NS NS 10 NS
Field Survey 2015 NS= Not Specified
37
In addition, all the observed reading for SPM, NO2, NH3 and VOC were lower than the FMEnv
regulatory limit of 0.25 for SPM, 0.10 for SO2, and 004-0.06 ppm for NO2 as shown in Table 3.8
The spatial distribution of the air quality sample points is shown in Figure 3.11
Figure 3.11: Spatial Distribution of Air Quality Sample Points
Ambient Noise Levels
Ambient noise levels recorded in the proposed project area ranged from 35 to 52.1 dB(A) with a
mean value of 42.22 dB(A). The values measured were extremely below the FMEnv recommended
standard of 90 dB(A) for 8 hours exposure (see Table 3.9). Thus, the measured ambient noise
levels show that the proposed project area is devoid of noisome activities that are detrimental to
human and environmental health. Spatial distribution of noise sample points is shown in Figure
3.12.
38
Table 3.9: Ambient noise levels for the project area
S/N Sampling Code Noise Level dB(A)
1 A1 40.1
2 A2 42.3
3 A3 52.1
4 A4 39.0
5 A5 35.0
Mean 42.22
FMEnv Limits 90
(Source: Fieldwork, October, 2015)
Figure 3.12: Ambient Noise Sampling Points
39
CHAPTER FOUR
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND STAKEHOLDER’S
CONSULTATION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the socio-economic characteristics and impacts of the proposed
intervention project on the livelihood of the project affected people. The socio-demographic
characteristics covered include amongst others; age, gender, education, income, occupation,
residential and health status and standard of living rating.
This assessment also provides an avenue for the perceptions and views of project affected persons
and communities at large to be incorporated into the project planning.
4.2 Methodology
Structured questionnaires were administered to elicit information from 200 randomly selected
respondents across the affected communities within the project intervention area. The categories
of the stake holders sampled are shown in table 4.1 below. The questionnaire contained five
sections of structured questions covering the required information on household socio-
demographic information, health status, standard of living, cultural property and impacts of
proposed intervention. Also, Key Informant Interviews and focus group discussions were carried
out.
Table 4.1: Details of the Sampling Methodology and the Questionnaires Administered
Categories of Stakeholders
Sampled
Questionnaire
Administered
Questionnaire
Returned
FGD IDI Town Hall
Meeting
Direct Project Affected
Persons (PAPs)
80 80 2 2 1
Key Stakeholders 20 20
Other members of the
community
100 100
Total 200 200 2 2 1
40
4.3 Population Estimation and Projection
This proposed intervention project at Iyi-Udele site falls within Abakiliki Local Government Areas
in Ebonyi State. The Population for 2006 for the LGA indicating the males and females are given
as males (72,518), females (77165), Total (149,683) according to National Bureau of Statistics
(2010). The estimated population for the proposed project LGA from 2006 to 2015 at the growth
rate of 2.8% are presented in Figure 4.1. Hence, the population estimates for Abakiliki LGA of
Ebonyi for 2015 is projected to be Males (92,979), Females (98,937), Total (191,916)
Figure 4.1: Projected Population for Abakiliki LGA from 2006-2015
4.4 Gender and Age of Respondents
Gender characteristics give comparative proportion of males and females in the sample frame
while age distribution provides a reflection of age structure of the in-scope individuals and
households of the project affected persons. The survey covered a total of 102 (51%) male and 98
(49%) female respondents as shown in figure 4.2. The foremost respondents fall between 18 years
and 45years of age (54.0%) and this was followed by those between 46 and 65 years of age, which
account for 40% of the sampled frame. The least responses (1.5%) are below 18 years of age but
not less than 15 years of age. The responses above 65 years of age who are mainly retirees account
for 5.0% (10 individuals) as shown in figure 4.3
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Male 72518 74549 76636 78782 80988 83255 85586 87983 90446 92979
Female 77165 79326 81547 83830 86177 88590 91071 93621 96242 98937
Total 1E+052E+052E+052E+052E+052E+052E+052E+052E+052E+05
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Male Female Total
41
Figure 4.2: Gender of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2015
Figure 4.3: Age Range of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2015
51%
49%
Below 18 years, 3
18 -45 years , 108
46 - 65 years, 79
Above 66 years , 10
42
4.5 Current Marital Status of Respondents
Figure 4.4 depicts the marital status of respondents as at the time of the survey. Of all the responses
from the sampled frame, 27 (13.5%) indicated that they had never been married, 153 (76.5%) were
married, 4 (2.0%) were divorced or separated and 16 (8%) were widowed.
Figure 4.4: Marital Status of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2015
4.6 Educational Status of Respondents
The distribution of educational status of the respondents is shown in Figure 4.5 below. Majority
of the respondents (86; 43%) have Senior Secondary School Certificate.
Figure 4.5: Educational Status of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2015
Single MarriedDivorced/Seperated
Widowed
Marital Status 27 153 4 16
27
153
4 160
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
43
4.7 Occupation of Respondents
An assessment of employment status of the sampled population illustrates that the preponderance
of the respondents are civil servants 72 (36.0%) of the total respondents. This was next to self-
employed with 32 (16.0%) of the respondents. The unemployed portion of the respondents
accounted for 15.5% of the total 200. Respondents who engaged in trading and shop keeping had
an estimated proportion of 11.5%. Others include farmers, daily labourers, artisans and people on
social support who had estimated figures of 12.5%, 5.0%, 3.5% and 0.0% respectively (see Figure
4.6).
Figure 4.6: Occupation of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2015
Farmer , 12.50% Daily Labourer, 5.00%
Trading and Shop Keeping, 11.50%
Artisans, 3.50%
Employed (Salary), 36.00%
Self Employed, 16.00%
Social Support, 0.00%Unemployed, 15.50%
Farmer Daily Labourer Trading and Shop Keeping Artisans
Employed (Salary) Self Employed Social Support Unemployed
44
4.8 Religion and Culture
The project community is made up of mainly Christian worshippers (98%) with only about 2% of
the respondents who claimed to be traditional worshippers as shown in figure 4.7. There was no
Islam respondent.
Figure 4.7: Religion of the Respondents
4.9 Assessment of Health Status of Respondents
Analysis of health status was carried out using information derived from respondents to structured
questionnaire on health status. The data show that the health conditions of the residents in the
proposed project area are affected by the high incidence of disease vectors such as mosquito. The
ailment/sickness mostly suffered from by the residence in the communities in the proposed
intervention project area includes malaria (52.0%), typhoid (15.5%). Rheumatism (2%) is
predominant among the aged as noted in the area. Other ailments among the communities in the
area include pile (5%), Rashes (14%), Eczema (12.5%), hypertension (9%), eye pains (5.5%),
Cataract (4%), Ringworm (2%), Glaucoma (2%), and whooping cough (1.5%),
4.10 Method of Waste Disposal
Open dumping is practiced by about 75.5% of the households followed by people that dump at
their backyard (19%) as shown in table 4.8 below. 4% dump in water body while 1.5% burns
theirs, as shown in Fig. 4.8 below. The poor nature of waste disposal may not be unconnected with
the breeding of mosquitoes which results in high level of malaria sickness noted in the community.
Islam, 0.00%
Christianity, 98.00%
Traditional, 2.00%
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 120.00%
Islam
Christianity
Traditional
Islam
Christianity
Traditional
45
Figure 4.8: Refuse (Solid Waste) Disposal Method
Source: Field Survey, 2015
4.11 Accessible Sources of Water.
The communities depend primarily on tank water as their source of domestic water supply for
drinking (65.5%), while they relied on well water for cooking (47.0%), and bathing & washing
(67.5%). Community tap was identified as of no effect as it was unavailable (0.00%). Borehole
water was however used interchangeably with others for drinking (14.0%), cooking (33.0%) and
bathing and washing (22.5%). Rain harvest can only be available in the rainy season between April
and October annually although was not used by the respondents.
4.12 Project Activity Impact Evaluation.
The community members are actually excited about the project intervention. 91% of the
respondents were of the opinion that the project is going to impact on them positively while 9%
said that the project would not benefit them as shown in figure 4.9 below.
0.00%20.00%40.00%60.00%80.00%
19.00%4.00%
75.50%
1.50%0%
46
Figure 4.9: Impact assessment by respondents
4.13 Stakeholders Consultation
Stakeholder’s consultation is crucial in project intervention of this sort for assuring social inclusion
and sustainable development. It is a requirement by both World Bank and the Federal Ministry of
Environment for development project of this magnitude. During this assignment, public
consultation was helpful not only in the identification and participation of the relevant stakeholders
and community but also in ensuring that they assume ownership and drive the smooth conduct of
the ESMP preparation by making suggestions and volunteering information on the relevant aspect
of the job including nature of social/community organization and women participation, perceptions
about the project, envisaged impacts and mitigations, expectations from the project, community
needs, stakeholder and community commitment and responsibilities towards project successful
implementation.
This intervention project falls within Abakaliki metropolis which is made up of cosmopolitan
population, hence there are no traditional ruler, Community leaders in the area. This reflected in
the town hall meeting where Professors, Ex and current Honorable members of the House,
business men and women, Civil servants, Farmers, Artisans and Students attended.
Town Hall meeting was held at Udoka Hall where all stakeholders in the community ranging from
men, women and youths were present as shown in plate 4.1. The focal group discussions were held
as shown in plates 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 for the youths, men and women respectively. The attendance
for the meeting is attached (see appendix 4)
91%
9%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1 No
Yes
47
Plate 4.1: Consultant and Community Members in the Town Hall Meeting
Plate 4.2: Consultant Interacting with Youths during the FGD
48
Plate 4.3: Consultant interacting with the men during FGD
Plate 4.4: Picture of the Consultant with the women after the meeting
49
Perception of Impact of Flooding in the Project Area
The impacts enumerated by members of the community attributed to flooding include:
Threat to live and property
Devastation of community farm land and cultivated crops
Leaching of soil nutrients and low productivity of crops
Depletion of land and alteration of land use;
Community’s Expectations from the Project
Community members expressed their expectations from the project as follows:
Supply of some raw materials and other locally available items to the contractor;
Employment/empowerment of youths and women in the area.
Proper measurement of properties affected for proper evaluation
Adequate compensation to people whose properties will be lost due to the intervention
The responses to the proposed project were highly positive with respondents optimistic about the
economic boost that the community will benefit from the proposed intervention. The sampled
individuals and households were optimistic see Plates 4.5 and 4.6 . They promised adequate
security / protection of lives, properties and equipment during construction and total cooperation
with all concerned stakeholders
Plate 4.5: Interactive session with a strong woman politician led by a youth at Iyi-Udele area
50
Plate 4.6: In-depth Interview with Assemblies of God Church member at Iyi-Udele area
51
CHAPTER FIVE
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the positive and negative impacts that are likely to result due to the proposed
intervention. The methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and
social impacts of the projects were highlighted. A comparison of the “No Action” alternative and
the proposed works is equally shown.
5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation
The existing baseline description of the project environment and the key project activities were
used to develop a checklist of potential impacts of the project on the biophysical and social
environment. The risk of the impacts occurring was analyzed by determining the
consequences/severity of the impacts and the probability of occurrence. The severity of the
consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the probability of an
impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table. The Risk
Assessment Matrix in Table 5.1 was then used to determine the level of risk and the significances
or otherwise of the impacts.
5.3 Potential Impacts of the Projects
5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts
The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. It is
anticipated that the proposed intervention will reduce to the barest minimum the worrisome
experiences of the entire area occasioned by the flooding. The positive impacts may include:-
Reduced risk of flood due to proper channelization
Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc
Safety of lives and Improvement in the Sanitation and Health of the Populace
Reduced siltation in rivers
Employment opportunities and skill acquisition
Improved Drainage of the City and the Landscape Quality
Improvement in the city Planning controls
52
Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix
Probability Attributes
Certain Impacts that can reasonably be expected to occur during the project
Likely Impacts that are likely to occur during the project
Possible Impacts that might occur sometime during the project
Unlikely Impacts that can reasonably be expected NOT to occur during the project
Rare Impacts that are unlikely to occur except in exceptional circumstances
Severity Attributes Negligible No detectable environmental and socio-economic impact
Marginal
Minimum environmental and socio-economic impact. Localized reversible habitat
loss or minimal long term effects on habitat species or media/ public health and safety
Critical
Significant environmental and socio-economic harm. Significant widespread and
persistent changes in species, habitat and media (e.g. widespread habitat
degradation/public health and safety)
Catastrophic
Detrimental environmental and socio-economic impact. Loss of a significant portion
of a valued species or effective ecosystem function on a landscape scale/ injury and
death is possible
Severity
Probability Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic
Certain Likely Possible Unlikely Rare
Low
medium
High
Extreme
Impact Rating
plans will be needed for these risks.
response planning for these risks.
treme Risk: Significant additional action and high priority management attention will be required
to control risk. There is need for an in-depth response plans for these risks
5.3.2 Potential Negative Impacts
The intervention is likely to have some marginal environmental and social impact both to the
community and in the environment particularly during the pre-construction, construction and
maintenance phases. These impacts will largely be localized in spatial extent, short in duration,
occurring within less sensitive environmental areas and are manageable through the
53
implementation of appropriate mitigation measures. Most of these negative impacts can be avoided
by sound design, good construction practices, effective maintenance and adequate supervision and
enforcement during construction and operational phases of the project.
5.3.2.1 Negative Environmental Impacts
Impact on Air Quality
Air Quality Deterioration
During pre-construction and construction periods, deterioration of local ambient air quality can
arise as a result of dust emissions from activities such as site clearing, excavation, filling and
concrete works as well as gaseous emissions from vehicles and operating machinery.
Noise and Vibration
Noise and vibrations is inevitable nuisance to the public during a project of this nature. During
preconstruction and construction activities, noise and vibration will arise mostly from equipment
used for site clearing and civil engineering works. The noise will have an impact mostly on
construction workers and residents living within 100 meters from the construction sites.
Impact on Water
Surface and Ground Water Contamination
Contamination of surface water can arise from sediment runoffs from exposed soil and
spoils/stockpile during clearing and excavation as well as from waste water during concrete works.
These discharges into the surface water body in the project area can have adverse attendant effects
on water quality and aquatic life. This impact is however likely to be more pronounced if the
project is implemented during the rainy season. Contamination of ground water can also occur
from spillages and leakages of fuel and oils from project activities during the construction.
Impact on Flora and Fauna
Vegetation Loss
Loss of vegetation will inevitably arise from site clearing during the preconstruction phase.
Vegetation will be cleared to allow for mobilization of equipment and machinery to site as well as
installation of camp offices and workshops. Loss of vegetation will occur in areas around the
channel where excavation activities will take place.
54
Ecosystem Disturbance & Displacement/Destruction of Fauna
Site clearing activities will alter the flora and fauna species of the project site. The clearing of trees
and related flora will reduce the protection and shelter they afford to the fauna including the
wildlife of the area. This will lead to the displacement of fauna away from the site and as well
increase their exploitation tendencies through hunting.
Impact on Soil
Soil Contamination
Fuel spills and leakages from vehicles, machinery and storage facilities on site may lead to soil
contamination.
Waste Generation
Waste generation is inevitable throughout the preconstruction and construction phases of the
project. The largest amount of waste is expected to come from the clearance of vegetation cover
and will include grasses, tree trunks and branches. Other wastes will be generated from
construction activities and operations of the site offices. These will comprise construction wastes
such as equipment casings, electrical wastes, metal scraps, waste oils as well as sewer and sewage
from base camps. These wastes if not properly managed could lead to significant deterioration of
soil quality and possible contamination.
5.3.2.2 Negative Social Impacts
Traffic Congestion
Increased traffic congestion may arise from road obstructions and diversion as well as from
movement of workers and materials to and from site.
Disruption of Public Utility Services
Damage to existing public utility poles, cables and pipes that traverse the corridor of the project
during excavation works could disrupt power and privately owned water supply in the project area.
This may constitute economic and social difficulty to the members of the public.
55
Public Health and Safety
Respiratory problems such as respiratory tract infection, cough and other related diseases may
occur as a result of exposure to dust particulates from site clearing and excavation activities during
preconstruction and construction phases of the project. Vehicular exhaust emission might also be
a source of air pollution capable of triggering respiratory conditions. Construction workers are
however more at risk of exposure to air pollutants.
Interactions amongst recruited male and female staff and the community members may lead to
unprotected sex that could result to sexual infections such as HIV/AIDS and other STDs.
The health and safety of the general public may also be threatened from accidental discharges of
construction materials such as stone and sand during transportation.
The significant potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the project
during the different phases are summarized in Table 5.2.
56
Activities Potential Impacts Impact Level
Low Medium High Extreme
A Pre-Construction Phase
1. Mobilization of equipment
and other materials to site
Air quality deterioration from
release of dusts and emissions from
vehicles transporting equipment to
site
X
Noise and vibration from movement
of heavy duty vehicles
X
Traffic congestion and increased
risk of road traffic accidents and
injuries as a result of movement of
heavy equipment
X
B Construction Stage
1 Site Clearing and land
acquisition for right of way
Removal of flora and fauna X
Air quality deterioration from
release of dusts and gaseous
emissions from exposed soil
surfaces and vehicles
X
Employment of local labour for
construction activities resulting in
improved livelihood and welfare
X
Noise and vibration from the use of
machineries and motorized
equipment
X
Generation of vegetal wastes from
site clearing activities
X
2. Installation of Equipment
and Structures (Site
offices,
Utilities, Workshops, etc.)
Generation of construction wastes X
Noise and vibration from the use of
machineries and motorized
equipment during
construction of site structures
X
Air quality deterioration from
release of cement dusts, and toxic
fumes from equipment and
machineries used during building
and welding of site structures
X
3. Earthworks - Excavation,
grading, and compaction
Noise and vibration from the use of
machineries and vehicles during
excavation, burrowing, backfilling
and compaction activities
X
Air Quality deterioration from dusts
generated during excavation ,
burrowing, filling, backfilling and
compaction activities
Disruption of public utility services
from damage to existing
underground public utility
cables and pipes during excavation
works
X
Risk of occupational accidents and
injuries from the use of equipment
X
Table 5.2: Potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts
57
S/N Activities Potential Impacts
Impact Level
Low medium High Extreme
4. All Civil Engineering
Works
Noise and vibration from the use of
machineries and motorized
equipment
X
Contamination of surface and
underground water from waste
water and spillages of oil and other
petroleum products through
leakages and/improper handling.
X
Waste generation from cement and
concrete works such as cement bags
and metal scraps
X
Deterioration of air quality from
release of cement dusts and toxic
fumes during construction of
concrete structures
X
Employment of local labour for
construction activities resulting in
improved livelihood and welfare
X
Occupational accidents and injuries
from the use of machineries and
equipment
X
C Operation and Maintenance Phase
1 Maintenance and operation Creation of employment by training
locals as maintenance officers
X
Waste generation from de-silting
and other maintenance works
X
Occupational accidents and injuries
as a result of falling and tripping
during routine maintenance
X
Reduced mortality/morbidity from
water related diseases
X
5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives
Analysis of project alternatives in this ESMP context refers to the performance of the natural and
socio-economic resources with or without the project or with or without the implementation of the
measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered appropriate. For this
intervention project, a number of viable options that can be considered include;
No action option
Delayed action project
Go ahead option
58
5.4.1 No Action Option
The no project option implies that the intervention work shall not be executed; hence there is no
need to carry out this study. This option is not environmentally friendly because this situation will
worsen and put the activities of man and the environment into further jeopardy since the area is
already exposed to the flooding. The intervention work is designed to stop these forces and mitigate
any negative impacts that may arise.
Hence, choosing the no project option will mean a loss of efforts made by all parties to ensure the
flooding do not continue to pose risk to lives and the environment and even loss of job opportunity
to Nigerians. The ‘no project option’ is therefore not considered a viable option.
5.4.2 Delayed Project Option
This delayed option implies that the planned intervention be delayed until a much later date due to
one reason or the other. Such option is usually taken when conditions are unfavourable to project
implementation such as in heavy rainfall, war situation, or where the host community is deeply
resentful to it. Also, if the prevailing economic climate is not quite favourable, then delayed option
may be feasible.
None of these conditions is applicable at present because the fund has been made available, there
is no sign of war and the host community would want the commencement of the intervention
soonest. Further delay will mean the onset of heavy rainfall which could trigger another flooding
episode that will inflict more harm than it is presently. Thus, that is not favourable for the proposed
treatment method. Therefore, the implication of delayed project option will mean that all the
preliminary work and associated efforts/ costs incurred would be futile. Also, because of
inflationary trends, such a delay may result in unanticipated increase in project costs, which may
affect the final target from the project. These, and other related problems make adopting the
delayed option a wrong alternative.
5.4.3 Go Ahead Option
This is an option that supports outright commencement of the project. It entails the channelization
of the river within Abakaliki metropolis, through the provision of line drainage channels of
59
appropriate dimensions and training of the channels of River Iyi-Udele. It implies incorporating
professional advice on the most practicable option such as are spelt out in this ESMP and other
relevant safeguard instruments and/or best practices relating to the execution of the intervention.
This approach will ensure that relevant components of the natural and human environment such as
soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities are taken into
account, improved and redeveloped in the affected areas concerned. The option would help in
proffering solutions to the perennial flooding experienced within Abakaliki metropolis. The
rehabilitation of the degraded environment together with remediation of the biological life forms
will guide to improvement of life. Properties will be protected, lives being saved, resources being
recovered, transportation facilities enhanced and general restoration of livelihood. It will benefit
the communities’ residents.
On the other hand, the alternative design that could have been used include Dam, Retarding basin
and floodway but they are not feasible because in urbanized area, implementation may be difficult
due to land acquisition problem. Besides the consequences of dam failure is often very catastrophic
which makes the intervention meaningless. The same is applicable to retarding basin considering
the fact that the project is at the heart of the state capital where land is a scarce commodity. Hence,
the channelization method of control is better because of the nature of the area of intervention as
earlier mentioned and is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for
implementation.
60
CHAPTER SIX
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1 Introduction
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the project is fully illustrated in this
chapter. Here the environmental and social management objectives and actions are integrated into
the project planning and design based on identified impacts. It provides specific description of the
potential impacts identified, mitigation measures designed as well as the institutional
responsibilities. The financial implications of all the identified mitigation measures are also given
as appropriate.
6.2 Mitigation Measures
The mitigation measures are activities aimed at reducing the severity, avoiding or controlling
project impacts and where possible enhance environmental quality through the designed
alternatives, scheduling or other means. Measures to enhance potential beneficial impacts have
also been proposed. They are based on recommended good practices, regulatory requirements and
contributions received from relevant stakeholders. The measures may be in various forms ranging
from avoidance, prevention, minimization and compensation. The potential impacts of the
projects, their mitigation and enhancement measures and the cost implication for environmental
and social components are indicated in Table 6.1 and 6.2 respectively.
Measures for Mitigation of Impacts of the Environmental Components of ESMP
There are three segments in the Environmental management plan which comprise of the Pre-
construction segment, Construction Segment and the Operation and Maintenance Segment. The
impact and their mitigation measures are hereby highlighted according to the segment.
Pre-construction segment
Here, there shall be primarily movement of equipment and other materials to site which is
expected to have some negative impacts which may include:
1. Air quality deterioration from release of dusts and emissions from vehicles
transporting equipment to site. The mitigation measures are highlighted below:
61
Suppression of dust emissions by appropriate methods such as spraying water on
soil.
Employ fuel efficient and well-maintained haulage trucks with proper exhaust
system to minimize emissions.
All parked vehicles on the site shall have their engines turned off;
Service vehicles as at when due and stick to manufacturers’ specifications in use.
2. It is expected that there will be noise and vibration emanating from movement of
heavy duty vehicles. The mitigation measures are hereby given below
Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels
Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to
minimize noise generation.
Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.
Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce
usage
Construction Segment
In this segment, there shall be site clearing and land acquisition for right of way. There shall also
be installation of equipment and structures (site offices, utilities, workshops, etc.); earthworks -
excavation, grading, and compaction; and all other Civil Engineering works. All these activities
have their impacts on the environment which are hereby highlighted with their mitigation measures
accordingly.
Site Clearing and Land Acquisition
There shall be removal of flora and fauna which is going to impact negatively on the
environment. These shall be mitigated using the following strategies:
Adherence to the RAP for compensation of affected persons.
Identification of any specie of special scientific interest
Ensure that affected flora species are transferred and raised in available nurseries.
Re-vegetate areas likely to be impacted with indigenous plant species immediately.
There shall also be air quality deterioration from release of dusts and gaseous emissions
from exposed soil surfaces and vehicles which shall be mitigated thus:
Suppression of dust emissions by appropriate methods such as spraying water on soil.
Employ fuel efficient and well-maintained haulage trucks with proper exhaust system to
minimize emissions.
All parked vehicles on the site shall have their engines turned off;
Service vehicles as at when due and stick to manufacturers’ specifications in use.
Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment. These shall be
mitigated thus:
Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels
62
Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize
noise generation
Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.
Generation of vegetal wastes from site clearing activities. The impacts are mitigated by
adopting the following strategies:
Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan (WMP)
Ensure submission of WMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor.
Ensure prompt evacuation
Workers could have accidents and sustain injuries in the course of the work and this could
thus be mitigated by doing the following:
Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers
Ensure that workers are provided with health and safety equipment such as High visibility
vest, safety helmets, earplugs, safety glasses, and safety boots and, stress on the need to
use them always.
Ensure that proper signs and barriers are put up within the project location sites.
Provision of First Aid onsite.
Ensure daily supervision of PPEs.
Installation of Equipment and Structures
1. Wastes shall be generated as these activities are going on and it could be mitigated by
ensuring that the below are put in place;
Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of construction
wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete, demolition materials, oils,
grease, lubricants, sanitary wastes, metals, etc.).
Ensure prompt and efficient evacuation
2. It is expected that there would be noise and vibration emanating from the use of
machineries and motorized equipment during construction of site structures. These
could be mitigated with the underlisted strategies;
Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels
Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize
noise generation.
Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.
3. Air quality deterioration from release of cement dusts, and toxic fumes from equipment
and machineries used during building and welding of site structures. The mitigation
measures are;
Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers.
Ensure use of nose mask specifically meant for toxic fumes and dust.
Ensure consistent monitoring of these PPEs
63
Earthworks - Excavation, grading, and compaction
1. There shall be noise and vibration from the use of machineries and vehicles during
excavation, burrowing, and compaction activities. The mitigation strategies are:
Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels
Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize
noise generation.
Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.
Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce usage.
2. Air Quality deterioration from dusts generated during excavation, burrowing, filling,
backfilling and compaction activities. The mitigation measures are:
Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers.
Ensure use of nose mask
Ensure consistent monitoring of these PPEs
All Civil Engineering Works
1. Noise and vibration is expected during the activities from the use of machineries and
motorized equipment. The mitigation measures are:
Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels
Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize
noise generation.
Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.
Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and staff.
2. Contamination of surface and underground water from waste water and spillages of oil
and other petroleum products through leakages and/improper handling during civil
works. The mitigation measures include;
Implement measures to control oil spillages that will be included in construction
contracts including guidelines for the proper storage and siting of hazardous materials
such as oil, grease, fuel.
Refueling, maintenance as well as storage of diesel and oil should conform to best
practices to ensure there are no spillages or leakages. Specifically;
Fuel storage tanks should be leak-proof and checked daily. The tanks should be
installed in a bounded area and should be replaced in cases of leakage;
Procedures for storage, handling of hazardous wastes and raw materials (e.g. batteries,
chemicals, fuels) should be prepared as part of the Contractors Waste Management
Plan;
Oils should be stored in their original drums and kept on top of an impermeable surface
preferably in the contractors store room.
3. Waste generation from cement and concrete works such as cement bags and metal
scraps. The mitigation measures include:
64
Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization
hierarchy principles of avoid-reduce- reuse -recycle- dispose
The Plan will Identify requirements for waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and
recycling;
Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes
4. Deterioration of air quality from release of cement dusts and toxic fumes during
construction of concrete structures. The mitigation measures include:
Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers.
Ensure use of nose mask
Ensure consistent monitoring of these PPEs
Operation and Maintenance Segment
There are at this stage some positive and negative impacts which shall be highlighted below.
1. There shall be highly reduced vulnerability to flooding and loss of agricultural land and
productivity due to the intervention
2. Waste shall be generated from de-silting of the channel and other maintenance works.
This could be mitigated by prompt and efficient evacuation of the drainages and the
channels as often as possible
Mitigation Measures of Impacts for the Social Components of the ESMP
There are also three segments in the Environmental management plan for the social component
which comprise of the Pre-construction segment, Construction Segment and the Operation and
Maintenance Segment. The impact and their mitigation measures are hereby highlighted
according to the segment.
Pre-construction Segment
Here, there shall be primarily movement of equipment and other materials to site which is
expected to have some social negative impacts.
1. There shall be traffic congestion and increased risk of road traffic accidents and injuries
as a result of movement of heavy equipment. The mitigation measures for this include to:
Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan (TMP).
Ensure compliance and strict enforcement of speed limits, use of appropriate road safety
signages and signalers.
Minimize movement at peak hours of the day.
Train drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety.
Ensure submission of TMP as a condition in the procurement document for the contractor.
Construction Segment
65
In this segment, there shall be site clearing and land acquisition for right-of-way. There shall also
be installation of equipment and structures (site offices, utilities, workshops, etc.); earthworks -
excavation, grading, and compaction; and all other Civil Engineering works. All these activities
have their impacts on the environment which are hereby highlighted with their mitigation measures
accordingly.
Site Clearing and Land Acquisition This will have positive social impact as there would be employment of local labour for site clearing.
Earthworks - Excavation, Grading, and Compaction There is likely going to be disruption of public utility services as a result of damage to existing underground
public utility cables and pipes during excavation works. This could be mitigated by adopting the following
strategies:
Use utility survey maps to identify existing underground facilities before excavation works to
prevent damages and disruption of services.
Where a need for shut down of service is necessary, it should be as temporal as possible to avoid
significant adverse effect on the people.
HIV/AIDS and other STDs
Sexual interactions amongst the workforce and the host Community could lead to dissemination
of HIV/AIDs and other STDs. The mitigation measures are:
Provide education, guidance and counseling on HIV/AIDS and other STDs for workers.
Provide condoms to construction staff
All Civil Engineering Works
There is a positive impact that will result by employment of local labour for construction activities.
This would result in improved livelihood and welfare of the community people. Employment of
local labour could be maximized by ensuring the submission of statement of intent to employ local
labour as a condition in the procurement document for the contractor. This stage could however
have a negative social impact as there could be occupational accidents and injuries from the use of
machineries and equipment during the civil engineering works. This could be mitigated by the
following strategies;
Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers.
Ensure consistent use of PPEs
Regular briefing on safety and good work ethics
66
Table 6.1: Environmental Management Plan
S/N Project Activity Potential Impacts
( Positive/Negative)
Mitigation Measures Monitoring Institutional
Responsibility
Estimated
Cost(N)
Indicators frequency Monitori
ng:
Implement
ation
A Pre-construction segment
1. Mobilization of
equipment and
other materials to
site
Negative Impacts
Air quality deterioration from
release of dusts and emissions
from vehicles transporting
equipment to site
1. Suppress dust emissions by
appropriate methods such as spraying
water on soil.
2. Employ fuel efficient and well-
maintained haulage trucks with proper
exhaust system to minimize emissions.
3. All parked vehicles on the site shall
have their engines turned off;
4. Service vehicles as at when due and
stick to manufacturers’ specifications in
use.
Dust and
vehicular
emissions
Regular
checks for
levels
consistent
with the
allowable
limits.
SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry
of
Environ
ment.
Contractor Should have
been
accommodat
ed in
Contract
sum.
Negative Impacts
Noise and vibration from
movement of heavy duty
vehicles
1. Maintain equipment and machineries
adequately to reduce their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized
equipment with exhaust
mufflers/silencers to minimize noise
generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of internal
combustion engines.
4. Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-
vibration hand gloves to workers and
enforce usage.
Levels in
relation to
regulatory
limits or
absence of
public
complaints
Regular
checks for
levels
consistent
with the
allowable
limits.
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of
Environ
ment
Contractor
67
S/N Project Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Estimated
Cost(₦) Indicator Frequency Monitoring: Implementation
B. Construction Segment
1. Site Clearing and
land acquisition
for right of way
Negative Impacts
Removal of flora and
fauna
1. Adhere to the RAP for
compensation of affected persons
2. Identify any specie of special
scientific interest
3. Ensure that affected flora species
are transferred and raised in
available nurseries.
4. Re vegetate areas likely to be
impacted with indigenous plant
species immediately.
1.Absence of
complaints
from PAP and
communities
2 .Absence of
avoidable
vegetation
clearance.
All through
the clearing
SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
Agric and
Environment
Contractor 200,000
Negative Impacts
Air quality deterioration
from release of dusts and
gaseous emissions from
exposed soil surfaces and
vehicles
1. Suppress dust emissions by
appropriate methods such as
spraying water on soil.
2. Employ fuel efficient and well-
maintained haulage trucks with
proper exhaust system to minimize
emissions.
3. All parked vehicles on the site
shall have their engines turned off;
4. Service vehicles as at when due
and stick to manufacturers’
specifications in use.
Dust and
vehicular
emissions
Regular
checks for
levels
consistent
with the
allowable
limits.
SPMU
Ebonyi
Contractor 200,000
Negative Impacts
Noise and vibration from
the use of machineries
and motorized equipment
1.Maintain equipment and
machineries adequately to reduce
their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized
equipment with exhaust
mufflers/silencers to minimize noise
generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of
internal combustion engines.
Absence of
complaints
from PAP and
communities
Regular
checks for
levels
consistent
with the
allowable
limits.
SPMU
Ebonyi and
Ministry of
Environment
Contractor 100,000
Negative Impacts Generation of vegetal wastes
from site clearing activities
Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan (WMP)
Ensure submission of WMP is a
condition in the procurement document
Cleanliness of site
Consistent monitoring
for prompt
and efficient evacuation
Monitoring: EBSEPA,
SPMU Ebonyi
Contractor 600,000
68
for the contractor. Ensure prompt
evacuation
S/N
Project
Activity
Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Institutional
Responsibility
Estimated
Cost(₦) Indicator Frequency
Monitoring:
Implementatio
n
Negative Impact
Workers could have
accidents and sustain
injuries in the course of the
work
1. Prepare and implement site specific HSE
plan for workers
2. Ensure that workers are provided with
health and safety equipment such as High
visibility vest, safety helmets, earplugs,
safety glasses, and safety boots and, stress on
the need to use them always.
3. Ensure that proper signs and barriers are
put up within the project location sites.
4. Provision of First Aid onsite.
5. Ensure daily supervision of PPEs
Absence of
injury and
casualties.
All through the
work
SPMU
Ebonyi
Contractor Should
have been
accommod
ated in
Contract
sum.
2. Installation of
Equipment
and Structures
(Site offices,
Utilities,
Workshops,
etc.)
Negative Impact
Generation of
construction wastes
1. Provide details of requirements for
handling, stockpiling, disposal of
construction wastes (especially
contaminated soil or water, concrete,
demolition materials, oils, grease,
lubricants, sanitary wastes, metals, etc.).
2. Ensure prompt and efficient
evacuation to designated dump sites
Cleanliness of
site.
Periodic
evacuation
EBSEPA,
SPMU
Ebonyi
Contractor 600,000
Negative Impact
Noise and vibration
from the use of
machineries and
motorized equipment
during
construction of site
structures
1.Maintain equipment and machineries
adequately to reduce their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized equipment
with exhaust
mufflers/silencers to minimize noise
generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of internal
combustion engines.
Absence of
complaints
from PAP and
communities
All through the
work SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of
Environm
ent
Contractor 100,000
69
Negative Impact
Air quality deterioration
from release of cement
dusts, and toxic fumes
from equipment and
machineries used during
building and welding of
site structures
1. Prepare and implement site specific
HSE plan for workers.
2. Ensure use of nose mask specifically
meant for toxic fumes and dust.
3. Ensure consistent monitoring of these
PPEs
Reduced sick
workers and
less reports of
respiratory
diseases
All through the
work
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of Health
Contractor
150,000
S/N Project
Activity
Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Institutional
Responsibility
Estimated
Cost(N) Indicator Frequency
Monitoring: Implementation
3. Earthworks -
Excavation,
grading, and
compaction
Negative Impacts: Noise
and vibration from the
use of machineries and
vehicles during
excavation, burrowing,
and compaction
activities
.Maintain equipment and machineries
adequately to reduce their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized equipment
with exhaust
mufflers/silencers to minimize noise
generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of internal
combustion engines.
4. Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration
hand gloves to workers and enforce usage.
Absence of
complaints from
PAP and
communities
All through
the activity
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of
Environm
ent
Contractor
150,000
Negative Impact
Air Quality deterioration
from dusts generated
during excavation ,
burrowing, filling,
backfilling and
compaction activities
1. Prepare and implement site specific HSE
plan for workers.
2. Ensure use of nose mask
3. Ensure consistent monitoring of these
PPEs
Absence of
complaints from
PAP and
communities
Less sick leave as a
result of
respiratory related
illness
All through
the activity
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of
Environm
ent
Contractor
100,000
4. All Civil
Engineering
Works
Negative Impact
Noise and vibration from
the use of machineries and
motorized equipment
1. Maintain equipment and machineries
adequately to reduce their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized equipment
with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize
noise generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of internal
combustion engines.
4. Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration
hand gloves to workers.
Absence of
complaints from
PAP and
communities
All through
the activity
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of
Environm
ent
Contractor
70
Negative Impact
Contamination of surface
and underground water
from waste water and
spillages of oil and other
petroleum products
through leakages
and/improper handling.
1. Implement measures to control oil
spillages that will be included in construction
contracts including guidelines for the proper
storage and siting of hazardous materials
such as oil, grease, fuel.
2. Refueling, maintenance as well as storage
of diesel and oil should conform to
international best practices to ensure there are
no spillages or leakages. Specifically;
3. Fuel storage tanks should be leak-proof
and checked daily. The tanks should be
installed in a bounded area and should be
replaced in cases of leakage;
4. Procedures for storage, handling of
hazardous wastes and raw materials (e.g.
batteries, chemicals, fuels) should be
prepared as part of the Contractors Waste
Management Plan;
6. Oils should be stored in their original
drums and kept on top of an impermeable
surface preferably in the contractors store
room.
Absence of
complaints from
PAP and
communities
All through
the activity
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of
Environm
ent
Contractor
100,000
Negative Impact
Waste generation from
cement and concrete
works such as cement
bags and metal scraps
Implement the Waste Management Plan
(WMP), using the waste minimization
hierarchy principles of avoid-reduce-
reuserecycle- disposal. The Plan will:
- Identify requirements for waste avoidance;
reduction; reuse and recycling;
- Provide details of requirements for
handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes
Cleanliness of
site.
Periodic
evacuation
all through
the activity
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
EBSEPA
Contractor 200,000
Negative Impact
Deterioration of air
quality from release of
cement dusts and toxic
fumes during
construction of concrete
structures
1. Prepare and implement site specific HSE
plan for workers.
2. Ensure use of nose mask
3. Ensure consistent monitoring of these
PPEs
Less complaints
from communities
and
Less sick leave
Periodic
evacuation
SPMU
Ebonyi
and
Ministry
of
Environm
ent
Contractor 50,000
71
C Operation and Maintenance Segment
1 Maintenance
and
operation
Negative Impact
Waste generation from de-
silting and other maintenance
works
Immediate evacuation of all the
wastes
Free flow and
Total cleanliness
of the storm water
channels
Periodically
(bi-
monthly)
SPMU
Ministry of
Environme
nt and
EBSEPA
400,000
Sub- total 2,950,000
Table 6.2: Social Management Plan
S/N Project Activity Potential Impacts
(Positive/Negative)
Mitigation Measures Monitoring Institutional
Responsibility
Estimated
Cost(N) Indicators
Frequency
Monitoring: Implementation
A Pre-construction segment
1. Mobilization of
equipment and
other materials
to site
Negative Impacts
Traffic congestion and increased
risk of road traffic accidents and
injuries as a result of movement
of heavy equipment
Emission of carbon monoxide
from heavy duty trucks
1. Develop and implement a Traffic
Management Plan (TMP).
2. Ensure compliance and strict
enforcement of speed limits, use of
appropriate road safety signages and
signalers.
3. Minimization of movement at peak
hours of the day.
4. Training of drivers on haulage safety
and pedestrian safety.
5. Ensure submission of TMP as a
condition in the procurement document
for the contractor.
Number or
absence of
public
complaints
and accidents
Daily SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry
responsibl
e for
transport
in the state
Contractor
and
Ministry of
Transport
Should have
been
accommodate
d in Contract
sum.
72
B. Construction Segment
1. Site Clearing
and land
acquisition for
right of way
Positive Impact:
Employment of local labour for
site clearing
Absence of
complaints from
PAP and
communities
All
through
the
stage
SPMU
Ebonyi,
Contractor Should have
been
accommodate
d in Contract
sum
2. Earthworks -
Excavation,
grading, and
compaction
Negative Impact
Disruption of public utility
services from damage to existing
underground public utility cables
and pipes during excavation
works
1. Use utility survey maps to identify existing
underground facilities before excavation works to prevent damages and disruption
of services.
2. Where there is a need for shut down of service is necessary, it should be as temporal as
possible to avoid significant adverse effect on
the people.
Absence of
complaints from
PAP and
communities
All
through
the
stage
SPMU
Ebonyi and
Ministry of
Public
utilities
Contractor 100,000
Negative Impact
HIV/AIDS and other STDs
arising from the
interactions amongst the
workforce and the host
Community.
1. Provide education, guidance and counseling on HIV/AIDS and other STDs for workers.
2. Provide condoms to construction staff.
Low cases or
absence of STDs
project
All
through
the
stage
SPMU
Ebonyi and
Ministry of
Health
Contractor 100,000
3 All Civil
Engineering
Works
Positive Impact
Employment of local labour
for construction activities
resulting in improved
livelihood and welfare
Maximize employment of local labour by
ensuring the submission of statement of
intent to employ local labour as a
condition in the procurement document
for the contractor.
No employment
complaint from
community
All
through
the
project
SPMU
Ebonyi and
NGO
Contractor Should have
been
accommodate
d in Contract
sum
Negative Impact
Occupational accidents and
injuries from the use of
machineries and equipment
Prepare and implement site specific HSE
plan for workers.
Ensure consistent use of PPEs
Regular briefing on safety and good work
ethics
Very low or
absence of cases
of accident and
injuries
All
through
the
project
SPMU
Ebonyi and
Ministry of
Health
Contractor Should have
been
accommodate
d in Contract
sum
73
C Operation and Maintenance Segment
1 Maintenance
and operation
Positive Impact
Creation of employment by
training locals as maintenance
officers
Maximize employment of local labour
by ensuring the submission of statement
of intent to employ local labour as a
condition in the procurement document
for the contractor.
Employment of
sufficient
indigenes
Proper
maintenance of
intervention
At the
inceptio
n of the
project
and
whenev
er
necessa
ry
SPMU
Ebonyi
Contracto
r
Negative Impact
Occupational accidents and
injuries as a result of falling and
tripping during routine
maintenance
Prepare and implement site specific
HSE plan for workers.
Ensure consistent use of PPEs
Regular briefing on safety and good
work ethics
Very low or
absence of cases
of accident and
injuries
As long
as the
mainte
nance
lasts
SPMU
Ebonyi
Ministry
of Health
100,000
Sub- total 300,000
74
6.3 Project Monitoring
Monitoring is a tool to ensure adherence to agreed actions, to assess compliance, and to provide
enhanced data for refined risk management purposes. Environmental monitoring during project
implementation provides information about key environmental aspects of the project and the
effectiveness of mitigation measures, which enables proper evaluation of the success of the
mitigation and allows for any additional corrective action to be taken when needed. The
Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct or indirect indicators of emissions,
effluents, and resource use applicable to the intervention works. Monitoring frequency shall be
sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring shall be
conducted for trained individuals who can carry out the monitoring and record-keeping effectively
using properly calibrated and maintained equipment.
In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, an environmental performance
monitoring program has been designed to provide specific description and technical details of
monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling
locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of
thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions. It also includes monitoring and reporting
procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures,
and furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation. Detailed proposed mitigation
measures and related monitoring activities are provided in the Monitoring Plan in Table 6.3 and
6.4 for the environmental and social components respectively.
75
Table 6.3: Mitigation measures and related monitoring activities ( Environmental section)
S/N Potential Impacts
(Positive/Negative
Impacts)
Mitigation Measures Indicators/Parameter Sampling
location
Method of
Measurement
Frequency Responsibility Cost (₦)
A Pre-construction Segment
Mobilization of equipment and other materials to site
1. Air quality deterioration
from release of dusts and
emissions from vehicles
transporting equipment to
site
1. Suppress dust emissions by appropriate
methods such as spraying water on soil.
2. Employ fuel efficient and well-
maintained haulage trucks with proper
exhaust system to minimize emissions.
3. All parked vehicles on the site shall have
their engines turned off;
4. Service vehicles as at when due and stick
to manufacturers’ specifications in use.
1.Records of
maintenance
for all machineries
and equipment
2. Values of TSP,
SO2, NOx, CO,
Project
Site and
surroundin
g
In situ Monthly SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
and
Construction
contractor
600,000
2 Noise and vibration from
movement of heavy duty
vehicles
1. Maintain equipment and machineries
adequately to reduce their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized
equipment with exhaust
mufflers/silencers to minimize noise
generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of internal
combustion engines.
4. Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-
vibration hand gloves to workers and
enforce usage.
1.Noise Levels
(Not to exceed
90dB(A)
2.No of
Complaints
Records of
Equipment
Maintenance
1.Construct
ion Site
2.
Transport
corridor
1.In-Situ
Measureme
nt
2.Sighting
3.Complain
t
Register
Daily SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
Monitoring
and
Evaluation
contractor
100,000
76
S/N Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/Parameter Sampling
location
Method of
Measurement
Frequency Responsibility Cost (₦)
B. Construction Segment
Site Clearing and land acquisition for right of way
1 Removal of flora and
fauna
1. Adhere to the RAP for
compensation of affected persons
2. Identify any specie of special
scientific interest
3. Ensure that affected flora species
are transferred and raised in available
nurseries.
4. Re vegetate areas likely to be
impacted with indigenous plant
species immediately.
Clearly Defined
Boundaries
Density
Loss/Vegetal cover
Diversity of
indigenous
and exotic plant
species
All through the
channelization
corridor
1.Visual
Observation
2.Visual
Estimate
of Cover
Daily Construction
Contractor,
SPMU
Ebonyi, Site
committee
50,000
2 Air quality
deterioration from
release of dusts and
gaseous emissions
from exposed soil
surfaces and vehicles
1. Suppress dust emissions by
appropriate methods such as spraying
water on soil.
2. Employ fuel efficient and well-
maintained haulage trucks with
proper exhaust system to minimize
emissions.
3. All parked vehicles on the site shall
have their engines turned off;
4. Service vehicles as at when due
and stick to manufacturers’
specifications in use.
1.Records of
maintenance
for all machineries and
equipment
2. Values of TSP, SO2,
NOx, CO,
Project
Site and
surrounding
In situ Monthly SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
Construction
contractor
600,000
3 Noise and vibration
from the use of
machineries and
motorized equipment
1.Maintain equipment and
machineries adequately to reduce
their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized
equipment with exhaust
mufflers/ silencers to minimize
noise generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of
internal combustion engines.
1.Noise Levels (Not
to exceed 90dB(A)
2.No of Complaints
Records of
Equipment
Maintenance
1.Construction
Site
2. Transport
corridor
1.In-Situ
Measurement
2.Sighting
3.Complaint
Register
Daily SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
Construction
contractor
100,000
77
S/N Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/Parameter Sampling
location
Method of
Measurement
Frequency Responsibility Cost (₦)
4 Generation of vegetal
wastes from site
clearing activities
Prepare and implement a Waste
Management Plan (WMP)
Ensure submission of WMP is a
condition in the procurement
document for the contractor. Ensure
prompt evacuation
1.Reference to Waste
Mgt plan
2.Contractor’s
Compliance to WMP
3.Waste Handling and
Disposal of Wastes
Construction
Site
1. Sighting
2.Visual
Observation
3. Waste
Tracking
Report
Weekly Monitoring &
Control
Contractor/
Firm
5. Exposure of soil/land
to
erosion
1.Avoid removal of vegetation and
trees to the extent possible
2. Protect all vegetation not required
to be removed against damage
3. Re vegetate exposed soil quickly
1.% of Vegetal Loss
2. Natural/Cultivated
vegetation Cover
Construction
Site
Visual Estimate
As long
as the
clearing
lasts
Contractor,
SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment
Accommodated
in the contract
sum
Installation of Equipment and Structures (Site offices,
Utilities, Workshops, etc.)
1 Generation of
construction wastes
1. Provide details of requirements for
handling, stockpiling, disposal of
construction wastes (especially
contaminated soil or water, concrete,
demolition materials, oils, grease,
lubricants, sanitary wastes, metals,
etc.).
2. Ensure prompt and efficient
evacuation
1. Contractors
Compliance
to WMP
2. Waste Handling and
Disposal
Construction
Site
1.Visual
Observation
2.Waste
Tracking
Report
Daily Construction
contractor,
EBSEPA
500,000
2 Noise and vibration
from the use of
machineries and
motorized
equipment during
construction of site
structures
1.Maintain equipment and
machineries adequately to reduce
their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized
equipment with exhaust
mufflers/ silencers to minimize noise
generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of
internal combustion engines.
1.Noise Levels (Not
to exceed 90 dB(A)
2.No of Complaints
Records of
Equipment
Maintenance
1.Construction
Site
2. Transport
corridor
1.In-Situ
Measurement
2.Sighting
3.Complaint
Register
Daily SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
Construction
contractor
100,000
78
S/N Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/Parameter Sampling
location
Method of
Measurement
Frequency Responsibility Cost (₦)
3 Air quality deterioration from release of cement
dusts, and toxic fumes
from equipment and machineries used during
building and welding of
site structures
1. Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers.
2. Ensure use of nose mask specifically
meant for toxic fumes and dust. 3. Ensure consistent monitoring of these
PPEs
Measured Values of
TSP, SO2, NOx, CO,
Project
Site and
surrounding
In situ Monthly SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
Construction
contractor
50,000
Earthworks - Excavation, grading, and compaction
1 Noise and vibration
from the use of
machineries and
vehicles during
excavation,
burrowing, and
compaction
activities
.Maintain equipment and machineries
adequately to reduce their noise
levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized
equipment with exhaust
mufflers/silencers to minimize noise
generation.
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of
internal combustion engines.
4. Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-
vibration hand gloves to workers and
enforce usage.
1.Noise Levels (Not
to exceed 90dB(A)
2.No of Complaints
Records of
Equipment
Maintenance
1.Construction
Site
2. Transport
corridor
1.In-Situ
Measurement
2.Sighting
3.Complaint
Register
Daily SPMU
Ebonyi, State
Ministry of
environment,
Construction
contractor
100,000
2 Air Quality
deterioration from
dusts generated
during excavation ,
burrowing, filling,
backfilling and
compaction
activities
1. Prepare and implement site
specific HSE plan for workers.
2. Ensure use of nose mask
3. Ensure consistent monitoring of
these PPEs
Measured Values of
TSP, SO2, NOx, CO,
Project
Site and
surrounding
In situ Monthly SPMU
Ebonyi, state
Ministry of
environment,
Construction
contractor
600,000
All Civil Engineering Works
1. Noise and vibration
from the use of
machineries and
motorized equipment
1. Maintain equipment and
machineries adequately to reduce
their noise levels
2. Fit machineries and motorized
equipment with exhaust
mufflers/silencers to minimize noise
generation.
1.Noise Levels (Not
to exceed 90dB(A)
2.No of Complaints
Records of Equipment
Maintenance
1.Construction
Site
2. Transport
corridor
1.In-Situ
Measurement
2.Sighting
3.Complaint
Register
Daily SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
contractor
100,000
79
3. Avoid unnecessary idling of
internal combustion engines.
4. Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-
vibration hand gloves to workers and
2. Contamination of
surface and
underground water
from waste water and
spillages of oil and
other petroleum
products through
leakages
and/improper
handling.
1. Implement measures to control oil
spillages that will be included in
construction contracts including
guidelines for the proper storage and
siting of hazardous materials such as
oil, grease, fuel.
2. Refueling, maintenance as well as
storage of diesel and oil should
conform to best practices to ensure
there are no spillages or leakages.
Specifically;
3. Fuel storage tanks should be leak-
proof and checked daily. The tanks
should be installed in a bounded area
and should be replaced in cases of
leakage;
4. Procedures for storage, handling of
hazardous wastes and raw materials
(e.g. batteries, chemicals, fuels)
should be prepared as part of the
Contractors Waste Management
Plan;
6. Oils should be stored in their
original drums and kept on top of an
impermeable surface preferably in
the contractors store
room.
Evidence of
leakages
of oil and fuels
3. Contractor’s
Compliance
1.Construction
Site
1. Soil Quality
Test
2.Visual
Observation
3. Spot check
Bi-
monthly
SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
contractor
200,000
3. Waste generation
from cement and
concrete works such
as cement bags and
metal scraps
Implement the Waste Management
Plan (WMP), using the waste
minimization hierarchy principles of
avoid-reduce- reuserecycle- disposal.
The Plan will:
- Identify requirements for waste
avoidance; reduction; reuse and
recycling;
- Provide details of requirements for
handling, stockpiling, disposal of
wastes
1. Contractors
Compliance
to WMP
2. Waste Handling and
Disposal
Construction
Site
1.Visual
Observation
2.Waste
Tracking
Report
Daily Contractor,
EBSEPA
400,000
80
4. Deterioration of air
quality from release
of cement dusts and
toxic fumes during
construction of
concrete structures
1. Prepare and implement site
specific HSE plan for workers.
2. Ensure use of nose mask
3. Ensure consistent monitoring of
these PPEs
Measured Values of
TSP, SO2, NOx, CO,
Project
Site and
surrounding
In situ Monthly SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
environment,
contractor
600,000
C Operation and Maintenance Segment
1. Waste generation
from de-silting and
other maintenance
works
Immediate evacuation of all the
wastes
1. Contractors
Compliance
to WMP
2. Waste Handling and
Disposal
Construction
Site
1.Visual
Observation
2.Waste
Tracking
Report
Daily Contractor,
EBSEPA
400,000
Sub-total = ₦4,500,000
81
Table 6.4: Mitigation measures and related monitoring activities ( Social Impact)
S/
N
Potential Impacts
(Positive/Negative)
Enhancement/Mitigation Measures Indicators/Paramet
er
Sampling
location
Method of
Measurement
Frequenc
y
Responsibility Cost (₦)
A Pre-construction Segment
Mobilization of equipment and
other materials to site
1 Negative Impact
Traffic congestion and
increased risk of road
traffic accidents and
injuries as a result of
movement of heavy
equipment
1. Develop and implement a Traffic
Management Plan (TMP).
2. Ensure compliance and strict
enforcement of speed limits, use of
appropriate road safety signages and
signalers.
3. Minimization of movement at peak hours
of the day.
4. Training of drivers on haulage safety and
pedestrian safety.
5. Ensure submission of TMP as a condition
in the procurement document for the
contractor.
1.Traffic flow
2.Safety signages
& signalers
installed at
strategic locations
3.No of
Complaints from
residents and other
road users
4.No of Road
Traffic Accidents
Transport
corridor 1.Visual
Observation
Complaint
Register
Police/FRSC
Report
Daily Federal Road
Safety
Corps (FRSC)
SPMU Ebonyi
200,000
B. Construction Segment
Site Clearing and land
acquisition for right of way
1 Positive Impact:
Employment of local
labour for site clearing
Maximize employment of local labour by
ensuring the submission of statement of
intent to employ local labour as a
condition in the procurement document for
the contractor.
Absence of
complaints from
PAP and
communities
In the
Project area
Complaints
Register Wheneve
r
necessar
y
Contractor,
Earthworks - Excavation,
grading, and compaction
1 Negative Impact
Disruption of public
utility services from
damage to existing
underground public
utility cables and pipes
during excavation works
1. Use utility survey maps to identify existing
underground facilities before excavation works
to prevent damages and disruption
of services.
2. Where a need for shut down of service is necessary, it should be as temporal as possible to
avoid significant adverse effect on the people.
Complaints to
Utility
Service Providers
Constructio
n
Site
(excavated
areas)
1.Complain
ts Register
2.Visual
Observatio
n
All
through
Excavati
on period
Contractor
100,000
82
2 Negative Impact
HIV/AIDS and other
STDs arising from the
interactions amongst the
workforce and the host
Community.
1. Provide education, guidance and counseling
on HIV/AIDS and other STDs for workers. 2. Provide condoms to construction staff.
3. Medical examination targeted at STD and
screening for HIV/AIDs 4. Treatment and counseling should follow.
Low cases or
absence of STDs
Amongst
the
workers.
Interview
and medical
test
Bi-
monthly
SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
Health,
400,000
All Civil Engineering Works
1 Negative Impact
Occupational
accidents and injuries
as a result of falling
and tripping during
routine maintenance
Prepare and implement site specific HSE
plan for workers.
Ensure consistent use of PPEs
Regular briefing on safety and good work
ethics.
First aid equipment present on site
HSE statistics
Contractors
Compliance
Training
Records
Workers using
PPE
5. First Aid Kit
Constructio
n
Site
1.Sighting
HSE
Reports
Routine
Inspection
Monthly SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
Health,
contractor
Accommodated
in the budget
C Operation and Maintenance Segment
1. Positive Impact
Creation of
employment by
training locals as
maintenance officers
Maximize employment of local labour by
ensuring the submission of statement of
intent to employ local labour as a condition
in the procurement document for the
contractor.
1.Contractors
compliance to
employment of
indigenes
Community 1.No of Complaints
from
community.
2. % No of
workers
employed
Periodica
lly
SPMU
Ebonyi,
contractor
Accommodated
in the budget
2. Negative Impact
Occupational
accidents and injuries
as a result of falling
and tripping during
routine maintenance
Prepare and implement site specific HSE
plan for workers.
Ensure consistent use of PPEs
Regular briefing on safety and good work
ethics
Presence of First Aid Equipment on site
HSE statistics
Contractors
Compliance
Training
Records
Workers using
PPE
5. First Aid Kitt
Constructio
n
Site
1.Sighting
HSE
Reports
Routine
Inspection
Monthly SPMU
Ebonyi,
Ministry of
Health,
contractor
Accommodated
in the budget
Sub-total= ₦700,000
83
6.4 Institutional Arrangements
Institutional arrangements are essential to the effective implementation of the environmental and
social management plan. The roles and responsibility of the institutions in the implementation are
outlined in Table 6.5.
Table 6.5: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
S/N Category Roles and Responsibilities
1. World Bank Assess implementation
Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management
framework and implementation performance.
Responsible for the final review and clearance of the ESMP;
Ensures that environmental safeguards are taken care of during World Bank
supervision mission.
2. FMEnv play the role of lead environmental regulator, overseeing compliance
requirements, granting consent and also monitoring
providing supervisory oversight for the project in conjunction with other
MDAs under its supervision
3. SPMU Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various
technical programmes
Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects
Liaise with the FMEnv and World Bank with respect to the preparation and
implementation of the ESMP;
Ensure the integration of the required environmental and social measures and
obligations in the tender documents and contracts;
Monitor implementation of these measures and take adequate steps in case of
non-compliance;
Compile and prepare periodic environmental reports for submission to the
World Bank.
Ensures that the World Bank Safeguard policies including the
OP4.01 is strictly adhered to.
Liaise with the Contractor on implementation of the ESMP / ARAP.
Liaise with various Central and State Government agencies on environmental,
resettlement and other regulatory matters.
Engagement of core and support staff and submits same to the WB for no
objection
Sourcing of counterpart fund from the state government.
4. State Ministry of
works Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities
5. State Ministry of
Environment and
EBSEPA
Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable standards,
environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation
process and criteria
Appoint an Environmental Officer, Site Engineer or Independent Consultant
that will be responsible for onsite implementation of the ESMP and
coordination of the activities of the contractor
Ensure Prompt and efficient waste evacuation
6. State Ministry of
Lands Overseer matters of Land Acquisition and compensation and other resettlement
issues
84
7. State Ministry of
Health Ensures that all health and allied issues are properly addressed and supervised
8. Local
Government Support in monitoring project execution within their domains to ensure
compliance with this ESMP and other relevant requirements
9. Local
Community
Promote environmental awareness
Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision
of approval for such sites
Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage
carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the
proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.
10. Other MDAs Come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or
management are likely to be affected by or implicated projects such as utility.
11 Contractor Compliance to Bill of Quantity specification in procurement of material and
construction and adherence to the ESMP and good practice
to provide sufficient training to his workforce in order to ensure they are fully
aware of the relevant aspects of the ESMP and are able to fulfill their roles and
functions.
Ensures full compliance to World Bank principles and ESMP
6.5 Capacity Building and Training
Capacity building of all and sundry involved in the implementation of the ESMP is crucial to
enhance the performance of the individuals in their roles and for collaboration of relevant
stakeholders. The Contractor will be required to provide sufficient training to his workforce in
order to ensure they are fully aware of the relevant aspects of the ESMP and are able to fulfill their
roles and functions. This training will be a requirement of contract for the construction Contractor.
Specific training should be provided for workers that have specific tasks associated with the
implementation of the ESMP. Training should include:
Training on General Environmental Awareness to foster the implementation of
environmentally sound practices.
Induction Courses
Refresher Courses
Daily Tool Box Talks.
85
Table 6.6: Proposed Training Programme for the Implementation of ESMP Capacity Building
Activity
Proposed Topics Target Audience Duration Estimated
Budget
Module 1:
Training on
Environmental and
Social Management
Plan
Implementation
1.Overview of Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment Process
2. Overview of Anticipated Impacts of
Project
3.Environmental Pollution & Control
4.Environmental and Social
Management Plan
5.Environmental Performance
Monitoring – Monitoring
6. Environmental Reporting
7.Mitigation Measures in ESMP
Officers of
SPMU, relevant
MDAs, LGA
departments,
NGOs,
CBOs.
1week ₦2,500,000
Module 2:
Training on
Construction HSE
1.Introduction to Construction HSE
2. Overview of Health and Safety
3. Hazards in Construction
4. Incidents: Causation, Investigation &
Reporting
5.Excavation Safety
6. Construction Site Inspection
7. Use of Personal Protective
Equipment
Relevant staff of
SPMU, other
relevant MDAs,
LGA
departments,
NGOs,CBOs.
1week ₦2,500,000
Total 2weeks ₦5,000,000
86
6.6 ESMP Implementation Schedule
Most of the environmental and social management actions have to be observed throughout the construction
activities. The tentative schedule for the intervention project is shown in Table 6.7
Table 6.7: ESMP Implementation Schedule (in months)
S/N Activity Responsibility Pre-
Construction
Construction
Operation &
Maintenance
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1. Disclosure of ESMP
Report
PMU
2. Allocating Budget
for ESMP
PMU
3. Appointing Support
Staff for ESMP
PMU
4. Review and Approval
of Contractor’s ESMP
PMU
5. Finalizing Site
Layout Plan of
Construction
PMU/Contractor
6. Implementation of
Mitigation
Measures
PMU/Contractor
7. Supervising ESMP
Implementation
PMU/Contractor
8. Environmental
Auditing
PMU/FMENV/MoE/
Environmental
Consultant
9. Monitoring &
Reporting on ESMP
Implementation
PMU /Contractor
10 Environmental
Training and
supervision
Contractor/HSE
Consultant
87
6.7 Summary of Estimated ESMP Budget
The cost of implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures recommended in this ESMP
have been estimated and included in the ESMP. The estimated costs include the cost of capacity
building, cost of environmental monitoring and cost of mitigation by the Contractor .The details
of cost estimations are given in Table 6.8
Table 6.8: Details of ESMP Cost Estimation
S/N Items Estimated Cost ($)
@₦ 217
Estimated Cost (₦)
1. Mitigation Measures 14,977 3,250,000
2. Monitoring 23,041 5,200,000
3. Training 23,041 5,000,000
Grand Total 61,059 13,450,000
88
CHAPTER SEVEN
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
The development of the Environmental and Social management plan of Iyi-udele flood site in
Abakaliki capital city for the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) is
crucial for the sustainable actualization of the proposed intervention which is aimed at proffering
solutions to the perennial flooding experienced within Abakaliki metropolis. The project is
envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. It is anticipated that the
proposed intervention will reduce to the barest minimum the worrisome experiences of the entire
area occasioned by the flooding. Moreover some negative impacts are inevitable also. All these
are highlighted in chapter 5 of this report.
Measures to enhance beneficial impacts which are based on recommended good practice,
regulatory requirements and contributions received from relevant stakeholders have also been
proposed. The measures may be in various forms ranging from avoidance, prevention,
minimization and compensation
In the ESMP:
● It is observed that the proposed intervention work is most desirable because of the obvious
environmental, health and socio-economic benefits.
● Of all the viable options that were considered namely, No action option, Delayed action
project and Go ahead option, the latter was considered because the benefits far out-weigh
the negative impacts that could arise in the course of implementation.
● The design adopted for this intervention project is channelization of the river within
Abakaliki metropolis, through the provision of line drainage channels of appropriate
dimensions and training of the channels of River Iyiudele
● Mitigation measures and management plans have been suggested and developed for the
negative impacts.
● Appropriate strategy for environmental monitoring during project implementation which
provides information about key environmental aspects of the project and the effectiveness
of mitigation measures are developed
89
● Responsibilities were assigned to various Institutions and Authorities for the
implementation of the mitigation measures and the environmental and social management
plan and monitoring programmes.
● The baseline biophysical data were acquired and the results were shown in chapter three.
● Very importantly, it was observed in the course of the study that the community where this
intervention project is sited is very happy to have it. They cannot wait to see the
commencement of the project.
It is recommended that a qualified contractor that is not only very competent but also conscious of
the World Bank standard should be deployed to embark on this timely and crucial intervention
project so that the ESMP would be followed to the letter for the sustainable actualization of the
project.
Conclusively, the study has shown that the proposed project will not severely impact negatively
on the existing environmental, social and health status of the people. Aside from the
environmental benefits to the community and people affected directly, the intervention would
offer the following social benefits:
Reduced mortality and morbidity from water related diseases
Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity offered to most of project
affected person and
Creation of employment
90
References
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problems related to shales in the Abakaliki area, Southeastern Nigeria. African
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 5(2), pp. 80-88
Alloway BJ, Jackson AP. (1991). The behavior of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended
soils. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 100, pp. 151–176.
Allen, S.E., Grimshaw, H.M., Parkinson, J.A. & Quarmby, C. (1974). Chemical analysis
of ecological materials.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
American Water Works Association (AWWA) (1990). Water quality and treatment,
McGraw-Hill, New York.
FEPA (1991): National Environmental Protection (effluent Limitation) Regulations.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria.
Fetter CN (1990). Applied hydrogeology. CBS, New Delhi, p. 567
Freeze A, Cheery JA (1979). Groundwater. Prentice-Hall Inc., Eagle Wood Cliffs, New
Jersey, p. 491.
Global Environment Facility (GEF) 2012, Investing In Our Planet for Nigeria Erosion and
Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document
IITA (1979): Methods of Soils and Plant Tissue Analysis (International Institute for
Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, 1979).
Ismael AMO (1990). Water resources of Abakaliki, Ishielu and Ohaozara areas of SE
Nigeria. M.Sc Thesis, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Kiely G (1997). Environmental engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 946.
Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No
ENV-S-C 2005-053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the
Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning,
Cape Town.
NEWMAP, 2012: Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Nigeria
Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document
NEWMAP, 2012: Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for Nigeria Erosion and
Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document
91
Nwafor J.C. (2006) Environmental Impact Assessment for Sustainable Development: The
Nigerian Perspective. EDPCA Publications, EL’DEMAK Publishers, Enugu.
Ofoegbu CO, Amajor LC (1987). A geochemical comparison of the pyroclastic rocks from
Abakaliki and Ezillo, southeastern Benue Trough. J. Min. Geol., 23(1 - 2): 45-51.
Okogbue CO, Aghamelu OP (2010a). The Impact of the Geotechnical Properties of the
Abakaliki Shale on the Incessant Road Failures in the Abakaliki Area,
southeastern Nigeria. Paper presented at the 1st International Workshop on
Landslides and Other Natural Disasters, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
22-26th March 2010.
Okogbue CO, Aghamelu OP (2010b). Comparison of the geotechnical properties of
crushed shales from Southeastern Nigeria. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 69(4): 587-
597.
Reyment RA (1965). Aspects of Geology of Nigeria. Ibadan University, Ibadan, pp 145.
Sawyer CN, McCarty PL (1967). Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers. Second edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 58.
Thomas G, King R (1991). Advances in water treatment and environmental management.
Elsevier Appl. Sci., Oxford..
World Bank (1999 ): Environmental Management Plan , OP 4.01 - Annex C
92
Appendix I
Questionnaire
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyi-Udele Flood Site in
Abakaliki Capital City, Ebonyi State
Dear Respondent,
Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey! The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight
from the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) on the ESMP of proposed project for Iyi-Udele flood site in Abakaliki
Capital City, Ebonyi State. This is your chance to tell us what you think!
NOTE:
Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries
where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category
that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.
Settlement/Community: ………………………… State/L.G.A: …….……………………
Name of Interviewer: ……..…………….…………… Date: ...……………..……………
Coordinates: Northing ………………………… Easting …………………………………
Survey Location: (a) Major Urban (b) Other Urban (c) Rural
SECTION A: Household data
1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female
2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs
3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed
4. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non Resident, Visiting
5. Ethnic Group: (a) Ezza (b) Ezekuna (c) Izzi (d) Ikwo (d) Other, specify…………
6. Religion: (a) Islam (b) Christianity (c) Traditional
7. Education: (a) None (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University)
(e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate
8. Relationship to HH: (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify
9. Type of HH (a) Normal (Father) (b) Woman (c) Child
10. Size of the HH ……………………………
No. of Adults (Above 18) Men Women
No. of Children (below 18) Boys Girls
11. Are you affected by the flood development? (a) yes (b) no
12. If question 11 is yes, how (a) loss of Agric/farmland (b) loss of building (c) loss of landed property (d) others
specify……………..
13. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed
(salary) (f) Self Employed (g) Social Support (h) unemployed (i) Others specify………………………
14. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above
93
15. If non-resident, please state your actual location: ……………. (Location/LGA/State)
Education
1.1 Does anyone in your household
currently attend school (If no, skip to 2)
A Yes b No
1.2. Where do the children go to school?
(Place name)
School Category Number
a Primary b Junior High
c Senior High/ Tech/ Voc d Post-Secondary
1.3. How long does it take to get to
school?
(Note response to each school accessed)
a <5 mins b 5-15 mins
c 15-30 mins d 30-60 mins
e 60+ mins
1.4. What method of transport is used to
get to school?
(Note response to each school accessed)
a Foot b Bicycle
c Mini bus d Taxi
e Private Car f Okada
g Tri-cycle
SECTION B: HEALTH STATUS
1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by the flood activity? (a) Yes (b) No
2. If yes, in what way? (a) Skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Malaria
(e)Water-borne diseases (f) Other, Specify……………………
3. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from
nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify………………………….
4. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c)
last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one.
5. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly?
Degree Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never
Degree
Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never
Whooping
Cough Rheumatism
Tuberculosis Rashes
Asthma Eczema
Dysentery Ringworm
Diarrhoea Eye pains
Cholera Cataract
Pile Glaucoma
Hypertension Typhoid
fever
Congestive
health problem Malaria
Pneumonia Sickle cell
anaemia
Sexually
transmitted
diseases
Epilepsy
6. Do you think your ailment will be affected by the proposed intervention? (a) Yes (b) No
7. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site
for disease vectors (d) Noise/air pollution (e) Others, specify:……………………………………
94
SECTION C. STANDARD OF LIVING / SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
1. Assets
1.1 Do you have any of the following items
Item Quantity Item Quantity
a.radio / tape recorder
k. beds
b. television
l. furniture set
c. DVD player
m. fan
d. telephone (land line)
n. computer
e. mobile phone o. generator
f. stove
p. mosquito nets
g. fridge
q. insect screens
h. hunting trap r. other (specify)
1.2 What sort of transport does your family own
Item Quantity Item Quantity
a. bicycle
f. car
b. motorcycle/okada
g. truck
c. canoe
h. taxi
d. boat i. bus
e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)
1.3 What mode of transport do you frequently use
Item Quantity Item Quantity
a. bicycle
f. car
b. motorcycle/okada
g. truck
c. canoe
h. taxi
d. boat i. bus
e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)
95
1.4 What sort of housing does your household live in?
a. Construction material - Walls
Plastered mud c. Number of rooms
1-2
Cement blocks 3-4
Other (specify) Other
(specify) b. Construction material - roofing
Corrugated roofing d. Other structures on
plot
Animal
Pen Aluminium Granary
Asbestors Shops
Tile
Kiosks
Other (specify) Other
(specify) e. Construction material - floor
Earthen
Concretes
Tiles
Other (specify)
f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine
Water closet
Toilet facility outside dwelling
Pier latrine
Other (specify)
None
g. Tenure of housing Owned
Rented
Occupied rent free
Other
h. Tenure of land Owned
Rented
Occupied rent free
Lease hold
Others specify
2. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste? (Multiple options) (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the
house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after
gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify………
96
2.0 Household Services
2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,...in
hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source)
(a)
PHCN
(b)
Generator
(c)
Lantern
(d)
Candle
(e) Palm
Oil
Lamp
(f)
Torchlight
Battery
(g)
Wood
(h)
Kerosene
(i) Gas
2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking?
(a) Fire
Wood
(b) Coal (c)
Kerosene
(d)
Electricity
(e) Animal
dropping
(f) Gas (g) Crop
Residue/saw dust
Others
3.0 Sources of Water
for drinking for cooking for bathing and washing
a. Well
Yes No Yes No Yes No
b. Borehole
Yes No Yes No Yes No
c. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No
d. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No
e. Piped water outside
dwelling
Yes No Yes No Yes No
f. River Yes No Yes No Yes No
h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No
i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No
j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No
k. Other (specify)
Yes No Yes No Yes No
4.0 Income
State your main income per month N
4.1 Remittances
1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 Yes 2 No
2. If yes, how much (per month) N
5.0 Other Income
1. Do you have other income streams Yes
Yes
No
No 2. If yes, please specify the amount? N
6. Total Income
1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? N
7. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years?
(a) Same (b) Better (c) Worse
8. Is the option in 7 propelled by the flooding problem (a) Yes (b) No
9. If 8 is yes, do you think the proposed intervention will improve the situation? (a) Yes (b) No
97
10. If 9 is yes specify how the project will improve the situation ………………………
11. How do you ensure gender equity in the community? (a) Women are elected in public office (b) Females are
given equal opportunity and access to education and employment (c) Quotas on genders are ensured in
leadership of community based organizations (d) Others specify…………………………………………...
SECTION D: RESOURCES/ CULTURAL PROPERTY
1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and whose cause
can be linked to flooding? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Bad lands (e)
environmental degradation (f) Degraded land (i) Destruction of infrastructures (j) Others (specify)
…………………………..
2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and
whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during construction? (a) Soil infertility
(b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding
(g) Environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties
(i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) ………………………….
3. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and
whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during operation? (a) Soil infertility
(b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding
(g) Environmental degradation (h) Destruction of infrastructures (i) encroachment of land properties
(j) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (k) Others (specify) …………………………..
4. Do you think the proposed intervention project will affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological
property in your area? (a) Yes (b) No
5. If yes mention the name(s) of the valued resource/cultural/archaeological property …………………………
6. How will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued
cultural properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological
items (d) Others, specify: ……………………………
SECTION E: Intervention Project Activities Impact Evaluation
1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by NEWMAP (a) Yes (b) No
2. If yes, from which source (a) Community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet)
(c) Others specify…………………………….
3. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) Yes (b) No
4. If 3 is yes how will the proposed intervention result in restiveness? (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by
contractors (b) loss of farmland / Property (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items
(d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: ……………………………
5. How will the proposed intervention project impact on your livelihood and environment?
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Positive impacts Negative impacts
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
6. Can you name some of the animals and other habitat at the flood site that may be affected by the proposed
intervention project? …………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What do you expect from the activities of NEWMAP intervention? (a) employment of Locals during
construction (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for
maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please
specify……………………..
8. Are there any other issue(s) of concern as regards the intervention project in your area, please state clearly?
……………………...…………………………………………………………………………………
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Appendix II
Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Pollutants Time of Average Limits
Particulates Daily average of daily values
1hour
250µg/m3
600 µg/m3
Sulphuroxide
(Sulphurdioxide)
Daily average of hourly
values 1 hour
0.01ppm
0.1ppm
Non-methanehydrocarbon Daily average of 3-
hourly values
160µg/m3
Carbonmonoxide Daily average of hourly
values 8-hour average
10ppm
20ppm
Nitrogen oxides
(Nitrogen dioxide)
Daily average of hourly values
(range)
0.04- 0.06ppm
Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.06ppm
Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991)
Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria
Duration per Day, Hour Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 115
Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution
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Appendix III
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTS
General
1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is
responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and
plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the
approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the
requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action
by a third party on account of the Contractor.
2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all
measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible,
restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements
specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to:
(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, vibrating
equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and
communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities.
(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g.
excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the
vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.
(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is
maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out.
(d) Prevent oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering
into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that
stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding
grounds for mosquitoes.
(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary
construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable
lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to
acceptable standards.
(f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or
historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the
appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting
such historical or archaeological resources.
(g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting,
fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the
social and economic welfare of the local communities.
(h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents
siltation, etc.
(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps.
(j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and
long distance transportation.
(k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.
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3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion
of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately
addressed.
4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan /
strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact
management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.
5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and
specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental
conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar
inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such
inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on
the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from
implementation of any works.
Worksite/Campsite Waste Management
6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/construction materials and other hazardous
chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste
generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line
with applicable government waste management regulations.
7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated
before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control
regulations.
8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-
used or sold for re-use locally.
9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such
as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.
10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of
on a daily basis.
11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low
land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels.
Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and
planted with species indigenous to the locality.
Material Excavation and Deposit
12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or
borrow areas.
13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national
authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional
land.
14. New extraction sites:
a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued
ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located
less than 1km from such areas.
b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels.
Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites.
c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with
great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection.
d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall
be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted.
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e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas
covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.
f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.
15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work.
Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.
16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution.
Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located
at drainage exits from workings.
17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general
conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.
18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be
approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work.
Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.
Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention
19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of
rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.
20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they
are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.
21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.
22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an
active population of beneficial soil microbes.
23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities.
24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or
impaired.
25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or
overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.
26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.
27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the
desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.
28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent
landscape.
29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.
30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate
otherwise.
31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through
succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done
in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.
Water Resources Management
32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.
33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local
community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.
34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained
from relevant authorities.
35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies
to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system.
36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to
flow into natural water drainage courses.
37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains.
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38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run
off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.
Traffic Management
39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in
important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.
40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.
41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in
unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions.
Blasting
42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands
without the permission of the SE.
43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the
proposed blasting times.
44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels.
Disposal of Unusable Elements
45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories
and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE.
The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises,
which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.
46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative
alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place
to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof
have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above.
48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.
Health and Safety
49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign.
Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS.
50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall
be provided at appropriate points.
51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.
Repair of Private Property
52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property
to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner
a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from
subsequent claims.
53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of assets etc. are claimed by the owner, the
Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under
the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective
administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.
Contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan (HSE-MP)
54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate
management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation
of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works.
The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:
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• For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE
management, and as an operational manual for his staff.
• For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the
adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s
HSE performance.
55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:
• a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management
conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;
• a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse
impacts;
• a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the
reporting thereof; and
• the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.
56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This
review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined
appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.
HSE Reporting
57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general
conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report
is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:
• HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;
• Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as
a result thereof);
• Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;
• Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and
• Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site
meetings.
58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”.Such incident
reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records
on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as
well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident
notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client
through the SE’s reports to the Client.
Training of Contractor’s Personnel
59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all
aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHSMP,
and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those
employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General
topics should be:
• HSE in general (working procedures);
• emergency procedures; and
• social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).
Cost of Compliance
60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and
state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental
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Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to
the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact.
Example Format: HSE Report
Contract:
Period of reporting:
HSE management actions/measures:
Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and
management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures
taken, etc.
HSE incidents:
Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs)
and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports.
HSE compliance:
Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of noncompliance.
Changes:
Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation
to HSE aspects.
Concerns and observations:
Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during
site meetings and visits.
Signature (Name, Title Date):
Contractor Representative
Example Format: HSE Incident Notification
Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer
Originators Reference No:
Date of Incident: Time:
Location of incident:
Name of Person(s) involved:
Employing Company:
Type of Incident:
Description of Incident:
Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)
Immediate Action:
Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation
Signature (Name, Title, Date):
Contractor Representative
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Appendix IV
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110
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