D S L R DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX

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I N D U C H O O D A N. R07047 ECROLL NO 22

TYPES OF DIGITAL CAMERAS

3 Main classifications

Point and Shoot

Prosumer/hybrid

Digital SLR

Point and Shoot digital Cameras (P&S)

Commonly referred to as “consumer” digital cameras.

Represent probably 90% of all digital cameras on the market

Typically small, compact and lightweight

Targeted at broad majority

Typically very User-Friendly

Image Quality has improved drastically

Hybrid Digital CamerasNot technically its own specification

Common term used to describe advanced models of P&S(now also used to describe many entry level DSLR's)

Similar in shape and appearance to Digital SLR's

Typically have extended zoom range (8-12X Optical Equivalent)

Typically combine user friendly P&S features with more advanced manual features.

Advantages and Disadvantages of P&S and hybrid models

■Resolution

■Color space

■Aliasing

■Highlight disaster

■Delays

Wide-angle lenses ■

Prints ■

Battery drain ■

Price ■

Digital SLR (DSLR)

SLR Stands for Single Lens Reflex

Have larger sensors, resulting in greater image quality

Tend to favor manual control, lacking many automatic settings found on P&S

Much larger and heavier

Ability to interchange system lenses

BASIC dSLR MODEL

I N T E R N A L D I A G R A M

(1)lens assembly (2)reflex mirror (3) focal-plane shutter(4)sensor

5)screen (6) condensing lens (7)pentaprism (8)eyepiece

Most of the entry level DSLRs use a pentamirror instead of the traditional pentaprism

DESIGN OF A DSLRWhen DSLR is not Capturing Image

The photographic lens located in front of the camera directs lights into the camera body. Light is then reflected by the mirror to the pentaprism and finally travels to the viewfinder where photographers can observe the scene. Notice that the mirror is flipped down and the shutter covers the image sensor from recording lights.

DESIGN OF A DSLRWhen Capturing an Image

The image capturing process starts when the shutter release button is pressed. Notice the mirror is flipped up from its original position, allowing light to travel to the sensor area. The shutter that covers the image sensor is now fully opened, and the image sensor is exposed under light and will be capturing the image.

The Image Sensor – The Introduction

Image Sensor is the key device in DSLR, and serves the same function of capturing images as traditional filmsImage sensor is basically a silicon chip containing millions of light sensitive element called photosite, and is covered by a layer of color filter

The CCD Image Sensor invented in 1969 and introduced to the public in 1974.

most common sensor used for TV cameras.

When reading from such a sensor, the pixel values (charges) are transported across the sensor, line by line, andthen shifted into an analog-to-digital converter, turning each pixel’s value into a digital value two specific problems:> manufacturingProducing CCD sensors is very expensive, as special laboratories and machines arerequired to manufacture these sensors.>power drainCCD sensors also consume power at a rapid rate. Even though the CCD chips in consumer-level cameras are only 1/3-inch across, they still drain power quickly.

The Image Sensor – The Bayer Layer

The upper layer is the Bayer layer. The lower layer is the image sensor.

Bayer Layer is a common type of color filter used in a DSLR.It refers to a specific arrangement for the red, blue, and green color filters.Bayer Layer contains twice as many green filters as blue and red to best simulate the human sight. It is because human eyes are most sensitive to green lights.Once the incoming light hits the Bayer Layer, each single color filter on the layer will allow one specific color to pass through to the image sensor.

The Image Sensor – The image capturing process

Once the light passes through the Bayer layer, the photosites located beneath will start recording the brightness of the light by accumulating a charge. The charge goes higher when the image sensor is exposed longer under lights. Each charge will become a single pixel after processing, and all pixels will finally form a digital image and be stored in the memory card for future reconstruction and editing.

The Image Sensor – The size

This diagram illustrates the different sizes of scene that a full frame and an APS-C sensor are able to capture. The gray circle indicates the total view, or the field of view, of the camera.

There are two common sizes of image sensor used by DSLR.135 size image sensor has a dimension of 36mm × 24mm and is also called the full-frame sensor.APS-C size image sensor has a dimension of 22mm × 15mm.The size of an image sensor has no effect on the size of the captured image, but affects the size of scene that will be captured.

The Image Sensor – The size

The image displayed on the left illustrates a real example of the different fields of view that a full frame size sensor and an APS-C size sensor are able to capture. The image inside the box is equivalent to the scene captured by an APS-C sensorThe overall image is equivalent to the scene captured by a full frame size sensor.Full frame size sensor has the advantage in wide-angle shooting. It is able to capture wider scene, and is often used for landscape photography.APS-C sensors capture narrower view, so objects in the image appear to be larger. It gives APS-C an advantage in long-distance shooting such as bird portraits because it is easier to emphasize on the photographed subject.

How the digital sensor works- Each digital image is made from millions of tiny squares, known as pixels.

- Essentially, an image is recorded by tiny microlenses (pixels) which make up the cameras sensor

Megapixels – Determine the total size (Dimensions) of the image recorded by camera

- More MP does not always mean a better picture

- Digital Image dimensions do not equal print dimensions

- For example a full quality image from an 8 megapixel camera will produce a digital image measuring approximately 9X14 inches but printing standards say that you should not print to “Photo Quality” any larger than 8X10

USE OF LENSES

COMPARISON OF USE OF ZOOM OPTION IN A DSLR

F E A T U R E S & T E C H N O L O G I E S

Movement CompensationNikon – VR – Vibration ReductionCanon – IS – Image StabilizationPentax – SR – Shake ReductionSony – SSS – Super Steady-Shot

Dust Reduction

Live View Facial Recognition

>due to changing lenses>difficult to remove>cameras sensor to free any clinging dust particles>anti-static coatings or filters may also be used

Shots can be composed even while holding the camera away from your face

>detects faces in your frame >Focus adjusted so detail is high>adjusted to create pleasing skin tones

S C E N E M O D E S

M E T E R I N G M O D E S

>Matrix (evaluative) metering>Center-weighted metering>Spot metering>Partial metering

Fireworks Macro Landscape Portrait

Sports. Night Scene

Party Night Portrait

ADVANTAGES Greater lens versatility Almost always better image quality Better performance Usually a more functional "shooter's" designGreater flexibility

DISADVANTAGES Increased complexity Generally bigger and heavier Higher price Generally inconvenient to use the LCD for framing

L E A D I N G B R A N D S

GOT BANKRUPT AND ECLIPSED THEMSELVES FROM THE MARKET

NO GOVT. RUN LABS HAS ACHEIVED SUCCESS AS THE PRIVATE COMPANIES UNLIKE IN PC BUSINESS

C O N C L U S I O N

DSLRs ARE WIDELY USED IN ALL FIELDSRanging from home uses to space explorationFrom photographers to industries The digital single-lens reflex (dSLR) is the great step upward for photographers who want to expand their creative horizons — or simply just get better pictures. Whether you want to become a serious photo hobbyist, have a hankering to turn pro, or want to take advantage of the improved control that digital SLRs give you over your photography, discovering how to use this tool of the future should be high on your priorities list.

T H A N K Y O U