Transcript
Page 1: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview

Dong XuanAssociate Professor

CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Page 2: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Outline

• Introduction• Handset Architecture• Handset Operating Systems• Networking• Applications• Security Risks and Mitigation

Strategies

Page 3: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

What Is A Mobile Handset?

• A mobile handset (handset) is an electronic device that provides services to users, e.g.:– Managing address book– Scheduling calendar– Cellular telephony– Accessing Internet,

email

• Handsets include smartphones and PDAs

Example handsets:Apple iPhone, BlackBerry Storm, Palm TreoPro

Page 4: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handsets: Your Next Computer?

• Handsets’ small form factor, mobility have yielded meteoric sales [1]– 3.3 billion mobile phone subscriptions as of

Jan. 2008– 2.7 billion subscriptions correspond to one

person; some people have multiple phones!

• Rapid replacement rate: young adults replace phones every 6 months in South Korea [1]

• These statistics are just for phones • Your handset: your next computer? [2]

Page 5: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

What’s Inside a Mobile Handset?

Source: [3]

Page 6: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Architecture (1)

• Handsets use several hardware components:– Microprocessor– ROM– RAM– Digital signal processor– Radio module– Microphone and speaker– Hardware interfaces– LCD display

Page 7: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Architecture (2)

• Handsets store system data in electronically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)– Service providers can reprogram phones

without requiring physical access to memory chips

• OS is stored in ROM (nonvolatile memory)

• Most handsets also include subscriber identity module (SIM) cards

Page 8: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Microprocessors

• Handsets use embedded processors– Intel, ARM architectures dominate market.

Examples include:• BlackBerry 8700, uses Intel PXA901 chip [4]• iPhone, uses Samsung ARM 1100 chip [5]

– Low power use and code size are crucial [3]–Microprocessor vendors often package all

the chip’s functionality in a single chip (package-on-package) for maximum flexibility

Page 9: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Example: The iPhone’s CPU

• The iPhone: a real-world mobile handset [6–7]– Runs on Samsung

S3C6400 chip, supports ARMv6 architecture

– Very few details are known about the “ARM Core”, esp. given Apple’s secrecy

– Highly modular architecture

• Similar to Apple’s iPod Touch, which lacks telephony capability [8]

Source: [6]

Page 10: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

SIM Cards

• They include their own microprocessor and 16 KB – 4 MB EEPROM

• They come in two sizes• Their versatility arises from portability of

information– SIM card identifies subscriber to network– Stores personal information, address books,

messages, service-related information

Page 11: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Other Memory Cards

• Some handsets include other peripheral memory cards:– Compact Flash–Multimedia Card– Secure Digital

• Handsets synchronize with a computer• Nowadays, computers include slots of

various sizes to hold these memory cards

Page 12: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Operating Systems

• Currently, handsets run several OSes:– Symbian OS – iPhone OS (an embedded version of OS X)– Windows Mobile– BlackBerry OS– Google Android Platform (based on Linux)

• With the exceptions of Symbian and Android, these OSes are proprietary [9–10]

• Telecom carriers frequently “lock down” handset firmware, OSes to prevent user modifications

Page 13: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset OS Usage

• According to British analysis firm Canalys, handset OS usage in 3Q 2008 had the following ranking (most to least): [11]

1. Symbian OS2. iPhone OS3. BlackBerry OS4. Windows Mobile5. Linux (Android, etc.) 6. Others

• iPhone OS surged ahead of BlackBerry OS, but with new BlackBerries and Android phones, this ranking may easily change in the future [11]

• We’ll now examine each OS individually

Page 14: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Symbian OS

• Dominant OS in the mobile handset market• Runs exclusively on ARM processors• Owned by British firm Symbian Ltd.• Descendant of Psion EPOC OS (dev. in 1990s)• Sony Ericsson, Nokia, et al. bought shares in

the firm until Nokia bought Symbian in 2008, formed Symbian Foundation to further future open handset development [12]

• Nokia plans to open-source the OS by 2009 [9]

Page 15: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Design of Symbian OS

• Based on Psion EPOC; desktop OS features include: [13]– “Bare-bones” microkernel (nanokernel)– Pre-emptive multitasking–Memory protection

• Handset-centric design, can operate several months without reboot

• Supports multiple UIs based on smartphone form factor (e.g., 320 × 240)

Page 16: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Symbian OS Devices

• Numerous handsets use Symbian OS; UIs largely based on manufacturer & device– Nokia S60: includes J2ME, std. UI (mostly

Nokia phones)– Nokia S80: QWERTY keyboard, Web browser,

enterprise office-doc. support (older Nokia Communicators)

– Nokia S90: used only on Nokia 7710– UIQ: Sony Ericsson/Motorola GUI platform used

primarily on those companies’ handsets– FOMA platform: closed-dev. software platform

used by handsets on NTT DoCoMo’s network (Japan)

Page 17: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Symbian OS v9 Architecture

Source: [15] (heavily modified)

Page 18: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Symbian OS Development

• Native language is C++– Nokia provides free Eclipse-based Carbide.c++

development tools, Carbide.vs Visual Studio plugin– Mac & Linux development is possible

• Can program in many other languages: C, Java, Ruby, Python, Perl, OPL, Visual Basic, Simkin

• Applications needing any capabilities beyond bare minimum must be cryptographically signed (see http://www.symbiansigned.com)

• Can also program in Adobe Flash Lite (mobile version of Flash)

Page 19: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

iPhone OS

• Runs on both the iPhone and iPod Touch• Variation of Mach microkernel-based OS

X that fits in 512 MB flash memory, runs on ARM architecture [21]

• Four abstraction layers: Core OS, Core Services, Media, Cocoa Touch [22]

• Core Animation and PowerVR MBX 3D hardware provide interface animations

• 320 × 480 LCD display that supports multi-touch gestures

Page 20: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

iPhone Developer Program

• iPhone Developer Program provides dev. tools, iPhone emulator, means to upload to App Store (SDK)

• To download SDK, you must apply to be a member, pay fees– Standard Developer: $99– Enterprise Developer: $299– Exception: Apple’s free iPhone Developer

University Program for higher-ed. institutions [23]

• SDK only runs on Mac OS X Leopard on Intel-based Macs (go figure)

Page 21: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

iPhone Web App Development

• You can develop Web apps for iPhone – so long as they run on Safari [24]

• Safari features: [25–26]– Auto-resizes Web pages to fit browser size– Multi-touch functionality– XHTML 1.1, CSS 2.1, JavaScript, W3C DOM Level 2,

AJAX technology, cookies, …

• Does not support Flash or Java• iPhone Web apps should:

– Minimize user awareness of browser experience– Reproduce control style, layout, behavior of iPhone

apps– Integrate with built-in iPhone features & services

Page 22: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

BlackBerry OS

• BlackBerry OS is Research in Motion’s (RIM’s) proprietary OS for its BlackBerry handsets

• Provides multitasking, heavily uses BlackBerry input devices, e.g., thumbwheel

• Current OS 4 provides a subset of Java’s Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) 2.0

• Developers can use these APIs, proprietary APIs to write software

• All applications must be digitally signed so to “link” an app with the developer

Page 23: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

BlackBerry Software• Email from BlackBerry service, MS Exchange,

Domino, Yahoo, etc. can be “pushed” to the handset• Can view PDF, MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint

attachments• BlackBerry Browser (only supports JavaScript)• Other online apps include:

– BlackBerry Maps– Facebook services– Yahoo Messenger, Google Talk

• Calendar, Address Book, and PIM Sync via USB• GPS• See http://www.blackberry.com for much more

information about handset and desktop software

Page 24: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

BlackBerry Wireless Platform

• RIM provides standards-based platform and developer tools to develop and deploy custom wireless applications–HTML Web browser– Java Mobile Edition development tools– .NET applications

• BlackBerry handsets support standard networking protocols and connect to any type of server application

Page 25: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

BlackBerry Mobile Data System

• BlackBerry Mobile Data System (MDS) supports MS Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWire, and RIM’s own MDS systems for messaging applications

Page 26: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

BlackBerry Mobile Voice System

• With this service, there’s only one business number BlackBerry users must remember

• Calls are routed to a BlackBerry handset, regardless of whether the call is directed to an office or mobile phone [27]

• Provides security and authentication through BlackBerry Enterprise Servers [28]

• IT administrators can lock down handsets, route calls through their telecom infrastructure, etc. [27–28]

Page 27: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

BlackBerry Internet Services

• BlackBerry Internet Service leverages centrally-hosted wireless gateways, allowing users to access up to 10 supported email accounts, browse Internet

Page 28: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

BlackBerry Developer Tools

• RIM provides several development tools:– BlackBerry MDS Studio

• Developers can quickly create rich client apps using component-based drag-and-drop approach

• Tool requires MDS runtime

– BlackBerry plugin for MS Visual Studio (development on MDS platform)

– BlackBerry Java Development Environment (JDE)• Provides IDE, simulation tools for Java ME app for

Java-based BlackBerry so developers can create standalone or client-server apps

Page 29: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Windows Mobile

• Windows Mobile is powered by Microsoft’s Windows CE embedded OS; Windows CE runs on x86, MIPS, ARM, Hitachi SuperH processors

• Latest version, 6.1, includes Windows Live services, Exchange 2007 mail access

• Designed to closely mimic desktop Windows:– Windows Mobile 6.1 includes mobile versions of

Office applications, Outlook (w/HTML email), Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player

– SQL Server 2005 included in ROM– .NET Compact Framework 2.0 included

Page 30: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Windows Mobile Development (1)

• Native code is developed with MS Visual C++

• Microsoft strongly recommends development with managed code [19] – Managed code is written in one of

the .NET framework object-oriented languages

– Compiled to MS Intermediate Language (MSIL) that all the languages share

– At execution time, MSIL is compiled “just in time” to native object code

• Contrast with Java:– Java code is compiled to Java

bytecode– Java interpreter interprets

bytecode, dynamically compiles frequently-accessed bytecode into native object code (HotSpot)

.NET Framework in Context. Source: [19]

Page 31: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Windows Mobile Development (2)

• Windows Mobile development tools include:– Plugins for MS Visual Studio 2005,

2008, etc.– SDKs for Windows Mobile-based

handsets–Microsoft gives away Visual Studio to

students for free with its DreamSpark program [20]

Page 32: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Android Mobile Handset Platform

• Android is a software development platform for mobile handsets that is based on Linux

• Developed by Google and Open Handset Alliance (OHA) for different handset manufacturers– The Alliance includes T-Mobile,

Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Samsung, Wind River Systems, et al. [29]

– Its purpose is to build a fully free and open mobile handset platform to facilitate development of handsets, software, services [30]

• First Android-based handset is T-Mobile G1 [31]

Page 33: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Android Architecture

Page 34: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Android Features and Software

• Features– 3D: OpenGL ES 1.0– SQLite: Database engine– WebKit: Web browser– Dalvik: Register-based

VM similar to Java VM [32]

– FreeType: Bitmap and vector font rendering

– Connectivity: Bluetooth, 802.11, GPS

• Core Applications– Email client, SMS

program, calendar, Google Maps (and Apps), browser, etc.

– Written in Java

• App Framework– Full access to same

framework APIs– Architecture designed for

component reuse

• Runtime– Core C++ library– Multiple Dalvik VMs run

in a process, rely on Linux kernel for process isolation [32]

Page 35: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Android SDK

• Android SDK provides required tools and APIs to develop apps on Android platform using Java– Android is licensed under the Apache open-

source license– The Android Development Tools (ADT) Eclipse

plugin eases development– Download the Android SDK at

http://code.google.com/android/ and the Eclipse plugin at https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse

Page 36: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Palm OS

• Palm OS originally designed by Palm Computing Inc. for Palm handsets, sold to Japanese firm ACCESS [16]

• From Jan. 2004 – Jun. 2005, there has been no development on Palm OS past v6.1 [16]

• ACCESS and Palm are working on new versions of the OS that are Linux-based [16]– ACCESS’ version is called the ACCESS Linux

Platform– Palm’s version will be called Palm OS; should be

available Q1 2009

Page 37: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Networking

• Handsets communicate with each other and with service providers via many networking technologies

• There are two “classes” of these technologies:– Cellular telephony–Wireless networking

• Most handsets support both, some also support physical connections such as USB

Page 38: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Cellular Telephony Basics (1)

• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)

• Cellular telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate

• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands

Cell phones operate in this frequency range (note the logarithmic scale)

Page 39: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Cellular Telephony Basics (2)

• Digital signal processors (DSPs) are key to radio reception in handsets

• They transform signals from one form to another, e.g.:– Fourier transforms– Discrete cosine

transformSource: [3]

Page 40: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Cellular Telephony Basics (3)

• Cells and base stations– Space is divided into

cells, and each cell has a base station (tower and radio equipment)

– Base stations coordinate themselves so mobile users can access the network

– If you move from one cell to another, the first cell notices your signal strength decreasing, the second cell notices your signal strength increasing, and they coordinate handover so your handset switches to the latter cell

Page 41: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Cellular Telephony Basics (4)

• Statistical multiplexing– Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

• A 30 kHz-wide and 6.7 ms-long band is split into 3 time slots

• Each conversation gets the radio 1/3 of the time; voice data is converted to digital information and compressed to use less transmission space

Page 42: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Cellular Telephony Basics (5)

• Statistical multiplexing cont’d.– Frequency Division Multiple Access

(FDMA)• Analogous to TDMA, but each conversation

uses a different frequency in the same band

– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) [38]• Uses spread-spectrum technology and

different pseudo-noise codes so multiple users share the same physical channel

Page 43: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Cellular Telephony

• It is useful to think of cellular telephony in terms of generations: [33–37]– 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones– 1G: Analog cellular telephony– 2G: Digital cellular telephony– 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony

(including video telephony)– 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and

multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G (to be deployed in 2012–2015)

• We will focus on 2G and 3G technologies

Page 44: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Cellular Telephony – 2G

• There are two main 2G technologies:– Global System for Mobile communications

(GSM), which uses TDMA [39]– Interim Standard 95 (IS-95, aka

cdmaOne™), which uses CDMA [40]• There are other TDMA networks such

as PDC (Japan-only), iDEN (Nextel-only), and IS-136 (now converted to GSM)

• We won’t worry about these

Page 45: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

GSM (1)

• Mobile Stations (MSes) – handsets– Each handset has a SIM card

• Base Station Subsystems (BSSes) – provide air link for MSes– A BSS consists of a Base

Station Controller (BSC), which includes the TransCoder Unit (TCU) and the Base Transceiver System (BTS)

– A BSC controls several BTSes, which is responsible for communication with the NSS and OSS

• Network SubSystems (NSSes) – connect calls between network users– Composed of several Mobile

Switching Centers (MSC) in conjunction with location registers (Home Location Registers – HLRs, Visitor Location Register – VLRs) and authentication centers (AUCs)

• Operation SubSystems (OSSes) – provide network admins with remote network monitoring, mgmt. capabilities– Operations & Maintenance

Center (OMC) provides network with remote monitoring, maintenance as well as alarms, event logging

GSM network architecture includes the following subsystems:

Page 46: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

GSM (2)

• GSM network architecture is as follows:

Page 47: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

GSM (3)• Short Message Service (SMS) [41]

– 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations

– Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)– GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data

transmission up to 114 kbps– Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data– GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other [42]

– Performance degrades as number of users increase– GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar

to 3G

Page 48: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

GSM (4)

• Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) [43]– GSM revision that provides 3× GPRS’

data rate (max. 236.8 kbps); considered 3G tech.

– Deployed on GSM networks starting in 2003

– EDGE Evolution increases bit rates to (theoretical) max. of 1 Mbps, decreases latency from 200 ms to 100 ms

Page 49: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

IS-95, CDMA2000, and 3G

• Qualcomm developed IS-95 in the 1990s as first CDMA-based mobile standard [40]

• Unlike GSM, which is open, Qualcomm owns patents on CDMA technology

• CDMA2000, IS-95’s hybrid 2.5G/3G successor, is supplanting it [44]

• The Telecommunications Industry Association owns the trademarks “cdmaOne” and “CDMA2000” in the U.S.

• There are two competing 3G technologies: the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and CDMA2000

Page 50: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

UMTS and HSPA• The UMTS is an international standard designed to

replace GSM (aka 3GSM) [45]• UMTS is a 3G standard and is being developed into a

4G standard• Its air interface is Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), which

was developed by NTT DoCoMo for Japan’s 3G wireless network [46]

• W-CDMA has been deployed in Europe and Asia• In theory, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

protocols extend UTMS’ performance to 14.4 Mbps and 5.76 Mbps downlink and uplink, respectively [47]

• In practice, max speeds are 7.2 Mbps and 1.4 – 5.8 Mbps, respectively (depending on carrier)

Page 51: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Other Handset Networks

• Many handsets not only support cellular telephony, they support other networking technologies as well:–Wireless

• Bluetooth (100 m max, 10 m for handsets)• IEEE 802.11 (longer range)• Infrared Data Association (IrDA)

–Wired• USB, etc.

Page 52: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Bluetooth (1)

• Bluetooth is a technology specification for small form factor, low-cost, short-range wireless links between mobile handsets, Internet connectivity

• Max range is 100 m in 2.4 GHz frequency band (handsets: 10 m radios)

• There is possible interference with IEEE 802.11b WLANs operating in this band

• Max bandwidth is 3 Mbps for Bluetooth 2.x with Enhanced Data Rate

Page 53: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Bluetooth (2)

• Link Types– Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO)

• Useful for circuit-switched services, e.g., voice, where low delay and high QoS are required

• Offered channels are symmetric and synchronous– Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL)

• More efficient for data transfer, other async. services• Link offers packet switching, transmission (Xmission) slots

granted by polling access scheme• A piconet is a collection of up to 8 Bluetooth units where one

is a master that controls Xmission, hopping scheme, others are slaves– Master tells slave, “I want to send,” and slave receives– Slaves can send on slots only when they agree with master

– One connection can have several links of either type, but there’s a 3 voice call limit within a piconet

Page 54: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Bluetooth (3)

• Piconets and scatternets– One device can be connected in two or

more piconets, which is termed a scatternet• But a device can only be a master to one piconet

at a time• In order for device to be part of scatternet,

support for hold, park, or sniff mode is needed

–Master/slave roles are not necessarily fixed and can be changed during connection

–Master/slave switch needed in scatternet

Page 55: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Bluetooth (4)• Piconets and scatternets, cont’d.

– a) Point-to-point connection between two devices– b) Point-to-multipoint connection between a master and three

slaves– c) Scatternet consisting of three piconets

Page 56: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Bluetooth (5)

• Bluetooth uses adaptive frequency hopping (AFQ) that detects other devices in the frequency spectrum and “hops” among 79 channels 1 MHz apart to reduce interference [48]

Page 57: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Bluetooth (6)• Connections established via page messages; if recipient address

is unknown, master’s inquiry message is needed (that gives access code, asks for slave’s Bluetooth address and system clock)

• Units are in standby mode before connections are made• Page message is sent on 16 frequencies 128 times; if no

response, message is sent on 16 different frequencies 128 times• Max. connection time is 2.56 seconds

Page 58: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Bluetooth (7)

• Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) has defined numerous usage models for the technology that describe primary Bluetooth applications & intended devices

• Profiles define the protocols & protocol features that support a usage model

• See [49] for more information

Page 59: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

IEEE 802.11 Networks

• The IEEE 802.11 standards specify how electronic devices communicate with each other in wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks

• Many handsets can communicate with each other this way

• There are many 802.11 standards [53]; we’ll only look at 802.11b, 802.11g, and WiMax here

• Other 802.11 standards provide greater security, which we’ll discuss later

Page 60: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

IEEE 802.11 & WiMax Specs.

• 802.11b (1999): [51, 53]– Operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band– Provides max 11 Mbps data rate– 38 m indoor range

• 802.11g (2003): [51, 53]– Operates in either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency bands– Provides max 54 Mbps data rate– 38 m indoor range

• WiMax (802.16): [52]– Operates in 2.3 GHz, 2.5 – 2.6 GHz frequency bands– Provides max 40 Mbps data rate now, 300 Mbps later– 3 km cell range

Page 61: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

IrDA

• The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) provides protocols to transfer data between handsets, other devices using infrared light [54]– Similar in principle to a remote control– Data rate is 16 Mbps now, 300 – 500 Mbps

later– Range is 1 m, communicating devices must

have a “line of sight”– Deployed in over 500 million devices

Page 62: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Wired Networks: USB

• The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a ubiquitous standard for transferring data between computers (including handsets!) [55]– By definition, data is transferred one bit at a

time– USB 1.1 (1998): max 1.5 Mbps (low-speed), 12

Mbps (full-speed)– USB 2.0 (2000): max 480 Mbps– USB 3.0 (to be released in 2009 – 2010): max

5 Gbps

Page 63: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Applications

• Many handset applications mirror those of computers, e.g., managing one’s schedule, Web browsing, etc.

• But handsets’ mobility is opening up new markets– Global mobile gaming market value expected to

reach €2.6 billion ($3.27 billion) in 2012– Global mobile advertising market value expected

to reach €1.77 billion ($2.23 billion) in 2012

• Also, handsets make mobile and location-based services possible, which we’ll discuss next

Page 64: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Mobile & Location-based Services

• Carnegie Mellon University’s (CMU’s) Human Computer Interaction Institute has developed several such services that we’ll examine– Mobile social computing

• inTouch: Coordination for families, small groups• Whisper Mobile: Coordinating groups for social events

– Large-scale mobile collaboration• Hitchhiking: estimating places’ busyness

– Mobile data• GurunGo: Linking desktop, mobile devices

– Usable privacy and security• Contextual instant messaging• People Finder• CMU’s Grey resource-control system

– Memory support• Memory karaoke

Page 65: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Mobile Social Computing

• Mobile social computing– inTouch: Coordination for families, small groups– Whisper Mobile: Coordinating groups for social events

• Large-scale mobile collaboration– Hitchhiking: estimating places’ busyness

• Mobile data– GurunGo: Linking desktop, mobile devices

• Usable privacy and security– Contextual instant messaging– CMU’s Grey resource-control system

Page 66: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

inTouch (1)

Target Users:• Small to medium groups of

people• Fluid & demanding schedule• Many responsibilities

Examples:• Dual-career families• Work groups• Ad hoc (e.g., conferences)

The inTouch service helps coordinate with others while mobile

Mobility

AwarenessMessaging

Page 67: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

inTouch (2)inTouch use case: Suppose Vanessa is running late picking up her son Daniel. She can send

him a text message telling him that she’ll be 15 minutes late.

Daniel

Page 68: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Whisper Mobile (1)

Motivation: Easily find, share, and coordinate friends for social events

Page 69: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Whisper Mobile (2)• Creating an event is straightforward

– Minimal text input– Use location, audio, camera to do so

• Then link it with inTouch

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

Page 70: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Large-Scale Mobile Collaboration

• Mobile social computing– inTouch: Coordination for families, small groups– Whisper Mobile: Coordinating groups for social events

• Large-scale mobile collaboration– Hitchhiking: estimating places’ busyness

• Mobile data– GurunGo: Linking desktop, mobile devices

• Usable privacy and security– Contextual instant messaging– CMU’s Grey resource-control system

Page 71: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Hitchhiking (1)

• Many location-based services focus on “where you are”

• Hitchhiking looks at places’ busyness, e.g.,– “Is the café busy?”– “How long are the airport lines?”

• Approach: estimate number of people in a place by counting number of handsets there and upload number and location to servers (anonymized for privacy)

• Locations can be viewed on a map, e.g., Microsoft’s SensorMap

Page 72: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Hitchhiking (2)

Page 73: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Mobile Data

• Mobile social computing– inTouch: Coordination for families, small groups– Whisper Mobile: Coordinating groups for social events

• Large-scale mobile collaboration– Hitchhiking: estimating places’ busyness

• Mobile data– GurunGo: Linking desktop, mobile devices

• Usable privacy and security– Contextual instant messaging– CMU’s Grey resource-control system

Page 74: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

GurunGo (1)

• Goal: Easily access useful info while mobile• Motivations:

– People print out online maps rather than copy them to handset (easier, small mobile form factor)

– People browse the Web differently on desktops and handsets

• GurunGo allows people to explicitly copy info to handsets, implicitly copy maps to handsets and generate speech-based directions

Page 75: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

GurunGo (2)

Example of speech-based directions:

Page 76: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Usable Privacy and Security

• Mobile social computing– inTouch: Coordination for families, small groups– Whisper Mobile: Coordinating groups for social events

• Large-scale mobile collaboration– Hitchhiking: estimating places’ busyness

• Mobile data– GurunGo: Linking desktop, mobile devices

• Usable privacy and security– Contextual instant messaging– CMU’s Grey resource-control system

Page 77: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Contextual Instant Messaging

• CMU developed a custom AIM client, bot that people can query “howbusyis screenname”

• Robot respects user-specified privacy settings– Users can create groups,

put screen names in them– Users can specify what

each group can see

• System generates audit logs for security

Page 78: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Grey Resource Control• CMU developed a distributed

handset-based resource control system – Resources include office doors,

electronic files, etc.• Flexible, end user-specified

policies:– Proactive: Manually create

policy before request, e.g., “Alice can always enter my office”

– Reactive: Generates policy based on request, e.g., “Can I enter your office?”

• CMU connected Grey with Bluetooth-enabled office doors

• There were security and usability issues with the system

Page 79: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

A Large-Scale Mobile App

Gawker Stalker – people spotting celebrities in New York City

Page 80: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Security Issues (1)• People store a wealth of information on their

handsets and don’t think about securing them! • Naturally, this makes handsets targets for

miscreants – whether they’re “script kiddies” or Mafia cybercriminals – due to what’s stored on them:– Incoming, outgoing, missed calls– SMS (text) and MMS messages– E-mail– Instant-messaging (IM) logs– Multimedia, e.g., pictures, music, videos– Personal calendars– Address books

• Clearly, handset security is a vitally important challenge

Page 81: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Malware History (1)

• Hackers are already attacking handsets–Most well-known case: a 17-year-old broke

into Paris Hilton’s Sidekick handset [58]– Less well-known: worms, viruses, and

Trojans have targeted handsets since 2004• 2004: [59]

– Cabir worm released by “29A,” targets Symbian phones via Bluetooth

– Duts virus, released by same group, targets Windows Mobile phones

– Brador Trojan released by same group, opens backdoor on Windows Mobile [63]

Page 82: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Handset Malware History (2)

• 2005: [60]– CommWarrior worm released; replicates via Bluetooth, MMS

messages to all contacts in address book– Doomboot Trojan released; claims to be “Doom 2” video game,

installs Cabir and CommWarrior

• 2006: [59–60]– RedBrowser Trojan released; claims to be a Java program,

secretly sends premium-rate SMS messages to a Russian phone number

– FlexiSpy spyware released; sends log of phone calls, copies of SMS/MMS messages to Internet server for third party to view

• 2008: [61]– First iPhone Trojan released

– Of course, other mobile malware has been released; some malware completely disables the handset

– There is also the possibility of mobile botnets [62]

Page 83: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Key Handset Security Problems

• “At this point, mobile device capability is far ahead of security.” – Prof. Patrick Traynor, Georgia Tech (emphasis added) [62]

• Handset information can be stolen [63]– Transient information: Enhanced 911 can provide user location

information– Static information: “BlueSnarfing” attacks (connection without

owner’s knowledge), cracking Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) [64]

• Theft of service attacks, e.g., premium-rate calls/SMS messages [63]

• Denial-of-service attacks [63]– Flooding attacks overload the handset radio with garbage– Power-draining attacks attempt to drain the battery

• Botnets and DoS attacks against networks are likely in the future [62]

• Cybercriminals make 10× as much as security researchers! [69]

Page 84: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Mitigation Strategies• Handset manufacturers, OS & software vendors, and

researchers have worked to counter threats– Symbian OS requires apps to be cryptographically signed in

order for them to run without user approval– Some handset manufacturers have joined the Trusted

Computing Group (TCG) and added hardware to thwart malware tampering with the device [60]

– The iPhone runs each application in a “sandbox” to prevent malware from running on the device [68]

– Heterogeneous handset OSes make massive malware outbreaks difficult

– Vendors like McAfee, Symantec, and Trend Micro sell security software for handsets; F-Secure has bundled its software with Hong Kong provider CSL’s handsets [65]

– Researchers have worked on modeling malware propagation on networks, detecting power-draining attacks, etc. [66–67]

Page 85: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

The Challenges Ahead• “[Because] the mobile communications field is evolving so quickly, it

presents a unique opportunity to design security properly—an opportunity we missed with the PC.” – Prof. Patrick Traynor [62]

• Since most people buy a new handset every 2 years, it’s vital to ensure the security of handset hardware, OSes, applications, and networks while maintaining usability [62]

• One suggested approach is to give handsets a “hard” power-off switch so they don’t have power when turned off [63]]

• Academic research will play a key role in this, as will user education to counter social engineering

• Given the sensitivity of information stored on handsets, cybercriminals may well find effective ways to use them to continue their nefarious acts, e.g., bot herding, data theft, etc., even with different operating systems, power constraints, and carriers

• Though we may not hear news of handset attacks as often as those against (Windows) PCs, we cannot fall into a false sense of security

Page 86: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

Questions?

Thank you!

Page 87: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (1)1. T. T. Ahonen, “When there is a mobile phone for half the planet:

Understanding the biggest technology”, 16 Jan. 2008, http://communities-dominate.blogs.com/ brands/2008/01/when-there-is-a.html

2. A. Wolfe, “Is the Smartphone Your Next Computer?”, InformationWeek, 4 Oct. 2008, http://www.informationweek.com/news/personal_tech/smartphones/ showArticle.jhtml?articleID=210605369

3. J. L. Hennessy and D. A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th ed., Elsevier, 2007

4. Research in Motion, “BlackBerry 8700c Technical Specifications”, http://www.blackberry.com/products/pdfs/blackberry8700c_ent.pdf

5. R. Block, “iPhone processor found: 620MHz ARM CPU”, Engadget, 1 Jul. 2007, http://www.engadget.com/2007/07/01/iphone-processor-found-620mhz-arm/

6. Samsung Semiconductor, “Product Technical Brief: S3C6400, Jun. 2007”, http://www.samsung.com/global/system/business/semiconductor/product/2007/8/21/661267ptb_s3c6400_rev15.pdf

7. Wikipedia, “iPhone”, updated 15 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphone

8. Wikipedia, “iPod Touch”, updated 14 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ipod_touch

Page 88: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (2)9. N. Cubrilovic, “Symbian Goes Open Source – Courtesy of Nokia”,

TechCrunchIT, 24 Jun. 2008, http://www.techcrunchit.com/2008/06/24/symbian-goes-open-source-courtesy-of-nokia/

10. “Android – An Open Handset Alliance Project”, http://code.google.com/android/

11. Canalys, “Global smart phone shipments rise 28%: Nokia retains lead, but Apple moves into number two position”, 6 Nov. 2008, Press Release, http://canalys.com/pr/2008/r2008112.htm

12. Nokia, “Nokia to acquire Symbian Limited to enable evolution of the leading open mobile platform”, 24 Jun. 2008, Press Release, http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1230415

13. Wikipedia, “Symbian OS”, updated 13 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Symbian_os

14. Symbian Ltd., “Symbian OS”, http://www.symbian.com/symbianos/15. B. Morris, “Symbian OS Architecture Overview”, Wireless Developer

Forum UK ’06, Symbian Software Ltd., http://developer.symbian.com/wiki/download/attachments/1376/Ben_Morris.ppt?version=1

16. Wikipedia, “Palm OS”, updated 3 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Palm_os

Page 89: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (3)17. Wikipedia, “Windows Mobile”, updated 13 Nov. 2008,

http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Windows_mobile18. Wikipedia, “Windows CE”, updated 12 Nov. 2008,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Windows_CE19. Microsoft Corp., “.NET Framework Conceptual Overview”, MSDN,

2008, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zw4w595w(printer).aspx20. Microsoft Corp., “Microsoft Gives Students Access to Technical

Software at No Charge to Inspire Success and Make a Difference”, 18 Feb. 2008, Press Release, http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2008/feb08/02-18GSDPR.mspx

21. K. Haslem, “Macworld Expo: Optimised OS X sits on ‘versatile’ Flash”, 12 Jan. 2007, Macworld, http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/ index.cfm?newsid=16927

22. Wikipedia, “iPhone OS”, updated 16 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ IPhone_OS

23. Apple Inc., “iPhone Developer University Program”, 2008, http://developer.apple.com/iphone/program/university.html

24. Apple Inc., “Apple Developer Connection – Web Apps Dev Center”, 2008, http://developer.apple.com/webapps/

Page 90: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (4)25. Apple Inc., “Apple – iPhone – Features – Safari”, 2008,

http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/safari.html26. Apple Inc., “Safari 3.1 Product Overview”, Jun. 2008,

http://images.apple.com/safari/docs/Safari_Product_Overview20080602.pdf

27. Research in Motion, “BlackBerry Mobile Voice System”, 2008, http://na.blackberry.com/eng/services/blackberry_mvs/

28. A. Succo, “RIM exec sees BlackBerry product as shaping telephony”, 22 May 2008, InfoWorld, http://www.infoworld.com/news/feeds/08/05/22/RIM-exec-sees-BlackBerry-product-as-shaping-telephony.html

29. Open Handset Alliance, “Members”, http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ oha_members.html

30. Open Handset Alliance, “Overview”, http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ oha_overview.html

31. Wikipedia, “Android (mobile device platform)”, updated 16 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(mobile_device_platform)

32. Google Inc., “What Is Android?”, 2008, http://code.google.com/android/what-is-android.html#runtime

Page 91: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (5)33. Wikipedia, “Mobile radio telephone”, updated 6 Jul. 2008,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0G

34. Wikipedia, “1G”, updated 6 Aug. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G

35. Wikipedia, “2G”, updated 18 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G

36. Wikipedia, “3G”, updated 19 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

37. Wikipedia, “4G”, updated 11 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

38. Wikipedia, “Code division multiple access”, updated 30 Oct. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access

39. Wikipedia, “GSM”, updated 14 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM

40. Wikipedia, “IS-95”, updated 10 Oct. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95

41. Wikipedia, “Short message service”, updated 19 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_service

42. Wikipedia, “Multimedia messaging service”, updated 3 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service

43. Wikipedia, “Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution”, updated 19 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution

44. Wikipedia, “CDMA2000”, updated 17 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ CDMA2000

Page 92: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (6)45. Wikipedia, “Universal Mobile Telecommunications System”, updated 18 Nov.

2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System

46. Wikipedia, “W-CDMA (UTMS)”, updated 19 Oct. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/W-CDMA_(UMTS)

47. Wikipedia, “High Speed Packet Access”, updated 15 Oct. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access

48. Bluetooth SIG, “Basics”, 2008, http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/ Technology/Basics.htm

49. Bluetooth SIG, “Profiles Overview”, 2008, http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/ Technology/Works/Profiles_Overview.htm

50. Wikipedia, “Wi-Fi”, updated 18 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-fi51. Wikipedia, “Wi-Fi technical information”, updated 31 Oct. 2008,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Technical_Information52. WiMax Forum, “Frequently Asked Questions”, http://www.wimaxforum.org/

documents/faq/53. Wikipedia, “IEEE 802.11”, updated 16 Nov. 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

802.1154. Infrared Data Association, “Welcome to IrDA”, http://www.irda.org/

displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=14

Page 93: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (7)55. Wikipedia, “Universal Serial Bus”, updated 19 Nov. 2008,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usb56. Screen Digest, “iPhone breathes new life into mobile gaming market”, 31 Jul.

2008, Press Release, http://www.screendigest.com/press/releases/ pr_31_07_2008/view.html

57. Screen Digest, “Mobile media advertising opportunities: The market for advertising”, 2 May 2008, http://www.screendigest.com/reports/ 08mobilemediaadvert/pdf/08chinacabletv-pdf/view.html

58. B. Krebs, “Teen Pleads Guilty to Hacking Paris Hilton’s Phone”, Washington Post, 13 Sep. 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/ 09/13/AR2005091301423_pf.html

59. D. Emm, “Mobile malware – new avenues”, Network Security, 2006:11, Nov. 2006, pp. 4–6

60. M. Hypponen, “Malware Goes Mobile”, Scientific American, Nov. 2006, pp. 70–77, http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Malware_Goes_Mobile.pdf

61. PandaLabs, “PandaLabs Quarterly Report: January–March 2008”, http://pandalabs.pandasecurity.com/blogs/images/PandaLabs/2008/04/01/Quarterly_Report_PandaLabs_Q1_2008.pdf

62. Georgia Tech Information Security Center, “Emerging Cyber Threats Report for 2009”, http://www.gtiscsecuritysummit.com/pdf/CyberThreatsReport2009.pdf

Page 94: Mobile Handsets: A Panoramic Overview Dong Xuan Associate Professor CSE Dept., The Ohio State University

References (8)63. D. Dagon et al., “Mobile Phones as Computing Devices: The Viruses are

Coming!”, IEEE Pervasive Computing, Oct. – Dec. 2004, pp. 11–1564. G. Fleishman, “Battered, but not broken: understanding the WPA crack”, Ars

Technica, 6 Nov. 2008, http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/wpa-cracked.ars

65. “CSL Unveils Mobile Security Service”, China Tech News, 31 Mar. 2008, http://www.chinatechnews.com/2008/03/31/6562-csl-unveils-mobile-security-service/

66. C. Fleizach et al., “Can You Infect Me Now? Malware Propagation in Mobile Phone Networks”, Proc. of ACM Workshop on Recurring Malcode (WORM ’07), Alexandria, VA, USA, 2 Nov. 2007, pp. 61–68.

67. H. Kim et al., “Detecting Energy-Greedy Anomalies and Mobile Malware Variants”, Proc. of the 6th Int’l Conf. on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys ’08), Breckenridge, CO, USA, 17–20 Jun. 2008, pp. 239–252.

68. E. Sadun, “Programming with Safety Scissors and Glitter Glue”, Inside iPhone, 10 Oct. 2008, http://blogs.oreilly.com/iphone/2008/10/programming-with-safety-scisso.html

69. T. Claburn, “The Cybercrime Economy”, InformationWeek, 9 Apr. 2008, http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/04/the_cyber_crime.html


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